IEEE Guide For AC Generator Protection

IEEE C37.
102-1987
IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection
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Published by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA
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IEEE C37.102-1987
Sponsor
Power System Relaying Committee

of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society
CopyTight 1987 by
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc

345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA
No part oj this publication may be reproduced in any jorm,

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Foreword
(This foreword is not a part of IEEE C37.102-1 987, IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection.)
This guide was prepared by the AC Generator Protection Guide Working Group of the Rotating
Machinery Prot.cction Subcommittee of the Power System Relaying Committee of the IEEE Power Engi
neering Society.
The Institute is indebted to those individuals who gave so freely of their time and contributed so
willingly and cooperatively to this guide. Particular credit goes to those past members of t.he working
group (listed below) whose sustained efforts made this guide possible.
This guide is intended to enable determination of the protection requirements for a specific
application.
At the time this guide was completed, the AC Generator Protection Guide Working Group had the
following membership:
L. E. Landoll, Chairman
R. F. Arehart R. W. Haas A. C. Pierce
D. M. Clark J. R. Latham D. E. Sanford
L. H. COl' H. O. Ohmstedt C. L. Wagner
Past members who made contributions to the guide were:
F. G. Basso R.l. Longwpll w. H. Van Zee

J. Berdy' F. Von Roeschlauh
*Past rhairman
The following were on the Rotating Machinery Protection Subcommittee of the IEEE Power System
Relay Committee when it was approved:
G. R. Nail, Chairrnan R. J. Fernandez, V1f! Chairm.a.n/Secretary

R. F. Arehart K. J. Khunkhun A. C. Pierce
J. Berdy L. E. Landull D. E. Sanford
L. Blackburn J. R. Latham W. H. Van Zee
B. Bozoki C. J. Mozina C. L. Wagner
S. P. Conrad N. E. Nilsson J. E. Waldron
E. .T. Emmerling G. C. Parr S. E. Zocholl
C. J. Pe neinger
The following were members of the Power System Relaying Committee who ballotted and approved the
guide for submittal to the IEEE Standards Board:
D. R. Volzka, Chairman C. H. Griffin, Vice Chairman
J. R. Boyle, Secretary
J. C. Appleyard R. W. H aas S. L. Nilsson

R. F. Arehart R. E. Hart. R. W. Ohnesorge
C. W. Barnett M. Hirakami G. C. Parr
E. A. Baumgartner R. W. H irtl er A. G. I'hadke
J. J. Bonk R. H. Jones A. C. Pierce
13. l3ozoki E. W. Kalkstein J. W. Pope
W. D. Breingan T. L. Kasch alk L. J. Powell
J. A. Bright D. K . Kaush al G. D. Rockefeller
H. J. Calh oun K. J. Khunkhun B. D. Russell
J. W. Ch adwi c k W. C. Kotheimer M. S. Sachdev
D. M. Clark L.E. Landoll E. T. Sage
D. H. Colwell J.R. Latham D. E. Sanford
S. P. Conrad H. Lee L. Scharf
D. C. Daw son J. R. Linders H. S. Smith
R. W. Dempsey W. R. Lund J. E. Stephens
H. Disante G. J. Marieni A. Sweetana
W. A. Elmorp F. N. Meissner J. R. Tur ley
J. T. Emery J. Miller E. A. Udren
1-:. J. I-:mmerling R. J. Moran C. L. Wagner
W. E. Feero J. J. Murphy J. E. W al dron
R. J. Fernandez T. J. Murray J. W. Walton
C. M. Gadsden K. K. Mustaphi E. .J. Weiss
A. T. Giuli ante G. R. "ail S. E. Zocholl
S. E. Grier N. E. Nilsson .J. A. Zllla,ki
When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on September 19, 1985, it had the following
membership:
John E. May, Chairman John P. Riganati, Vice Chairman

Sava I. Sherr, Secretary
James H. Beall Jay Forster Lawrence V. McCall

Fletcher J. Buckley Daniel L. Goldberg Donald T. Michael'
Rene Castenschiold Kenneth D. Hendrix Frank L. Rose
Edward Chelotti Irvin N. Howell Clifford O. Swanson
Edward J. Cohen Jack Kinn J. Richard Weger
Paul G. Cummings Joseph L. Koepfinger' W. B. Wilkens
Donald C. Fleckenstein Irving Kolodny Charles J. Wylie
R. F. Lawrence
Member emeritus
Contents
SECTION PAGE
1. I ntroduction . . .................................... .................... ... . ............... 9
2. References . ... ... .................................................................. ...... 9
3. Description of Generators, Excitation Systems and Generating Station Arrangements .. . . . . . . . . 10

3.1 Generator Winding Design and Arrangements. ......................................... . 10
3.2 Generator Grounding . . . . ..
. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 Excitation Systems . .. .
. . . . . . .. . . . .....
. . ... .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4 Generating Station Arrangements . . ................................................... . 15
4. Protection Requirements. ................................................................

. 17
4.1 Generator Stator Thermal Protection . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.2 Field Thermal Protection .............................................................. 19
4.3 Generator Stator Fault Protection . . .. . ... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.4 Generator Rotor Field Protection . ..................................................... . 33
4.5 Generator Abnormal Operating Conditions . .................... ........................ . 34
4.6 System Backup Protection . .. . . .. . ..... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.7 Generator Breaker Failure Protection . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.8 Excitation System Protection .. . . .. . .. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5. Other Protective Considerations .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 5 2

5.1 Current Transfonners . .. . . ...
. . . . . ...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2
5.2 Voltage Transformers .. . . . . ... . .. .....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . .. 5 2
5.3 Protection During Start-Up or Shut-Down . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . 53
5.4 Protection for Accidentally Energizing a Generator on Turning Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 5 5
5.5 Subsynchronous Resonance ... .. . . . ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 57
5.6 Transmission Line Reclosing Near Generating Stations . .. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .... . . 57
0.7 Synchronizing Equipment .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 58
5.8 I ncipient Fault Detection . . . . . .. . ... .. . .. .. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6. Protection Specification . . .. ....

. . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.1 Protective Arrangements . . .. . .. . . .
. . .
. . ... . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.2 Protective Functions .. . .......................................... ........ .. ........... 59
7. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
FIGURES
Fig 3.1 Winding Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1

.
Fig 3.3.1 System with DC Generator Commutator Exciter . .... 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fig 3.3.2 System with Alternator Rectifier Exciter and Stationary Rectifier . 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fig 3.3.3 System with Alternator Rectifier Exciter and Rotating Rectifiers . 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fig 3.3.4 System with Static Exciter . . . . . . . ..

. . . ........ .. .. 14
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fig 3.3.5 Static Excitation System with Internal Supply . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fig 3.4.1 Unit Generator-Transformer Configuration .. ... . . . 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fig 3.4.2 Unit Generator-Transformer Configuration with Generator Breakers . . . .. 16 . . . . . . . . . . .
Fig 3.4.3 Cross-Compound Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16

Fig 3.4.4 Generators Sharing a Transformer . ............................................... 17 .
Fig 3.4.5 Generators Connected Directly to a Distribution System . . .......... . . . ............. 17 .
Fig 4.1-1 Turbine-Generator Short-Time Thermal Capability for Balanced 3-Phase Loading
(from ANSI C50.13 -1977 [1]) ...................................................... 18
Fig 4.2 -1 Generator Field Short-Time Thermal Capability .. ... . . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fig 4.3.2-1 Variable Slope Percentage Differential Relay .. .... .... . . . 21

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fig 4.3.2-2 High-Impedance Differential . . .. . . . . . . ... .

. . . . . . . . . . 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fig 4.3.2-3 Self-Balancing Protection Scheme (Single Phase Shown) . 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FIGlJRE PAGE
Fig 4.3.2-4 Split-Phase Protection Using Separate Current Transformers ........................ 2 3

Fig 4.3.2-5 Split-Phase Protection Using a Single Window Current Transformer .................. 2 3
Fig 4.3.2-6 Split -Phase Protection Using Double-Primary Single Secondary Current Transformer .. 2 3
Fig 4.3.2-7 Percentage Differential Relay Connection-Six-Bushing Wye-Connected Generator .... 24
Fig 4.3.2-8 Application of Split-Phase and Differential Relaying ................................ 24
Fig 4.3.2-9 Combination Split- Phase and Differential Relaying .................................. 24
Fig 4.3.2-10 1 2- Bushing Generator ............................................................ 2 5
Fig 4.3.2-1 1 Percentage Differential Relay Connection-Delta-Connected Generator ............... 2 5
Fig 4.3.2-12 Generator Phase Fault BackUp Overall Differential Scheme .......................... 26
Fig 4.3.2-13 Phase Fault Backup for a Two-Winding Generator .................................. 26
Fig 4.3.2-14 Phase Fault Backup for Cross- Compound Generator ................................ 26
Fig 4.3.3-1 Percent of Stator Winding Unprotected by Differential Relay for Phase-to-Ground
Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Fig 4.3.3-2 Generator Ground Fault Protection for High-Impedance Grounded Generator ........ 28
Fig 4.3.3-3 Backup Ground Overcurrent Protection ........................................... 28
Fig 4.3.3- 4 Ground Protection for a Two-Winding or Cross- Compound Generator ................ 29
Fig 4.3.3-5 Third Harmonic Undervoltage Scheme for Generator Ground Fault Protection ........ 29
Fig 4.3.3-6 Third Harmonic Overvoltage Scheme for Generator Ground Fault Protection ......... 3 0
Fig 4.3.3-7 Third Harmonic Differential Scheme for Generator Ground Fault Protection .......... 3 0
Fig 4.3.3-8 Subharmonic Voltage Injection Scheme for Generator Ground Fault Protection ....... 3 0
Fig 4.3.3-9 Scheme for Removing Potential from Ground Fault Overvoltage Relay When Relay
is Used to Alarm ................................................................ 3 1
Fig 4.3.3-10 Sensitive Ground Fault Protection ................................................ 3 2
Fig 4.3.3-11 Ground Fault Protection with a Zigzag Grounding Bank ............................. 3 3
Fig 4.4-1 Rotor Ground Protection . ........................................................ 3 3
Fig 4.4-2 Ground Detection Circuit ........................................................ 3 4
Fig 4.5.1- 1 Loss-of- Excitation Characteristics for a Tandem Compound Generator ............... 3 6
Fig 4.5.1- 2 Generator Protection Using Two Loss-of-Excitation Relays .......................... 3 6
Fig 4.5.1-3 Loss-of-Excitation Relaying Scheme ............................................... 3 6
Fig 4.5.2-1 Continuous and Short-Time Unbalanced Current Capability o f Generators ............ 3 8
Fig 4.5.2-2 Unbalanced Current Protection ................................................... 39
Fig 4.5.2-3 (A) Typical Time-Overcurrent Curves for an Electromechanical Negative- Sequence
Relay ........................................................................... 39
(B) Characteristics of a Static Negative-Sequence Time-Overcurrent Relay ........... 39
Fig 4.5.3-1 Loss of Synchronism for a Tandem Compound Generator- Voltage Regulator
Out of Service ................................................................... 4 0
Fig 4.5.3-2 Single Blinder Scheme ........................................................... 4 0
Fig 4.5.4-1 Example of Dual Level Volts/Hertz Setting ......................................... 4 2
Fig 4.5.4-2 Example of Inverse Volts/Hertz Setting ............................................ 4 3
Fig 4.6-1 Application of System Back-up Relays - Unit Generator-Transformer Arrangement .... 4 7
Fig 4.6-2 Application of System B ack-up Relay - Generator Connected Directly to the System ... 47
Fig 4.6-3 Complex System Configuration ................................................... 49
Fig 4.7-1 Functional Diagram of a Generator Zone Breaker Failure Scheme .................... 49
Fig 4.7-2 Modified Breaker Failure for Open Breaker Flashover Detection ..................... 5 0
Fig 5.2-1 Application of Voltage Balance Relay .............................................. 5 3
Fig 5.2-2 Generator Zone Configuration that May Produce Voltage Transformer
Ferroresonance ................................................................. 5 3
Fig 5.3-1 Relay Pick-up Versus Frequency .................................................. 5 4
Fig 5.3-2 Protection During Low-Frequency Operation ............... : ....................... 5 4
Fig 5.4-1 Operating Areas of Directional Overcurrent Relays at Rated Voltage Shown
on Typical Generator Capability Curve ............................................ 5 6
Fig 5.4-2 Supplementary Protection for Accidentally Energizing a Generator on Turning Gear ... 5 6
FIGURE PAGE
Fig 5.4-3 Alternative Supplementary Protection for Accidentally Energizing a Generator on

Turning Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Fig 6-1 Unit Generator-Transformer Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Fig 6- 1 A Generator-Transformer Configuration D C Tripping Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Fig 6-2 Unit Generator-Transformer Configuration with Dual Generator Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Fig 6-2A Unit Generator-Transformer Configuration with Dual Generator Breakers DC
Tripping Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Fig 6-3 Cross-Compound Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Fig 6-3 A Cross-Compound Generators DC Tripping Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Fig 6-4 Protection for Generators Sharing a Unit Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Fig 6-4A Protection for Generators Sharing a Unit Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Fig 6-5 Protection for Generators Connected Directly to a Distribution System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Fig 6-5A Protection for Generators Connected Directly to a Distribution System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
1. Introduction former secondary circuits are not generally the

same for all installations. For this reason no
This application guide for the relay protection
secondary fuses or ground points are indicated in
of synchronous generators presents a review of
the figures throughout this guide. However, all
the generally accepted forms of protection for the
current and voltage transformer secondary cir
generator and its excitation system. It summar
cuits should be grounded in a way that is consist
izes the use of relays and devices and serves as a
ent with accepted practices for personnel safety.
guide for the selection of equipment to obtain
adequate protection. The guide is primarily con Section 4: Prot ection R equirements. Section 4
cerned with protection against faults and abnor briefly describes the damaging effects of faults
mal operating conditions for large hydraulic, and abnormal operating conditions and the type
steam, and combustion-turbine generators. of devices and their settings commonly used to
This guide is not a standard and does not pur detect these conditions. A clear understanding of
port to detail the protective requirements of all the effects of abnormalities on generators will
generators in every situation. Standby and emer assist the reader in evaluating the need for and
gency use generators are specifically excluded. the means of obtaining adequate generator pro
The suggestions made pertain to typical genera tection in any specific situation.
tor installations. However, sufficient background
Sectian 5: Other Pro tect'ive Con s'idfJratiu7ts.
Sec
information relating to protection requirements,
applications, and setting philosophy is given to tion 5 presents a discussion of other forms of
enable the reader to evaluate the need, to select, protection and factors that may be considered in
and to apply suitable protection for most situ the generator zone.
ations. Section 6: Protect-ion Sp ecification s.Section 6
The guide is divided as follows: presents detailed tabulations and diagrams that
Secl:ion 3: Descript'ion of GenfJrators, Excitation
are classified according to the method by which
Sy stems and GenfJrating Station A rrangement s.
the generator is connected to the system. These
Section 3 presents a brief description of typical tables and diagrams show the combination of
generator design and connections, generator relays (and their control function) often applied
grounding practices, excitation systems design, for generator and excitation system protection in
and generating station arrangements. The intent accordance with good engineering practices. These
of this section is to present information that tables and diagrams also consider the protective
affects the protection arrangement and selection devices on other equipment in or adjacent to the
of protective relays. generating station that are connected to trip or
A discussion of auxiliary system transfer and shut down the generator.
the possible negative impacts of misoperation and
faults on these systems is beyond the scope of the 2. References
generator protection guide.
The methods employed for grounding and fus When the following American National Stand
ing the secondary circuits of voltage transformers ards are superseded by an approved revision, the
and the methods for grounding current-trans- latest revision shall apply:
IEEE
C37. l 02-1 987 IEEE GlTIDE FOR
[1] ANSI C50.13-1977, American National Stan The winding arrangements shown in Figs 3.1A
dard Requirement for Cylindrical Rotor Synchro and B are the configurations most commonly
nous Generators.l used for all types of generators. When more than
one circuit is used per phase as shown in Fig 3.1B,
[2] ANSI/IEEE C37.101-1985, IEEE Guide for
these circuits will be connected in parallel inside
Generator Ground Prote('tion.
the machine and two leads brought out to exter
[3] ANSI/IEEE C37.106-1987, IEEE Guide for nal connections. In general, up to lhree current
Abnormal Frequency Protection for Power Gen transformers can be provided at each end of the
erating Plants. phase winding for relaying and instrumentation
purposes.
[4] ANSI! IEEE Std 67-HI72, IEEE Guide for Oper
In some hydrogenerator designs, there may be a
ation and Maintenance of Turbine Generators.
number of circuits per phase and each circuit
[5] ANSI/IEEE Std 502-1985, IEEE Guide for may consist of a number of multiturn coils con
Protection, Interlocking, and Control of Fossil nected in series. In these machines, the parallel
Fueled Unit-Connected Sleam Stations. connected circuits may be formed into two groups
that are paralleled and only two leads are brought
[6] IEEE Std 143-1954, Application Guides for
out t.o external connections. There may be an
Ground-Fault Neutralizers, Grounding of Synchro
equal or unequal number of circuits in each
nous Generator Systems, and Neutral Grounding
group. In this design, current transformers can be
of Transmission Systems.
provided in each phase group and in t.he leads to
[7] IEEE Committee Report. Out of Step Relaying the external connections.
for Generators, IEEE Tran saction s on Power Figure 3.1 C illustrates the wye-connected
A pparatus and Sy stems, vol 96, Sep/Oct 1977, pp double-winding construction sometimes used in
1556-1564. large steam-turbine generators. Each phase has
two separate windings which are connected
[8] IEEE Committee Report. Potential Trans
externally to form two wye connections. The high
former Application on Unit-Connected Generators,
voltage terminals of each phase are connected in
IEEE Tran sa ction s an Power A pparatus and Sys
parallel to form a single three-phase output.
terns , vol 91, Jan/Feb 1972, pp 24-28.
Separate wye connections are formed on the neu
tral end of each winding. These neutrals may be
physically at opposite ends of the machine. This
3. Description of Generators,
arrangement is sometimes referred to as the
Excitation Systems and Generating
double-ended, twelve-bushing machine and is
Station Arrangements
used where the total full-load phase current
exceeds the current carrying capability uf a single
3.1 Generator Winding Design and Arrange
bushing. The bushings at each end of the winding
ments. The statur windings of a three-phase syn can accommodate three current transformers.
chronous generator consist of a number of single
In the delta-connected generator, there may be
turn or multiturn coils which are connected in
one or more paralleled circuits per phase with
series to form a single-phase circuit. One of these
two leads brought out to external connections.
circuits or several circuits connected in parallel
Current transformers can be provided inside the
are used to form a complete phase winding. The delta at the ends of each winding or outside the
phase windings arc normally connected in wye delta, or both.
with the neutral grounded through some external
impedance. Delta-connected phase windings are
used occasionally but this is not a common con
nection. Figure 3.l illustrates the possible winding 3.2 Generator Grounding. It is common prac
arrangements and connections. tice to ground all types of generators through
some form of external impedance_ The purpose of
this grounding is t.o limit. the mechanical stresses
I Al\SI publications can tie obtained from the Sales Depart and fault damage in the machine, to limit tran
ment , American National Standards I nstitute , 1 430 Broadway, sient voltages during faults, and to provide a
New York, NY IOO1R
means for detecting ground faults wit.hin the
2 IEEE publications are available from the Sales Depart
ment, IEEE Service C en ter, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. !.lox 1 3:31, machine. A complete discussion of all grounding
Piscataway, NJ 08854-1 3 3 1 . and ground protection methods may be found
10
IEEE
AC GENICHATOR PROTECTION C37.102-1987
\
I'l....-
,-o- 2
A. ONE
-3
CIRCUIT. THREE PHASE,
SIX BUSHINGS
O
L-_
--- 3
B. iWO CIRCUIT, THREE P HASE,
SIX BUSHINGS
EXTERNAL
N ,."
\ '" .4!N
CONNECTIONS
-
1
"'..... N
Z
-- 2
N'
\ N

---
J"nI"n
N
?
'
NZ

C'
C. DOUBLE-WINDING ,ONE C IRCUIT,

THREE PHASE, 12. BUSHINGS
D. DELTA CONNCTION
Fig 3.1
Winding Configurations
11
IEEE
C37. 1 02-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR
in ANSI/IEEE C37. 1 0 1 - 1 985 [ 2 ] 3, and IEEE Std ings, ami of all other equipment which may be
143-1 954 [6 ]. connected to the machine terminals. With this
The methods most commonly used for genera resistor rating, the transient overvoltages during
tor grounding will be discussed in this guide. They fault.s will be kept to safe values. This arrange
are listed in four broad categories: ment. is considered high-resistance grounding. For
( 1 ) High-impedance grounding a single-phase-t.o-ground fault. at. t.he machine
(2) Low-resistance grounding terminals, the primary fault current will be limited
(3) Reactance grounding to a value in t.he range of about 3 t.o 25 A. Tf
(4) Grounding-transformer grounding possible, the ground fault current level should ue
Solid grounding of a generator neutral is not chosen to coordinate with the primary fuses
generally used since this practice can result in (when used) of wye-wye connected voltage trans
high mechanical stresses and excessive fault formers with grounded neut.rals. Not.e t.hat. dis
dam age in the m achine. According to ANSI tribution transformers with internal fuses or
C50.13-1 977 [1], the maximum stresses that a circuit breakers should not be used, as they could
generator is normally designed to withstand is inadvertently be open and the grounding and
that associated with the currents of a three-pha..'ie protection scheme could be inoperative at the
fault at the machine terminals. Because of the time of fault.
relatively low zero-sequence impedance inherent In some cases, the distribution transformer is
in most synchronous generators, a solid phase-to omitted and a high value of resistance is con
ground fault at the machine terminals will pro nected directly between the generator neutral
duce winding currents that are higher than those and ground. The resistor size is selected to limit
for a three-phase fault. Therefore, to comply with ground-fault current to the range of 5-10 A.
this st.andard, generators must. be grounded in While this method of grounding is used in Europe,
such a manner to limit the maximum phase-to the physical size of the resistors, the required
ground fault current to a magnitude equal to, or resistor insulation level, and the cost may pre
less than, the three-phase fault current.. clude the use of this method.
Generators are not often operated ungrounded. 3.2.1.2 Ground Fault Neutralizer Ground
While t.his approach greatly limits the phase-to ing (Tuned Inductive Reactor). In this ground
ground fault currents, and consequently limits ing method, a distribution-type transformer with
damage to t.he machine, it can produce high tran a ratio selected as above is used with a secondary
sient overvoltages during faults and also makes tunable reactor. The ohmic value of this second
the fault location difficult. ary reactor is selected so that, when reflected into
The following sections provide a very brief the primary circuit, its reactance is equal to one
description and typical applications of the above third of the zero-sequence capacitive reactance of
grounding methods. the generator and all equipment connected to the
3.2.1 High Impedance Grounding. Two types generator terminals up to and including the
of high-impedance grounding are in common use delta-connected windings of the main step-up
t.oday. These are as follows: and station service transformers. This type of
3.2.1.1 High-Resistance Grounding. In this grounding limits the single-phase-to-ground fault
method, a distribution transformer is connected current to values that will not sustain an arc. It is
between the generator neutral and ground and a applicable only where the zero-sequence capaci
resistor is connected across t.he secondary. The tance of the circuit does not change significantly
primary voltage rating of the distribution trans for different system conditions.
former is usually equal to or greater than rated High-impedance grounding does not provide
generator line-to-neutral voltage, while the sufficient current for selective ground relaying of
secondary winding rating is 120 or 240 V. The several machines connected to a common bus.
secondary resistor is selected so that for a single Consequently, it is generally used with unit-system
phase-to-ground fault at the generator terminals, installations where a single generator is connected
the power dissipated in the resistor is equal to, through its individual grounded wye-delta step
or greater than, three times the zero-sequence up transformer (or transformers) to the system.
capacitive kVA to ground of the generator wind- In a few cases, this type of grounding has been
used when two or more generators are connected
to one step-up transformer. However, such a sys
3
The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the refer tem is difficult to relay and may require shutting
ences listed in Section 2. down all machines to isolate a fault.
12
IEEE
AC GENERATOR PROTECTION C37. 102-1987
3.2.2 Low-Resistance Grounding. In this A zig-zag or grounded wye-delta transformer

method, a resistor is connected directly between may be used as an alternate grounding source
the generator neutral and ground. The resistor is when a generator with neutral reactor grounding
selected to provide sufficient current for selective is connected directly to a distribution system.
ground relaying of several machines, feeders, or This approach can also be used where several
both. In general, the grounding resistor is selected ungrounded-wye or delta-connected generators
to limit the generator's contribution to a single are bussed at generator voltage.
phase-to-ground fault at its terminals to a value A grounded wye-broken delta transformer with
in the range of 200 A up to 1 50% of rated full-load a resistor across the corner of the broken delta
current. Resistor cost and size usually preclude may be used to provide a means for detecting
the use of resistors to limit the current below ground faults in ungrounded-wye or delta-con
200 A or to permit currents above machine rated nected generators.
current.
This method of grounding is generally used 3.3 Excitation Systems. There are four basic
where two or more generators are bussed at types of excitation systems used to control the
generator voltage and connected to a system output of ac machines: the dc generator commu
through one step-up transformer or where the tator exciter, the alternator rectifier exciter with
generator is connected directly to a distribution stationary rectifier system, the alternator rectifier
system having a low-impedance grounding source exciter with rotating rectifier system, and the
on the generator bus. static excitation system. While a detailed descrip
3.2.3 Reactance Grounding. This method uses tion of these systems is beyond the scope of this
an inductive reactance between the generator standard, their general characteristics will be
neutral and ground. The inductive reactance is briefly described in the following sections.
selected to produce anXO/X1 ratio at the machine 3.3.1 System with DC Generator-Commutator
terminals in the range of 1 to 1 0. Common prac Exciter. Figure 3.3. 1 shows a schematic of the
tice is to maintain an effectively grounded system primary elements of this system. Not shown on
by keeping the XO/Xl ratio at 3 or less. This this diagram and the succeeding Figs 3.3.2 through
method of grounding produces relatively high 3.3.5 are the power supplies, such as pilot exciters,
levels of phase-to-ground fault currents ranging the current and potential intelligence inputs to
from approximately 25% to 1 00% of the three the excitation control, etc, since they are essen
phase fault current. tially functionally the same for all systems.
This grounding method is generally used where In this system, a dc control signal is fed from
the generator is connected directly to a solidly the excitation control to the stationary field of the
grounded distribution system. dc exciter. The rotating element of the exciter

then supplies a direct current through a field
3.2.4 Grounding-Transformer Grounding.
This method involves the use of a grounding
transformer connected to the machine terminals
or to the generator bus. The grounding may be
provided by a zig-zag transformer or a grounded Fig 3.3.1
wye-delta transformer, or by a grounded wye System with DC Generator Commutator Exciter
broken delta transformer with a resistor con
nected across a corner of the broken delta. When
a zig-zag or a grounded wye-delta transformer l/ROTATING
_EXIE jIiI@
_
EL
___
I@
, _
EMEN
is used, the effective grounding impedance is TS
r
selected to provide sufficient current for selective
l
",.
ground relaying.
I DC I AC
The grounded wye-broken delta transformer
with a resistance in the corner of the broken delta
is generally a high-resistance grounded system.
DC
J
MAIN GENERATOR
The resistance would be selected in the same COMMUT;: COLLECTOR
manner as for the distribution transfmmer with
secondary resistor. This method limits the single FIELD
phase-to-ground fault current to a range of 3 25
-
BREAKER
primary A.
13
IEEE
C37.102-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR
8-
breaker to the field winding of the main ac gener EXCITER
ELEMENTS'-.....
COLLECTOR RCITATING
1i
ator. The rotating armature of the dc exciter is
. --
1-i"""-
I
_
either driven from the same shaft as the rotating
(:
'RECTIFIER-
main field of the generator or can be on a sepa I AC I AC
rate motor-driven shaft. In either case, a dc com I EXCITER I NERA
mutator is required on the exciter and brushes I I I
L
_ L_J
and collector rings are required on the rotating MAIN
generator field to transmit the main generator GENERATOR
COLLECTOR
field current. This system is used only on the
smaller or older machines.
3.3.2 System with Alternator Rectifier Exci
ter and Stationary Rectifiers. To eliminate the
Fig 3.3.2
problems of high-current commutation for
System with Alternator Rectifier Exciter and
medium and large machines, the dc exciter is
Stationary Exciter and Stationary Rectifier
replaced by an alternator. The system of Fig 3.3.2
uses an alternator with a rotating dc field winding
driven from the shaft of the main ac generator.
ROTATING ELEMENTS
Current for this field winding is obtained from the r---------------,
Q
excitation controls through brushes an d collector RECTIFIER I
rings. The three-phase ac output of the alternator I
is rectified through a stationary three-phase diode
bridge and the direct-current output is fed to the I
L ______________ J
cr-
field winding of the generator through brushes
and collector rings.
3.3.3 System with Alternator Rectifier Exci
ter and Rotating Rectifiers. The system of Fig
3.3.3 again uses an alternator but by mounting Fig 3.3.3
the dc field winding on the stator of the exciter
System with Alternator Rectifier Exciter
and the ac armature winding on the rotor, all and Rotating Rectifiers
brushes and commutators have been eliminated.
In this system, the ac armature of the exciter, the
rotating three-phase diode bridge rectifier and ROTATING
ELEIoiENTS
the main field of the ac generator are all mounted
r--,
'IlJ
on the same rotating shaft system. All electrical MAIN
GENERATOR I I
:
connections are made along or through the cen COLLECTOR
ter of this shaft.

3.3.4 System with Static Exciter. The preced
1
I
1 I
1 POWER
VOLTAGE
TRANSFORIoiER
ing schemes utilize the energy directly from the L_
prime-mover shaft to obtain the required excita

tion power. Static excitation systems obtain this
power from the electrical output of the generator
or the connected system. In Fig 3.3.4, external
Fig 3.3.4
power current transformers or power voltage
System with Static Exciter
transformers (or both) feed rectifiers in the regu-
1ating system which, in turn, supply direct current
to the main field winding of the generator through
brushes and collector rings. Some systems use stator winding slots (P bars in Fig 3.3.fi). These
only potential transformers as input power, while potential windings are connected to each phase
some use additional current transformers to boost of an ungrounded-wye excitation transformer.
the input during fault conditions when the termi The current source Lc; achieved by passing each
nal voltage is reduced. of the three stator main winding leads through a
In Fig 3.3.5 the excitation power is provided window in each phase excitation transformer.
from a voltage and current source within the The output windings of the three single-phase
main generator. The voltage source is a set of excitation transformers are connected in delta to
three-phase windings mounted in three generator supply the external bridge rectifier circuits.
14
IEEE
AC GENERATOR PROTECTION C37.102 1987
GENERAlOR
,...______-fVVVV__ --------_.-- TO
Lo.t.D
TO P-BARS REACTOR
GROUNO
RELAY
VT'S
RECTlrlERS
WITHSHUMT
THVRIS'IOR
CONTROL
ACREF
Fig 3.3.5
Static Excitation System with Internal Supply
As indicated in Fig 3.3.5, the potential windings 3.4.1 Unit Generator-Transformer Configura
in the stator are connected in wye through linear tion. In this arrangement, a generator and its
reactors. The neutral is high-resistance grounded transformer (unit transformer) are connected as
through a distribution transformer, thereby pro a unit to the system as shown in Fig 3.4. 1 . The
viding a means for detecting possible ground generator is usually wye-connected and high
faults in the potential windings and excitation resistance grounded through a distribution trans
transformer. former. The unit transformer is most commonly a
grounded wye-delta connection.
In some large stearn turbine generator installa
3.4 Generating Station Arrangements. The se
tions, the generator may be connected to the sys
lection and arrangement of protection for genera
tem through two parallel connected unit trans
tors is influenced to some degree by the method in
formers, each transformer h aving one-half the
which the generators are connected to the system
total generator rating.
and by the overall generating station arrange
There may be one or two unit auxiliaries trans
ment. For purposes of this guide, the following
formers. These may be two-winding or three
generator connections and station arrangements
winding transformers, depending upon the size of
will be considered:
the generator unit. In most instances the unit
( 1 ) Unit generator-transformer configuration
auxiliaries transformer(s) is connected delta-wye
(2) Unit generator-transformer configuration
with the neutral of the wye connected to ground
with generator breaker
through some impedance.
(3) Cross compound generators
3.4.2 Unit Generator-Transformer Configura
(4) Generators sharing a unit transformer
tion with Generator Breakers. This arrangement,
(5) Generators connected directly to a distribu
illustrated in Fig 3.4.2, has been used with large
tion system
nuclear steam-turbine generators. The generator
For the most part, the above configurations repre is wye-connected and h igh-resistance grounded
sent the most widely used generating station through a distribution transformer. Two half-size
arrangements. grounded wye-delta connected unit transformers
15
IEEE
C37. 102-l987 IEEE GUIDE FOR
HIGH-VOLT"GE SIS1<t.I
UNIT
TRANSFORIoIER
L
\J
+------,
UNIT
"UXILI "R IES
TR"NSFORt.lER
"" I
TR"NSFORt.lER V
OJ
Fig 3.4.1
Unit Generator - Transfonuer Configuration Fig 3.4.3
Cross-Compound Generators
practice to ground only one of the neutrals. High

resistance grounding through a distribution trans
former is commonly used.
3.4.4 Generators Sharing a Unit Transfonuer.
Figure 3.4.4 illustrates two methods for connect
ing two or more generators to a system using one
step-up transformer. In Fig 3.4.4A, two or more
generators are bussed at generator voltage and a
two-winding grounded wye-delta unit transformer
is used to connect the machines to the system. In
Fig 3.4.4B, a number of generators are connected
to the system through a three-winding grounded
wye-delta-delta transformer. Either of these
approaches may be used with small hydro or
combustion-turbine generators.
In either approach, neutral-resistor grounding
of the generators would be used in order to
achieve selective ground-fault protection for the
Fig 3.4.2 machines. In some instances, the generators may
Unit Generator - Transfonuer Configuration be high-resistance grounded through a distribu
with Generator Breakers tion transformer in order to minimize damage
due to phase-to-ground faults. However, this
are used to connect the generator to the system. grounding method has the disadvantage that it
As shown in this figure, two unit auxiliaries trans does not provide sufficient current for selective
formers are used in this arrangement. relaying.
3.4.3 Cross-Compound Generators. The most 3.4.5 Generators Connected Directly to a Dis
common method for connecting a cross-com tribution System. Fig 3.4.5 shows a typical instal
pound generator to a system is shown in Fig 3.4.3. lation where generators are connected directly to
The low-pressure and the high-pressure units are a distribution system. If the system is effectively
bussed at generator voltage and connected to the grounded eXOIX)::; 3, RoIX] ::; 1), the generator
system through a grounded wye-delta unit trans neutral, or the neutral of the bus grounding trans
former. Both the low- and the high-pressure units former if the generator neutral is isolated eas
are usually wye-connected, and it is recommended noted in 3.2.4), will be grounded with a neutral
16
IEEE
AC GENERATOR PROTECTION C37.102-1987
HIGH-VOM 4. Protection Requirements
4.1 Generator Stator Thermal Protection. Ther

mal protection for the generator stator core and
windings may be provided for the following con
tingencies:
'V UNIT AUXILIARIES ( 1 ) Generator overload
(2) Failure of cooling systems
"' ' '''

(3) Localized hot spots caused by core lamina
tion insulation failures or by localized or rapidly
developing winding failures
4.1.1 Generator Overload. The continuous
output capability of a generator is expressed in
(A) kilovolt-amperes (kVA) available at the terminal
at a specified frequency, voltage, and power fac
tor. For hydrogen-cooled generators, the output
rating is usually given at the maximum and sev
eral lesser hydrogen pressures. For combustion
turbine generators, this capability is given at an
inlet air temperature of 15C at sea level. In
general, generators can operate successfully at
rated kVA, frequency, and power factor for a volt
age variation of 5% above or below rated voltage.
Under emergency conditions, it is permissible to
exceed the continuous output capability for a
short time. In accordance with ANSI C50.13-1977
(B) [1], the armature winding short-time thermal
capability is given by the following:
Fig 3.4.4 Time (seconds) 10 30 60 120
Generators Sharing a Transformer Armature current (percent) 226 154 130 116
where 100% current is the rated current of the
machine at maximum hydrogen pressure.
A plot of this short-time capability is shown in
Fig 4.1-1. Protective schemes to prevent thermal
damage to the stator winding utilize winding
'V
>- UNIT AUXILIARIES
TRANSFORMER
temperature detectors or relays having time-cur
rent characteristics that conform to the short
time capability curve.
4.1.1.1 Winding-Temperature Protection.
Most generators are supplied with a number of
resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) which
are imbedded in the stator windings. As the name
implies, the RTD detects temperature change by
the change in resistance of the detector.
Fig 3.4.5 These RTDs are used to continuously monitor
Generators Connected Directly to a the winding temperatures. In attended generat
Distribution System ing stations, the RTDs may be connected to give
an indication on an instrument, to provide an
input to a data acquisition system or to actuate
inductive reactance. If the system is not effec an alarm.
tively grounded, as for some three-WIre distribu In unattended stations, the RIDs may be used
tion systems, the generator neutral or grounding with a relay to alarm, to initiate corrective action,
transformer neutral will generally be grounded or to trip the unit if a selected hot-spot tempera
through a low ohmic value resistor. ture exceeds specified limits. The relay used for
17
IEEE
C37. 102-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOil
h aving an extremely inverse characteristic. The

w
0: instantaneous unit is set to pick up at 1 1 5% of
:;) 300
.... full-load current and is used to torque control the
..: time overcurrent unit. The instantaneous unit
::;;
0: dropout should be 95% or higher of pickup setting.
..: ....
The time overcurrent unit is set to pick up at
"-
0 2 200
W W 75 - 100% of full-load current and a time setting is
.... 0:
..: 0:
"- chosen so that the relay operating time is 7.0 s at
0: :;) ....... --
LL
U
-
226% of full load current. With this approach, the
0 100 relay is prevented from tripping for overloads
.... below 1 1 5% of full-load current and yet provides
2
W tripping in a prescribed time for overloads above
U
a: 1 1 5% of full-load current.
W
D-
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
An overload alarm may be desirable to give the
T n E - SECONDS operator an opportunity to reduce load in an
Fig 4.1-1 orderly manner. This alarm should not give
Turbine-Generator Short-Time Thermal nuisance alarms for external faults and should
Capability for Balanced 3-Phase Loading coordinate with the generator overload protec
(from ANSI C50.13-1977 [1]) tion if this protection is provided.
For air-cooled generators that may operate in a
this function operates on a Wheatstone Bridge wide range of ambient temperatures, it is neces
principle, where the RTD(s) and the relay unit are sary to coordinate the ANSI C50. l 3 - 1 977 [ 1 ]
part of the bridge. When the temperature in the thermal capability and the relay setting with the
stator winding exceeds a specified limit, the increased capability of the turbine and the gener
change in RTD resistance unbalances the bridge ator at reduced ambient temperature. Conver
and causes relay operation. The relay is generally sely, it may be difficult to protect the generator
designed to remain in the operated position until for its reduced capability when the amhient
the temperature has decrea'>ed to a safe value. temperature is high.
This type of relay detects actual temperature, 4.1.2 Failure of Cooling Systems
not temperature rise above ambient and, there 4.1.2.1 General. Depending upon rating and
fore, the relay has to be set to take into account design, the generator stator core and windings
the expected variation in ambient temperature. may be cooled by air, oil, hydrogen or water.
The selection of this type of temperature relay In direct-cooled (or so-called conductor-cooled)
requires the following information: generators, the coolant (usually water) is in direct
( 1 ) RTD resistance contact with the heat-producing members such
(2) Temperature pickup range as the stator winding. In indirectly or conven
In the US, the standard RTD resistance is 1 0 !1 at tionally cooled generators, the coolant cools the
25 C and most relays are designed to be used generator hy relying on heat transfer through the
with this value. However, the user should check insulation. For any type of generator, a failure of
with the generator manufacturer in order to the cooling system can result in rapid deteriora
ascertain the ohmic value of the RTD element tion of the stator core lamin ation insulation
being supplied. and! or stator winding conductors and insulation.
The required temperature pickup range will be 4.1.2.2 Protection. In general, the generator
a function of the cla'>s of insulation used in the manufacturer provides all of the necessary pro
generator. Again, the user should check with the tection for the cooling system. This protetion is
manufacturer to ascertain the maximum permis in the form of sensors such as resistance temper
sible operating temperature. ature detectors (RTDs), thermocouples eTC), and
4.1.1.2 Overcurrent Protection. I n some flow and pressure sensors. These devices are used
instances, generator overload protection can be to monitor the winding temperatures or the coo
provided through the use of a torque controlled lant temperature, flow, or pressure. They may be
overcurrent relay that is coordinated with the connected to alarm, to automatically reduce load
ANSI C50. 1 3 - 1 977 [1 ] short-time capability curve to safe levels, or to trip.
of Fig 2 . 1 - 1 . This relay consists of an instantane For a particular machine, the user should eheck
ous overcurrent unit and a time overcurrent unit with the generator manufacturer to ascertain the
18
IEEE
AC GENERATOR PROTECTION C37. 102 1987
temperature limits, the protection provided and ( 1 ) Protection for the main field winding circuit
the recommended operating procedures for a loss (2) Protection for the main rotor body, wedges,
of coolant. retaining ring, and amortisseur winding
4.1.3 Core Hot Spots
4.1 .3.1 General. Localized hot spots in the 4.2 . 1 Field Winding Protection. The field
stator core can be produced by lamination insula winding can operate continuously at a current
tion failure caused by foreign objects left in the equal to or less than that required to produce
machine, by damage to the core during installa rated kVA at rated power factor and voltage. For
tion or maintenance, or by objects that are power factors less than rated, the generator out
normally a part of the machine, (such as a nut, put must be reduced to keep the field current
wedge, etc) but become detached from their nor within these limits. The capability curves as
mal position and move to the core. defined in ANSI/IEEE Std 67-1 972 [4 ] are deter
The hot spots are the result of high eddy mined on this basis.
currents, produced from core flux, that find Under abnormal conditions, such as short
conducting paths across the insulation between circuits and other system disturbances, it is
laminations. Stator laminations are electrically permissible to exceed these limits for a short time
shorted together on the outer diameter of the as specified in ANSI C50. 13-1 977 [ I ) . In this stan
core where it attaches to the stator frame. Any dard, the field winding short-time thermal capa
contact between laminations on the inner bore bility is given in terms of permissible field voltage
will result in a circuit for eddy currents. The as a function of time as noted below.
shorting of laminations can cause melting of core
Time (seconds) 1 0 30 60 1 20
steel that can be costly to repair.
Field voltage (percent) 208 1 46 1 25 1 1 2
4.1.3.2 Protection. The only meam; for de
tecting hot spots in air-cooled generators is A plot o f this short-time capability is shown in Fig
through the use of resistance temperature detec 4.2-l. Protection schemes utilize this characteris
tors (RIDs) and/ or thermocouples (TC) imbedded tic to prevent thermal damage to the field wind
in the stator windings. Since it is not possible or ing circ uit.
practical to cover the entire core and windings 4.2.1.1 Thermal Protection. Since it is not
with these detectors, this approach can provide practical to put temperature sensors directly in
only partial detection of hot spots. the field windings, only indirect monitoring of the
On hydrogen-cooled generators the presence, field winding temperature is normally possible.
but not the exact location of local hot spots, may For excitation systems employing main field col
be detected by the use of a generator core (or lector rings, the average temperature of the field
condition) monitor. The core monitor is an ion winding can be approximated by calculating the
particle detector that is connected to a generator field resistance using simultaneous iield current
in a manner that permits a constant flow of and voltage readings. This resistance, in conjunc
cooling gas to pass through the monitor. Under tion with the known cold resistance, is a measure
normal conditions, the gas coolant contains no of the operating temperature. This method, de
particles that can be detected by the monitor. scribed in ANSI/IEEE Std 67- 1 972 [4), gives only
However, when overheating occurs, the thermal an indication ofthe average temperature through
decomposition of organic material, epoxy paint, out the field winding and not the more important
core lamination enamel or other insulating mate hot-spot temperature. Moreover, this method is
rials produces a large number of particles. These not applicable with brushless excitation systems
particles are of submicron size and are detected where the actual main field current and voltage
by the monitor. The general location of the hot are not available for measurement.
spot can be determined by laboratory analysis of If a generator is equipped with a core monitor
the particles and through the use of selective as described in 4. 1 .3, the monitor will also detect
coatings on various parts of the machine. overheating of the field winding insulation and
At present, this type of protection is normally hot spots.
only supplied on large steam turhine generators 4.2.1.2 Protection for Field Overexcitation.
and is connected to sound an alarm. Some form of overexcitation protection for the
field winding is generally provided utilizing the
4.2 Field Thermal Protection. Thermal protec short-time capability curve of Fig 4.2- 1 . Several
tion for the generator field may be divided into different. schemes are available using relays or
two categories: excitation system control elements, or hoth.
19
IEEE
C37. 1 02 - 1 !lR7 IEEE GLIDE FOR
G ENERATOR S H O R T -T I M E F I E L D inverse time characteristic of Fig 4.2-1. This relay

240
THERMAL CAPA B I L I T Y
w
may be connected at the terminals of an ac
0 2 20 exciter alternator, in the main generator field or
<l:
,
\
200 in the field, of the ac exciter. When connected to a
0
\
> field circuit, a transducer is used to convert the dc
0
180
--.J signal to an ac quantity. The relay is normally set
"-..
w 1 60
LL so that there is 5 - 1 0% margin between the relay
r----
140
0 characteristic and the field capability curve.
w
1 20

a: 100
This relay, in conjunction with .one Dr mDre
LL
timers, performs the same functions as the pre
0 80 ceding scheme. For an overexcitation condition, it
r
z 60 will:
w
u 40 ( 1 ) SDund an alarm.
a: ( F ROM ANSI C50.13- J977 [Ill
w (2) Adjust the field excitation to a preselected
CL 20
value corresponding tD rated full-load level or
o 20 40 60 80 1 00 120 less.
T I M E - SECON DS
(3) After SDme delay, trip the generator regula
tor or transfer tD an alternate control.
Fig 4.2-1 (4) If DverexcitatiDn is nDt eliminated, trip the
Generator Field Short-Time Thermal Capability unit.
This scheme provides protection for overexcita
tion conditions as well as fDr possible excitation
4.2. 1 . 2 . 1 Fixed-Time Delay Relaying system failures.
Scheme. The simplest form of field protection 4.2 . 1 .2.3 Voltage Regulator System.
utilizes a contact making milliammeter .or volt Mudern excitatiun systems usually incorporate
meter connected in either the main field circuit or the field protective functions as well as the regu
in the field of the ac exciter. This device is set tu lating function. These systems may have built-in
pick up when the field current exceeds its rated circuitry that duplicates the fixed time and/or
full-load value. When an overexcitation condition the inverse time relaying function. When an over
.occurs, the device will pick up and pcrform the excitation conditiDn .occurs and field current
following functions: exceeds a safe value for a specificd period of time,
( 1 ) Sound an alarm. these protective functions will reduce field cur
(2) Adjust field excitatiDn to a preselected rent to the full-load value or to some other prede
value corresponding to ratcd full-load level or termined level. On some excitation systems, if the
less. overexcitation condition persists after an attempt
e 3) After a fixed-time delay, trip the generator to reduce field current is made, the protective
regulator or transfer to an alternate control. function will trip the regulator or transfer to an
(4) If Dverexcitation is nut eliminated after alternate exciter after a short period .of time. If
some additional short-time interval, trip the unit. this does nut eliminate the problem, the generator
This scheme will protect the field for overexcita may be tripped. In this type of excitation system,
tiDn conditions during system disturbances and the protective functiDn is separate from the exci
fDr the rare occurrence of a faulty excitation tation function, and, therefDre, can provide prD
system component. While simple in form, this tection when there are failures in the regulating
scheme has thc disadvantage that it will overpro systems Dr when the regulator is not in the con
tect the machine, since the fixed time delay relay trol circuit.
must be set for the maximum possible overexcita If the protective functiun is part .of the regulat
tion cDndition that can occur. This means that for ing system, the protection would be eliminated
less severe overexcitation cunditions, tripping will when the regulatDr is tripped Dr is out of service.
occur at shorter times than is required and, For this type of system, supplementary relay pro
therefore, full advantage of the inverse-time tection as described in the preceding can be
thermal capability of the field winding character provided.
istic cannut be obtained. 4.2.2 Rotor Body. There are nD simple meth
4.2 . 1.2.2 Inverse Time Delay Relay ods for direct thermal protection of the rotor.
Scheme. This approach utilizes a vDltage relay Various indirect methods are used either tD
whose charactcristic approximately matches the approximate rotor temperatures or to act directly
20
IEEE
AC GEERATOR PHOTECTION C37.1 02-1987
on the quantities that would lead to excessive through current up to 50% or more at high values
rotor temperatures. Protection schemes for the of through current as illustrated in Fig 4.3.2-l.
rotor are, therefore, directed at the potential This c h aracteristic results i n a relay that i s very
causes of thermal distress. For example, negative sensitive to internal faults and insensitive to cur
sequence currents in the stator, loss of excitation rent transformer error currents during severe
or loss of synchronism can cause excessive rotor external faults.
temperatures due to circulating currents in var Current transformers with identical character
ious paths of the rotor body. These phenomena istics are used in a generator differential scheme
and associated protective schemes are covered in and it is preferable to avoid connecting other
2.5 of this standard. relays or devices in these current circuits.
4.3.2.2 High-Impedance Differential Relay.
4.3 Generator Stator Fault Protection As the name implies, this is a high-impedance
4.3.1 General Consideration. Generator faults relay connected in a differential circuit as shown
are always considered to be serious since they can in Fig 4.3 .2-2. The relay discriminates between
cause severe and costly damage to insulation, internal and external faults by the voltage which
windings, and the core; they can also produce appears across the relay. On external faults, the
severe mechanical torsional shock to shafts and voltage across the relay will be low, while for
couplings. Moreover, fault currents in a generator internal faults the voltage across the relay is rela
do not cease to flow when the generator is tripped tively high. The relay may be set to operate for
from the system and the field disconnected. Fault
current can continue to flow for many seconds
because of trapped flux within the machine, there
Fig 4.3.2-1
by increasing the amount of fault damage.
Variable Slope Percentage Differential Relay
AB a consequence, for faults in or near the
generator which produce high magnitudes of
short-circuit currents, some form of h igh-speed
protection is normally used to trip and shut down
1 OPERAT E
the machine as quickly as possible in order to
minimize damage. Where external impedances
RELAY
are used to limit fault currents to a few amperes, OPERA,lON
\ \
slower forms of protection may be justified. In
certain cases, it may be j ustified to consider the
R E LAY
use of rapid de-excitation methods which pro NON OPERAT ION
duce a faster decay of fault currents.

4.3.2 Phase-Fault Protection. Some form of
high-speed differential relaying is generally used I R E STRAINT
for ph ase-fault protection of generator stator

windings. Differential relaying will detect three
phase fau lts, phase to phase faults, double-phase
to-ground faults and some single phase-to-ground
faults, depending upon how the generator is
Fig 4.3.2-2
grounded.
High-Impedance Differential
Differential relaying will not detect turn-to-turn
faults in the same phase since there is no differ
ence in the current entering and leaving the
phase winding. Where applicable, separate turn

.....
r-' '-""
fault protection can be provided with the split L crY>.

.... I-'..
phase relaying scheme. This scheme will be dis
cussed subsequently.
rv"V'

4.3.2.1 Variable Slope Percentage Differ
O O <-- a
ential Relay. The variable slope percntage dif
ferential relay is the most widely used form of
j
I
differential relaying for generator protection. In
this type of relay, the percentage slope character
istic can vary from about 5% at low values of
21
IEEE
C37. 1 02 - 1 987 IEEE m;mE FOR
stator winding three phase or phase-to-phase d ifferential protection at a saving in ct's and
fault c urrents as low as 2% of rated generator relays. However, this arrangement is not as sensi
current. tive as the separate split-phase relaying and
The c u rrent transformers (ct's) used in this differential relaying scheme shown in Fig 4.3.2-8.
scheme, such as bushing current transformers The scheme in Fig 4.3.2-9 requires neutral-end ct's
with fully distrihuted secondary windings, should h aving half the turns ratio of the terminal-end
h ave identical c haracteristics and should have c1's.
negligible leakage reactance. r'igure 4.3.2- 1 0 illustrates the protection for a
4.3.2.3 Self-Balancing Differential Scheme. two-winding twelve-bushing generator. In this
The self-balancing differential scheme has been arrangement, separate differential relaying is used
used for phase and ground faults on small gener to protect each winding. This provides protection
ators. This scheme is illustrated in Fig 4.3.2-3. As for faults between windings and for phase-to
shown, leads from both ends of the phase winding phase and t h ree-phase faults. In general, it is not
are placed in the opening of a window-type cur recommended that the ct's in each winding be
rent transformer. Any difference between the paralleled and a single differential relay used.
c u rrents entering and leaving the wind ing is Such as approach would not provide protection
detected by an instantaneous overcurrent relay. for all faults between windings, since for some
Where applicable, this scheme is capable of pro conditions the fault current would circu late only
viding very sensitive p h ase and grou n d fault between the paralleled ct's and would not appear
protection. in the relay.
4.3.2.4 Application of Differential Relaying Figure 4.3.2- 1 1 shows the typical differential
to Different Machine Configurations. The appli relaying arrangement used for a delta-connected
cation of ph ase-fault p rotection to the various generator.
machine configurations discussed in 3.1 of this 4.3.2.5 Turn Fault Protection. Most turbine
guide is illustrated in Figs 4.3.2-7 through 4.3.2- 1 l . generators h ave single turn stator windings. I f a
Figure 4.3.2-7 illustrates the differential con generator h as stator windings with multiturn
nections for a six-bushing machine h aving single coils and with two or more circu its per phase, the
turn coils and one or more circu its per phase. split-phase relaying scheme can be used to pro
This is the most widely used machine config vide turn fault protection. In this scheme, the cir
uration. cuits in each phase of the stator winding are split
Figure 4.3.2-R illustrates the application of split into two equal groups and the currents of each
p h ase relaying and d ifferential protection on group arc compared. A difference in these cur
generators having multiturn coils and two or rents indicates an unbalance caused by a single
more circuits per phase. This combination is often turn fault. Figure 4.3.2-4 illustrates the basic split
used on hydro-generators. The app l i c ation of phase relaying system using bushing type current
split-phase relaying should be specified in the transformers. The relays used in this scheme usu
design of the generator so that the ct's required ally consist of an instantaneous overcurrent relay
for t h is protection c an h e eco n o m ic ally and and a very inverse time overcurrent relay.
appropriately engineered into the design. Another Since there is normally some current unbalance
scheme that has been used on this type of genera between windings, the time overcurrent relay is
tor is shown in Fig 4.3.2-9. This arrangement is an set so that it will not respond to this normal
attempt to get the benefits of split-pha..<;e and unbalance but will pick u p for the unbalance
c a used by a single turn fault. Time d e l ay is
employed to prevent operation on ct transient
Fig 4_3_2-3 error currents that may occur during external
Self-Balancing Protection Scheme faults.
(Single Phase Shown) The pickup of the instantaneous unit must be
set above the ct transient error currents that may
occur during external faults. The resulting setting
will generally be such that it will offer little turn
fault protection. However, it can provide inexpen
sive backup for multiturn and phase faults.
The problem of ct error currents with the
arrangement of Fig 4.3.2-4 can be eliminated by
using single window or double window ct's.
22
IEEE
AC GENERATOH I'HOTECTION C37. 1 02 - 1 987
Fig 4.3.2-4
Split-Phase Protection Using Separate
Current Transformers
Fig 4.3.2-5
Split-Phase Protection Using a
Figure 4.3.2-5 illustrates t h e single window ct
Single Window Current Transformer
arrangement. In this approach, the single window
ct eliminates the transient error currents because
of its common core design. The fluxes produced
by the primary currents balance each other in the
magnetic structure and only the difference cur
rent produces an output in the secondary circuit.
Therefore, the relays in the secondary more nearly
see only the unbalanced current between the
circuit groupings. This permits more sensitive
instantaneous relay settings. The single window ct
approach is generally restricted to small machines
because of physical and insulation problems in
arranging the winding leads in the window ct.
The double-window ct provides the same advan
tages of the single window approach but without
its physical restrictions. The double window ct
approach is shown in Fig 4.3.2-6. Again , in this
approach only the difference between the primary
currents produces an output in the secondary
circuit, therefore permitting more sensitive instan "" fUARV [IIVGKINGJ
>-f'-+-""
taneous relay settings.
If the generator has an odd number of circuits
per p h ase, it still may be possible to provide split
phase protection using separate ct's as shown in
Fig 4.3.2-4. The c urrents in the two circuit group
ing would not be equal in this case and, therefore, Fig 4.3.2-6
ct ratios would have to be selected to give equal Split-Phase Protection Using Double-Primary
secondary currents during balanced con ditions. Single Secondary Current Transformer
23
IEEL
C37. 102-1 987 IEEE GUIDL FOH
--' I.,
fYY'.
...J
rYY'> r-rv--.
r' .. >-' L
..

>-'
r->---
l>--- r->---

-A O 0< 0 D
r- roD
R
1 R
,/'
D
R R R, R, R <>

R R

"-....
"""
0
- '---<>-- >--
R R R
Fig 4.3.2-7
Percentage Differential Relay Connection
Six-Bushing Wye-Connected Generator L L L
J"

SPLIT - PHASE
RELAYING
R= OVERCU RRENT Fig 4.3.2-9

RELAY
Combination Split-Phase and
Differential Relaying
__ GENERATOR
WINDINGS
standard high-speed differential protection for

each phase and separate ground fault protection.
4.3.2.6 Backup Protection. The type and
sophistication of hackup protection p rovided is
I dependent to some degree upon the size of the
I
generator and on the method of connecting the
-1-
generator to the system.
When a generator is con nected to the system in
the u n it generator-transformer configuration ,
Fig 4.3.2-8
high-speed phase fault backup protection can be
Application of Split-Phase and
obtained by extending the protective zone of the
Differential Relaying
unit transformer differential relays scheme to
include the generator, the interconnecting leads,
In this instance, the single or double window ct and the unit auxil iaries transformer. This backup
approach would not be applicable since the relays is often referred to as the overall differential
would have t.o be set above a large d ifference c u r scheme and is illustrated in Fig 4.3.2-12.
rent, making the scheme virtually insensitive to In this arrangement, the ct's in the unit auxil
turn faults. iaries transformer circuit must be high- ratio ct's
Split-phase protection will detect phase and in order to balance the differential circuit. The
somc ground faults in the stator winding. How required ratio m ay be obtained with a single
ever, because of the slow operating time of this bushing ct or with a combination of bushing and
protectio n , it is common practice to provide auxiliary ct's as shown in Fig 4.3.2- 1 2.
24
IEEE
AC GENERATOR PROTECTION C37. 102 1 987
C I RCU I T R
BREAKER
87G
Fig 4.3.2-11
Fig 4.3.2-10 Percentage Differential Relay Connection
12-Bushing Generator Delta-Connected Generator
In some cases, the unit auxiliaries transformer Figures 4.3 .2- 1 3 and 4.3 .2-14 illustrate the
may be excluded from the overall differential application of the overall differential scheme on a
scheme as indicated by the alternate connection. two-winding generator and on a cross-compound
This approach may introduce a blind spot in the generator, respectively, where Loth types of gener
protection for the unit auxiliaries transformer. ators are connected in a unit generator-trans
For faults near the high side of this transformer, fo rmer configuration. While Figs 4.3 .2- 1 3 and
the available fault current m ay be I fiO to 200 4.3 .2-14 show the generator neutral ct's and the
times the rating of the current transformers used u nit aux iliaries transformer ct connected in
in the differential scheme for the unit auxiliaries parallel to one restraint winding, it is possible to
transformer. This high current level would drive use a multi-resistant relay and connect each ct to
the ct's into saturation, resulting in little or no a separate restraint winding.
current output to the differential relays. This Where generators are bussed at generator volt
blind spot is eliminated by connecting the overall age as shown in Figs 3 .4.4 and 3 .4.5, or where
differential scheme to the low side of the unit generator breakers are used in the unit generator
'
auxiliaries transformer. The overall scheme will transformer configuration as shown in Fig 3 .4.2,
detect the severe faults, while the unit auxiliaries the overall differential scheme is not applicable
differential will detect the low-level faults. and a duplicate differential scheme is rarely used
25
IEEE
C37. 102 - 1 987 IEEE GUIDE FOR
.' UNIT
TRAIoISf'OOMER
-<
V
'l -{
II
e7T
, ---l
ALTERNATE
CONNECTIONS
I I
CT'S
o Fig 4.3.2-13
Phase Fault Backup for a
Two-Winding Generator
Fig 4.3.2-12
Generator Phase Fault Backup
Overall Differential Scheme
to provide phase fault backup protection. Tn these

configurations, it is common practice to use the " VNIT
TlIANSFORMER
unbalanced current protection (negative sequence
current relay) and system backup protection to
provide backup for all generator phase faults.
This protection is discussed in detail in 4.5.2 and
4.6 of this guide. This backup relaying is generally
less sensitive than differential relaying and has UNIT AUXILIARIES
time delay associated with it. V UuUU-.A.I TRANSFORMER
-{ rY'rv--.-y,
4.3.2.7 Tripping Modes. It is common prac
tice to have the primary and backup protection
energize separate hand-reset multicontact auxil
iary relays. These auxiliary relays simultaneously
initiate the following:
(1) trip the main generator breaker(s)
(2) trip the field and/or exciter breakers
(3) trip the prime mover
(4) turn on CO2 internal generator fire protec
tion if provided
(5) operate an alarm and/or annunciator Fig 4.3.2-14
(6) transfer the station service to the standby Phase Fault Backup for
source Cross-Compound Generator
26
IEEE
AC GENERATOR PROTECTION C37.l 02- 1 987
4.3.3 Ground Fault Protection. Protective approximate relationship between available

schemes which are designed to detect three ground fault current and the percent of the stator
phase and phase-to-phase stator faults may or winding protected by a current-differential
may not operate for phase-to-ground faults in the scheme. When the ground fault current level is
generator zone. The degree of ground fault pro limited below generator rated load current, a
tection provided by these schemes is directly large portion of the generator may be unpro
related to how the generator is grounded and, tected. Differential relaying will provide no
therefore, to the magnitude of the ground-fault ground-fault protection on high-impedance
current available. The maximum phase-to-ground grounded machines where primary fault current
fault current available at the generator terminals levels are limited to 3 - 25 A.
may vary from three-phase fault current levels or Since the available ground-fault current may be
higher to almost zero. In addition, the magnitude small or limited to low values, it is common prac
of stator ground-fault current decreases almost tice to provide separate sensitive ground-fault
linearly as the fault location moves from the protection for generators. Depen ding on the
stator terminals toward the neutral of the gen generator grounding method, the protection pro
erator. For a ground fault near the neutral of a vided may include both primary and backup
wye-connected generator, the available phase-to relaying or may be used to supplement whatever
ground fault current becomes small regardless of protection may be provided by differential re
the grounding method. laying.
As noted in the preceding section, differential Numerous schemes have been developed and
relaying schemes may detect some stator phase used to provide sensitive ground-fault protection
to-ground faults depending upon how the genera for generators and are discussed in considerable
tor is grounded. Figure 4.3.3 - 1 illustrates the detail in ANSI/IEEE C37. 1 0 1 - 1 985 [ 2] .
High impedance grounding is generally used
with u nit system installations where a single
Fig 4.3.3-1 generator or cross-compound generators are
Percent of Stator Winding Unprotected by conn ected to the system through individual
Differential Relay for Phase-to-Ground Fault grounded w)le-delta step-up transformers. The
protection on a single unit generator-transformer
PERCENT OF WI NDING UNPROTECTED arrangement is illustrated in Figs 4.3.3-2 and
1.0 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 10 15 20 30 40 4.3.3-3.
15
Where cross-compound generators arc bussed
20 at generator voltage or where a single generator
u...
has double windings, it is the practice to ground
0 only one unit or winding as shown in Fig 4.;1 .3-4.
t- 30
I- Z Protection for both units and/ or windings is pro
Z W
w a: 40 vided by the one set of ground relays. Some types
u a::
a: :::> 1 of 1 00% stator ground fault protection require
w u 1/
Q. 60 relays for each neutral.
Z
0 / The following will discuss only the most widely
- 0 80 /
I- ...J
used schemes for the four grounding methods
3a: WD 1 00
V
considered in 3.2 of this guide:
I
4.3.3.1 High-Impedance Grounding. As
a:: t-
:::> 1 50 noted in 3.2 . 1 , two types of high-impedance
u a:: /
V
grounding are in common use today:
t- a:: 200
...J O ( 1 ) High-resistance grounding
:::> 1/ (2) Ground fault neutralizer grounding
a: / In both cases, the ground-fault current is limited
u... w 300
' z V
O w
Z t.!) 400 / to such low levels that differential relaying will
:::> not detect phase-to-ground faults. Therefore, for
0 /
a:: V high-impedance grounded generators, it is com
t.!) 6 00
/
mon practice to provide separate primary and
800 / backup relaying for ground-fault protection.
4.3.3.1.1 Protection. The most widely used
1 000 /
protective scheme with the resistance-loaded
27
IEEE
C37. 102 1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR
distribution transformer method of grounding is Typically, the overvoltage relay has minimum
a time delay overvoltage relay, 59GN, connected pickup setting of approximately 5 V. With this set
across the grounding impedance to sense zero ting and with typical distribution transformer
sequence voltage as shown in Fig 4.3.3-2. ratios, this scheme is capable of detecting faults to
The relay used for this function is designed to within 2 - 5'J{) of the stator neutraL
be sensitive to fundamental-frequency voltage and It should be noted that for personnel safety the
insensitive to third-harmonic and other zero-sequence distribution transformer secondary winding is
harmonic voltages that may be present at the usually grounded at one point as shown in Fig
generator neutraL 4.3.3-2. This point may be at one terminal of the
Since the grounding impedance is large com secondary winding, or at a center tap, if available.
pared to the generator impedance and other The time setting for the voltage relay is selected
inlpedances in the circuit, the full phase-to-neutral to provide coordination with other system pro
voltage will be impressed across the grounding tective devices. Specific areas of concern are:
device for a phase-to-ground fault at the genera ( l ) \\'hen grounded wye-grounded wye voltage
tor terminals. The voltage on the relay is a function transformers are connected at the machine ter
of the distribution transformer ratio and the loca minals, the voltage relay must be time coordinated
tion of the fault. The voltage will be a maximum with voltage transformer fuses for faults on the
for a terminal fault and decreases in magnitude transformer secondary windings. If relay time
as the fault location moves from the generator delay for coordination is not acceptable, the
terminals toward the neutraL coordination problem can be alleviated by ground
ing one of the secondary phase conductors instead
of the secondary neutraL When this technique is
used, the coordination problem still exists for
Fig 4.3.3-2 ground faults on the secon dary neutral. Thus its
Generator Ground Fault Protection for usefulness is limited to those applications where
High-Impedance Grounded Generator the exposure on the secondary neutral to ground
faults is small.
( 2 ) The voltage relay may have to be coordi
nated with system relaying for system ground
faults. System phase-to-ground faults will induce
zero-sequence voltages at the generator due to
capacitive coupling between the windings of the
unit transformer. This induced voltage will appear
on the secondary of the grounding distribution
\/ -<
Fig 4.3.3-3
Backup Ground Overcurrent Protection
_ UNU ONe Te R M ' NA'

OR CENTER TAP I F AVAILABLE
28
IEEE
AC GENERATOR PROTECTIOl\' C37.102-1987
transformer and may cause operation of the zero voltage reading would indicate a p hase-to-ground
sequence voltage relay. fault in the vicinity of the stator neutral or a fail
In general, a maximum time delay setting for ure in the grounding equipment. An increase in
the induction disk type relay has been found to voltage indicates possible insulation deterioration.
provide adequate coordination with voltage trans Several schemes use third harmonic voltage at
former fuses and system ground relaying. Shorter the neutral or at the generator terminals as a
time delays h ave been used where the voltage means to detect faults near the stator neutraL
transformer secondary neutral is isolated and a These schemes supplement the fundamental fre
secondary phase conductor grounded and where quency zero-sequence voltage relay and are illus
high-speed ground relaying is used on the high trated in Figs 4.3.3-5, 4.3.3-6, and 4.3.3-7. Note
voltage system. that these schemes assume that adequate har
As noted previously, the zero-sequence voltage monic voltage is present at the neutral of the
relay will detect faults to within 2-5% of the stator machine. Typical values needed arc approximately
neutral. There are several schemes for detecting 1 (, of rated voltage.
ground faults at or near the neutral. In Fig 4.3.3-5, a third harmonic voltage relay is
In one approach, a recording voltmeter con placed across the grounding impedance. The relay
nected across the grounding impedance records operates on the decrease in third harmonic volt
the harmonic voltages which are always present age at the neutral which will occur during a stator
at the generator neutraL A sudden reduction in phase-to-ground fault. The 27 relay is supervised
by a voltage relay to prevent the relay from oper
ating when excitation is removed from the gener
Fig 4.3.3-4 ator. Other means of supervising the 27 relay are
Ground Protection for a Two-Winding or also available.
Cross-Compound Generator In Fig 4.3.3-6, a voltage relay is connected
to measure the third-harmonic voltage at the
machine terminals. When a stator phase-to-ground
fault occurs. there will be an increase in third
harmonic voltage which will cause relay operation.
Figure 4.3.3-7 illustrates a third-harmonic volt
age differential scheme. This scheme compares
the third-harmonic voltage appearing at the
'V
-< Fig 4.3.3-5
Third Harmonic Undervoltage Scheme for
-
. e) CA) TWO -W I N D I N G G EN E RATO R
Generator Ground Fault Protection
[
67
T
\l
-<
27
TRIP TRIP
OR
ALARM
( - , ....-
... ....-
... ----
m
59C- INSTANTANEOUS OVERVOLTAGE RELAY.
59 1 - I NSTANTANEOUS OVERVOLTAGE RELAY TUND TO THE. FUNDAMENTA
9-
F R EQL.NCY
2 7 - I NSTANTANE.QUS UNOCRVOLTAGE RE..... AY TUNED TO THE THIRD

HARMONIC FREQUENCY
(8) CROSS-COMPOUND GENE RATOR 2 ' 1,2-2 T I MF R
29
IEEE
C37. 1 02 - 1 987 IEEE GUIDE FOR
neutral to that which appears at the generator through a distribution transformer with a second
terminals. The ratio of these third-harmonic volt ary resistor. The current transformer supplying
ages is relatively constant for all load conditions. the overcurrent relay may be located either in the
A stator phase-to-ground fault will disrupt this primary neutral circuit or in the secondary circuit
balance, thus causing operation of the differential of the distribution transformer, as shown in Fig
relay. 4.3.3-3. When the current transformer is con
One additional important advantage of this nected directly in the neutral, a 5:5 A current
scheme is that it continuously monitors the transformer ratio is employed. When the current
grounding transformer primary and secondary transformer is connected in the distribution
connections and voltage transformer at the ter transformer secondary circuit, a current trans
minals of the machine. It operates for opens or former ratio is selected so that the relay current is
shorts that might prevent the overvoltage relay or approximately equal to the maximum primary
other relays from operating. Th us a problem could current in the generator neutraL
be detected before a stator ground occurs. This
aspect of the protection scheme may favor an Fig 4.3.3-7
alarm rather than trip output. These characteris Third Hannonic Differential Scheme for
tics also apply to Figs 4.3.3-5 and 4.3.3-7. Generator Ground Fault Protection
Figure 4.3.3-8 illustrates a scheme wherein a
subharmonic voltage signal is injected at the neu
tral or terminals of the protected generator. The
injected signal returns to ground through the
stator winding shunt capacitances to ground.
When a stator phase-to-ground fault occurs, the
shunt capacitances are short circuited and the
magnitude of the injected signal increases. This
change in signal level is detected by the relay. This
scheme provides ground-fault protection with the
1 1
generator energized or at standstill.
A time overcurrent relay is often used as back 2_, 2-2
up protection when the generator is grounded T

TRIP TRIP
T
OR
ALARM
(-) ....-
... ----<>-------
Fig 4.3.3-6
59 D - INSTANTANEOUS THIRD '"iARMONIC VOLTAGE DlFF[R[ N T I ,o. L RELAY.
Third Hannonic OvelVoltage Scheme for
')91 - I N S-'-ANTANEOU5 OVE.RVOLTAGE RELAY TUNED TO THE F U N DAMENTAL
Generator Ground Fault Protection FREQUENCY.
2-1.2-2 - T I '-'! E R
Fig 4.3.3-8
Subhannonic Voltage Il'\iection Scheme for
Generator Ground Fault Protection
rn
(::J SgJ 2-J 2-,1 r"\..J

SUBHARMON Ie
VOLTAGE
flI Jp
SOURCE
OR
ALARM
., ,
(-) .. ---
59 1 - INSTANTANEOUS OIERVOL"'AGE RELAY TUNED TO THE FUNDAMENTAL

fREQUENCY.
59T - 1NSTANTANEOU'3 OIIERVOLTAGE RELAY TuNED TO ll-iE T H I F( D HARMONIC

FREQUENCY.
59 [ - I NSTA NTANEOUS OVERVOLTAC;E RELAY TUNED TO THE
2-1,2-2 - T I MER. SUBHARMONIC GENERATED F REQUENCY
30
IEEE
AC GENERATOR PROTECTION C37.l02-1987
An inverse or vl'ry inverse time delay overcur ground-fault proteetion (see Fig 4.3.3- 1 ). How
rent relay is used fur this application. The over ever, since the differential relaying will not provide
current relay must be set so that it does not ground-fault protection for the entire stator phase
operate on the normal unbalance currents and winding, it is common practice to provide supple
the zero-sequence harmonic currents that appear mentary sensitive protection for ground faults.
in the neutral. The pickup setting of the over This method of grounding is generally used
current relay should be no less than 1 35% of the where two or more generators are used at genera
maximum value of current measured in the neu tor voltage and conneeted to a system through
tral under non-fault conditions. In general, the one step-up transformer as illustrated in Fig 3.3.4,
overcurrent relay provides less sensitive protec or connected directly to a distribution system as
tion than the overvoltage relay that detects zero illustrated in Fig 3.4.5. The protection discussed
sequence voltage. above will permit selective ground relaying of sev
As with the overvoltage relay, the overcurrent eral generators.
relay must be time coordinated with the voltage 4.3.3.2.1 Protection. Sensitive ground
transformer fuses and with the system ground fault protection can be provided with either a
relaying. current-polarized directional relay or with a
Some utilities have used overcurrent relays on simple time overcurrent relay connected as shown
generators grounded through a ground fault neu in Fig 4.4.3- lO.
tralizer. The overcurrent relay will provide protec
tion only in case of failure of the tunable reactor
or distribution transformer.
4.3.3.1 .2 Tripping Mode. In general, both Fig 4.3.3-9
the primary and backup protection is connected
Scheme for Removing Potential from
to trip and shut down the generator, and the Ground Fault Overvoltage Relay When
prime mover. Separate lockout relays may be Relay is Used to Alann
used to distinguish phase faults from ground
faults and/or primary from backup relay oper
ation .
In some instances where the generator is
grounded through a ground fault neutralizer, the
user may only alarm with the ground fault pro
tection. The operator is thereby given time to
analyze and assess the situation and tripping may
be delayed as long as an hour or two to permit
fault isolation. Even though the ground fault cur
rent will be very small and may not damage the
stator iron, the elevated voltages on the other two
phases increases the risk that another ground
fault may develop which will result in a very high
phase-to-phase fault current flow.
Where the protection is connected to alarm, it
may be n eeessary to remove potential from the + DC
I
sensitive zero-sequence voltage relay since this
relay generally h as a limited continuous over
voltage capability. This ean be aecomplished with 59 GN
an auxiliary relay as shown in Fig 4.3.3-9. See
IEEE Std 1 43-1 954 [6] for ratings of the other
components.
S6 G
4.3.3.2 Low-Resistance Grounding. As indi
S6 G
cated in 3.2.2, the grounding resistor is selected to
limit the generator's contribution to a single
S6 G
phase-to-ground fault at its terminals to a range
of current between 200 A and 1 50% rated full
load current. With this range of available fault
current, differential relaying will provide some
81
IEEE
C!37. 1 0 2 - H JH7 IEEE GUIDE FOR
4.3.3.2.2 Tripping Mode. The tripping
h :h
l.

)
OPERATING
COIL
mode is the same as for high-impedance ground
ing (4.3.3 . l .2).
4.3.3.3 Reactance Grounding. Reactance
r'--'-l
- DI FFERENTIAL grounding is used where the generator is con
RELAYS
nected directly to an effectively grounded distribu
i/ "-
GE N ER ATOR
WINDI NGS
tion system. With this method of grounding, the
r-t available ground-fault current levels will range
POLAR I Z I NG
l-n h
COIL
from 25% to 1 00% of the three-phase fault current.
With this high level of fault current, diffe rential

relaying will be capable of providing almost com
Qh
plete protection of the stator phase winding for
most ground faults. However, differential rela)'ing
NEUTRAL RESISTA N C E may not detect high-resistance faults or faults
near the generator neutral. Therefore, it is
common practice to provide additional sensitive
ground protection as backup for generator and
system ground faults.
OPERATING Backup protection is generally provided by a
COl L
' I I-_++++...,
)
time overcurrent relay connected to a current
D I F FERENTIAL transformer in the generator neutraL The pickup
G E N E R ATOR -< RELAYS
of this relay must be set above the normal currents
W I N DI NGS
that flow in the neutral due to the unbalanced
system loads and zero-sequence harmonic cur
rents. Since this overcurrent relay will operate for
system ground faults, it must be time coordinated
with system ground relaying.
More sensitive ground fault protection may be
provided with the d irectional overcurrent relay or
with the simple overcurrent relay connected in
the neutral of the differential scheme as described
Fig 4.3.310
in 4.3.3.2 . l .
Sensitive Ground Fault Protection
4.3.3.3.1 Tripping Modes. The tripping
ing (4.3.3.1 .2).
When a directional overcurrent relay is used, 4.3.3.4 Grounding Transformer Grounding
the polarizing coil is energized from a current 4.3.3.4.1 Protection. A<; discussed in 3.2.4,
transformer in the generator neutral while the grounding may be p rovided by a zigzag trans
operating coil is in the neutral of the generator former, or a grounded wye-delta transformer or
differential relaying scheme. This application pro by a grounded wye-broken delta transformer with
vides sensitivity without a high operating coil a resistor connected across a corner of the hroken
burden. delta.
When a simple overcurrent relay is used, a sen When a zigzag or grounded wye-delta trans
sitively set time overcurrent relay is connected in former is used, the effective grounding impedance
the neutral of the differential scheme. is selected to provide sufficient current for selec
In both approaches, the sensitive ground pro tive ground relaying. The available ground-fault
tection will only detect faults covered by the current is generally on the order of 400 A. These
differential zone, thereby eliminating the need to types of grounding transformers are generally
time-coordinate these relays with other system used as an alternate grounding source when a
relaying. generator with neutral reactance grounding is
In addition to the above protection, it is com connected directly to a distribution system or 3.<; a
mon practice to install a sensitive ground time bus grounding source where several ungrounded
overcurrent relay in the generator neutral. This wye or delta-connected generators are bussed at
relay provides backup for generator and external generator voltage. A typical application is illus
system ground faults. trated in Fig 4.3.3- 1 1 . In this arrangement, the
32
IEEE
AC GENERATOR PROTECTION C37. 1 02- 1987
The field circuit of a generator is an ungrounded

system. As such, a single ground fault will not
generally affect the operation of a generator.
However, if a second ground fault occurs, a por
tion of the field winding will be short circuited,
thereby producing unbalanced air gap fluxes in
the machine. These unbalanced fluxes may cause
rotor vibration that can quickly damage the
machine; also, unbalanced temperatures caused
by unbalanced currents can cause similar damag
ing vibrations. The probability of the second
ground occurring is greater than the first, since
the first ground establishes a ground reference for
voltages induced in the field by stator transients,
thereby increasing the stress to ground at other
Fig 4.3.3-11 points on the field winding.
Ground Fault Protection with a 4.4.1 Protection. There are several methods in
Zigzag Grounding Bank common use for detecting rotor field grounds.
In one method, a de voltage is applied between
the negative side of the generator tield circuit and
ground through the coil of an overvoltage relay, as
generators are ungrounded and the grounding illustrated in Fig 4.4- l . A ground anywhere in the
bank is the sole source of ground fault current for field will cause the relay to operate. A brush is
faults in the generators or on the feeders. There used to ground the rotor shaft: since the bearing
would he primary ground overcurrent relaying at oil fIlm may insert enough resistance in the circuit
each generator and feeder breaker. This protec so that the relay would not operate for a field
tion could be sensitive instantaneous overcurrent ground. Some time delay is normally used with
relaying. Backup protection would be provided by this relay in order to prevent unnecessary opera
a time overcurrent relay connected to a current tions for momentary or transitory unbalances of
transformer in the neutral of the grounding bank. the field circuit with respect to ground. These
The grounded wye-broken delta transformer momentary unbalances may be caused by the
with a resistance in the corner of the broken delta operation of fast response thyristor type of excita
is generally a high-resistance-grounded system tion systems.
which limits the single-phase-to-ground fault cur The second method, illustrated in Fig 4.4-2, is
rent to a range of 3 to 25 primary A. This similar to that employed to detect a control bat
approach is generally used to provide a means for tery ground using a voltage divider and a sensitive
detecting ground faults in ungrounded genera overvoltage relay between the divider midpoint
tors prior to synchronizing the generator to the and ground. As with the battery ground detector,
system or as a means for providing backup for
high-impedance grounded generators. In the ap
plication, the grounding transformer would he
connected at the terminals of the generator and Fig 4.4-1
a zero sequence overvoltage relay of the type Rotor Ground Protection
described in 4.3.3. 1 . 1 . would be connected across
the resistance in the broken delta. The relay fiELD
pickup setting and coordination would be as dis

cussed in 4.3.3. 1 . 1 .
4.3.3.4.2 Tripping Mode. The tripping
ing (4.3.3.1.2).
GROUNDING
7
BRUSH
4.4 Generator Rotor Field Protection. This sec
tion is primarily concerned with the detection of VOLTAGE
ground faults in the field circuit. Other protection RELAY
for the field circuits is covered in 4.5. 1 .
33
IEEE
C37. 1 02 - 1 987 IEEE GLIDE FOR
GENERATOR since the generator field connections are con

tained in the rotating element. For these systems.
+ r------n--__,
the monitoring is accomplished by periodically
connecting a ground-detecting circuit, ;;imilar to
Fig 4.4-2, to slip rings provided on the rotor for
that purpose. The ground check can be done
I o:::!:, I
automatically by a sequencing timer and control
or at the will of the operator. The brushes used in
PTIONAL
I
this scheme are not suitable for continuous con
( FIBKRELD VI oE
BKR . FIELD Vl.

)
tact with the collector rings.
OEXCI T ER
Backup protection usually consists of vibration
I I
. ____ __
detecting equipment with contacts to trip the
__
L
main and field breaker if vibration is above that
associated with short circuit transients for faults
external to the unit. A brush seating verification
Fig 4.4-2
scheme is also sometimes used when brushes are ...
retractable. The scheme requires two brushes
Ground Detection Circuit
with a power supply which by relay action will
indicate if either brush does not seat and there
a maximum voltage is impre;;;;ed on the relay by a fore the ground detector is not functioning.
ground on either the positive or negative battery 4.4.2 Tripping. From a protection viewpoint,
lead;;. However, there is a null point between posi the safest practice is to shut down the generator
tive and negative where a ground fault will not automatically when the Frst ground is detected.
produce a voltage across the relay unless the There h ave been instances in which a ground
polarity on the ground detector is reversed from fault has caused damage to the field. Moreover, a
time to time. The generator field ground relay is second ground fault may be imminent because of
designed to overcome the null problem by using a insulation problems in the field.
nonlinear resistor in series with one of the two Many utilities alarm with the field ground relay
linear resistors in the voltage divider. The resist with written instructions for the operator to
ance of the nonlinear resistance varies with the unload and shut down the machine in an orderly
applied voltage. The divider is proportioned so manner so that other machines can pick up the
that the field winding null point is at the winding load thus avoiding a system disturbance.
midpoint when the excit.er voltage is at rated volt
age. Changes in exciter voltage will move the null 4.5 Generator Abnormal Operating Conditions.
point from the field winding center. This section describes those hazards to which a
A third method employs a signal injection tech generator may be subjected that may not neces
nique whereby a power frequency voltage is sarily involve a fault in the generator. It discusses
injected onto the rotor via a balanced bridge the t:ypical means for detecting these abnormal
through coupling capacitors. The capacitance CR operating conditions and the tripping practices.
of the rotor winding together with the coupling 4.5.1 Loss of Field. The source of excitation
capacitance and two high ohmic resistors form a for a generator can be completely or partially
balanced RC measuring bridge with a balancing removed through such incidents as accidental
capacitor. When the insulation becomes defective tripping of a field breaker, field open circuit, field
this measuring bridge is unbalanced and output short circuit (flae;hover of the slip rings), regula
voltage results. This bridge may be fed from an tion system failure, or the loss of supply to the
independent auxiliary source or directly from the excitation system. Whatever the cause, a loss of
generator Vfs. Under fault conditions, the bridge excitation can present serious operating condi
equilibrium is disturbed due to the fault resist tions for both the generator and the system.
ance being placed in parallel with the rotor 4.5.1.1 Steam Turbine Generators. When a
capacitance. The unbalance in the bridge is then generator loses excitation, it will overspeed and
filtered, detected in the measuring circuit, and a operate as an induction generator. It will con
trip signal is given through an adjustable timer. tinue to supply some power to the system and it
A fourth method is used with the rotating recti will receive its excitation from the system in the
fier excitation system of Fig 3.3.3. Here, continu form of vars. The machine slip and power output
ous monitoring of field ground Le; not possible will be a function of initial machine loading,
34
IEEE
AC GENERATOR PROTECTION C:37.1 02 1987
machine and system impedances and governor 4.5.1 .3 Protection. The most widely applied
characteristic. High system impedances tend to method for detecting a generator loss of field is
produce a h igh slip and a low power output. the use of distance relays to sense the variation of
If a generator is operating initially at full load impedance as viewed from the generator termi
when it loses excitation, it will reach a speed of n als. It has been shown that when a generator
2 to 5'}(, above normal. The level of kVARS drawn loses excitation while operating at various levels
from the system can be equal to or greater than of loading, the variation of impedance as viewed
the generator kVA rating. If a generator is initially at the machine terminals will h ave the character
operating at reduced loading (for instance 30% istics shown on the R-X diagram in Fig 4.5. 1 - 1 . I n
loading), the machine speed may only be 0.1 to this diagram, curve (a) shows the variation of
0.2'J(, above normal and it will receive a reduced impedance with the machine operating initially at
level of vars [rom the system. or ncar full load. The initial load point is at C and
In general, the severest condition for both the the impedance locus follows the path C-D. The
generator and the system is when a generator impedance locus will terminate at D to the right
loses excitation while operating at full load. For of the (-x) ordinate and will approach impedance
this condition, the stator currents can be in values somewhat higher than the average of the
excess of 2.0 pu and, since the generator has lost direct and quadrature axes subtransient impe
synchronism, there can he high levels of current dances of the generator. Curve (b) illustrates the
induced in the rotor. These high current levels case in which a machine is initially operating at
can cause dangerous overheating of the stator 30% load and underexciteu. I n this case, the
windings and the rotor within a very short time. impedance locus follows the path E F G and will
Tn addition, since the loss-of-field condition corre oscillate in the region between points F and G. For
sponds to operation at very low excitation, over a loss of field at no load, the impedance as viewed
heating of the end portions of the stator core may from the machine terminals will vary between the
result. 1\0 general statements can be made with direct and quadrature axis synchronous reac
tances (Xd' X ). In general, for any machine load
regard to the permissible time a generator can IJ
operate without field; however, at speeds other ing, the impedance viewed from the machine
than synchronous, it is very short. terminals will terminate on or vary about the
With regard to effects on the system, the var dashed curve (D-L).
drain from the system can depress system volt There are two types of distance relaying schemes
ages and thereby affect the performance of used for detecting the impedances seen d uring a
generators in the same station, or elsewhere on loss of field. One approach is shown in Fig 4.5. 1 -2
the system. I n addition, the increased reactive where one or two offset mho units are used to
now across the system can cause voltage reduc protect a machine.
tion and/or tripping of transmission lines an d These relays are applied to the generator ter
therehy adversely affect system stability. minals and set to look into the machine. On small
\\'hen a lightly loaded machine loses field, the or less important units, only a single relay would
effects will be less damaging to the machine but be used with the diameter of its circular charac
the var drain may still he detrimental to the teristics set equal to synchronous reactance of the
system. machine (Xd ) and with an offset equal to one half
tranient reactance (XJ ). Time delay of 0.5 to
4.5.1.2 Hydrogenerators. Due to saliency, 0.6 s would be used with this unit in order to
the normal hydrogenerator may carry 20 to 25% prevent possible incorrect operations on stable
of normal load without field and not lose syn swings.
chronism. The actual load carrying capability is a Depending upon machine and system parame
function of machine and system characteristics. ters, two relays are sometimes used as shown in
Also, operation with nearly zero field and at Fig 4.fU -2. The relay with 1 .0 pu impedance
reduced load is often necessary to accept line diameter will detect a loss of field from full load
charging current. However, if a loss of field occurs down to about 30% load. This relay is generally
when a hydrogenerator is carrying full load, it will permitted to trip without any added external
behave and produce the same effects as a stearn time delay and thereby provides fast protection
turbine generator. High stator and induced field for the more severe conditions in terms of possi
currents may damage the stator winding, the field ble machine damage and adverse effects on the
windings and/or the amortisseur windings and system. The second relay would h ave a diameter
the unit will impose a var drain on the system. setting equal to Xd and would use a time delay of
35
IE:E:E:
C37.102 1 987 IEEE GUIDE FOR
If
0.5
-R R
I R
G .
I E
rZ-
I
L-
1--/ M ,oc H I N E
CAPAB I LlTV
2
Xd <
-x I 2 3 4
PER UNIT IMPEDANCE
Fig 4.5.1-1
STEADV- STATE
Lossof-Excitation Characteristics for a STABILlTV L I M I T
Tandem Compound Generator

Fig 4.5.1-3
Loss-of-Excitation Relaying Scheme
Two relays may also be used in this scheme,

with the seco n d (shown as Z i on Fig 4.5. 1 3 ) set
with an offset equal to Xd /2 and with the long
reach intercept equal to l.1 times X</ . In this case,
the relay with the Z I setting should trip without
any external time delay, with the other relay
delayed by approximately 0.75 s to prevent oper
ation on stable swings.
In both of the above schemes where two relay
-x units are used, one may be considered primary
-I 2 protection and the second as hackup. However,
there is a widespread practice of using no backup
Fig 4.5.1-2 for the loss of field relay. Dependence is placed
Generator Protection Using Two upon an operator to trip the machine before it
Loss-of-Excitation Relays is damaged if the primary protection and that
inherent in the excitation system fails.
When applying this protection to hydrogenera
0.5-0.6 s. Both units would be set with an offset tors, there are other factors which may have to be
equal to one half transient reactance. considered. Since hydrogenerators may be oper
The second distance relaying approach is illus ated on occasion as synchronous con densers, it is
trated in Fig 4.5. 1 3. This scheme uses a combina possible for the above loss of field relaying schemes
tion of an impedance unit, a directional unit and to operate unnecessarily when the generator is
an undervoltage unit applied at the generator operated underexcited, that is, taking in val's
terminals and set to look into the machine. The approaching machine rating. To prevent un neces
impedance (Z2) and directional units are set to sary operations, an undervoltage rclay can be
coordinate with the generator minimum excita used to supervise the distance relaying schemes.
tion limiter and its steady state stability limit. The dropout level of this u ndervoltage relay would
During abnormally low excitation conditions, such be set at 90 95r,) of rated voltage and the relay
as might occur following a failure of the minimum would be connected to block tripping when it is
excitation limiter, these units operate and sound picked up and to permit tripping when it drops
an alarm, allowing a station operator to correct out. This combination will provide protection for
the condition. Should a low voltage condition also almost ali loss-offieid conditions but may not trip
exist, indicating a lossoffield condition, the when the generator is operating at light load,
un dervoltage unit would operate and initiate since the voltage reduction may not be sufficient
tripping with a time delay of 0.25- 1 .0 s. to cause relay drop out.
36
IF:F:F:
AC GE'JERATOR PROTECTION C37. 1 02 1 987
A system separation that leaves transmission chronism with each other. If the units are out of
lines connected to a hydrogenerator may also synchronism, normal starting procedures must be
cause unnecessary operation ofthe distance relay used to return the units to the line. However,
schemes. For this condition, the hydrogenerator recent developments in the industry have estab
may temporarily reach speeds and frequencies lished that it may be possible to resynchronize
above 200% of normal. It may not be desirable to particular cross-compound generators after an
trip for this condition. At frequencies above 60 Hz, accidental trip without returning the two genera
the angle of maximum torque for some distance tors to turning gear speed. This procedure should
relays will shift into the fourth quadrant and the be established only after very careful considera
circle diameter may increase by 200 - 300%. With tion with the manufacturer. See ANSI/IEEE Std
this shift and increase in characteristic. it is 1')02-1 985 [ 5 ] for further details on tripping.
possible for the relay to operate on the increased 4.5.2 Unbalanced Currents. There are a num
line charging current caused by the temporary ber of system conditions that may cause unbal
overspeed and overvoltage condition. Unneces anced three-phase currents in a generator. The
sary operation of the distance relays schemes for most common causes are system asymmetries
this condition can be prevented by supervising (untransposed lines), unbalanced loads, unbal
the schemes with either an undervoltage relay or anced system faults and open circuits. These
an overfrequency relay. The undervoltage relay system conditions produce negative-phase
would be set and connected as discussed above. sequence components of current which induce a
The overfrequency relay would be set to pick up double-frequency current in the surface of the
at 1 1 0% of rated frequency and would be con rotor, the retaining rings, the slot wedges, and to a
nected to block tripping when it is picked up and smaller degree, in the field winding. These rotor
to permit tripping when it resets. currents may cause high and possibly dangerous
For machines paralleled at their terminals, such temperatures in a very short time.
as cross-compound units, the terminal voltage The ability of a generator to accommodate
will be maintained by the output of the good unbalanced currents is specified by ANSI C50. 13-
machine. In this case the undervoltage unit of the 1 977 [ 1 ] in terms of negative-sequence current
loss of excitation relay, if used, should be shorted. (I2 ) ' This standard specifies the continuous 12
On small generators, loss of field may be de capability of a generator and the short time capa
tected by sensing the magnitude of field current, bility of a generator, specified in terms lj t, as
or by a power relay connected to sense var flow shown in Fig 4.5.2- 1 .
into the generator or by sensing power factor 4.5.2.1 Protection. I t is common practice to
angle in excess of some angle, such as 300 under provide protection for the generator for external
excited. These devices tend to be less secure than unbalanced conditions that might damage the
the distance relay approach and therefore are machine. This protection consists of a time over
often used just to sound an alarm. current relay which is responsive to negative
4.5.1.4 Tripping Modes. The loss of field sequence current as illustrated in Fig 4.5.2-2. Two
protection is normally connected to trip the main types of relays are available for this protection: an
gpncrator brpaker(s) and the field breaker and electromechanical time overcurrent relay with an
transfer unit auxiliaries. The field breaker is extremely inverse characteristic and a static relay
tripped to minimize damage to the rotor field in with a time overcurrent characteristic wh ich
case the loss of field is due to a rotor field short matches the lit capability curves for generators.
circuit or a slip ring flashover. With this approach. The electromechanical relay was designed
if the loss of field were due to some condition that primarily to provide machine protection for un
could be easily remedied, a tandem compound cleared unbalanced system faults. The negative
generator could be quickly resynchronized to the sequence current pickup of this unit is generally
system. 0.6 pu of rated full-load current and hence may
This approach may not be applicable with once not detect open conductors and/or severe unbal
through boilers, with cross-compound units, or anced load conditions. Typical characteristics for
those units that cannot transfer sufficient auxil this relay are shown in Fig 4.5.2-3A.
iary loads to maintain the boiler and fuel systems. The static relays are generally more sensitive
In these cases, the turbine stop valves would also and are capable of detecting and tripping for
be tripped. Cross-compound units with directly negative-sequence currents down to the continu
interconnected statur circuits can be resynchro ous capability of a generator. Typical characteris
nized with the system only if the units are in syn- tics for this type of relay are shown in Fig 4.5.2-3B.
37
IEEE
C:37. 102 - H 1R7 IEEE GUlllE FOI{
CONT INUOUS UNBALANCE CURRENT CAPAB I L I TY
A g e n e r a tor sha l l be c apa b l e of w i t h s tand i ng , w i thou t i n j u r y , the e f f e c t s of a

c on t i nuous c u r r e n t u nb a l a n c e c or r e spond i ng to a nega t i v e - p ha s e - s e q ue nc e c u r r e n t 1
2
of the f o l l ow i ng v a l ue s , p r ov i d i ng the r a t e d kVA i s n o t e xc e e d e d and t h e max imum
c u r r e n t d oe s n o t e x c e e d 1 0 5 p e r c e n t of r a t e d c ur r e n t in an y pha s e . ( Ne g a t i v e - pha s e
s eque n ce current is expr e s s e d a s a p e r c en t ag e of r a t ed s t a tor curren t ) .
Type of Gene r a t or P e r m i s s ib l e 1 ( pe r c en t )
2
S a l i e n t Pol e
W i t h c on ne c t e d amor t i s s eu r w i nd i ng s 10
W i th non - c onne c t e d amor t i s s eur w i nd i ng s 5
Cyl indr ical Rotor

I nd i r e c t l y c oo l e d 10
D i r e c t l y c oo l e d - to 9 6 0 MVA B
9 6 1 to 1 2 0 0 MVA 6
1 2 0 1 t o 1 5 00 MVA 5
The s e v a l u e s a l s o expr e s s t h e ne g a t ive - pha s e - s e q u e n c e

c ur r e n t c apab i l i t y a t r e d u c e d g e n e r a t or kVA capab i l i t i es .
UN BALANCED FAULT CAPAB I L ITY
Nega t i ve sequence cur r e n t i s e xp r e s s e d i n pe r un i t of r a t ed c u r r e n t and t i me is in

s e c o nd s .
2
Type o f Gene r a tor Pe r m i s s i b l e 1 t
2
Sa l i e n t pol e gen e r a t or 40
S yn c hr onou s c onde n s e r 30
C y l indr i c a l r o tor gene r a tor s
I nd i r e c t l y c o o l e d 20
Dire c t l y cooled ( O- B OO MVA) 10
D i r e c t l y c oo l ed ( B O I - 1 6 00 MVA) s e e c u r v e be l ow
1 0 f-------'iL--.......
>- S
t:
J
III (,

u 4
+'
"'-N
2
4 00 800 1200 11100

G E N ERATOR MVA RATING
Fig 4.5.2-1
Continuous and Short-Time Unbalanced
Current Capability of Generators
(from ANSI C50.13-1977 [1])
38
IEEE
AC GENERATOR PROTECTION C37. 1 02 - 1987
Some relays can be provided with sensitive

alarm units (12 pickup range 0.03 - 0.20 p u ) which
can be used to forewarn an operator when
machine continuous capability is exceeded. In
some types of static relay, a meter can be pro
vided to indicate the 12 level in a machine.
I n general, n o separate relaying is applied to
back up the negative sequence time overcurrent
relay, since in most applications it is providing a
backup function itself. Also, the system backup
NEGAT IVE-S E Q U E N C E protection, ( phase and ground) discussed in 2.6
T IME O V ERCURR E N T R E L AY
and system relaying will provide some degree of
backup for unbalanced generator currents.
4 . 5.2.2 Tripping Modes. The n egative se
Fig 4.5.2-2 quence relay is connected to trip the main gener
Unbalanced Current Protection ator breaker (s). This is the preferred tripping if
the machine auxiliaries permit operation under
this condition because this approach allows quick
resyn chronization of the unit after the unbal
anced conditions h ave been eliminated. If the
machine auxiliaries do not permit operation of
the machine with the above tripping, then the
negative-sequ e n c e relay m ust also trip the
machine prime mover, the field, and transfcr the
auxiliaries. See the cautionary advice in 4.5. 1 .4 .
4.5.3 Loss of Synchronism. Generator insta
bility may be caused by prolonged fault clearing
times, low system voltage, low machine excitation,
high impedance between the generator and the
system, or some line switching operations. When a
generator loses synchronism, the resulting high
peak currents and off-frequency operation causes
(A) winding stresses, pulsating torques, and mechani
cal resonances that are potentially damaging to
OPfR"'TI.NG TIME
the generator. To min imize the possibility of dam

VVO S[C
1 0 00
'00 age, the generator should be tripped without

300
200 delay, preferably during the first h alf slip cycle of
'I(" SETTING
\
1 00
...
....OJUT eLL OVfA
a loss-or-synchronism condition.
'0
-;/ "'NGE 2-40
30 4.5.3.1 Protection. The protection normally

1\
20
Ir,I I N I "' U IoI PIC-UP
applied in the generator zone, such as differential
1\
10
""
.04 PU
. relaying, time delay system backup etc, will not

u 23
I , detect loss of synchronism. The loss-of-excitation
relay m ay provide some degree of protection but
" . 2
3
C Z cannot be relied on to detect generator loss of
I
OI ,02.00.0 I 2 .3 .3 I Z 3 5 10 synchronism under all system conditions. There
PER UNIT I
Z
fore, if during a loss of synchronism the electrical
center is located in the region from the high
(B)
voltage terminals oUhe generator step-up trans
former down into the generator, separate out-of
Fig 4.5.2-3 step relaying should be provided to protect the
(A) Typical Time -Overcurrent Curves for an machine. This protection may also be required
Electromechanical Negative Sequence Relay even if the electrical center is out in the system
(B) Characteristics of a Static and the system relaying is slow or cannot detect a
Negative-Sequence Time- Overcurrent Relay loss of synchronism. Transmission line pilot-wire
39
TEEE
C37. l 02 - 1 987 IEEE GLIDE FOn
relaying or phase comparison relaying will not 0. 0f)

pu, the electrical center is inside the machine:
detect a loss of synchronism. fur a ZSys 0.2 the electrical center is at the
=
The conventional relaying approach for detect machine terminals, while for a ZSYS 0.4 the elec =
ing a loss-of-synchronism condition is to analyze trical center is in the unit transfor:mer. This varia
the variation in apparent impedance as viewed at tion in impedance can be readily detected by
the termin als of system elements. It has been impedance relaying and in most instances the
shown that during a loss of synchronism between generator can be separated before the completion
two system areas or between a generator and a of one slip cycle.
system, the apparent impedance as viewed at a A number of different schemes have been used
line or generator terminals will vary as a function for detecting generator instability. A basic scheme
of the generator and system impedance, the sys used for generator loss-of-synchronism protec
tem voltages, and the angular separation between tion is the single-blinder scheme. This scheme is
the systems. For example, Fig 4.5.3-1 shows for a illustrated in Fig 4.5.3-2 and explained in IEEE
generator loss of synchronism the variation of Committee Report, Out of Step Relaying for Gener
impedance as viewed from the machine terminals ators [7 ). The blinder units are supervised by a
for three different system impedances. The point mho unit which is set to permit tripping for imped
P is the initial load impedance. S is the short cir ance swings that appear in the generator or unit
cuit impedance at fault application and R at the transformer and a limited portion of the system
instant of clearing. In all c&c.;es, instability was but to prevent operation of the scheme on stable
caused by the prolonged clearing of a nearby swings that pass through both blinders and out
three-phase fault on the high voltage side of the side the mho ch aracteristic. The blinders, the mho
generator unit transformer. The variation of im unit and associated logic evaluate the progressive
pedance or impedance loci are approximately change in impedance as it moves from M to P
circular characteristics that move in a counter during a loss of synchronism and initiate tripping
clut:kwise direction. For a system impedance of when the angle between the generator and system
Fig 4.5.3-1
Loss of Synchronism for a Tandem Compound Fig 4.5.3-2
Generator- Voltage Regulator Out of Service Single Blinder Scheme
Xr s TRANSI"OfUr.4ER REACTANCE
x
,
X'd-GEN. TRANSIENT RE....CTANCE
o
. --
2
\
,
,"--
t-!'
SVSTtM
VI. '\ \ "-

---... ..
-. ----- . / A
. .
. .
/v/
I
x'.
. -
-8 L ( kj. \ P 7//----r_----/--
H
\
4- M
\
f
,
t.
.
)l. ' ---- I /

I"- I
\
La
/I
G EN
/
\
L'
(X' d )
t8
\ z
....
=-
/ \ I
/
2.
"-
'\. I pt

2Z ONJP
'-. C
,
..
-'
ELEMENTS
BLINDER /
- - -
, 0 8 A - A , 0
-x
PER UNIT IWPEOANCE
40 \
IEEE
AC GENERATOH PHOTECTIO'J C37. 1 D2 - ) 9S7
voltages is 900 or less. Tripping at this angIe (900 the generator or transformer and eventual break
or less) may he necessary to minimize duty on the down in insulation.
circuit breaker( s). One of the primary causes of excessive volts/Hz
It should be noted in Fig 4.5.3-2 that the genera on generators and transformers is operation of
tor out-of-step relaying scheme may detect swings the unit u n der regulator control at reduced fre
that pass through lines leaving the generating sta quencies during start-up and shutdown. With the
tion. If the line relays are not blocked by out-of regulator maintaining rated voltage while the unit
step detection schemes, they will operate before is at 95% or lower speed, the volts/Hz at the ter
the generator out-of-step relaying scheme and minals of the machine will be 1 .05 p u or greater
could separate the generating plant from the and d am age can occur to the generator and/or
system. connected transformers.
The scheme i llustrated in Fig 4.5.3-2 is shown Overexcitation can also occur during complete
connected at the high-voltage terminals of the load rejection which leaves transmission lines
unit transformer. This scheme can also be applied connected to a generating station. Under this
at the generator terminals. condition, the volts/Hz may exceed l .25 pu. With
The mority of users do not apply specific the excitation control in service, the overexcita
backup for loss-of-synchronism relaying; however, tion will generally be reduced to safe limits in a
some rely on the loss-of-field relay to provide a few seconds. With the excitation control out of
degree of backup and/ or a distance relay applied service, the overexcitation may be sustained and
on a high voltage side of unit transformer looking damage can occur to the generator and/ or trans
into the unit transformer and generator with no formers.
offset and tripping instantaneously. Failures in the excitation system or loss of
4.5.3.2 Tripping Mode. This protection is signal voltage to the excitation control can also
generally con nected to trip only the main genera cause overexcitation .
tor breaker (s) and thereby isolate the generator Industry standards do not at present specify
with its auxiliaries. I n this way, when system con definite short-time capabilities for generators and
ditions h ave stabilized, the unit can be readily transformers. However, manufacturers will gener
resynchronized to the system. See the cautionary ally provide overexcitation capability limits for
advice in 4.5. 1 .4. this equipment. There are several methods of pre
4.5.4 Overexcitation. ANSI C50. 1 3 - 1 977 [ 1 ] venting an overexcitation condition:
and ANSI/IEEE Std 67- 1 972 [4 ] state that gener 4.5.4. 1 Volts/Hertz Limiter in Excitation
ators shall operate successfully at rated kilovolt Control. The limiter will limit the output of the
amperes ( kVA) , frequency and power factor at machine to a set maximum volts/Hz no matter
any voltage not more than 11% above or below what the speed of the unit. This limiter functions
rated voltage. Deviations in frequency, power only in the automatic control mode. To provide
factor and voltages outside these limits can cause protection when the unit is under manual con
thermal distress unless the generator is specifi trol, the limiter may have a relay signal output
cally designed for such conditions. Overexc itation which will activate any additional protective cir
is one such deviation for which monitoring and cuits to trip the generator field. The relay circuit is
protection schemes can be provided. functional whether the excitation control is in or
Overexcitation of a generator or any trans out of service.
formers connected to the generator terminals will With or without a volts/Hz limiter in the excita
occur whenever the ratio of the voltage to fre tion control, it is common practice to provide
quency (volts /Hz) appl ied to the terminals of the separate volts/Hz relaying to protect the station
equipment exceeds 1 .05 pu (generator hase) for a transformers and the generator, when the excita
generator; and 1 .05 pu (transformer base) at full tion control is out of service.
load or l.1 pu at no load at the HV terminals for 4. 5.4.2 Single or Dual Fixed Time Volts/
a transformer. When these volts/Hz ratios are Hertz Relays. Several forms of protection are
exceeded, saturation of the magnetic core of the available and may be provided with the generat
generator or connected transformers can occur ing u n it. One form uses a single volts/Hz relay set
and stray flux can be induced in nonlaminated at 1 1 0'Y, of normal which alarms and trips in 6 s. A
components which are not designed to carry flu x . second form of fixed time protection uses two
T h e field current in t h e generator could also b e relays to better match the generating unit volts/Hz
excessive. This can cause severe overheating i n capability. The first relay is set at 1 18 - 1 20%
41
IEEE
-
C37.1 02 H lH7 IEEE GUIDE FOR
volts/Hz and energizes an alarm and a timer set unit with an adjustable definite time delay. This
to trip in 2 - 6 s. The second relay is set at 1 10'J{, unit can be connected to trip or alarm and extend
volts/Hz and energizes an alarm and a timer set the ability of the relay characteristic to match the
to trip just below the permissible generator and/ volts/Hertz characteristic of a generator-trans
or transformer operating time at the V1Hz setting former combination. Refer to Fig 4.5.4-2 for a set
of the first relay (for example, l lO%). This is typi ting example of a volts/Hertz relay with an inverse
cally 45-60 s. Refer to Fig 4.5.4-1 for a dual level time characteristic.
volt.s/Hertz setting example. When the transformer-rated voltage is equal to
Typical volts/ Hertz relays are single phase the generator-rated voltage, the above schemes
devices that are connected to the generator volt supplied with the generator can protect both the
age transformers. Since a voltage transformer generator and the transformer. In many cases,
fuse failure can give an incorrect voltage indica however, the rated transformer voltage is lower
tion, complete and redundant protection can be than the rated generator voltage, an d protection
provided by connecting one set of relays to voltage may not be provided. It may, therefore be desir
transformers which supply the voltage regulator able to provide supplementary protection for the
and connecting a second set of relays to a differ transformer. Since the volts/Hertz capabilities of
ent set of voltage transformers such as those used transformers may differ appreciably, it is not
for metering or relaying functions. possible to provide definitive protection recom
4.5.4.3 Inverse Time Volts/Hertz Relay. A mendations which would cover all units.
volts/Hertz relay with an inverse characteristic Another factor which should be considered
can be applied to protect a generator and/or during an overexcitation condition is the possible
transformer from excessive volts/Hertz. A min unnecessary operation of the transformer differ
imum operate level of volts/Hertz and time delay ential relays in a unit generator transformer
can usually be set to provide a close match of arrangement. This is undesirable since it would
the generator transformer comhined volts/Hertz falsely indicate a fault in the transformer. When
characteristics. The manufacturers' volts/Hertz the unit transformer is delta-connected on the
limitations should be obtained if possible, and low-voltage side, an overexcitation condition may
used to determine the combined characteristic. produce exciting currents that contain a large
One version of the inverse time characteristic 60 Hz component with very little odd harmonics.
volts/Hertz relay has a separately set volts/Hertz In this instance, t.he 60 Hz component of exciting
Fig 4.5.4-1
Example of Dual Level Volts/Hertz Setting
1 40
130
--.;
* I ....
1 20
'-.
II:
UJ
J: L liS"
( R E LAV _ _ _
1 1 8 % 8 6 SEC.
---l - ..... ...... ..... ..... - ..... ..... ..... .....
(f)

I
1 10
' AY " A"
-- - -
1 1 0 0/0 60 SEC.
..::::. ..... .......
- -
( .:
y FG - G E NE RATO R
....... ..... I I T CURVE
.... _
T R A N S FO R M E R L I M I T C U R V E
1 00 O N G E N . VO LTAGE B A S E
.0 1 0. 1 1.0 10 1 00 1 00 0
INUTE S
42
IEEE
AC ( ; E 'lERATOR PROTECTION ('37.1 02 1 987
current may be above relay pickup and the magni 4.5.5 Anti-Motoring. Motoring of a generator
tudes of the harmonics may not be sufficient to occurs when for some reason the energy supply to
provide adequate restraint. the prime mover is cut off while the generator is
Three approaches h ave been used to prevent still on line. When this occ urs, the generator will
such operations. One approach uses a volts/Hz act as a synchronous motor and drive the prime
relay to block tripping of or to desensitize the m over. While this condition is defined as genera
transformer differential relay when the volts/Hz tor motoring, the primary concern is the protec
exceeds a specified level. tion of the prime mover which can be d amaged
The second approach uses a modified differen during a motoring condition.
tial scheme which extracts and utilizes a third 4.5.5.1 General Considerations. Motoring
harmonic exciting current from the transformer causes many undesirable conditions. For example,
delta wind ing to restrain the relay from operating in a steam turbine, the rotation of the turbine
during an overexcitation condition. It should he rotor an d blades in a steam environment causes
recognized that the first two approaches some idling or windage losses. Since windage loss is a
what degrade the differential protection. function of the diameter of rotor disc and blade
The third approach utilizes a differential relay length, this loss will usu ally be greatest in the
that restrains on the fifth h armonic as well as the exhaust end of the turbine. Windage loss is also
second harmonic. The fIfth is the lowest harmonic directly proportional to the density of enclosing
flowing from the delta windings under balanced steam. Thus, any situation in which the steam
conditions. density is h igh will cause dangerous windage
4.5.4.4 Tripping. This protection is generally losses. For example, if vacuum is lost on the unit,
conn ected to trip the main generator breaker (s) the density of the exhaust steam will increase and
and the field breaker( s) and transfer auxiliaries i f cause the windage losses to be many times greater
necessary. Again, this permits fast resynchroni than normal. Also, when high density steam is
zation of the generator if the overexcitation con entrapped between the throttle valve and the
dition can be remedied quickly. When a unit is interceptor valve in reheat units, the windage
oil-line, alarm and inhibit circuits may be required losses in the high pressure turbine are very high.
to prevent an operator from exceeding safe levels Windage loss energy is dissipated as heat. Thp
of excitation when preparing a unit for synchron steam flow through a turbine hal; a two-fold
izing. See the caution in 4.5. l .4. purpose - to give up energy to cause rotation of
Fig 4.5.4-2
Example of Inverse Volts/Hertz Setting
140
I
1
1
1
/ TRANSFORMER L I M IT C U R V E O N
G E N E R A T O R VOLTAGE BASE
130 1
1
I
G E N ERATOR M A N U FACTURES
RECOMMENDED PRO T E C T I O N CURVE

w
I
120
L _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ , I
>.....
-... ,
"-
I I0
o
, - - -
--
> R E LAY C H A R AC T E R I ST I C
- - - _____ ___ _ _
100
.0 0 1 01 0.1 1000
T I M E ( M I NUTESl
43
IEEE
C37. 102 - 1 987 IEEE Gl IDE FOR
the rotor and to carry away the heat of the tur since the power required to motor is a function of
bine parts. Since there is no steam flow through the load and losses of the idling prime mover.
the turbine during motoring, the heat of the win In gas turbines, for example, the large compres
dage losses is not carried away and the turbine is sor load represents a substantial power require
heated. Even in the situation where the unit has ment from the system, up to 50% of the nameplate
been synchronized but no load has been applied rating of the unit, so the sensitivity of the reverse
and enough steam is flowing through the unit to power relay is not critical. A diesel engine with no
supply the losses, the ventilating steam flow may cylinders firing represents a load of up to 25% of
not be sufficient to carry away all of the heat rating so again there is no particular sensitivity
generated by the losses. Although the generator is problem.
not motoring under this condition, the problems With hydro-turbines, when the blades are under
caused in the turbine will be the same and protec the tail-race water level, the percent motoring kW
tion must be provided. is high. When the blades are ahove the tail-race
Since the temperature of the turbine parts is level, however, the reverse power is low, between
controlled by the steam flow, various parts will 0.2 - 2 .0% of rated; if it is used a sensitive reverse
cool or heat at abnormal, uncontrolled rates power relay may be needed.
during motoring. This can cause severe thermal Steam turbines operating under full vacuum
stresses in the turbine parts. Another problem and zero steam input require about 0.5 - 3Y) of rat
resulting from this temperature change would be ing to motor. This may be detected by a sensitive
unequal contraction or expansion of the turbine reverse-power relay. If the turbine were operated
parts. This could cause a rub between rotating with its valves only partially closed to, say, slightly
and stationary parts. Since a rub will generate less than the no-load value, the electrical input
heat, the problem is made more severe (as with from the system could be essentially zero and the
windage losses) by the lack of ventilation steam reverse power relay could not detect the condi
flow to carry the heat away. tion. Since overheatin g of the turbine could still
There is a maximum permissible time that a occur, some additional means of protection is
steam turbine can be operated in a motoring con required, such as the schemes discussed in the
dition and this time is generally a function of the following sections.
rated speed of the unit. These data can readily be Reverse power relays are always applied with
obtained from the manufacturer for a particular time delay. Up to 30 s time delay can be used to
steam turbine unit. prevent operation during power swings caused by
Windage loss is not a particular problem in system disturbances or when synchronizing the
other types of prime movers, but they exhibit machine to the system.
additional motoring difficulties. Gas turbines, for 4.5.5.3 Exhaust Hood Temperature. Since
example, may have gear problems when being the prime cause of distress in a motoring steam
driven from the generator end. With hydro-tur turbine is the temperature rise due to the wind
bines, motoring can cause cavitation of the blades age losses, temperature sensing devices can be
on low water flow. If hydro units are to operate as used for protection. Since windage loss is gener
synchronous condensers, the unit will be motor ally most severe in the exhaust end of the turbine,
ing. This should be recognized in any motoring a temperature sensing device located in the ex
protection. With diesel engine generating units, haust hood is otten used as auxiliary protection.
there is the additional danger of explosion and This device, set at approximately 250 OF, is used to
fire from unburned fuel. Motoring protection must alarm the operator for this motoring condition.
therefore be provided for all generating units This device should not be used as primary pro
except units designed to operate as synchronous tection, since the temperatures measured will
condensers such as hydro u nits an d can be vary with the location on the exhaust end of the
detected by various means. turbine. Placement of the detector is important.
4.5.5.2 Reverse-Power Relay. From a sys Also, the reliability of existing detectors is ques
tem standpoint, the primary indication of motor tionable. Some other form of protection should
ing is the flow of real power into the generator therefore he used as primary protection.
acting as a synchronous motor. A power relay set 4.5.5.4 Valve Limit Switches. Limit switches
to look into the machine is therefore used on most on the turbine valves provide indication of when
units. The sensitivity and setting of the relay is steam flow has been either completely shut off or
dependent upon the type of prime mover involved, reduced to harmfully low levels. By arranging
44
IEEE
At' GENERATOR PROTECTION r::W I 02 - H lH7
these switches in the appropriate series-paraliel of control system, hydraulic or electrohydraulic,

arrangement, protection against loss of steam and is the recommended scheme for large steam
flow can be provided. turbines. Again, for security against possible over
This method was used for many years as the speed, this system may be supervised hy a reverse
primary protection for motoring of steam tur power relay.
bines and is still used for the smaller units. With 4.5.5.7 Protection Summary. On steam tur
the increased n umber of valves and correspond bine units, the primary motoring protection used
ing limit switches on the larger modern units, the is the control oil pressure and turbine steam now
arrangement became complex. Also, since there scheme, with the reverse power relay used for
are a number of switches i n series, a failure of any back-up and security an d t h e ex haust hood
one switch would render the protection scheme temperature as an alarm. With gas turbines, diesel
inoperative. For these reasons, most present day engines, and hydro-turbines, the reverse-power
u n its use the cont.rol oil pressure and turbine relay is primary protection.
steam flow schemes discussed in the following 4.5.6 Overvoltage. Generator overvoltage may
sections. occur without necessarily exceeding the volts / Hz
4.5.5.5 Control Oil Pressure. The operation limits of the machine. In general, this is a problem
of the valves in a steam turbine is controlled by associated with hydrogenerators where upon load
two oil systems - a turbine-trip system and a rejection, the overspeed may exceed 200,!(, of
governing oil system. The turbine-trip oil system is normal. Under this condition on a volts /Hz basis,
used as an emergency shutdown system and, the overexcitation may not be excessive but the
when the pressure is reduced on this system, all sustained voltage magnitude may be above per
valves close. The pressure in the governing oil sys missible limits. In general, this is not a problem
tem positions the governor and intercept valves with steam and gas turbine generators because of
to control load during normal operation. Pressure the rapid response of the speed-control system
switches in these two systems provide a simple a11(1 voltage regulators.
and reliable method of detecting a motoring 4.5.6.1 Protection. Protection for generator
condition. overvoltage is provided with a frequency-compen
Since loss of pressure in the turbine trip oil sys sated (or frequency insensitive) overvoltage relay.
tem normally indicates complete closure of all The relay will h ave both an instantaneous unit
steam valves, the contact of the pressure switch and a time delay unit with an inverse time char
in this system may be used for instantaneous elec acteristic. The instantaneous unit is gen erally set
trical tripping of the unit. For security against to pick u p at 130 - 1 50% voltage while the inverse
possible overspeed, the oil system trips may be time u n it is set to pick up at about 1 10% of normal
supervised by a reverse-power relay. The pressure voltage.
switch in the governing oil system is set at the 4.5.6.2 Tripping Mode. The protection is
no-load steam now position and, after a one min generally connected to trip the main generator
ute time delay, trips the turbine trip oil system breaker( s ) and the field breaker(s). Sec the cau
which in turn trips the electrical system. The tionary advice in 4.5. 1 .4.
governing oil trip system is, of course, supervised 4.5.7 Abnormal Frequencies. The operation
by an " a" contact on the unit breaker to prevent of generators at abnormal frequencies (either
tripping of the turbine trip system before synchro overf'requency or underfrequency) generally re
nizing. sults from full or partial load rejection or from
4.5.5.6 Turbine Steam Flow. Steam flow overloading of the generator.
equal to or greater than synchronous-speed no Full or partial load rejection may be caused by
load steam flow is an in dication that the u n it is clearing of system faults or by overshedding of
not being motored. The steam now, even at this load during a major system disturbance. Load
very low percentage of rated steam flow, can rejection will cause the generator to overspeed
accurately he determined by measuring the and operate at some frequency above normal. The
pressure drop across the high-pressure turbine final steady state frequency will be a function of
element. Use of a differential pressure switch the amount of load rejected and the governor
across this high-pressure element instead of the droop characteristic. For example, assuming a fi{,
governing oil pressure switch mentioned in the governor droop characteristic, a load reduction of
preceding section is the most accurate and relia fiO; of rated would cause a 21/2% rise in frequency.
ble method. I t functions independently of the type In general, the overfrequency condition does not
45
IEEE
C':17. 102-H lH7 IEEE GUIDE FOR
pOl;e l;erioul; problems since operator and/ or con damage is accumulated which may lead to crack
trol action can be used to quickly restore genera ing of some parts of the blade strut:ture, most
tor speed and frequency to normal without the likely the tie wires or blade covers. Tie wire and
need for tripping the generator. blade cover cracks are not catastrophic failures
Overloading of a generator may be caused by a but they change the vibration hehavior of the
variety of system disturbances and / or operating blade assembly so that it is likely to have natural
conditions. However, of primary concern is the resonance frequencies closer to rated speed. This
system disturbance caused by a major loss of may produce blade fatigue during normal run
generation which produces system separation ning conditions.
and severe overloading on the remaining system Turbine manufacturers provide time limits for
gen erators. Under this t:ondition, the system almormal frequency operation. This data is usu
frequency will decay and the generators may be ally provided in the form of permissible operating
subjected to prolonged operation at reduced fre time in a specified frequency band. There may be
quency. While loar! sher!r!ing schemes are designed anywhere from one to six frequent:y bands speci
to arrest Lhe frequency decay and to restore fre ned for a turbine. depending upon the design and
quency to normal during such disturbances, it is the manufacturer. The effects of abnormal fre
possible that undershedding of load may occur. quency operation are cumulative. Hence, if a
This may cause an extremely slow return of fre turbine is operated for 50% of the permissible
quency to normal or the bottoming out of system time in a specified frequency band, this leaves
frequency at some level below normal. In either only 50% of the permissible time left in that
case, there exists the possihility of operation at frequency band for the remainder of the unit's life.
reduced frequency for sufficient time to damage These turbine capability limitations generally
steam or gas turbine generators. In general, apply to steam turbine generators. Combustion
underfrequency operation of a turbine generator turbine generators (eTGs) in general have greater
is more critical than overfrequency operation capability than steam units for underfrequency
since the operator does not have the option of operation. However, CTGs are frequently limited
control action. Therefore it is often recommended by combustion instability and/ or sharply reduced
that some form of un derfrequency protection be turbine output as frequent:y drops. The specific
provided for steam and gas turbine generators. underfrequency limit should be obtained from the
4.5.7.1 Abnonnal Frequency Capabilities of manufacturer for each CTG. In general, there are
Turbine Generators. Both the generator and the no restrictions on hydrogenerators.
turbine arc limited in the degree of abnormal fre 4.5.7.2 Protection. In effect, primary under
quency operation that can be tolerated. frequency protection for steam and gas turbine
At reduced frequencies, there will be a reduc generators is provided by the implementation of
tion in the output capahility of a generator. The automatic load shedding programs on the power
reduction in capability is generally in some pro system. These load shedding programs should be
portion to the reduction in frequency. There are designed so that for the maximum possible over
no standards that specify generator capability at load condition, sufficient load is shed to quickly
reducer! frequencies but this information is gener restore system frequency to near normaL
ally available from the generator manufacturer. Backup protection for underfrequency condi
The reduction in output capability coupled with tions should he provided by the use of one or
possible overloading of the generator during a more underfrequent:y relays and timer on each
system disturbance may result in thermal damage generator.
to the generator if its short-time thermal capabil ANSI/IEEE C37. 1 06- 1 9S7 [3] should be con
ity is exceeded. This possibility shoulr! he recog sulted for a more complete dist:ussion of turbine
nized and protection provided as discussed in 4. 1 underfrequency protection. The most complete
of this guide. schemes require that an underfrequency relay be
The turbine is usually considered to be more used for each specified frequency hand and the
restrictive than the generator at reduced frequen relay be set to pick up when the frequency enters
cies because of possible mechanical resonances in the band. There is a timer associated with each
the many stages of turbine blades. Departure underfrequency relay and the timer is set so that.
from rated speed will hring stimulus frequencies for any one underfrequency incident only a por
closer to one or more of the natural frequencies of tion of the total permissible time in that band is
the various blades and there will be an increase in used up. Less comprehensive schemes employ one
vibratory stresses. As vibratory stresses in crease, underfrequency relay for several hands.
46
IEEE
At' GENERATOR PROTECTION C17. 1 02 - 1 fJR7
The multiple underfrequency relay and timer formers connected in delta-wye as shown in Fig
schemes are not used on CTGs. CTG manufactur 4.6- 1 . When a generator is connected directly to a
ers generally provide the underfrequency protec system, the connections to the relay are shown in
tion and this usually consists of a single step Fig 4.6-2. In both cases, for the connections shown,
underfrequency trip. The trip level should be the relays will not only provide backup for system
obtained from the manufacturer. faults but it will also provide some backup pro
The underfrequency relays and timers are usu tection for phase faults in the generator and
ally connected to trip the generator. However, in gencrator zone before and after the generator is
those cases where the consequences of a loss of synchronized to the system.
machine are catastrophic, a utility may only alarm In some cases, the distance relay is connected
with the underfrequency protection and accept looking toward the system receiving both current
the possibility of doing some damage to the and potential from the terminals of the generator.
turbine. In this approach an offset mho characteristic is
used to provide backup protection for system
4.6 System Backup Protection. The protective faults and for some generator and generator zone
relaying described in the preceding sections pro faults when the generator is connected to the sys
vides protection for all types of faults in the tem. However, this connection will not provide
generator zone and for generator abnormal oper backup for the generator or generator zone when
ating conditions. In addition to this protection, it the generator is disconnected from the system.
is common practice to provide protective relaying The distance relay applied for this function is
that will detect and operate for system faults intended to isolate the generator from the power
external to the generator zone that are not cleared system for a fault which is not cleared by the
due to some failure of system protective equip transmission line breakers. In some cases this
ment. This protection, generally referred to as sys relay is set with a very long reach. A condition
tem backup, is designed to detect uncleared phase which causes the generator voltage regulator to
and ground faults on the system. boost generator excitation for a sustained period
4.6.1 System Phase Fault Backup. Two types may result in the system apparent impedance, as
of relays are commonly used for system pha'>e monitored at the generator terminals, to fall
fault backup: a distance type of relay or a vultage within the operating characteristics of the dis
restrained or voltage-controlled time overcurrent tance relay. Usually the time delay for tripping
relay. The choice of relay in any application is by this relay will be one serond or less. Modern
usually-a function of the type of relaying used on excitation control systems include overexcitation
the transmission system. In order to simplify
coordination, the dL'ltance backup relay is used
where distance relaying is used for transmission Fig 4.6-1
line protection, while the overcurrent type of Application of System Back-up Relays
backup relay is used where overcurrent relaying Unit Generator-Transformer Arrangement
is used for line protection.
4.6.1.1 Application of Distance Type of
Backup. One zone of d istance relaying with an
mho characteristic is commonly used for system
phase-fault backup. These relays arc usually
connected to receive currents from current trans
formers in the neutral ends of the generator
phase windings and potential from the terminals
of the generator. The proper currents and poten
Fig 4.6-2
tials must be used so that these relays see correct
Application of System Back-up Reiay
impedances for system faults. If there is a
Generator Connected Directly to the System
grounded delta-wye step-up transformer between
the generator and the system, the phase angle of
the voltages applied to a certain relay may have to
be shifted so that they are in phase with the sys
tem voltages in order for the relay to see system
faults correctly. If required, this phase shift is
accomplished by using auxiliary voltage trans-
47
IEEE
(';37. 102 - 1 987 ]]<;EE GlaDE FOR
limiting and protection devices to protect the 4.6.2 System Ground-l<'ault Backup. Ground
generat.or field, but. t.he t.ime delays before they fault backup can be provided with a simple time
reduce excitation is several seconds. In distance overcurrent relay h aving an inverse or very inverse
relay applications for w hich the voltage regulator time characteristic. When the generator is <.:on
action could cause an incorrect trip, considera nected in a unit generator-transformer arrange
tion should be given to reducing t.he reach of t.he ment, the ground backup relay is connected to a
relay and/ or coordinating the tripping time delay current transformer in the neutral of the step-up
wit.h the time delays of the protective devices in transformer as shown in Fig 4.6- l .
t.he voltage regulator. \Vhen the generator is connected directly to a
4.6. 1 .2 Overcurrent Type ofBackup. In gen system the ground backup relay is connected to a
,
eral, a simple time overcurrent relay cannot be current transformer in the generator neutral as
properly set. to provide adequate backup protec shown in Fig 4.6-2.
tion. The p ic kup setting of t his type of relay would 4.6.3 Settings. Ideally, the phase and ground
normally have to be set from 1 .5 to 2 times the fault backup re l ays are set to detect and operate
maximum generator rated full-load current in for uncleared bus and transmission line faults
order to prevent unnecessary tripping of the outside of the generator zone. \Vhen the generat
generator d uring some emergency overload con in g station and system co nfiguration are simple
dition. With this pickup setting and with time as shown in Figs 4.6-1 and 4.6-2, it is ge n erally not
delays exceeding 0.5 s, the simple time overcur difficult to obtain reasonable relay settings. Both
rent relay m ay never operate since the generator the p h ase and gro u nd backup relays would be set
fault current may have decayed below relay p ickup. to detect and operate [or fault s at the end of the
After 0.5 s or more, generator fault current will be longest line leaving the station. This would be for a
determined by machine synehrono lls react.ance fault at breaker B on line A - B in F ig 4.6- 1 or
and t.he current magnitude could approach gener 4.6-2.
ator rated full load current which would be below On the other hand, if there are a number of
t.he relay setting. generators and lines connected to the generating
The type of overcurrent device generally llsed station as shown in Fig 4.6-3, it becomes d ifficult
for system phase fault backup protection is e ithe r to obtain reasonable settings for the phase-fault
a voltage-restrained or voltage-controlled time backup relays. Because of in feed effects, sensitive
overcurrent relay. Both types of relays are de relay settings m ay be required to detect faults at
signed to restrain operation under emergency the end of the longest line. With these sensitive
overload conditions and still provide adequate settin gs, the backup relays may operate under
sensitivity for the detection of faults. some loading conditions or for minor stable swings
In the voltage-restrai n ed relay, the current to unnecessarily trip a generator from the system.
pickup varies as a function of the voltage applied With this type of system configuration , it will
to relay. In one type of relay with zero voltage generally be possible to set these backup relays to
restraint, the current pickup is 25% of the pickup det.ect only close-in faults. Redundant line relay
setting with 100% voltage restraint. ing and breaker failure relaying will have to be
In the voltage-controlled relay, a sensitive low provided for line protection.
pickup time overcurrent relay is torque controlled It should be noted that where voltage trans
hy a voltage relay. At normal and emergency former type static exciters are used, the generator
operating voltage levels, the voltage relay is picked fault current can decay quite rapidly when there
up and the relay is restrained from operating. is low vol t age at the generator terminals due to a
Under fault conditions, the voltage relay will drop fault. As a consequence, the overcurrent type of
out, thereby p e rmit t in g op e ratio n of the sensitive phase-fault backup relay with long time delays
time overcurrent relay. If applied properly, the may not operate for system faults. Therefore, the
overcurrent pickup level in both types of relays performance of these relays should be checked
will he helow the generator fault current level as with the fault current decrement curve for a par
determined by synchronous reactance. ticular generat.or and vt static excitation system.
To provide system phase-fault backup, three Both the ph ase and ground backup relays
voltage-restrain ed or voltage-controlled time over should be time coordinated with the protection
current relays are connected to receive currents on all system elements outside of the generator
and voltages in the same manner as the distance zone to assure proper selectivity; however, th is
relays illustrated in Figs 4.6-1 and 4.6-2. may not always be possible.
48
IEEE
AC GENERATOR PROTECTION [;37. 1 02 1 887
2Jo.
--I--- X
f TOT
!l2/o. - C I RC UI T BREAKER SWITCH

cD-CENT DETIECTOR
Fig 4.6-3 Fig 4.7-1

Complex System Configuration Functional Diagram of a Generator Zone
Breaker Failure Scheme
4.6.4 Tripping Modes. Two tripping modes overvolts/Hz excitation, excessive negative se
are commonly used with the system backup quence, excessive underfrequency, reverse power
protection: flow, etc, which may not produce sufficient cur
( 1 ) The system backu p relays are connected to rent to operate the current detectors. If each pole
energize a hand-reset lockout relay which trips of the breaker operates independently, breaker
the main generator breaker(s), the field and/or "a" switches from all three poles must be paral
the exciter breakers and trips the prime mover. leled and connected into the logic circuit.
See the caution in 4.5 . 1 .4. While there are a number of methods of initiat
(2) The system backup relays are connected in ing the breaker-failure scheme with protective
a two-step tripping mode. relays, it is generally desirable to separate the
(a) 'irst time step: Trip only the main gener generator zone protection into groups and have
ator breakers. (It should be recognized that when each group operate a separate lockout or auxil
tripping in this mode dangerous generator over iary relay which would trip the generator and
speed may result.) initiate the breaker-failure scheme. In this way, a
(b) Second time step: Energize a hand-reset single lockout or tripping relay failure will not
lockout relay which initiates machine shutdown. eliminate all protection. It should be noted that
all of the protective relays in the generator zone
4.7 Generator Breaker Failure Protection. A should be connected to the breaker-failure scheme.
functional diagram of a typical generator zone Another factor to consider is the operating
breaker failure scheme is shown in Fig 4.7- 1 . Like procedure when a machine is shut down for
all such schemes, when the protective relays maintenance. When a ring bus, or a breaker-and
detect an internal fault or an abnormal operating a-half or a double breaker-double bus arrange
condition, they will attempt to trip the generator ment is used on the high side, it is common
and at the same time initiate the breaker-failure practice for some utilities to isolate the unit
timer. If a breaker does not clear the fault or generator and close the high-voltage breakers to
abnormal condition in a specified time, the timer close the ring or tie the two buses together. Under
will trip the necessary breakers to remove the these conditions, it will he necessary to isolate the
generator from the system. As shown in Fig 4.7- 1 , lockout and trip relay contacts in order to pre
to initiate the breaker-failure timer, a protective vent unnecessary breaker-failure backup opera
relay must operate and a current detector or a tion during generator relay testing. Test switches
breaker "a" switch must indicate that the breaker are sometimes used for this function.
has failed to open. Except for the use of the It should be noted that if the generator is con
breaker "a" switch, the arrangement shown in Fig nected to the system through two circuit break
4.7- 1 is typical of most breaker failure schemes. ers, each breaker must be equipped with a breaker
The breaker "a" switch must be used in this case failure relay.
since there are faults and/or abnormal operating 4.7. 1 Open Generator Breaker Flashover Pro
conditions such as stator or bus ground faults, tection. Another form of breaker failure which
49
IEEE
C37. \ o2 - 1 987 IEEE GUIDE FOR
can occur and damage the generator is an open 52/0
breaker flashover; that is, an internal or external

flashover across the con tacts of one or more
breaker poles to energize the generator. This is
most likely to occur just prior to synchronizing or
just after the generator is removed from service
when the voltage across the generator breaker
contacts approaches twice normal as the genera
tor slips in frequency with respect to the system.
Although circuit breakers are rated to withstand
N 2/b
this voltage, the p robability of a flashover occur
32/ /b-CIRCUIT B'U:AKER SWITCH
ring during this period is increased. Rarely are co -c.URRHT Of"T[CTOR!o
SON -CURA[NT D[Tt:CTOR IN STEP-UP TRANSFORUE:R NEUTRAL
such flashovers simultaneous three-phase occur
rences. Thus most protection schemes are de
signed to detect the flashover of one or two
Fig 4.7-2
breaker poles.
Modified Breaker Failure for Open
If one or two poles of a breaker flash over, the
Breaker Flashover Detection
resulting unbalance current will generally cause
the generator negative-sequence relay or possibly
ground overcurrent backup relays to operate,
which will initiate a tripping of the flashed-over relay which will trip the necessary backup
breaker. Breaker failure as shown in Fig 4.7-1 will breakers.
be initiated if current detectors (CD) are set with
sufficient sensitivity to detect this situation. 4.8 Excitation System Protection. The excita
An approach used to speed up the detection of tion system has many similarities to the generator
a breaker flashover is to modify the breaker it supplies, and hence requires much of the same
failure scheme as shown in Fig 4.7-2. An instan kinds of protection. Although the consequences
taneous overcurrent relay (50N) is connected to from equipment damage are less serious, more or
the neutral of the generator step-up transformer. less in proportion to its rating, adequate pro
The relay's output is supervised by the generator tection of the excitation system is important for
breaker "b" contact. and provides an additional reasons of continuity of service.
start to the breaker-failure scheme. When the 4.8. 1 General. There are a number of excita
generator breaker is open and one or two poles of tion system types in use and/or currently being
the breaker flash over, t.he resulting transformer produced. Although numerous, very few de (com
neutral current is detected by the 50N relay with mutator) exciters are now produced so these are
out the delay that would be associated with not considered here.
negative-sequence or neutral backup relays. Again, Present-day exciters fall into two broad cate
current detectors associated with the generator gories: t.hose using ac generators (alternators) as
breaker failure must be set with sufficient sensi a power source, and those using transformers.
tivity to detect this flashover condition. This difference has some effect on protection
Generator breaker flashover can also be de requirements, and t.his will be noted where it
tected by breaker pole disagreement relaying. This occurs. Both types use rectifiers, usually either
relay monitors the three-phase currents flowing silicon diode or thyristor, or both, which may be
through the breaker and senses whether any either air- or water-cooled.
phase is below a certain low threshold level ( indi Because the protection requirements are so
cating an open breaker pole) at the same time closely related to the design of the excitation sys
that any other phase is above a substantially tem and often require more specialized h ardware
higher threshold level (indicating a closed or than standard rel ays, the protection equipment
flashed-over pole). For breaker-and-a-half or ring should be, and normally is, included as part of the
bus application, 3Eo voltage across the breaker is excitation system.
used to supervise the relay tripping to prevent 4.8.2 Exciter Phase Unbalance. A phase-to
false operation due to unbalance currents caused phase, internal turn-to-turn fault, or an open
by dissimilarities in phase bus impedances. winding can each produce an unbalance in the
4.7.2 Tripping Modes. Breaker-failure schemes normally balanced three-phase excitation power
are connected to energize a hand-reset lockout source. Detection can be by a detector which
50
IEEE
AC GENERATOR PROTECTION C17. 1 02 1 9R7
compares the three-phase voltages with their ulator to reduce the field voltage because of the
average, or by differential relays as used for high current.
generator stator phase faults. The latter are not The overc urrent protection should be designed
useful for detecting shorted turns. to correct the problem, if possible, and keep the
In some excitation systems, the alternator/ unit on line. If the problem is one that does not
transformer voltage varies with excitation require yield to preprogrammed control actions in a fixed,
ments. In these cases, the phase unbalance detec short time, then a unit trip signal should be
tor should operate over a very wide voltage range, produced.
such as 10:1. 4.8.5 Loss of Rectifier Cooling. The semicon
Since phase unbalance can be symptomatic of a d uctor rectifiers used in most excitation systems
serious problem, the unit should be tripped as are dependent upon forced cooling, whether this
quickly as possible. A simultaneous trip of turbine uses air or water. Because of the short thermal
generator line breaker(s) and excitation is recom time constant involved, it is imperative that load
mended. (that is, field) current be reduced or removed in a
4.8.3 Exciter Ground Fault. A phase-to-ground matter of several seconds if cooling medium flow
fault may occur on an alternator/transformer is lost or greatly reduced.
winding or in the rectifier connected to it. As is The method and details of loss-of-flow detec
the case with the generator field, one ground tion will be dependent, in part, upon the design of
alone will cause no harm, but a second ground the rectifier and its cooling system. In addition to
could cause heavy current flow and consequent the loss-of-flow signal, it is advisable to provide an
damage. over-temperature alarm.
Since the rectifier is normally connected to the
4.8.6 Alternator Armature Winding Over-Tem
generator field, and the latter must have a ground
perature . The alternator, in excitation systems
relay, most grounds in the rectifier will be detected
which use one, is somewhat like the main genera
by the same relay. Thus, no separate ground
tor on a small scale. As such, it is subject to many
detector is required.
of the same faults and requires similar protection.
When an alternator is used as an excitation
Overheating of the stator winding is one example
power source, it has a field that is s ubject to
of this. The stator winding could overheat due to
ground faults. While the consequences from a
partial failure of the stator cooling system, for
fault are less serious than with the generator field,
example.
it is, never.theless, recommended that the alterna
Stator winding temperature can be monitored
tor field be provided with a ground detector. This
by imbedded TCs or RTDs. Since such a problem is
may be connected to provide only an alarm.
likely to arise relatively slowly, an alarm is consid
4.8.4 Overcurrent. As with exciter ground
ered adequate for protection.
faults, overcurrent protection for the exciter
alternator/transformer/rectifier cannot be sepa 4.8.7 Alternator Air Cooler Loss of Water
rated from that required for the generator field. Flow. One possible cause of stator winding over
While generator field current capability is de temperature is loss of air cooler water flow. While
fined by ANSI C50. 1 3- 1 977 [ 1 ] in terms of field the alternator may be sufficiently protected by
voltage versus time, the excitation system currcnt the stator winding over-temperature alarm, loss
capability depends on the design of the equip of water flow to the air coolers provides a backup
ment, and in general will be greater than that of and early warning. This is considered to be an
the field. optional protection.
Because of the shape of the ANSI curve, some 4.8.8 Bearing Vibration. Alternator bearings,
kind of inverse current versus time protection in systems which have separate alternators,
is indicated. Where the alternator/transformer/ should be treated in the same manner as other
rectifier capability is less than that of the genera bearings in the turbine-generator. That is, they
tor field, the protection characteristics must be should be provided with vibration detectors and
modified to reflect this. recorders.
Another factor that must be incorporated into Specific tripping recommendations should be
the design of the protection system is the need for made by the alternator manufacturer. In general,
field forcing following faults to aid in maintaining for lower levels of vibration, the recommendations
transient stability. This dictates that very high will be to correct when convenient or at first
induced field currents must be permitted to flow opportunity, with the urgency increasing with
for short periods without causing the voltage reg- vibration level.
51
IEEE
Cn I 0 2 - 1987 IEEE GUDE FOR
5. Other Protective Considerations The use of cts with small air gaps in the core
will greatly reduce the effects of residual flux.
These cts are generally designed to limit residual
5 . 1 Current Transformers. The performance of
nux below 1 . 5 kG where for all practical purposes
the sensitive, high-speed differential protection the residual will h ave little or no effect on ct
used in the generator zone depends to a large performances.
degree on the overall performance of the current 5.1.2 Proximity Effects. The proximity of a
transformers (cts) used with these schemes. \\-'hile c urrent-carrying conductor to a ct can affect the
there are a number of factors which may affect overall performance of the ct. The stray flux field
cts, of particular concern are the effects of resid produced by the current-carrying conductor can
ual flux and stray external flux fields (proximity
cause both phase angle and ratio errors which in
effects). turn can cause incorrect operation of differential
5 . 1 . 1 Residual Flux. Residual flux can be left schemes u n der both steady state (load) and fault
in cores of conventional cts by normal interrup
conditions.
tion of an offset fault current and by the use of The adverse effects of stray fields (proximity
direct current ( d c ) in the testing of cts. With effects) can be minimized by using cts with shicld
regard to the latter point, it is common practice windings and in some cases with the use of
to use a dc source to check ct polarity and a bell shielded cable.
ringing circuit to check circuit continuity. \\-11en
making these tests, the interruption of the dc 5.2 Voltage Transformers. There are two possi
source can leave high levels of residual flux in the ble problems of concern with the voltage trans
corc. This residual flux can adversely affect both former used in the generator zone. These are
the steady-state and the transient performance of ( 1 ) Blown fuses
the cts used in a differential scheme, especially ( 2 ) Ferroresonance
when the residual fl ux levels arc different in 5.2.1 Blown Fuses. I t is common practice to
each ct. use two or more sets of voltage transformers (vts)
With unequal residual flux levels in differen in the gene rator zone. These vts, c o n nected
tially connected cts, the d ifference in ratio errors grounded wyc-groundcd wye, normally h ave sec
between the cts can be sufficient to cause the ondary and possibly primary [uses and are used
misoperation of sensitive differential relays under to provide potential to a number of protective
normal load conditions. relays and the voltage regulator. I f one o r more o[
Under fault conditions, residual flux can cause the fuses blow in the vt circuits, the secondary
rapid unequal saturation of the differential cts, voltages applied to the relays and voltage regula
which in turn m ay cause non -operation or incor tor will be reduced in magnitude and sh ifted in
rect operation of a differential scheme for inter phase angle. This ch ange in voltage can cause
nal or external faults respectively. both the relays and the regulator to misoperate.
The effects of residual flux can be minimized by To eliminate the possibility of such misopera
demagnetizing the cts after they havc been tested tions, it is common practice to apply a voltage
during a maintenance shutdown or the effects balance relay which compares the three-phase
can be greatly reduced by using cts with small air secondary voltages of two sets of vts as shown in
gaps in the core. Fig 5.2- 1 . I f the fuses blow in one set of vts, the
Demagnetization of h igh-ratio generator cts can resulting unbalance will cause the relay to oper
be accomplished by connecting an ac source to ate. The relay is usu ally con nected to remove the
the ct secondaries and raising the secondary volt voltage regulator from service and to block possi
age u ntil t h e ct is driven into saturation as ble inc orrect tripping by protective relays whose
determined from the secondary excitation c urve performance may be affected by the change in
for the ct; the voltage should then be gradually potential.
decreased to zero. Some high ratio cts may have 5.2.2 VT Ferroresonance. One cause of ferro
high knee-point voltages which will fall in the resonance can occur whenever grounded vts arc
1 000 - 1 500 V range. I n these cases, a maximum connected to an ungrounded system. Under this
applied voltage of 2000 V will generally be suffi condition, the voltage appearing on one or more
cient to saturate the ct. In any case, the maxi vts could he distorted 60 Hz or subharmonic volt
mum applied voltage should never exceed the ages an d the vts could be operating overexcited
2500 V dielectric test specified by ANSI C50. 1 3- well in the saturated regio n . The vt exciting
1 977 [1] an d ANSI/ IEEE Std 67- 1 972 [4] for cts. c urrents will be high and if permitted to operate
52
IEEE
AC' GENERATOR PROTECTION C37. 1 0 2 - 1 987
vOLTAGE :-<
TRAN5fORt.4E:RS

l.r-,h <] J.
I
RELAYS VOl.:TAGt
BALANCE
RELAY
Fig 5.2-1
Application of Voltage Balance Relay
in this condition, the vts will fail thermally in a

relatively short period of time. Fig 5.2-2
I n the generator zone, it is possible to h ave a vt Generator Zone Configuration that May
ferro resonance problem. vr ferroreson ance is a Produce Voltage Transformer Ferroresonance
possibility if the generator ( s) is disconnected and
vts are left connected to a delta winding of the ity of a few relays will only be slightly reduced
unit transformer, which is then energized to serve while other relays will not provide adequate pro
station auxiliary load or to soak the m ain trans tection or become inoperative. Fig 5.3- 1 shows the
former prior to generator commissioning. Fig effects of frequency on the pickup of relays which
5.2-2 illustrates the condition which can produce may be used i n the generator zone. It should be
vt ferro resonance in a unit generator-transformer noted that some relays lose sensitivity rather
arrangement. With the vts connected to an u n rapidly below 60 Hz. I n d uction disk current type
grounded system, t h e possibility of ferroresonance relays could provide adequate protection down to
is great. See reference [8] for further discussion. 20 lIz while plunger type relays are not adversely
The possibility ofvt ferroresonance can be min affected by off-frequency operation.
imized by using line-to-line rated vts connected Current transformer performance can be a
line to ground. This, however, will not eliminate problem at reduced frequency. The knee-point ct
the problem. To completely suppress ferroreso voltage c apability decreases with frequency. While
nance, it will be necessary to apply resistance the reactive component of most relay burdens
loading across each phase of the secondary wind also decreases with frequency, the resistive com
ing. Resistance loading equal to the rated thermal ponent does not, nor does the lead resistance.
capability of the vt may be required to suppress Therefore, the reduction in ct capability is not
ferro resonance. This resistance loading should be fully compensated for by a reduction in total
applied to the vt secondaries when the vt is to be burden.
operated on the type of system illustrated in Fig Supplementary protection during start-up or
5.2-2. This load would be removed when the shut-down of a u n it generator transformer ar
generator is connected and the unit operated in rangement can be provided through the use of
its normal mode. protective relays whose pickup is not affected by
Note that during this special operating condi frequency such as instantaneous overcurrent o r
tion that the normal ground fault protection is plun ger-type voltage relays. Supplementary pro
isolated from the energized system. Consideration tection using plunger type relays is shown in Fig
should be given to installing a temporary ground 5.3-2. In general, this protection would be placed
overvoltage relay connected to the vts on the low in service only when the generator is discon
side of the step-up transformer. nected from the system.
Supplementary ground fault protection can be
5.3 Protection During Start-Up or Shut-Down. provided by using a plunger-type voltage relay
During start-up or sh ut-down of a generator, in con nected in parallel with the normal ground
particular, cross-compound u n its, the unit may be overvoltage protection. Rel ays with a pickup
operated at reduced and/or decreasing frequency range of below 10 V would be desirable for this
with field applied for a period of time. When purpose.
operating frequency decreases below rated, the Su pplementary phase fault protection can be
sensitivity of some of the generator zone protec provided by using plunger type instantaneous
tive relays may he adversely affected. The sensitiv- overcurrent relays in either one of two methods:
fi3
IEEE
C37. 1 02 - 19H7 mEE GUDE FOR
8

, ,
\
/l. 7
::J
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"'-.. '-. ,I !iOLF - LUNi" TYPE 'IN!ITNrn'N't[OUS OVUI
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1- ' / CUI'III".Ufl PlD...AT
-- !-- - PLUNC(fI TYPE INSTANTANEOU5

o l ' ovr,,
/' , .,

., - rR[QUENCY Rf:LA'I ".!05"'l
10 20 30 40 50 60 eo
rR EQUE NCY IN H Z
!iQ - t'[t.I[ CWF!IIOLTAGE A[LAY
t A l - - - - PLUNG E II' TYfI'E: CUItRENT M:LA.,(
'a' -- INCUCTtON Q\I[RCURR[NT fttL""

t C ) - - - - G E N E RATOR DIFFEREN"IAL RELAY
I D I - - - 6EN[RATOA "ROUND A[LA" Fig 5.3-2

(E -- - -
l HA"WONIC R E'!oTRoUNT TRANSFORMER DIFrE RENTlA.L A[ LA" Protection During Low-Frequency Operation
' ' '-- PL U N &E R T'l'P( IIOLTA.C;, AEL..."
rtOTE : CURVES WITH LIKE L. ETTERS [Note"'''E! .. ...

CO P A ,t..8 L. RtL",Y$ OF'
Dll""n MNT ..... Nu"....CTU'I[R$.
When method ( 2 ) is used ( alternative position
for 50 in Fig 5.3-2 ), the plunger type of instan
Fig 5.3-1 taneous overc urrent relay would h ave to be set
Relay Pick-up Versus Frequency above maximum full-load current so that the
relay would not be picked up continuously when
( 1 ) Placing instantaneous overc urrent relays the machine is on line. This setting would not pro
in series with the operate c ircuits of the trans vide sensitive protection during start-up o r shut
former d ifferential relay. down. If a pickup setting below fu ll-load current is
( 2 ) Placing instantaneous overc urrent relays used, the instantaneous overc urrent relay coil
in the ct phase leads which connect to the genera would h ave to be s hort circ u ited before the
tor backup relays or metering. machine is connected to the system since plunger
The first approach is capable of providing sensi rel ays cannot be operated picked up continu
tive supplementary protection. Tn this method, ously. In general, short circuiting current coils is
the instantaneous overcurrent relay would be set not considered a desirable practice. Method ( 2 )
above the difference c urrent that will flow in the h a s a n advantage in t h a t i t may also be used to
differential C'ircuit during normal 60 Hz operation provide protection for accidentally energizing a
to avoid continuous operation in the picked-up generator on turning gear. In this instance, it
position. In general, the difference current will be could be used in place of t h e fault-detector relay
small and it will be possible in most instances to as discussed in 5.4.
set the instantaneous overcurrent relay at its min W11 en a generator is bused at low voltage, sup
imum pickup setting. plemental ground protection could be provided
One factor which must be considered when by using a sensitive instantaneous overcurrent
using this method is the effect of the instantane relay in series with the time overcurrent relay
ous overcurrent b u rden o n the 60 Hz operation of normally used for protection. These relays are
the transformer differential relay. The instantane connected to cts located in the machine neutral.
ous overcurrent relay current coil will be in the Supplemental phase fault protection could be
differential circuit at all times an d will present provided by method ( 2 ). I n this case, it would be
additional burden to the cts. The effect of added necessary to short circuit both the phase and
burden on the low-voltage cts will generally be ground instantaneous overcurrent relays current
negligible, but it may be necessary to check the coil when the machine is connected to the system
ratio error of the high voltage cts. if both relays could be picked up contin uously.
54
IEEE
AC GENERATOI PIWTECTlU'J C37. 1 02- H lS7
The supplementary protection for both types of 5.4.1.2 Reverse Power Relays. The power
generator arrangements is usually deactivated into the machine during this contingency can be
when the units are conneded to the system. This approx imated by using machine phase current
can be accomplished by opening the trip circ uits and the negative-sequence resistance R.) . The
with a breaker "boo switch or with an underfre resulting power levels (I2R ) should be in the
quency relay as shown in Fig 5.3-2. pickup range of a reverse po er relay.
Some types of reverse-power rclays use an ac
voltage relay as a timer. The pickup level of these
5.4 Protection for Accidentally Energizing a
relays may be arounci fiO% of rated Voltage. If the
Generator on Turning Gear. When a generator is
generator terminal voltage is below this level, as it
energized three phase while on turning gear, it
very well can be, the relay will never time out and
will behave and accelerate as an induction motor.
trip.
The equivalent machine impedance during the
In general, the reverse power relay is not consid
high slip interval can be represented by negative
sequence reactance (X2 ) in series with negative
ered desirable protection for this contingency,
sequence resistance (R2 ). since there is considerable time delay involved in

its operation.
NOTE: Negat ivp-spqupncp J'pactan('p of a stpam t\lJ'hi np gPnf'J'
5.4. 1 . 3 System Backup Relays. In many
ator equals subtransient reactance Xd.
instances, the mho distance backup relay can be
The machine terminal voltage and current during adjusted to provide protection. This relay would
this interval will be a function of generator, trans have to be connected to receive current anci
former and system impedances. I f the generator potential at the machine terminals and the relay
transformer is connected to an infinite system, adjusted with a reverse offset to detect subtran
the machine currents wiII be high ( 3 - 5 pu) and sient reactance.
conversely, if the unit is connected to a weak sys A voltage-restrained o r voltage-controlled time
tem, the m achine current could be low ( 1 - 2 p u ) . overcurrent relay should be able to detect t h is
I f a generator is accidentally energized through c o n d ition with normal settings. However, the
the station auxiliary transformer, the machine pickup of these rclays should be checked with the
current could be as low as 0. 1 - 0.2 p u because of expected terminal conditions.
the h igh equivalent system impedance. Both the offset mho relay an d the voltage
DuriNg the period the machine is accelerating, restrained or voltage-controlled overcurrent relay
h igh currents will be induced in the rotor and the would be capable of operating with the potential
time to damage may be in the order of a few supply disconnected. However, the time delay
seconds. To prevent damage to the rotor, stator, associated with this backup protection would be
bearings, etc, it is desirable that high-speed pro undesirable.
tection be provided for this contingency. 5.4.2 Supplementary Protection. Supplemen
5.4.1 Normally Available Relays. There are tary protection may be provided for this contin
several relays used in the generator zone that may gency. Some of these are
detect or can be set to detect this condition. These (l) Directional overcurrent relays
are ( 2 ) Frequency supervised overcurrent
( 1 ) Loss of excitation relays ( 3 ) Distance relays
( 2 ) Reverse power relays 5.4.2.1 Directional OC Relays. One scheme
( 3 ) System backup relays employs three directional overc urrent relays with
5.4. 1 . 1 Loss of Excitation Relays. Loss-of very inverse time characteristics utilizing current
excitation relays with the settings shown in Fig and voltage sensing from the generator terminals.
5.5. 1 -2 and Fig 5.5. 1 -3 should detect the imped A 60 connection for relays with directional ele
ance seen (suhtransient reactance) when a gener ments h aving maximum torque when relay cur
ator is energized while 011 turning gear. However, rent leads relay voltage by 30 is recommended.
each application should be checked to ascertain The 60 delta connection requires the use of aux il
that the loss-of-excitation relay will detect this iary cts but provides positive directional sensing
contingency. by at least one relay for single ph ase voltage
It should be noted that if relay potential sup application. An overcurrent element setting of
plies are disconnected during maintenance, the 0 . 5 - 0.6 pu generator current and with an operat
loss-of-excitation relays will hecome inoperative ing time of 0.25 s at fou r times the relay pickup
and therefore would not provide protection for should provide security against operation d u ring
this condition. stable swings and allow reasonable levels of
55
IEEE
C37. 1 02 - l 91l7 IEEE GCIDE FOR
reactive current to be absorbed by the generator. NER"'TOR CAPA i!l I L l Tr C.URVE

A conventional 900 connection may also be used ,
but the overcurrent element pickup may h ave to
be raised to accommodate a particular desired
reactive load in the underexcited range. The
operating areas of these relays at rated voltage RELAY
TRIP
are shown on a typical capability curve in Fig AREA
3.4- 1 . Application of system voltage to the genera

tor would result in current well above the relay
pickup value.
5.4.2.2 Frequency Supervised Overcurrent OPERAT I NG AREAS OF D I RECTIONAL OVERCURRENT RELAVS
Relays. Fig 1).4-2 shows one protective scheme AT RATED VOLTAGE SHOWN ON TYP ICAL G E N E RATOR
CAPABI L l T Y CURVE
which has been suggested for this contingency.
This approach uses a frequency relay-current
relay combination which would only be active Fig 5.4-1
when the machine is sh ut down. Operating Areas of Directional Overcurrent
The current relay could be a sensitively set Relays at Rated Voltage Shown on
instantaneous relay. It should have a continuous Typical Generator Capability Curve
rating which would permit it to be picked up con
tinuously when the machine is on line and carry
ing full load. The pickup setting of this relay
should be 50% or less of the minimum generator
current seen during this contingency.
The frequency relay should have a pickup set
ting range of 48-55 Hz. This relay would he set
well below any emergency operating frequency.
The voltage balance relay prevents incorrect
operations for an underfrequency relay loss of
potential under normal operating conditions.
t ""
When the generator is shut down and the fre II 8e
quency drops below the underfrequency relay set
ting, the relay resets and energizes auxiliary relay
60
8IX (time delay dropout), which in turn arms the
c urrent relay circuit. If the generator is acciden TO BREAKER
tally energized, the overcurrent relay 50 will pick FAILURE

81x R- TIMER
up and trip the unit in h igh speed_ If the potential TC
supply is disconnected when the machine is down

for maintenance, the underfrequency relay con o - INSTANTANEOUS OVERCUR"ENi RELAY, CUP TYPE
tact will remain closed, thereby permitting the W8F - BREAKER FA[LURE CURRENT DEiECTOR
scheme to operate. When the machine is con 60 - VOLTAG E BALANCE RELAV
81 - FREQUENCY P.E LAY
nected to the system, the underfrequency relay 81X - AUXILIARY RE LAY T I Irl4 E DELAY DROP OUT
will pick up and deactivate the scheme. 86 - LOCK OUT ,.EL-.V
5.4.2.3 Distance Relays. Another approach

is illustrated in Fig 5.4-3 (A). In this method a Fig 5.4-2
single-phase mho distance relay is connected in Supplementary Protection for Accidentally
the high -voltage switchyard to look into the Energizing a Generator on Turning Gear
generator and is set to detect subtransient reac
tance (XTRAKSFORMER + Xd)' If this scheme is only
in service when the machine is down for mainte a scheme which would provide high-speed trip
nance, the relay would be connected to trip the ping when the high-voltage breakers are open and
high-voltage breakers directly. However, if the the generator is down for maintenance and would
scheme is kept in service when the generator is provide time-delay tripping when the generator is
connected to the system, a time delay of 0.5- 1 .0 s connected to the system. When the breakers are
would have to he used in order to prevent incor open, 52X would be closed by the breaker "b"
rect tripping on stable swings. Fig 5.4-3(B) shows switches, thus activating the scheme. When the
56
IEEE
AC GENERATOR PROTECTION C37.102 - 1 987
and shaft torques which can be d amaging to the

generators. Therefore, when a generator will be
operating on such a series compensated system,
OIN:CTIONAL the user should work closely with the generator
21 DlST.a.NCE
El.AY man ufacturer in order to ascertain the severity of
the problem and to define the requirements for
equipment to protect the generator on a particu
lar system.
(A) 5.6 Transmission Line Reclosing Near Generat

ing Stations. Switching operations involving the
opening and closing of circuit breakers at o r near
a generating station can produce transient power
!2/ and current oscillations which can stress or dam
age turbine generators. Of particular concern are
the switc hing operations which produce torsional
nWER
Z / Z oscillations and sh aft torques which may cause
TX T.D.D.O.
major shaft fatigue damage in one or relatively
few incidents of severe switching disturbances .
The switching disturbances of primary concern
.' (B)
are
( I ) Steady-state switching of lines
( 2 ) High-speed reclosing of circuit breakers fol
lowing transmission line faults
5.6.1 Steady-State Switching of Lines. The
Fig 5.4-3
switching of lines near a generating station for
Alternative Supplementary Protection for
maintenance purposes can produce a step ch ange
Accidentally Energizing a Generator
in power which can result in transient mechani
on Turning Gear
cal forces on hoth the rotating and stationary
components of a turbine generator. This sudden
hreakers are closed, tripping would be through c hange in power is a function of the switching
the timer contact (T). angle across an open circuit breaker and the sys
It should be noted that only one single-ph ase tem impedance. Studies h ave shown that if during
mho relay would be required to provide protec steady-state switching operations the instantane
tion for energizing a generator on turning gear. If ous c h ange i n power, D.P, docs not exceed 0.5 pu,
backup protection for generator zone faults is the duty (loss of life) on the turbine generator will
desired, a single zone of d istance relaying is be negligible. I f this c h ange in power, D.P, exceeds
required. 0.5 pu, it is recommended that the turbine-gener
Whic hever scheme is used to provide protection ator manufacturer be consulted in order to
for accidentally energizing a generator on turning determine if there is potential for significant
gear, the protection should be connected to trip damage.
the main b reaker, the u n it auxiliary breakers, 5.6.2 High-Speed Reclosing Following System
initiate breaker-failure backup and be so imple Faults. High-speed reclosing of transmission lines
mented t hat it is never taken out of service when at or near a generating station following a fault
the machine is shut down for maintenance. It has the potential for causing major shaft fatigue
should also be recognized that good operating damage to a turbine generator. Of particular con
procedures, air switch an d breaker control cern is the possibility of an unsuccessful reclosure
schemes can minimize the probability of acciden into a persistent fault which may reinforce the
tal energization. torsional oscillations and shaft torques caused by
the original disturbance and thereby cause a sig
5.5 Subsynchronous Resonance. When a gener nificant loss in fatigue life of turbine-generator
ator is connected to a transmission system that shafts. Studies of this problem would indicate
has series capacitor compensation, it is possible that high-speed reclosing into nearby severe faults
to develop subsynchronous frequency oscillations can result in a significant loss of shaft fatigue life.
57
IEEE
C:37. 102 - 1 9S7 IEEE GlaDE FOR
I n order to minimize the potential detrimental frequency between the generator and the system
effects of h igh-speed reclosing of transmission for the synchronizing relays to operate.
lines near generating stations, the following alter The speed matching relay is used to automati
n ative reclosing practices are being proposed as a cally match a generator frequency to a system
means for reducing fatigue duty. frequency. To do this, the relay produces impulses
( 1 ) Delayed reclosingfor allfaults. A relay of which can be used to raise or lower generator
10 s or longer is suggested. speed. In general, generator speed is adjusted to
( 2 ) Sequential reclosing. Reclose initially from be slightly higher than system frequency for syn
the remote end of a line and block reclosing at the chronizing purposes to prevent motoring or trip
generating station if the fault persists. This ap ping on reverse power. Sync-chec k relays are
proach is only applicable if the remote end of the often applied with automatic synchronizers to
line is not electrically near turbine generator supervise the automatic control fu nction.
units. In some instances, the speed-matching and
( 3 ) Selective high-speed reclot;ing. The type of voltage-matching functions are provided with the
reclosing used ( h igh-speed or delayed) is a func automatic c o ntrol systems supplied with the
tion of fault severity or the type of fault. generator.
5.7.2 Supervision of Manual Synchronizing.
5.7 Synchronizing. Improper synchronizing of a In those cases in which sync hronizing is pcr
generator to a system can result in damage to any formed manually, it m ay be desirable Lo supervise
type of generating unit. The damage inc urred can the operator with an automatic synchronizing
be slipped couplings, increased shaft vibration, device. Thus, if both the operator and the syn
a change in bearing alignment, loosened stator chronizing device are in agreement, the synchron
wind ings, loosened stator laminations and fatigue izing breaker is permitted to close. On the other
damage to shafts and other mechanical parts. hand, if there is a disagreement between the
In order to avoid damaging a generator d u ring operator and the device, closing of the breaker is
synchronizing, the generator manufacturer will blocked.
generally provide synchronizing limits in terms of The e q u ipment used for this fu nction is a
breaker closing angle and voltage matching. Typi simpler form of synchronizing relay. This relay
cal limits are produces a closing impulse at a fixed angle in
Breaker c l osing angle: within 10 electrical advance of synchronism provided that the fre
degrees quency difference is within a prescribed setting.
Voltage matching: + 5;J(, Both the closing angle and frequency d ifference
Frequency difference: less than 0.067 Hz cutoff are adjustable. In general, with this type of
There are two types of synchronizing equip relay, the angular d ifference for syn chronizing
ment used to minimize the possibility of damaging can be limited to 1 0 or less.
a generator. These are An induction disk sync-check relay should only
(I) Automatic synchronizing equipment be used in a su pervisory fu nc t i o n for s m al l
( 2 ) Supervil;ion of man ual synchronizing machines because t h e operating speed and there
5 . 7 . 1 Automatic Synchronizing Equipment. fore angular window is too great. High speed sync
Complete automatic synchronizing equipment check relays should be used for large machines.
usually includes the following relays:
( 1 ) Synchronizing relay
( 2 ) Speed-matching relay 5.8 Incipient Fault Detection. It is possible to
(3) Voltage-matching relay monitor a generator to detect incipient faults or
The synchronizing relay measures the speed of minor abnormalities which if not corrected can
the generator relative to the system, the phase result in serious fault conditions. Arcing in a
angle between the gcnerator and the system, and generator due to conductor fatigue or insulation
then gives a closing impulse to the breaker at the failure can be detected by a radio frequency mon
correct angle in advance of synchronism to ensure itor. Studies and field experience have shown that
that the breaker poles will close when the machine arcing inside the generator causes radio frequency
and system are in phase. For a given breaker c10s currents to flow in the neutral grounding lead. A
ing time, the closing impulse will be given at the high-frequency current transformer in the neutral
correct angle in advance of synchronism provided lead or a high-frequency voltage coupler across
that the frequency d ifference is within a set limit. the grounding transformer will permit monitoring
I n general, there must be a small difference in of the radio frequency level in the generator with
58
IEEE
AC GENERATOR PROTECTION C:37. l02 - 1 987
a sensitive meter. The RF monitor has built-in which discusses their application in detail. Also
alarm logic and setpoints. included is a discussion of the various tripping
This device and those described in 4 . 1 and/or modes used in generating stations.
outputs of other sensors could be incorporated in 6.2.1 Protective Devices
a computerized diagnostic system to analyze the Device Function Section
conditions in a generator and inform an operator
of the most likely problem developing within the 21 Distance relay. Backup for 4.6. 1
machine. system generator zonE' phase

faults.
24 Volts/Hz protection for the 4.5.4

6. Protection Specification
generator.
This section presents detailed protective ar 32 Reverse power relay. Anti- 4.5.5
rangements for the six-generator and generating motoring protection.
station configurations discussed in 3.4. For each
40 Loss of field protection. 4.5. 1
station configuration, there is a one-line diagram
and a control logic diagram which show the com 46 Stator unbalanced current 4.5.2
b i n ation of protec tive relays, with their control protection.
fu nctions, normally applied in accordance with
49 Stator thermal protection. 4.1
good engineering practices. The intent of these
diagrams is to illustrate one approach for provid 50B Instantaneous overcurrent relay 4.7
ing protection for each station configuration. The used as current detector in a
reader can modify the protection provided to breaker failure scheme.
meet his particular p rotective philosophy an d
5 1 GN Time overCllrrent relay. Backup 4.3.3
rel i ah ility requirements. Wh ile it is generally
for generator ground faults.
agreed that the unit is tapped, steam system
shutdown an d auxiliaries tran sferred for internal 5 1 TN Time overcurrent relay. Backup 4.5.2
electrical faults, there is no generally agreed on for ground faults.
approach for condition items such as volts/lIz,
5 1V Voltage controlled or voltage- 4.6.1
underfrequency, etc. See ANSI / I E E E Std 502-
restrained time overcurrent
1 985 [ 5 } for further discussion.
relay. Backup for systcm and
generator zone phase faults.
6 . 1 Protective Arrangements. The protective
arrangements for the various generating station 59 Overvoltage protection. 4.5.6
configurations are illustrated in the following
59RG Zero sequence voltage relay. 4.3.3
figures:
Ground fault protection for
Fig 6- 1 and 6- 1 A - Protection for a unit gener
an ungrounded bus.
ator-transformer configuration
Fig 6-2 an d 6-2A - Protection for a unit gener 59GN Voltage relay. Primary ground 4.3.3
ator-transformer configuration with dual genera fault protE'ction for a gencrator.
tor breakers
60 Voltage balance relay. Detection 5.2. 1
Fig 6-8 and 6-3A - Protection for cross-com
of b lown potential transformer
pound steam turbine generators
fuses.
Fig 6-4 and 6-4A - Protection for generators
sharing a step-up transformer 61 Time overcurrent relay. Detec- 4.3.2
Fig 6-5 an d 6-5A - Protection for generators tion of turn-to-turn faults in
con nected directly to a distribution system generator windings.
62B Breaker failure timer. 4.7

6.2 Protective Functions. The protective func
tions noted in the various generating station con 63 Fault pressure relay. Detects
figurations provide both primary and hackup transformer faults.
protE'ction for the generating station as well as
64F Voltage relay. Primary protection 4.4
optional protection which would bE' applied where
for rotor ground faults.
necessary. These protective functions are listed
below with a reference to the section in the text 71 Transformer oil or gas level.
fig
n:EE
C:\7.1 ()-1 flH7 IEEE GUDE FOR
Device Function Section In both of the above types of tripping, it will be

necessary to transfer the u n it auxiliaries to the
78 Loss of synchronism protection. 4.5.3
standby source.
This protection is optional.
Tripping with 94G2 trips only the main genera
Applied when, during a loss of
tor breakers. This mode is used where during
sync h ro n ism, the electrical
some system dist.urbance, it is desirable to keep
center is in the step-up trans-
the u n it auxiliaries connected to the generator.
former or in the generator zone.
For example, during a loss of synchronism or a
Alternate locations arc shown for
disturbance which requires tripping due to low
this protection. A stl1dy should
frequency, the standby source may be out of
be made to determine which
phase with the generator or n o n-existent. This
location is best for the detection
t.ripping mode would permit reconnecting the
of an out-of-step condition.
machine to the system with a minimum of delay.
81 Frequency relay. Roth under 4.5.7 It should be noted t h at thp tripping modes
frequency and overfrequency using 94G 1 and 94G2 may not be possible with
protection may be required. some t.ypes of prime movers and boiler systems. In
th ese im;tances, it will be necessary to s h ut down
86 Hand-reset lockout auxiliary
the prime movers for all faults and abnormal
relay.
operating con d itions.
87B Differential relay used for bus 1\'10 other types of tripping are used with steam
protpction. turbine generators. These are sequential tripping
and simultaneous tripping.
K7G Differential relay. Prim ary 4.3.2 In the sequential tripping mode, the turbine
phase-fault protection for the
valves are tripped first, and when the valves h ave
generator.
closed , valve auxiliary eontact.s are used to ini
87GN Sensitive ground fault protection 4.3.3 tiate tripping of the main generator breakers and
for the generator. the field breakers. I n some instances, some of the
electrical protective functions m ay be connected
87T Differential relay. Primary 4.3.2
to in itiate tripping using this spquential mode. If
protection for the transformer.
this approach is used, backup protedion should
May be used to provide phase
be provided to assure tripping of the generator
fault backup for the generator
main and field breakers in ease there is a failure
in some station arrangements.
in the valve auxiliary contacts.
87LT D ifferential relay for overall u n it The inclusion of a reverse power relay in series
and transformer. with any sequential trip circuits using steam valve
closed position switches would provide security
04 Self reset auxiliary tripping relay.
against possible overs peed by ensuring that all
sources of stearn to the turbine are reduced below
the amount required to produce overspeed before
6.2.2 Tripping Modes. Figures 6 . 1 through 6.6 generator circuit breakers are tripped. The reverse
show three methods of tripping with electrical power relay time delay could be as low as 3 s for
protection in the generator zone - tripping with a this applicatio n .
h a nd-reset lockout relay 86 and tripping with self This protection should not override t h e genera
reset auxiliary relays 94Gl and 94G2. tor or switchyard protection that instantaneously
Tripping with a lockout relay, 86, trips the main opens t h e generator breaker when a critical elec
generator breakers, the field breakers, an d shuts trical fault occurs that migh t cause serious and
down the prime mover. This mode is used for all certain damage to the generator or switchyanl
faults in th e generator zone and for backup equipment .
opprations. In the simultaneolls tripping mode, th e protec
Tripping with 94G l trips the main generator tive relays used to trip the turbine valves would
breakers and the field breakers. This mode is used also initiate a simultaneous trip of the generator
for abnormal operating conditions where it may main and field breakers. In some instances, a time
be possible to correct the abnormality quickly and delay is Ilsed in the breaker tripping chain. If time
thereby permit reconnecting the machine to the delay is used, the effect of t h is delay on the gener
system in a short period of time. ator and/or system should be determined.
60
I EEE
AC GE" EI{ATOR PROTECTION C37. 1 02 1 987
(63) TRANSF:
OIL LC7N
FAULT PRESS.
/ A
:
UNIT
T R ANS.
I
<)
L__ _ TRANSF.
NEUT. OC
UN I T
DIFF UNIT AUX .
() 2 ND V/HZ BACK- UP
'f- I F US E D
Ol
TRANSF.
@/&;
E SS
fAULT
1.
./1 .... 1:
.J,UN IT AUX
OVER
F"RE Q
7T TRANSf.
D I FF.
i?o GRD
NOTE I DOTTED DEVICES OPTIONAL
Fig 6-1
Unit Generator-Transfonner Configuration
61
IEEE
C37.I02 I 987 IEEE Gl:IfJE FOR
-- SHUTDOWN
BFI
NOTE 2
}------
94G2 ____________ -'BFI
1------1
1-----. ALAR
NOTE I - O PT IO NA L B LO C K I N G .
NOT E 2 - D E V I C E S SHOW TRIPPI N G APP ROPRIATE AU X I LIARY
I F T R I P P I N G I S THE S E L E C T E D OPT IO N .
NOT E 3- U A IND ICAT E S U N I T AU X I LI ARY.
Figure 6-1A
Generator-Transformer Configuration DC Tripping Logic
62
IEEE
AC GENERATOR PROTECTION C37. 102-I 987
TRANSF
FAULT O I L
PRESS. LOW 5 1
0 , .
UWIT
T RANSF.
UNIT
TRANSF.
\... '\
)...
TRANSf.
<] I TRANSF.
NEUT. OC
TRANSf. BKR. BKA. TRANSF. NEUT. OC
DIF'F. FAI L.OC fAIL.OC Dl f F:
V/HZ
BUS BUS
GRD.OV OPTIONAL GRD.OV
Gl----....
"rv
GEN.
Dl F F .
TRANSF
D l f F.
e;6
TRANSf.
NEUT.
OC
Fig 6-2
Unit Generator-Transfonner Configuration with Dual Generator Breakers
63
IEEE
c:n lll - HJH7 IEEE (lU l l lE FOR
II TWO SETS RE:Q'D. ONE: FOR EACH UNIT TRANSFOR M E R .
* 1 BJJ. 1----+1
*
BFI
(52)
BFI
(G2)
Bn
SHUT
DOWN
rI
II S F!
I
NOTE 2
B FI
S rI
f-------1 ALARM
NOTE 1 - O PT IO N A L B L OCKING.
NOT E 2 - D EV I C E S S H OW T R IPPI N G APP R O P R IAT E A U X I L I A R Y
I F TRIPPI NG I S T H E SELECT E D OPT I O N .
NOT E 3 - U A I N D ICATES U N IT AUXI L I ARY
Fig 6-2A
Unit Generator-Transformer Confignration with Dual Generator Breakers DC Tripping Logic
64
IEEE
AC GE ERATOR PROTECTION C:37. 1 02 - 1987
b
rR .... NSF
@
,... I
I ../ UNIT
J.. TRANSF.
<J 7 TRANSF.
NEUT. OC
7T----
UNIT
D I F f. LOSS OF} "LTE R N....TE
SYNC. CONNEC T I ON
U N ITAUX
BACKUP
N
OIL OVER
TRAN5F. FACQ.

LOW
fAULT . 2.4
PRE S S .

VOLTSIHZ
AUX .
V '
, A,
):
\ <J
-----'
.,l
TRAN 5F.
87
T RS .
DIFF
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Fig 6-3
Cross-Compound Generators
65
IEEE
C37. lOZ -1 987 IEEE GUIDE FOR
CO
2
r----- SHU TDOWN
en
1 *

NOTE Z
------r---efI
--
* TWO RELAVS R EQUIRED FOR T H e:

--_ ALARM H P &. L P G E N ERATOR S .
NOTE I - OPTIONAL BLOCKI N G .

NOTE 2 - D EVIC E S S H O W TR IPPING APPROPRIAT E AU X I LI ARY
IF T R I PPING I S THE SE LECTE D O P T IO N .
NOTE 3 - UA I N D ICAT E S U N IT AUX I L I A RY
Fig 6-3A
Cross-Compound Generators DC Tripping Logic
66
IEEE
AC GE:-JERATOR PROTECTION C37. 102-1987
1 @
AUX.
TRANSf.
GEN. D GEN.C
VOLTS/HZ
Fig 6-4
Protection for Generators Sharing a Unit Transformer
67
IEEE
C37. 1 02 1987 IEEE GUIDE FUR
1---i CO
z
SHUTD OWN
SrI
SHUTDOWN
SFI
ALARM
Fig 6-4A
Protection for Generators Sharing a Unit Transfonner
68
IEEE
AC GENERATOR PROTECTION C37. 1 02-1987

)rr\ AUX .
TRANSF.
<J
A
6 E N. B
VOLTS/HZ
Fig 6-5
Protection for Generators Connected Directly to a Distribution System
69
IEEE
C37. 1 02 - 1 987 IEEE GUIDE FOR
BFI
------
BFI
BFI
NOTE I UA I N D ICAT E S U N I T A UX I L I A R I E S
Fig 6-5A
Protection for Generators Connected Directly to a Distribution System
70
IEEE
AC GENERATOR PROTECTION C37. 102 - 1 987
7. Bibliography [ 1 4 ] BAKER, D. S., Generator Backup Overcur

r"nt Prot"ction, IEEE T-IA, vol IA- 1 8 no 6, Nov/
,
Dec 1 982, pp 632- 640.

7.1 General [ 1 5 ] MASOt\, C. R., The Art and Science of Pro
tective Relaying, New York-Wiley, 1 9ri6.
[ 1 ] Relay Protection of A-C Generators, Power
System Relaying Committee, AlER Transactiuns, [ 1 6 ] WARRINGTON, A R., VAN C., Protective
vol 70, pt 1 , 1 95 1 , pp 275 - 28 1 . Relays, Their Theory and Pract'ice, London,
Chapman and Hall, Ltd, 1 968.
[ 2 ] HOFFMAN, D.C., Backup Protection For Sys
tem Faultti At the Generator, General Electric [ 1 7 ] BAUMAN, H. A., DRISCOLL, J. M., ONDER
Review, Schenectady, NY, vol 53, 1 950. DONK, P. T., and WEBB, R. L., Protection of
Turbine Generators and Boilers hy Automatic
[ 3 ] HIGGINS, D. D., Loss and Recovery of Syn
Tripping, AlEE Transactions, 72, pt III, 1 953, pp
dmmism of Parallel Alternators, Electrical Engi
1 247 - 1 21)1).
neering, vol 69, Dec 1 950, pp 1 1 0 5 - 07.
[ 1 8 ] SILLS, H. R. and McKEEVER, J . L., Charac
[ 4 ] A Partial Survey of Relay Protection of Steam
teristicti of Split-Phase Currents As a Source of
Driven AC Generators, AlEE Committee Report,
Generator Protection, AlEE Transactions, 72, pt
AlEE Transactions, vol 80, pt III, pp 954 - 957, Feh
III, 1 953, pp 1 005 - 1 0 1 3 .
1 9u2.
[ 1 9 ] RATZ, E. G., Generator Protected by a "Float
[5 ] Synchronous Machines - Theory and Per
ing" CT, Electrical World, 1 24, Aug 1 8, 1 945, pp
formance - by Ch arles Concordia, Pub by John
1 1 5 - 1 1 6.
Wiley & Sons, 1 95 1 .
[ 20 J ALGER, P. L., FRANKLIN, R. F., KILBOURNE,
[ 6 ] SCHULZ, R . P., JONES, W. D., and EWART, D.
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from Solid Rotor Equivalent Circuits, Paper T 72
Faults, AlEE Transactions, 72, pt III, 1 953, pp
5 1 5-5, 1 972.
394-403.
[7] CONCORDIA, C. and TEMOSHOK, M., Resyn [ 2 1 ] CUNNINGHAM, G. W. and EGGENBERGER,
chron izing of Generators, AlEE Transactions, vol
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66, 1 947, pp 1 5 1 2 - 1 5 1 8.
and Accessories, AlEE Transactiuns, 73, pt III,
[ 8 ] Protective Relays Application Gl1ide Book, 1 954, pp 455- 464.
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[22 1 RARKLE, J. E., VALENTINE, C. E., and
[ 9 ] McCONNELL, H. M., Transductor-Type Field CARLETON, J. T., Magamp Regulators For Syn
Ripple Detector for Synchronous Generators, chronous Machines, Westinghonse Engineer, Pitts
AlEE Transactions, vol 74, pt I I I , June 1 955, pp burgh, PA, Nov 1 952, pp 204 - 07.
476- 79.
[ 2 3 ] BERDY, J., Protection of Large Tandem
[ 1 0 ] GROSS, E. T. B., LeVESCONTE, L. 8., Backup Generators, Georgia Institute of Technology Relay
Protection for Generators, AlEE Transact'ions, 72, Conference, 1 972.
pt III-A, June 1 953, pp 585 - 589.
[ 24 ] BERDY, J., CRENSHAW, M. L., TEMOSHOK,
[ 1 1 ] BALDWIN, M. S., ELMORE, W. A, BONK, J. J., M., Protection ofLarge Steam Turbine Generators
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creased Plant Reliability, IEEE Transactions PAS, CIGRE, 1 972.
vol 99, no 3, May/.Tune 1 980, pp 982 - 989.
[ 2 5 ] BERDY, J., BRO, P. G., MATHEWS, C. A,
[ 1 2 ] GRIFFITH, M. SHAN, Modern A-C Generator WALKER, D. N., WILKINSON, S. 8., Autarnatic
Cont.rol Systemti: Some Plain and Painless Facts, High Speed Reclosing Near Large Generating Sta
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48 1 - 49 1 , NovlDec 1 978.
[ 2 6 ] BREEDLOVE, HERBERT A , HARBAUGH,
[ 1 3 ] POPE, J. w., Parallel Operation of Customer JACK R., Protection of The Induction Motor/Gen
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no 1 , Jan/Feb 1 983, pp 3 2 - 36. Nov- Dec 1 983, pp 958 - 96 1 .
71
IEEE
C37. 1 02 - 1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR
[27] PENCINGER, C. J., Modern Generator Pro With Others, AlEE Tra n sactions, vol 50, Dec 1 9;3 1 ,
tectl:011 Systems, Pennsylvania Electric Associa pp 1 1 94 - 1 200.
tion - E n gineering Section - Relay Committee
[6] CAMERON, D. H., and MUELLER, E . L., The
Meeting, May 28- 29, 1 98 1 .
Impact of Field-Failure On System Operations,
[28] ZOCHOLL, STANLEY E . and WALDRON, Electric Light and Power, Chicago, Ill., Mar 1 953,
JAMES E., Solid-State Relays for Genemtor Pro pp 711 - 77.
tection, Western Protective Relay Conference
[7] TAYLOR, G. E., Trip When Excitation is Lost,
Washington State University, Oct 1 6 - 1 8, 1 979.
Electrical World, New York, NY, Oct 5, 1 953, pp
[29] lLAR, M . , ZTDAR, J., FIORETZIS, M., I nno 96 -97.
vations In Generator Protection, Br011m Boveri [8 ] GIBSON, W. P. and WAGNER, C. L., Applica
Review, vol 65, no 6, J une 1 978, pp 379 - 387.
tion of Loss-of-Field Relays on Cross Compound
[30] DASH, P. K., MALIK, O. P., HOPE, G. S., Fast Generators, PEA Relay Committee Meeting, Harris
Generator Protection Against Internal Asymmetri burg, PA, Oct 24, H l69.
cal Faults, IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst., vol
[9 J TREMAINE, R 1. and BLACKBURN, J. L"
PAS-g(j, no 5, Sep-Oct 1 977, pp 1 498 - 1 506.
Loss-of-Field Protection For Syn c h ro n ous
[31 ] F I ORETZIS, M . , New, Fully Autom atic Machines, AlEE Transact ions, vol 73, pt III A, Aug
Means of Testing Generat.or Protection Equip 1 954, pp 765 - 77.
ment, Brown Boveri Review, vol 64, no 2, Feb
[ 1 0] BANCKER, E . H., Guarding Against Loss of
1 977, pp 1 18 - 1 23. Field, Electriral World, vol 99, no 23, June 4, 1 932,
[32 ] S C H M ITT, N . a n d W I N C H E ST E R , R. L . , p 983.
Today's Large Generators Design, Performance
MASON, C. R., A New Loss of Excitation
IEEE
[11]
an d Operation , Trans. Power Appm'. Syst. ,
Relay For Syn c h ronous Gen erators, AlEE Trans
vol PAS-94, no 6, Nov- Dec 1 975, pp 2 1 1 5 - 2 1 23.
actions, vol 68, pp 1 240 - 1 2411, 1 949.
[33 ] IEEE 42 1 , Criteria an d Definitions for E x ei
[12] ARNDT, C. R . , and ROGERS, M., A Study of
tat ion Systems for Synchronous Machines.
Loss-of-Ex citation Relaying and Stability of a 595
[34 ] Po\VER SYSTEM RELAY COMMrnEE RE MVA Generator on the Detroit Edison System,
P O R T, 8;1 11 M4 1 1 . 6, A u t o m atic R e c l o s i n g of IEEE Transactions, vol PAS-94, no 5, Sep/Oct
Transmission Lines. 1 975, pp 1449- 1456.
[13] BEROY, J., Loss of Bxcitation Protection for
7.2 Loss of Field
Modern Syl1chronous Generators, IEEE Trans
[1 ] Loss-of-Field Relay Operation During System actions, vol PAS-94, no 5, Sep/Oct 1 975, pp 1457-
Disturhances, Power System Relaying Committee, 1 463.
IEEE Transact'ions on Po wer Apparnt1is and Sys
tems, Sep/Oct 1975.
7.3 Grounding and Ground Protection
[2] DARRON, H. G., KOEPFIt-;GER, J. 1., MATHER,
J. R., and RUSCHE, P., The Influence of Generator [1] GROSS, E. T. B. and GULACHENSKI, E. M.,
Loss of E xcitat.ion on Bulk Power System Reliabil E xperience of the New England System With
ity, IEEE Transact'ions on Power App. and S1IS . Generator Protection By Resonant Neutral
tems, Sep/Oct. 1 974, pp 1473 - 1 478. Grounding, IEEE Transactions un Power Appara.
tus and Systems, Jul/Aug 1 973, pp 1 1 86- 1 1 94.
[3] CROSSMAN, G. C., LINDEMUTH, H. F., and
WEBB, R . 1., Loss-of-Field Protection for Genera [2] GROSS, E . T. B . and ATHERTON, E. w., Appli
tors, AlEE Transactions, vol 6 1 , 1 942, pp 261 - cation of Resonant Grounding in U.S., AlEE Trans
266. actions, vol 70, pt I, 1 95 1 , pp 389-397.
[4] M ILLER, G. B., Practice and Extent of Loss of [3] TOMLINSON, H . R, Ground-Fault Neutralizer
E x c itation on Rotating M ac hines, Conference Grounding of Unit-Connected Generators, AlEE
paper for presentation at AlEE Summer General Trnnsactiuns, vol 72, pt I I I , Oct 1 953, pp 953 -961 .
Meeting, Swampscott, .\1ass, Jun 20-24, 1 949.
[4 ] GROSS, E. T. 13., Sensitive Ground Relaying of
[5] H I G G INS, D. D., WILD, E . , Re-establishing A-C Generators, AlEE Trnnsactions, vol 7 1 , pt I I I ,
Excitation of a Loaded Alternator In Parallel pp 539- 544, Apr 1 952, (TP51 37 1 ).
72
IEEE
AC GENERATOR PROTECTION C:37. 1 02 - 1 !l87
[ 5 ] RAJK, M. N., Ground Fault Protection of Unit [ 2 ] McCONNELL, A J., A New Generator Differ
Connected Generators, A lEE Transactions, vol ential Relay, AlEE Transactions, vol (j2, 1 943, pp
77, pt I I I , Dec 1 958, pp 1 082- 1093. 1 1 - 1 3.
[ 6 ] BROWN, P. G., JOHNSON, 1 . E . and STEVEN [3] SACHDEV, M. S. and WIND, D. W., Generator
SON, J. R, Generator Neutral Grounding, IEEE Differential Protection Using A Hybrid Computer,
Transactions, PAS, vol PAS 97, no 3, May/June IEEE Trnns. P()wer Appar. Syst., vol PAS-92, no 6,
1 978, pp 6 R3 - 684. Nov-Dec 1 973, pp 2063 - 2072.
[ 7 ] McFADDEN, R. H., Grounding of Generators

Connected Lo Ind ustrial Plant Distribution Buses, 7.5 Protection of Plant Auxiliaries
IEEE T-IA, vol IA- 1 7. no 6, Nov/Dec 1 981, pp
[ 1 ] IEEE Relay Committee Report, Protection of
553 - 556.
Power House Auxiliaries, AlEE Transactions, vol
[ 8 ] Application Guide for the Grounding of Syn 65, 1 940, pp 746 - 75 1 .
chronous Generator Systems, AlEE Committee,
AlEE Trunsacl'ions, 72, pt I l l, 1 953. [ 2 ] Minimum Recommended Protection, Inter
locking and Control for Fossil Fuel Unit-Connected
[9] IEEE Standard Requirements, Terminology Steam Station, Power Generation Committee,
and Test Procedure for Neutral Grounding IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Sys
Devices, IEEE Std 32 - 1 972 (Reafflrmed 1 978). tems, vol 92/ 1 973, Jan/June 1 973.
[ 1 0 ] BARKLE, J.E., STERRETT, C. C. and FOUN Part I - Overall Protection - pp 374 - 380
TAIN, L. L., Detection of Grounds in Generator Part II - Plant Auxiliaries, Circulating Water,
Field Windings, AlEE Transactions, 74, pt I I I , Service Water, and Condensate and Feedwater
1 955, p p 467 -470. pp 380-386
Part I I I - Boiler Water Systems - pp 386 - 39 1
[ 1 1 ] BLAKESLEE, T. M., Bearings Pitted By
Part I V - Air and Fuel Systems - pp 392- 396
Ground Alarm Surges, Electrical World, 1 1 9, Jan
Part V - Turbine-Generator System - pp 396 -
9, 1 943, pp 5 7 (R l ) - fi8 (R2).
399
[ 1 2 ] Present-Day Grounding Practices on Power
Systems, AlEE Committee Report, AlEE Trans
actions, vol 66, 1 947, pt I, Grounding Practices at 7.6 Generator Stability
Generating Stations, pp 1 52 5 - 37 and I 548 - 5 l .
[ 1 ] MICHELSON, E . L. and LISCHER, L. F., Gener
[ 1 3 ] GRIFFIN, CLAYTON H . , POPE, JOHN w., ator Stability at Low Excitation, AlEE Transac
Generator Ground Fault Protection Using Over {'ions, vol 67, 1 948, pp 1 - 9, AlEE Technical Paper
current, Overvoltage and Undervoltage Relays, 48-2.
IEEE Trans. P()wer Appar. Syst. . vol PAS- l O l , no
[ 2 ] M c FAD DEN, R H., Stability Considerations
1 2 , Dec 1 982, pp 4490 - 450 l .
For I ndustrial Power Systems, IEEE Transaction
[ 1 4 ] ILAR, M., NARAYAN, V., VON HOESCHLAUB, T-IA, vol IA- I 3 , no 2, Mar/Apr 1 977, pp 1 07 - 1 1 5.
F. and PENCINGER, C. J., Total Generator Ground
[ 3 ] BERDY, J., Out ()j Step ProtRctian jor Genera
Fault Protection, Pen nsylvania Electric Associ
lOY's, Georgia Institute of Technology Relay Con
ation - Engineering Section - Relay Committee
ference, 1 976.
Meeting, May 1 0 - 1 1 , 1 979.
[ 1 5 ] KHUNKHUN, K. J., S., KOEP'INGEH, J. L.,

HADDAD, M ICHAEL V., Resonant Grounding 7.7 Under and Over Excitation of Generators
( Ground Fault Neutralizer) of a Unit Connected [ 1 ] ADAMS, C. G. and McCLURE, J. B., Under
Gen erator, IEEE Trans. Puwer Appar. Syst., vol excited Operation of Turbo-Generators, AlEE
PAS-96. no 2, Mar-Apr 1 977, pp 550- 559. Transactions, vol 67, 1948, pp 52 1 - 528, AIEE
Technical Paper 48-8 1 .
[ 2 ] ESTCOURT, V. F., HOLLEY, C. H., JOHNSON,

7.4 Generator Differential Protection
W. R and LIGHT, P. H., Un derexcited Operation of
[ 1 ] SONNEMANN, W. K., A High Speed Differen Large Turbine Generators of Pacific Gas an d
tial Relay For Generator Protection, AlEE Trans E lectric Company's System, AlEE Transactions,
actions, vol 59, 1 940, pp 608 - 6 1 2. vol 72, pt I I I, Feb 1 953, pp 1 6 - 22.
73
IEEE
C37.l 02- 1 987 IEEE GUIDE FOR
[ 3 ] GRISCOM, S. B., Operation of Turbine Gener [5 J LAWRENCE, R F., and FERGUSON, R. W,

ators At Leading Power Factors, Electri.c Light Generator Negative-Sequence Currents for Line
and Power, Chicago, IL, Dec 1 95 1 . to-Line Faults, AlEE Transactions, 72, pt III,
1 953, pp 9 - 1 6.
[4] FARNHAM, S . B . and SWARTHOUT, R W,
Field Excitation in Relation to Machine and Sys [6 J BERDY, J. and BROWN, P. G., Protection oj
tem Operation, AlEE Transa.ctions, vol 72, pt I II, Synchronous Generators During Unbalanced
Dec 1 953, pp 1 2 1 5-23. System Conditions, Georgia Institute of Technol
[5 J BOBO, SKOOGLUND and WAGNER, PAS, Per ogy Relay Conference, 1 975.
jortnance oj Excitation Systems Under Abnormal [ 7 J GRAHAM, D. J., BROWN, P. G., and WIN
Condit?'.rms, IEEE PAS, Feb 1 968, p 547. CHESTER, R L., Generator Protection With A New
Static Negative Sequence Relay, IEEE Trans,
[ 6 J DILLMAN, T. L., KEAY, F. W., RACZKOWSKI,
Prrwer Appar. Syst., vol PAS-94, no 4, Jul- Aug
G, SKOOGLUND, J. W and SOUTH, W H., Brush
less Excitation, IEEE Spectrum, Mar 1 972, pp 1 975, pp 1 208 - 1 2 1 3.
58 - 66.
7.10 Temperature Protection
[ 1 ] JERRARD, R P., Temperature Drop to Resist
ance Temperature Detector in Stator Windings of
7.8 Distance Relay Protection on Generators
Turbine Generators, AlEE ' Transactions, 73, pt
[ 1 J CLARKE, EDITH, Impedance Seen by Relays III, 1 954, pp 665 -669.
During Power Swings with and Without Faults,
[ 2 ] ALGER, J. R. M., KILBOURNE, C. E., and
AlEE Transactions, vol 64, 1 945, pp 372 - 384.
SNELL, D. S., Turbine Generator Stator Winding
[2] WARRINGTON, A R C. Van, Graphical Method Temperatures at Various Hydrogen Pressures,
for Estimating the Performance of Distance Relays AlEE Transactions, 74, pt III, 1 955, pp 232 - 250.
During Faults and Power Swings, A paper for
[3] ROSS, M. D., and KING, E. I., Turbine Genera
presentation at AlEE Summer General Meeting,
tor Rotor Heating During Single Phase Short Cir
Swampscott, Mass., Jun 20- 24, 1 948, AlEE Tech
cuits, AlEE Transactions, 72, pt III, 1 953, pp
nical Paper 49-154.
40-45.
[4] Symposium on the Effect of Low Frequency
and Low Voltage on Thermal Plant Capability and
7.9 Protection for Unbalanced Currents
Load Relief during Power System Emergencies,
[ 1 ] BARKLE, J. E., and GLASSBURN, W. E., Pro AlEE Transactions, 73, pt III, 1 954, pp 1 628-
tection of Generators Against Unbalanced Cur 1 668.
rents, AlEE Transactions, vol 72, pt I I I , Apr 1 953,
pp 282- 285. 7.11 Vibration Protection
[2 J POLLARD, E. I., Effects of Negative Sequence [ 1 ) WEBB, R L., and MURRAY, C. S., Vibration
Currents on Turbine-Generator Rotors, AlEE Protection for Rotating Machinery, AlEE Trans
Transactions, 72, pt III, 1 953, pp 404 - 406. actions, 63, 1 944, pp 534- 537.
[3 J MORRIS, W. C., and GOFF, L. E., A Negative

7.12 Open Breaker Flashover Protection
Phase Sequence-Overcurrent Relay for Generator
Protection, A IRE Transactions, 72, pt III, 1 953, pp [ 1 ] DETJEN, E. R, Some Additional Thoughts on
6 1 5 - 6 1 8. Generator Protection, Pennsylvania Electric Asso
ciation Relay Committee, May 1 98 1 .
[4 ) BARKLE, J. E. and VON ROESCHLAUB, F.,
Application of Relays for Unbalanced Faults on [ 2 ] WAGNER, c. L., ELMORE, W A, Pole Dis
Generators, AlEE Transactions, 72, pt III, 1 953, agreement Relaying, Western Protective Relay
pp 277-28l. Conference, 1 983.
74

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IEEE C37.

IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection

! ),'1 , II! / .. J' . {J. f I):.. . ( \11.1/;-.'1/

IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection

Power System Relaying Committee

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc

No part oj this publication may be reproduced in any jorm,

Past members who made contributions to the guide were:

F. G. Basso R.l. Longwpll w. H. Van Zee

G. R. Nail, Chairrnan R. J. Fernandez, V1f! Chairm.a.n/Secretary

D. R. Volzka, Chairman C. H. Griffin, Vice Chairman

J. C. Appleyard R. W. H aas S. L. Nilsson

John E. May, Chairman John P. Riganati, Vice Chairman

James H. Beall Jay Forster Lawrence V. McCall

1. I ntroduction . . .................................... .................... ... . ............... 9

2. References . ... ... .................................................................. ...... 9

3. Description of Generators, Excitation Systems and Generating Station Arrangements .. . . . . . . . . 10

4. Protection Requirements. ................................................................

5. Other Protective Considerations .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 5 2

6. Protection Specification . . .. ....

Fig 3.1 Winding Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1

Fig 3.3.1 System with DC Generator Commutator Exciter . .... 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fig 3.3.4 System with Static Exciter . . . . . . . ..

Fig 3.3.5 Static Excitation System with Internal Supply . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fig 3.4.1 Unit Generator-Transformer Configuration .. ... . . . 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fig 3.4.2 Unit Generator-Transformer Configuration with Generator Breakers . . . .. 16 . . . . . . . . . . .

Fig 3.4.3 Cross-Compound Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16

Fig 3.4.5 Generators Connected Directly to a Distribution System . . .......... . . . ............. 17 .

Fig 4.3.2-1 Variable Slope Percentage Differential Relay .. .... .... . . . 21

Fig 4.3.2-2 High-Impedance Differential . . .. . . . . . . ... .

Fig 4.3.2-3 Self-Balancing Protection Scheme (Single Phase Shown) . 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fig 4.3.2-4 Split-Phase Protection Using Separate Current Transformers ........................ 2 3

Fig 5.4-3 Alternative Supplementary Protection for Accidentally Energizing a Generator on

1. Introduction former secondary circuits are not generally the

C. DOUBLE-WINDING ,ONE C IRCUIT,

3.2.2 Low-Resistance Grounding. In this A zig-zag or grounded wye-delta transformer

grounded distribution system. dc exciter. The rotating element of the exciter

ter of this shaft.

prime-mover shaft to obtain the required excita

practice to ground only one of the neutrals. High

HIGH-VOM 4. Protection Requirements

4.1 Generator Stator Thermal Protection. Ther

"' ' '''

h aving an extremely inverse characteristic. The

G ENERATOR S H O R T -T I M E F I E L D inverse time characteristic of Fig 4.2-1. This relay

duce a faster decay of fault currents.

for ph ase-fault protection of generator stator

fault protection can be provided with the split L crY>.

R= OVERCU RRENT Fig 4.3.2-9

standard high-speed differential protection for

to provide phase fault backup protection. Tn these

4.3.3 Ground Fault Protection. Protective approximate relationship between available

_ UNU ONe Te R M ' NA'

59 1 - I NSTANTANEOUS OVERVOLTAGE RELAY TUND TO THE. FUNDAMENTA

2 7 - I NSTANTANE.QUS UNOCRVOLTAGE RE..... AY TUNED TO THE THIRD

up protection when the generator is grounded T

(::J SgJ 2-J 2-,1 r"\..J

59 1 - INSTANTANEOUS OIERVOL"'AGE RELAY TUNED TO THE FUNDAMENTAL

59T - 1NSTANTANEOU'3 OIIERVOLTAGE RELAY TuNED TO ll-iE T H I F( D HARMONIC

4.3.3.2.2 Tripping Mode. The tripping

The field circuit of a generator is an ungrounded

pickup setting and coordination would be as dis

GENERATOR since the generator field connections are con