INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

COURSE TITEL:-TECHNICAL WRITING AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

COURSE CODE:-MEng 3102

TOPIC: DESIGNING OF PORTABLE COOLER &HEATER MACHINE

SECTION : C

GROUP PROJECT!

GROUP 2 MEMBERS!

1. ASHENAFI TIBEBU------------------ENGR/1353/06 (LEADER)

2. TESFU KIROS-----------------------------ENGR/996/06

3. EBSITU DESALEGN----------------ENGR/277/06

4 ABERHAM TILAHUN--------------ENGR/591/06

5. GOITOM YEMANE------------------ENGR/959/06

6. ABRHAM GETACHEW ---- ENGR/508/06 (ADD)

SUBMISSION DATE: May 9/2016

 SUBMITTEDTO: INSTRUCTOR YESHAK

WELCOME TO
OUR RESERACH
PROPOSAL!

2008 E.C
 TABLE OF CONTENTES !

TITLE
PAGE NO

1. ABSTRACT
----------------------------------------------------------------1-3

2. INTRODUCTION-----------------------------------------------------
------5-6

3. PROBLEM
STATEMENT-------------------------------------------------7

4. LITERATURE
REVIEW----------------------------------------------------8-38

5. OBJECTIVES
---------------------------------------------------------------39-40

6. LIMITATIONS---------------------------------------------------------
------41

7. METHODOLGY-------------------------------------------------------
---42-45

8. TIME SCHEDULE
---------------------------------------------------------46

9. BUDGET---------------------------------------------------------------
-----47
10. REFE
RENCES---------------------------------------------------------------
-48

11. APPE
NDIX
-------------------------------------------------------------------49
Portable cooler & heater machine is the primary machine that
contain the combination of cooler and heater machine and it can be
move from one place to another .Moreover it is cheap and easily
available. Present cooler and heater machines have some side effect
means they are expensive ,huge(not portable or have large
size),time consumer to cool or to heat ,found separately means
heater machine and cooler machine cant exist together in a single
machine for this reason many society cant get the service from
those machine in addition to the machines are expensive only a
person having good income can afford it.

This research project aims at providing simple cooler and heater

machine in a single machine by combing the working principle and
construction of both machine in a single device by using solar
energy and or electric source as an energy source .And also this
project aims to satisfy the personal needs of a society for example a
person who live in Semera (the highest temperature area in
Ethiopia in that area the temperature reaches up to 45C) wants to
cool something in a fast way and easily like soft drinks, water
therefore he gone to some place and placing the water in the
refrigerator and wait for some minutes until it is cool 5 minute or
10 minutes in other way he didnt have a refrigerator b/c of it is
expensive. But our portable cooler and heater machine can solve his
problem or simply give his comfort by using our machine he can cool
the water easily , fast (at a short period of time )and he can take it
the machine with him at any place where he go by purchasing the
machine at a suitable price!! Same thing let we take u a person who
live at DeberBirhan(one of the coldest region in Ethiopia) .The
person who live at Deberbirhan exclusively wants to heat some
thing what he do ? he gone to a kitchen and he starting the stove
then put on it what he want to heat,
 Page 1

suddenly may be the electric power is gone and also to heat that
thing (may be a tea) taking much time or he dont have a stove

that means may be he use a wood charcoal at the same time he lost
is energy ,time

and cost but by using our machine he can easily heat the thing what
he want easily ,at a faster time and he can take it where ever he go
.

The other thing is a person who wants at the same time two things
that means to cool and to heat he can perform his need at a single
machine. And the other things many people go trip in different place
with there friends and family,they hold some food and drinks for
their trips depending up on the whether of the place they want to
cool or to heat something with a small material therefore our
machine can fulfill their need by taking the machine with them b/c
of the machine is portable. When we go the rular area of Ethiopia
many people have no cooler as well as heater machine b/c of the
price,the size(not suitable to transport) and electric power source
but the machine say I have a solution for them! This machines
mostly uses for the persons who live lonely and have job.

The portable heater and cooler machine use both the principle and
construction method of cooler and heater machine by combing
together and constructed for small size home materials like cup,
glass ,soft drink glass and related material b/c of one of the aim of
this machine is to reduce size and by timing it for a short period of
time like an woven . And it is operate by using solar energy and or
electric power as energy source!! And perform same action as the
present cooler machine and heater machine.Then any one can
operate the machine easily by following the manual instruction of
the machine and can get what he want to cool or to heat as he wish.
Page 2
The portable heater and cooler machine has a capacity of cooling
and heating a cup of water or that related with liquid thing within 5
minutes and a dish of food or solid thing within 5 minute .And can
hold a material up to 3 kg mass with the longitudinal size of up to
30 cm and total width of up to 70cm.Therefor we can heat as well as
cool any thing at the above size of material within a few minutes.
Now the research teams(we) are going to be design and
manufacture this new machine .

The portable heater and cooler machine as compared with the

present cooler and heater machines are economical ,
environmentally safe ,small size, easy to move from place to place
or simply portable and reduce time for cooling or heating
something, easily manufactured, low cost of production and easy to
understand its operation.

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun harnessed using
range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating ,solar
thermal & artificial photosynthesis etc.. it is an important source of
renewable energy . And electrical energy is an energy that get from
electric power like generator by converting the mechanical energy
to electrical energy. The other thing is a refrigerator is an appliance
or compartment which is artificially kept cool and used to store food
and drink .

The first phase of the project will be completed by designing and

manufacturing the portable cooler & heater machine within four
months. Funding in the amount of 3500Birr is requested for
purchase the required materials as well as to manufacture the
machine.

!!!
_____________________//_________________________!!!
 Page 3

CHAPTER 1
Human beings live in the earth crust by performing many and variety actions for
there life! From there day to day action one of the thing is eating and drinking in a
possible way, sometimes to fulfill there comfort of eating and drinking they fight
with there place atmospheric whether

people lives in different air

condition area(like Afar , Addis Abeba&DeberBirhan) depending on the weather they
want to heat or cool the drink or the food but there problem is the machine or the
device that perform this action(heating or cooling) may be they dont have money
to afford the price of the cooler or the heater machine or may be they dont have a
power source to operate the machine like rular area ,as well as the size and mass
of the machine are another problem for the society . But the portable cooler and
heater machine is plays a great role in the fulfilling of the society heating and
cooling problem of foods and drinks! That conditions provided to the society in easy
way not like before the past cooler and heater machine else this machine is cheap,
small size ,small cost of production ,small labor force, easy to understand the
operation, movable means it can be move from place to place in easy
 transportation and contain both heating and cooling process in single machine in
additional to that it is environmentally safe!!

This picture is
Page 4 indicate Afar region
partially!

In this project we discussed about working principle of heater and

cooler machine together or shortly how the heater and the cooler
machine works in combine way as well as in asingle way .and also
there definition, function, application ,criteria, construction, for the
machine.

The design and the manufacture is based on the previous cooler and
heater machine construction principle but during the manufacturing
process it follows different procedure that of the previous one .The
machine is operated using the solar energy as an power source by
assembly the solar heating and cooling regular plate on the
machine.We use the easy way of designing and manufacturing of
this machine. This design must be done with great concentration b/c
of the device contains some mechanical parts or elements such as
compressor ,thermostat, evaporator and so on therefore the design
require a care.The device is whenit perform the cooling process
and the heating processuse different mechanism of operation .When
a cup of water or a glass of something is enter to the machine by
entering the button start the operation of the machine is start , the
cup water is enter in the water machine the heater machine is stop
the working but he want to operate the heater machine at the same
time he can start then after maximum 3 minute by turn off the
machine he out the water from the device. Now the thing is combing
the working condition of the heater and the cooler machine together
. and to make it portable or small size by using appropriate cross
section size we are planed to make it some regular box(70 cm width
by 30 cm height )and we can easily open it and close it like money
holder box and manufactured by using different joining method like
riveted ,welding and bolted.
And the whole system is inside the box. Therefore in this chapter we
see how the device assembly and what kind of material we use and
how the time is work properly with the heating and cooling
conditions slightly discuss in this research proposal but the
analysis and the discussion part present in the research paper the
only thing is we see about the literature review and the
methodology broadly and related things about the manufacturing
design requirement of the portable machine.

_____________________________//________________________________

Page 5

CHAPTER 2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Now a days there are many heater and
cooler machine but they are some what not comfortable for the
society , they are expensive that means some persons cant afford
it b/c of production cost is high so that the price is high that means
all people cant get the service . The other thing is still there is no
machine that gives both cooling and heating service at the same
time or at one single machine and also when we see those machine
they are not portable means they are not suitable to move from
place to place .The other thing is there size is great or huge that
means the size of machine increase the production of cost also
increase in other word the price of the machine is increase.

In general present cooler and heater machines they are expensive,

huge ,not portable ,consume much time to heat or to cool for this
reason many people cant get suitable service and also cant get
the chance to use this machine at ones in single machine but we
have a solution for that by depending on our education .

-----------------------------------------------------//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Page 6

CHAPTER 3

Theoretical part
 BACKGROUND
The US Patent in1979 by HenzW.Braukmann describes a concealed
thermostat control valve which regulates supply of a fluid through a
conduit in response to change in ambient temperatures. Change in
ambient temperature expands the wax to squeeze the adjoining
rubber casing which moves the plunger contained therein to push
the valve stem towards valve seat to regulate flow. The invention
has the setback in terms of limited movement of plunger and
associated valve stem due to relatively smaller change in thermal
expansion of wax, smaller temperature range of operation due to
relatively low temperature of melting of wax, and the mode of
operation of the valve which closes fluid flow on temperature rise.
In case of solar heating applications we need a valve that opens on
temperature rise and closes at lower temperature levels.

Page 7

The US patent No. 4196847 [1980] by Ernst Gobien covers

application of a thermostatic control valve to maintain at constant
temperature of coolant flow in the cooling jacket of an internal
combustion engine. It comprises of warm up valve to suppress
coolant flow in partial area of cooling jacket, a radiator valve to
supply

coolant from cooling jacket to radiator, a bypass valve to return

coolant from cooling jackets outlet to its inlet thus bypassing
radiator. A single thermostatic element therein responds to
temperature changes and actuates warm up valve, radiator valve

and bypass valve. A solar heating system hardly requires warm up

valve or bypass valve since the system aims to deliver solar heated
fluid at constant temperature or at minimum high temperature.
 Robert B.Franconis US Patent No.7845575B2 [2010] refers to a
temperature actuated valve assembly which has a main flow
passage and control flow passage. A pneumatically actuated valve
is hydraulically coupled to control flow passage so as to control flow
in main passage. One thermostatic valve in contact with main flow
passage is arranged to control flow in control flow passage to
position pneumatically actuated valve. Such a device has the
shortcoming that it needs an external electric power source and
cant be operated directly by solar thermal energy.

A US patent No. 4216902 by Heinz Braukmann [1980] describes a

thermostatic control valve for application to radiators used for room
heating. It comprises of ambient temperature sensor in a housing to
operate a plunger to actuate control valve. The housing is isolated
thermally from the valve mechanism. Its claimed advantage for
controlling heating fluid flow through the radiator is that it
responds to the rooms ambient temperature rather than being
affected by the heat emanating from the heat radiator. The
limitations perceived in this arrangement are the low operating
range of temperatures that are appropriate for space heating and
restrictions limited to plunger cylinder mechanisms.

Kevin Klein in his US patent No. 5203496 [1993] narrates a

thermodynamic control valve as applied to mixing of hot and cold
fluids to get a constant mixed fluid temperature. The limitation of
interest to current topic is the inappropriateness of this invention
for fluid flow control where solar heating is involved and hot and
cold stream mixing is not required.

Page 8

Carol Gauthier et al.,[1997], Solar Energy, Vol 60, 333-346 discuss

the applications of a thermodynamic control valve need not be
limited to just industrial process heating only.Commercial green
houses have very low thermal mass. So it is normal to ventilate
excess heat solar heat captured during the day to outside and to
supply auxiliary heat from outside during night. Amplitudes of
diurnal or nocturnal temperature swings become high during
transition between summer and winter months. Either the air flow
or working of the fans or blowers needs to be reversed using
direction control valves or reversal of air moving machines. In such
circumstances thermodynamic control valve can also act as
direction reversal valve or direction reversing switch actuator.

E.Dascalaki et al., [1995], Vol 55, 327-341 states the Comfort space
for humans is mainly determined by a combination of indoor space
temperature and air flow rates. The same amount of air at one
particular temperature can be ventilated at different rates by
natural or forced convection depending on the size of ventilation
openings. Natural ventilation through large openings can be
categorized either as cross or single sided (ie. All openings are on
one side of the wall only). In the latter case thermal buoyancy and
wind induced pressures are the driving forces of ventilation. The
above paper analyses and modifies network air flow models to
accommodate difference between theoretical and experimental
values when the inertia forces dominate over gravitational forces.

While studying the paper one perceives the possibility of regulating

air flow patterns using a thermodynamic control valve working on
temperature difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures
to actuate windows to vary the size of the opening to have desired
effect of ventilation.

N. M. Khattab, Applied Thermal Engineering Vol. 24 (2004) 2747-

2760 has presented the description and operation of a simple
structure, low cost solar powered absorption refrigeration module
with the solid absorption pair of local domestic type charcoal and
menthol. Test result shows that the module composed of the bed
technique Type 4 and reflectors arrangement Type C gives best
performance. During cooling, the minimum bed temperature,
recorded in either winter or summer time is very close to the
ambient temperature due to the absence of bed insulation. It is
found that using the four types of bed techniques heated by
reflector Type D in cold climate can increase maximum bed
temperature by a ratio between 13% and 16% than the plain bed
temperature heated directly by solar energy.

Page 9
 M. Roeb, et al., Journal of Solar energy Vol. 85 (2011). PP. 634-644
In this article author has present and describe the realization and
successful test operation of a 100 kw Pilot plant for two step solar
thermo-chemical water splitting on a solar tower at the platform
Solar de Almeria which aims at the demonstration of the feasibility
of the process on a solar tower platform under real condition.
Potential control parameters have been analyzed which are capable
of ensuring sufficient constant temperature levels. It was concluded
that there is only little usefulness of employing feed gas pre
heating and mass flow of the feed gas as control parameter, where
as the preferred way of controlling the process temperature is by
the heliostats themselves. Solar flax fluctuations are compensated
by adding or removing individual heliostats to the two foci. A
constant strategy was set up by using high flux mirrors for the
coarse adjustment and low flux heliostats for the fine turning of the
temperature control.

M. Santamouris et al., (1997), solar energy Vol.60, Nos.3/4, PP.191-

197 has discussed that the passive cooling techniques applied to
thermostatically controlled buildings can contribute to reducing
their cooling load significantly. Ground and night ventilation
technique appears to be most promising among the proposed
dissipation technique. This article deals with the development of a
integrated method to calculate the energy contribution of ground
and night ventilation dissipation technique to the cooling load of
thermostatically controlled buildings. The achievements of thermal
comfort during summer and reduction of cooling loads by natural
means is now considered a first priority for electric utility and
consumers. The resulting peak electricity demand profiles and the
very high cost of conventional cooling system makes the strategic
management of air conditioning growth an important exercise for
the planners of industrialized countries.

Sarita Mary et al., (1995), Journal of solar energy society of India.

Author has experiment local variety of ripe tomato and were
bleached for 30 seconds in 2.5% brine, cooled and sliced into one
centimeter slices, and dried in open sun, indirect solar tray drier
and in direct solar tray drier. The dried samples of direct solar tray
dried were less acceptable than indirect solar tray dried counter
parts. Open sun drying also gave good dried products like those
dried in the indirect solar tray drier. Direct solar tray dried sample
lost more moisture when compared to open sun dried and indirect
solar tray dried samples. Reduction in drying time in case of direct
solar tray drier was due to its higher inner temperature as
compared the other two conditions.

Page 10

Higher dehydration ratio is found in case of direct solar tray dried

samples than that of the sample dried under other two drying
condition. All three drying condition caused significant reduction in
ascorbic acid content at one percent level.

T. L. Freeman et al., (1978), Solar Energy Vol. 22, PP.125-135. A

comparative study of the performance of combined solar heat pump
system for residential space and domestic hot water heating has
been undertaken. Simulations have been made with TRNSYS [1] of
three basic method combined configuration solar and conventional
heat pump system, in two different climates Madison, Wisconsim
and Albuqerque, New Mexico.

The result indicates that the parallel combined system is probably

the most practical solar heat pump configuration. The thermal
performance at a given collector area is constantly superior to both
the series and the dual source systems over the heating seasons.

MR.Y.Y.NANDURKAR et al., (2012), International Journal of

Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 4 No.03, The solar water
heating system with modified flat plat collector is not over
complicated as compare to ISI flat plat collector and will be straight
forward to use and easy to maintain. Simultaneous testing of
number of various collectors will be possible. It is found that the
modified flat plate collector with increase in diameter of test
section, Nusselt number and Reynolds number is increased with
second power of tube diameter

Ghassan M. Tashtoush, (2012), Energy Science and Technology, Vol.

3, No. 2, 2012, pp. 18-28, A statistical ANOVA approach was used to
analyze and to optimize the solar adsorption refrigeration unit for
general applications. It was found that the coefficient of
performance of a SAR system does not depend sharply on the
evaporator temperature without any relation of the system
conditions. Instead COP(coefficient of performance) depends
significantly on condenser temperature; type of couple used in the
refrigeration system and on some factors that concern about the
design such as surface areas. From the optimization model the
maximum value of COP where found under low condenser
temperature below 27 C and at high generator temperature above
80 C.

Page 11

There are many books write about todays cooler and heater
machine .In this chapter we see more about cooler and heater
machine brodly or simply what literature books say about cooler
and heater machine.

Cooler simply it means refrigerator which operate under

refrigeration cycle in our project also for the cooler part we used
the refrigerator whole process in a simple way! Let us first see what
is refrigerator and how its work.

Refrigeration Basics
Brought to you by...

This material explains in basic terms the principles that are used to
create the refrigeration effect.

First of all, did you know that there is no such thing as cold? You
can describe something as cold and everyone will know what you
mean, but cold really only means that something contains less heat
than something else. All there really is, is greater and lesser
amounts of heat. The definition of refrigeration is The Removal and
Relocation of Heat. So if something is to be refrigerated, it is to
have heat removed from it. If you have a warm can of pop at say 80
degrees Fahrenheit and you would prefer to drink it at 40 degrees,
you could place it in your fridge for a while, heat would somehow be
removed from it, and you could eventually enjoy a less warm pop.
(oh, all right, a cold pop.) But lets say you placed that 40 degree
pop in the freezer for a while and when you removed it, it was at 35
degrees. See what I mean, even "cold" objects have heat content
that can be reduced to a state of "less heat content". The limit to
this process would be to remove all heat from an object. This would
occur if an object was cooled to Absolute Zero which is -273C or
-460F. They come close to creating this temperature under
laboratory conditions and strange things like electrical
superconductivity occur.

HOW DO THINGS GET COLDER?

Page 12

The latter two are used extensively in the design of refrigeration

equipment. If you place two objects together so that they remain
touching, and one is hot and one is cold, heat will flow from the hot
object into the cold object. This is called conduction. This is an easy
concept to grasp and is rather like gravitational potential, where a
ball will try to roll down an inclined plane. If you were to fan a hot
plate of food it would cool somewhat. Some of the heat from the
food would be carried away by the air molecules. When heat is
transferred by a substance in the gaseous state the process is
called convection. And if you kicked a glowing hot ember away from
a bonfire, and you watched it glowing dimmer and dimmer, it is
cooling itself by radiating heat away. Note that an object doesn't
have to be glowing in order to radiate heat, all things use
combinations of these methods to come to equilibrium with their
surroundings.

So you can see that in order to refrigerate something, we must find

a way to expose our object to something that is colder than itself
and nature will take over from there. We are getting closer to
talking about the actual mechanics of a refrigerating system, but
there are some other important concepts to discuss first.

The States of Matter

They are of course: solid, liquid and gas. It is important to note that
heat must be added to a substance to make it change state from
solid to liquid and from liquid to a gas. It is just as important to
note that heat must be removed from a substance to make it
change state from a gas to a liquid and from a liquid to a solid.

The Magic of Latent Heat

Page 13
Long ago it was found that we needed a way to quantify heat.
Something more precise than "less heat" or "more heat" or "a great
deal of heat" was required. This was a fairly easy task to
accomplish. They took 1 Lb. of water and heated it 1 degree
Fahrenheit. The amount of heat that was required to do this was
called 1 BTU (British Thermal Unit). The refrigeration industry has
long since utilized this definition. You can for example purchase a
6000 BTUH window air conditioner. This would be a unit that is
capable of relocating 6000 BTU's of heat per hour. A larger unit
capable of 12,000 BTUH could also be called a one Ton unit. There
are 12,000 BTU's in 1 Ton.

To raise the temperature of 1 LB of water from 40 degrees to 41

degrees would take 1 BTU. To raise the temperature of 1 LB of water
from 177 degrees to 178 degrees would also take 1 BTU. However, if
you tried raising the temperature of water from 212 degrees to 213
degrees you would not be able to do it. Water boils at 212 degrees
and would prefer to change into a gas rather than let you get it any
hotter. Something of utmost importance occurs at the boiling point
of a substance. If you did a little experiment and added 1 BTU of
heat at a time to 1 LB of water,

you would notice that the water temperature would increase by 1

degree each time. That is until you reached 212 degrees. Then
something changes. You would keep adding BTU's, but the water
would not get any hotter! It would change state into a gas and it
would take 970 BTU's to vaporize that pound of water. This is called
the Latent Heat of Vaporization and in the case of water it is 970
BTU's per pound.

So what! you say. When are you going to tell me how the
refrigeration effect works? Well hang in there, you have just learned
about 3/4 of what you need to know to understand the process.
What keeps that beaker of water from boiling when it is at room
temperature? If you say it's because it is not hot enough, sorry but
you are wrong.

Page 14
The only thing that keeps it from boiling is the pressure of the air
molecules pressing down on the surface of the water. When you
heat that water to 212 degrees and then continue to add heat, what
you are doing is supplying sufficient energy to the water molecules
to overcome the pressure of the air and allow them to escape from
the liquid state. If you took that beaker of water to outer space
where there is no air pressure the water would flash into a vapor. If
you took that beaker of water to the top of Mt. Everest where there
is much less air pressure, you would find that much less heat would
be needed to boil the water. (it would boil at a lower temperature
than 212 degrees). So water boils at 212 degrees at normal
atmospheric pressure. Lower the pressure and you lower the boiling
point. Therefore we should be able to place that beaker of water
under a bell jar and have a vacuum pump extract the air from within
the bell jar and watch the water come to a boil even at room
temperature. This is indeed the case!

A liquid requires heat to be added to it in order for it to overcome

the air pressure pressing down on its' surface if it is to evaporate
into a gas. We just learned that if the pressure above the liquids
surface is reduced it will evaporate easier. We could look at it from a
slightly different angle and say that when a liquid evaporates it
absorbs heat from the surrounding area. So, finding some fluid that
evaporates at a handier boiling point than water (IE: lower) was one
of the first steps required for the development of mechanical
refrigeration.

Chemical Engineers spent years experimenting before they came up

with the perfect chemicals for the job. They developed a family of
hydroflourocarbon refrigerants which had extremely low boiling
points. These chemicals would boil at temperatures below 0 degrees
Fahrenheit at atmospheric pressure. So finally, we can begin to
describe the mechanical refrigeration process.
 Page 15

Main Components

There are 4 main components in a mechanical refrigeration system.

Any components beyond these basic 4 are called accessories. The
compressor is a vapor compression pump which uses pistons or
some other method to compress the refrigerant gas and send it on
it's way to the condenser. The condenser is a heat exchanger which
removes heat from the hot compressed gas and allows it to
condense into a liquid. The liquid refrigerant is then routed to the
metering device. This device restricts the flow by forcing the
refrigerant to go through a small hole which causes a pressure
drop. And what did we say happens to a liquid when the pressure
drops? If you said it lowers the boiling point and makes it easier to
evaporate, then you are correct. And what happens when a liquid
evaporates? Didn't we agree that the liquid will absorb heat from
the surrounding area? This is indeed the case and you now know
how refrigeration works. This component where the evaporation
takes place is called the evaporator. The refrigerant is then routed
back to the compressor to complete the cycle.

Page 16

The refrigerant is used over and over again absorbing heat from
one area and relocating it to another. Remember the definition of
refrigeration? (the removal and relocation of heat).

HEAT TRANSFER RATES

One thing that we would like to optimize in the refrigeration loop is

the rate of heat transfer. Materials like copper and aluminum are
used because they have very good thermal conductivity. In other
words heat can travel through them easily. Increasing surface area
is another way to improve heat transfer. Have you noticed that
small engines have cooling fins formed into the casting around the
piston area? This is an example of increasing the surface area in
order to increase the heat transfer rate. The hot engine can more
easily reject the unwanted heat through the large surface area of
the fins exposed to the passing air. Refrigeration heat transfer
devices such as air cooled condensers and evaporators are often
made out of copper pipes with aluminum fins and further enhanced
with fans to force air through the fins.

Metering Device

We will now take a closer look at the individual components of the

system. We will start with the metering device. There are several
types but all perform the same general function which is to cause a
pressure drop. There should be a full column of high pressure liquid
refrigerant (in the liquid line) supplying the inlet of the metering
device. When it is forced to go through a small orifice it loses a lot
of the pressure it had on the upstream side of the device. The liquid
refrigerant is sort of misted into the evaporator. So not only is the
pressure reduced, the surface area of the liquid is vastly increased.
It is hard to try and light a log with a match but chop the log into
toothpick sized slivers and the pile will go up in smoke easily. The
surface area of zillions of liquid droplets is much greater than the
surface area of the column of liquid in the pipe feeding the
metering device. The device has this name because it meters the
flow of refrigerant into the evaporator. The next graphic shows a
capillary line metering device.

Page 17

This is a long small tube which has an inside diameter much smaller
than a pencil lead. You can imagine the large pressure drop when
the liquid from a 1/4" or 3/8" or larger pipe is forced to go through
such a small opening. The capillary line has no moving parts and
can not respond to changing conditions like a changing thermal load
on the evaporator. I have also added a few labels showing the
names of some of the pipes.
 The Evaporator
The metering device has sprayed low pressure droplets of
refrigerant into the evaporator. The evaporator could be the forced
air type and could be constructed of many copper tubes which
conduct heat well. To further enhance heat transfer the pipes could
have aluminum fins pressed onto them. This vastly increases the
surface area that is exposed to the air. And this type of evaporator
could have a fan motor sucking air through the fins. The evaporator
would be capable of reducing the temperature of air passing
through the fins and this is a prime example of the refrigeration
effect. If that evaporator was located in a walk in cooler, the air
would be blown out into the box and would pick up heat from the
product; let's say it is a room full of eggs. The flow of heat would be
egg core/egg shell/circulating air/aluminum fins/copper evaporator
pipe/liquid droplet of refrigerant.

Page 18

The droplet of refrigerant has the capability of absorbing a large

quantity of heat because it is under conditions where it is just about
ready to change state into a gas. We have lowered it's pressure, we
have increased surface areas and now we are adding heat to it. Just
like water, refrigerants also have ratings for Latent Heats of
vaporization in BTU's per LB. When heat is picked up from the air
stream, the air is by definition cooled and is blown back out into the
box to take another pass over the eggs and pick up more heat. This
process continues until the eggs are cooled to the desired
temperature and then the refrigeration system shuts off and rests.
But what about our droplet of refrigerant.

By now it might have picked up so much heat that it just couldn't

stand it anymore and it has evaporated into a gas. It has served it's
purpose and is subjected to a suction coming from the outlet pipe of
the

evaporator. This pipe is conveniently called the suction line. Our

little quantity of gas joins lots of other former droplets and they all
continue on their merry way to their next destination.
The Compressor

The compressor performs 2 functions. It compresses the gas (which

now contains heat from the eggs) and it moves the refrigerant
around the loop so it can perform it's function over and over again.
We want to compress it because that is the first step in forcing the
gas to go back into a liquid form.

Page 19

This compression process unfortunately adds some more heat to

the gas but at least this process is also conveniently named;

The Heat of Compression. The graphic shows a reciprocating

compressor which means that it has piston(s) that go up and down.
On the down stroke refrigerant vapor is drawn into the cylinder. On
the upstroke those vapors are compressed. There are thin valves
that act like check valves and keep the vapors from going back
where they came from. They open and close in response to the
refrigerant pressures being exerted on them by the action of the
piston. The hot compressed gas is discharged out the...you guessed
it; discharge line. It continues towards the last main component.
 THE CONDENSER

The condenser is similar in appearance to the evaporator. It utilizes

the same features to effect heat transfer as the evaporator does.
However, this time the purpose is to reject heat so that the
refrigerant gas can condense back into a liquid in preparation for a
return trip to the evaporator. If the hot compressed gas was at 135
degrees and the air being sucked through the condenser fins was at
90 degrees, heat will flow downhill like a ball wants to roll down an
inclined plane and be rejected into the air stream. Heat will have
been removed from one place and relocated to another as the
definition of refrigeration describes. As long as the compressor is
running it will impose a force on the refrigerant to continue
circulating around the loop and continue removing heat from one
location and rejecting it into another area.

Page 20

SUPERHEAT AND SLUGGING

There is another very common type of metering device called a TX

Valve. It's full name is Thermostatic Expansion Valve, and you will
be thankful to know that its' short form is TXV. (It can also be called
TEV) This valve has the additional capability of modulating the
refrigerant flow. This is a nice feature because if the load on the
evaporator changes the valve can respond to the change and
increase or decrease the flow accordingly. The next graphic shows
this type of metering device and you will note that another
component has been added along with it.

Page 21

The TXV has a sensing bulb attached to the outlet of the evaporator.
This bulb senses the suction line temperature and sends a signal to
the TXV allowing it to adjust the flow rate. This is important
because if not all the refrigerant in the evaporator changes state
into a gas, there would be liquid refrigerant content returning down
the suction line to the compressor. That could be disastrous to the
compressor. A liquid can not be compressed and if a compressor
tries to compress a liquid something is going to break and it's not
going to be the liquid. The compressor can suffer catastrophic
mechanical damage. This unwanted situation is called liquid
slugging. The flow rate through a TXV is set so that not only is all
the liquid hopefully changed to a gas, but there is an additional 10
degree safety margin to insure that all the liquid is changed to a
gas. This is called Superheat. At a given temperature any liquid and
vapor combination will always be at a specific pressure. There are
charts of this relationship called PT Charts which stands for
Pressure/Temperature Chart. Now if all the liquid droplets in an
evaporator have changed state into a gas, and they still have 1/4 of
the evaporator to travel through, this gas will pick up more heat
from the load being imposed on the evaporator and even though it
is at the same pressure, it will become hotter than the PT Chart
says it should be. This heat increase over and above the normal PT
relationship is called superheat. It can only take place when there is
no liquid in the immediate area and this phenomena is used to
create an insurance policy of sorts.

Usually TXV's are set to maintain 10 degrees of superheat and by

definition that means that the gas returning to the compressor is at
least 10 degrees away from the risk of having any liquid content. A
compressor is a vapor compression pump and must not attempt to
compress liquid liquid.

That extra component that got added in along with the TX Valve is
called a receiver. When the TXV reduces the flow there has to be
somewhere for the unneeded refrigerant to go and the receiver is it.
Note that there is a dip tube in the outlet side to insure that liquid
is what is fed into the liquid line. Liquid must be provided to the
TXV not a mixture of liquid and gas. The basic premise is to change
a liquid to a gas so you don't want to waste any of the evaporator's
capacity by injecting useless vapor into it. The line that comes from
the condenser and goes to the receiver is also given a name. It's
called the condensate line.

Page 22
 ACCESSORIES

Even though there are only 4 basic components to a refrigeration

system there are numerous accessories that can be added. The next
graphic shows a liquid line filter and a sight glass. The filter catches
unwanted particles such as welding slag, copper chips and other
unwanted debris and keeps it from clogging up important devices
such as TX Valves. It has another function as well. It contains a
desiccant which absorbs minute quantities of water which hopefully
wasn't in the system in the first place. The sight glass is a viewing
window which allows a mechanic to see if a full column of liquid
refrigerant is present in the liquid line.

Earlier we discussed heat transfer rates and mentioned surface area

as one of the factors. Let's put some fins on our condenser and
evaporator. While we are at it lets also add a couple of fan motors
to move air through those fins. They are conveniently called the
condenser fan motor and evaporator fan motor.

To make our cyber space refrigeration system a little more realistic

lets separate the evaporator away from the compressor section and
put it inside an insulated box. The left over components can now be
called a condensing unit.

Page 23
 Condensing Unit.
The insulated box does not conduct heat well. If we lower the
temperature of a refrigerated product inside the box we want to
slow down the rate of thermal gain from the rest of the world
outside the box. There has been oil added to the compressor sump
to keep the moving parts inside the compressor lubricated. The
suction line returning to the compressor has been sloped to aid in
returning oil to the compressor. The oil is slowly depleted from the
sump by getting entrained in the refrigerant and proper piping
practices must be used to insure its' return. Also notice that the
liquid line has been made smaller. The same quantity of refrigerant
can be contained in a much smaller pipe when it is in the liquid
form. The suction line has been connected to its' proper place on
the evaporator; the bottom. Consider the direction of flow, the
liquid refrigerant (which probably contains oil stolen from the
compressor) enters the top of the evaporator and now has gravity
on its' side to return the oil where to it belongs (just like the sloped
suction line).
 Page 24

Consider the heat flow within the insulated box. The evaporator is
constantly recirculating air in a forced convection loop around the
box. As the cold air passes over the product to be refrigerated, once
again we see a thermal transfer taking place. If there were a bunch
of boxes of warm eggs placed in the cooler some of their heat
content would be picked up by the cold air and that air is sucked
back into the evaporator. We know what happens then. The heat is
transferred through the fins, through the tubing, and into the
refrigerant and carried away. That same air has been cooled and is
once again discharged back over the product. The next graphic
shows this loop and the pink and blue colours represent air with
more heat content and less heat content respectively.
The next graphic is a more pictorial representation of what an
actual installation might look like.

Page 25
In our project we combine the best cooler working principle with the
best and easy heater working mechanism and as a result we design
and manufacturing the single device !in the historical bakgroud
there are no more portable heater and cooler machine but at the
moment at the united state of America. We try to see about the
working principle of the cooler one in the above note now let us see
about the heater part of our machine.

HEATER BASICS A central heating system has

four main elements:
The heating and cooling plant - furnace, boiler or heat pump, and possibly air conditioner - that
converts fuel or electrical energy into a temperature change.
The distribution system - ducts for forced air or pipes for hot water or steam - that carries heat
(and cool)
from the central unit to each room in the house.
The venting system - vent pipes and chimney that are responsible for efficiently and safely
removing the poisonous flue gases from your home (if the system is a combustion appliance).
The thermostat, which controls the whole system. The following sections focus on all four
elements of your central heating system, discussing how they work and what you can do to
improve their energy efficiency.

Page 26
 Gas furnaces
Typical mid-efficiency gas furnace Gas furnace technology has progressed by leaps and bounds
during the past decade. Efficiencies have jumped from about 65% to as high as 95%. Efficiency
of a heating system can best be defined as how effective the system converts fuel into useful
heat. Acid rain. So improving the efficiency of your heating and cooling equipment will not only
save you money but it will reduce pollution output and help to preserve the environment. If your
home is insulated and airtight, you've already done a lot to reduce heating and cooling energy.
The next step is to further reduce energy use by improving the efficiency of the mechanical
systems themselves. This can be done with better maintenance, with upgrades to a few
components, and/or with total system replacement. Remember that your house is a system and
the performance of your heating and cooling equipment will depend directly on how well the
shell of your home is insulated and how the occupants of the home operate and maintain the
mechanical equipment inside the home.
Four Ways To Improve Your Heating And Cooling Systems' Efficiency
1. If your present heating and cooling systems are old and
tired, you may be able to cut utility costs by as much as
50% by replacing the old system with a new high efficiency system.
2. Even if your furnace and air conditioner are in fairly good shape, you may be able to improve
the overall efficiency of the system through adjustments, maintenance, and repair to the
distribution system.
3. With the mechanical system in good shape and well maintained, you may still be able to
reduce fuel costs by changing the way you operate your thermostat.
4. Be sure that all heating systems are vented properly and that all vent pipes and chimneys are
installed and lined according to code requirements.

Improperly lined chimneys, vent pipes that are incorrectly installed or are of the wrong material,
and dirty and obstructed pipe and chimneys can impact how the systems draft. This compromises
energy efficiency, indoor air quality, andMost gas furnaces have the same basic components: A
gas burner where fuel is burned, an ignition device to start the fire, one or more heat exchangers
where the heat from combustion gases is transferred to the house air, a circulation blower to
circulate air to and from the house, and (on modern units) a small second induction blower to
draw flue gases through the furnace and assist in bringing combustion air to the unit. As the hot
exhaust gases from the gas burner pass through the heat exchanger, they are cooled by the
circulating house air, which carries the heat throughout the house.

Page 27
 The road to high efficiency
To achieve high efficiency, manufacturers designed special heat exchangers which squeeze as
much heat as possible from the hot combustion gases before venting them out of the house. For
example, in "mid-efficiency" furnaces (78% to 83%), the exhaust gases are cooled to about
250oF before exiting the furnace. To attain even higher efficiency, manufacturers install a second
heat exchanger which further
cools the exhaust gases to as low as 65oF. At that temperature, the gases are so cool that water
vapor (one of the products of combustion) condenses out of the flue gases and is drained through
a plastic tube to the sewer or floor drain. These ultra-high efficiency furnaces, called "condensing
furnaces", have efficiencies ranging from 90% to 97%. Condensing gas furnaces first appeared
on the market in 1983 and are now available from literally every major furnace manufacturer.
Because the exhaust from a condensing gas furnace is so cool, it can be vented through regular
schedule plastic PVC pipe (there is no need for a metal or masonry chimney).
Oil furnaces
Oil furnaces are similar to gas furnaces and share many of the same high efficiency features. The
most
important difference is in the firing apparatus. Oil furnaces have power burners that atomize the
fuel oil, mix it with combustion air, and force it through the combustion chamber. Condensing oil
furnaces, with efficiencies above 90%, are available but are not as common as condensing gas
furnaces.
Electric furnaces
Electric furnaces contain an electric resistance heating coil that simply converts electricity
directly into
heat. The coil is mounted in a cabinet with a circulation blower. Except for a small amount of
heat loss through the cabinet, nearly all the heat from the coil is transferred to the circulating
house air. The efficiency of an electric furnace is close to 100%. Electric resistance heat,
however, is generally the most expensive type of heat available and is not recommended .

Electric heat pumps

Heat pumps work on a completely different principle than electric furnaces. Instead of just
converting electricity into heat, a heat pump uses an electric compressor that "pumps" heat from
one place to another.
Heat flows naturally from hot to cold, never from cold to hot. Water flows naturally from a high
level to a low level, never uphill. Just as a water pump moves water from a low level to a high
level - against the direction of its natural flow Return air from house.

Page 28

a heat pump moves heat from a cold area to a warm area. Refrigerators, air conditioners, and heat
 pumps are all basically the same. In a refrigerator, heat is pumped from the cold freezer and
refrigerator compartments out into the warmer room. In an air conditioner, heat is pumped from
the cool interior of the house into the hot outdoors. In a heat pump, heat is pumped from the cold
outdoors to the warm
interior of the house. In fact, heat pump/air conditioner combinations use the same equipment for
both jobs, using a flow control valve to change the direction of heat pumping from summer to
winter.
This ability to use the same basic equipment for heating and air conditioning is a prime
advantage of heat pumps.
A heat pump makes much better use of electricity than an electric resistance furnace. For each
Btu of energy that comes into the heat pump from the electric power line, it can pump one or two
more Btu's from the outdoors. In this way it delivers two or three times more heat than an electric
furnace for the same electric input. All heat pumps have the same basic components: a
compressor which does the actual "pumping", an indoor coil which heats or cools circulating
house air, an outdoor heat source which supplies heat or cooling to the system, and copper tubing
that circulates high pressure refrigerant fluid
between the indoor and outdoor units. Residential heat pumps can utilize heatsources down to
20-30oF to heat indoor air up to 80-100oF. Heat pumps can also be used for water heating:

Air-to-Air Heat Pumps

The most common type of residential heat pump is an "air-to-air" heat pump which uses outdoor
air as the heat source. Heat is extracted from the air by an outdoor unit that contains a heat
exchanger and fan.
The main disadvantage of air-to-air heat pumps is that they lose efficiency and output at cold
(less than 35 oF) outdoor air temperature. When this happens, operating cost increases and
indoor comfort decreases because the air from the heat pump is not very warm.

Air-to-air heat pump systems are usually set up with a"two-stage" thermostat. As long as the
temperature in the house remains within a few degrees of the thermostat setting, the heat pump
operates normally. If the indoor temperature drops too low, the heat pumped by the compressor is
supplemented by electric resistance heat and the heat pump's efficiency drops considerably. For a
typical home with a heat pump, the electric resistance heat comes on during two conditions:
when the outdoor temperature drops to about 15-25 oF and when the heat pump is turned on
suddenly when the house is cold.
When outdoor air temperatures are below about 40oF, air-to-air heat pump outdoor coil
temperature may be below freezing. Moisture in the outdoor air then forms frost on the outdoor
coil.

Page 29
 If too much frost builds up, the heat transfer to the coil is restricted and heat pump output and
efficiency drops. To avoid this, heat pumps have a "defrost" cycle that uses energy from the
house to warm the outdoor coil and melt the frost. Frost is not a problem with air conditioners
since you never cool your home to
40oF

HOME ELECTRIC HEATER

Electric heaters work through resistance. That is electrical line voltage flow through a heating
elements and as electrical resistance is encountered at the heating element the element heats up.

Space heaters come in three different types

1.convection heater: have a unique design and are used to warm the air and als o to heating
something like the method we used in our project. The heater machine used in any room
.some evaporative air is outed from the machine and goes to the room ,Simply they produce
hot air that rises to the celling and this causes the cooler room air to fool to the floor and
causing a circulation of the air in the room.

2. radiant heater: are used to heat people and object in a room. These heater provide warm
to someone setting in front of it nd do it in a timely manner .If you are wenting heat very
quickly.

Our heater machine is similar with the working principle todays heater machine that we
used in the home . Now a days there are diferent kinds of heater machine therefore for our
project we use the simplest and the best one.

PORTABLE COOLER AND

HEATER MACHINE
When we see the history of portable cooler and heater machine it is not that much
discovered or made in the past !but at the moment in USA some companys show in
producing this machine .All peoples in the past they used heater machine individually when
they want to heat something like by wood charcoal , by stove ,by oven and so on. Similarly
they do for cooling something they want ,

Page 30
 simply in the past there is no machine that give both heating and cooling service at once in
a single machine. But today more technologies

approach to us therefore by using this technologies and the educational background we try
to design this machine.

Some related literature review on our project

In here we try to see Literature Reviews that What do we already

know about this issue? (What have others said and provided
evidence for?) .For our proposal literature review we find some
recently worked projects individually. It presents as follow .

Cooler machine
Solar Cooler keeps drinks cold using the
sun instead of ice
Jonathan Fincher January 23, 2014
9 PICTURES

The Solar Cooler from Solar Cool Technologies at CES 2014.

In the past, we've seen solar ovens that can whip up a hot meal
using only the sun's rays, but Solar Cool Technologies has a new
product that harvests that same energy to accomplish just the
opposite[1]. The Solar Cooler, as its name implies, is a portable
container for food and drinks that keeps its contents cold using a
compact refrigeration system connected to solar panels[1].

Page 31
If you've ever loaded a cooler full of ice and food to take to the
beach, only to find it all a soggy mess once you've arrived, then you
can probably understand the appeal of what is essentially a
portable refrigerator. According to the designers, this Solar Cooler
can hold a steady 42 F (5.5 C) for over 24 hours, depending on
how often the lid is opened, but can also go as low as 14 F (-10 C)
if needed[1]. The temperature is set precisely using a digital display
on the side. Users can also get more power by attaching additional
solar panels or pre-charging the batteries through an electrical
outlet before going out[1].

The cooler itself measures 16 x 14 x 17 in (41 x 36 x 43 cm) and

weighs 55 lb (25 kg). Even with the refrigeration system, this still
leaves an interior volume of 40 L (10.5 gal), or enough for 60 12 oz
(355 ml) soda cans. And naturally, since it doesn't require ice or
cooling packs, that entire space can be completely filled with cold
food and drinks[1].

The cooler comes with handles so it's easier to carry, and the whole
case features a rugged design so it can survive numerous trips and
parties unscathed.

Page 32

The model we saw at CES also sported an optional pair of beach

wheels that can traverse sandy terrain during a trip to the ocean.

As an added bonus, both USB and 12 V outlets are located on the

side, which can be used to charge a mobile phone or plug in a
blender[1]The inside lid even contains a small light, so you can find
what you need in the dark.

It may look like a simple concept, but getting the right balance of
size and power management required some thorough research and
testing[1]. The Solar Cooler incorporates some advanced circuitry to
collect solar energy from the photovoltaic cells on the lid, store it in
the internal batteries, and then distribute it to the refrigeration
system, all while taking up a relatively small amount of space[1].

Keeping food and drinks chilled with solar power is handy enough
on its own, but the developers have bigger plans for the Solar
Cooler's technology.

Page 33

What is the price for this device??

 Unfortunately, all that advanced technology may come with quite a
hefty price tag. Right now, the developers have pitched the device
at US$950. That figure is discounted from the retail price of $1,200
and will include the beach wheel kit (which is $150 by itself) [1].
Generally it looks like this

From this worked project our project follow the same thing ,as a
power source we used solar system as well as electric charge but
the above use only a solar energy and apply only for cooling system
as well as it preserve the food or the drink for 24 hours .This project
is recently worked project by Solar Cool Technologies

Page 34
 Heater machine
IN here we are not found many literatures on this but we
include some related project that cooperate with our ideas on
the heater part of our machine.

vat19.com
Overview
The USB Drink Warmer and 4-port USB hub is probably the most
useful USB-powered device they come across. Not only does it
provide several useful functions, but it actually makes a ton of
sense for it to be USB powered.

Many of us enjoy tasty beverages while working on a computer. The

USB Drink Warmer will keep that drink warm! In addition to its drink
warming abilities, the USB Drink Warmer also includes four USB 2.0
ports and a backlit LCD display which shows the temperature of the
heating pad (in F or C) as well as the current time.

Simply This device Keeps your coffee warm, powers USB devices,
and tells the time.

Features of this machine

an on/off switch as well as an alarm.

For people who like:

beverages
coffee & tea
computers
desk accessories
usb stuff. Can this machine offer this kind of
service.
 Page 35

Features & specs

4.5" wide x 4" deep x 1" thick

Heating element has 2.75" diameter

Heats from 122-140 F

No software or drivers, just plug it into a USB port

Four (4) USB 2.0 ports

Displays temperature of heating element in F or C

Backlit LCD display (can be switched off)

Heating element can be switched on and off

Clock with beep alarm

4 ft long cord

USB Drink Warmer also keeps a cup coffee warmer, longer

The USB Drink Warmer and 4-port Hub is really hot right now. Literally, it's really
hot. Not like scorching hot, but definitely toasty enough to keep even the most
grand coffee mug at a good temp.
Of course, with the USB Drink Warmer and 4-port Hub, you don't have to guess
the temperature of the warming plate because it's displayed on the front of its
backlit LCD screen.
Once fully heated, it keeps a temp between 122 and 140 F. In addition to being
a great drink warmer, this device also functions as a USB 2.0 hub. There are two
ports on each side of the warmer.
 Page 36

steps
Plug the USB Drink Warmer into the computer's USB port and it heats
up. Then we can put any
object on top of it that you want to keep warm.

No, a large poster of an eagle soaring over a sunset with a caption that reads
'The calm at your core fuels the fire of ambition' is not going to keep the
coffee warm.
 Page 37

The USB Drink Warmer features two on-off switches on the rear. One turns
the heating element on and off and the other toggles the backlight on the
display.

On the underside of the unit are several buttons for setting the clock (as well
as the alarm) and toggling the temperature display between Fahrenheit and
Centigrade. This is also where you'd find the battery compartment. The USB
Drink Warmer uses a 1.5V button cell (AG13) which is included. The battery
is used solely to store your clock settings.
 Page 38

Controls for the USB Drink Warmer are found on both the back and
underside of the unit.

A side note: The more devices you plug into the hub, the more the
temperature of the heating plate will be reduced. If we went to a Radio Shack
and purchased a 5V DC adapter, we could plug that into the back of the USB
Drink Warmer in order to avoid this issue. Of course, the temperature decline
only occurs if the device we have plugged into the port doesn't have its own
power supply.
Basically, the USB Drink Warmer converts the electricity it draws from our
computer into heat. If we add a bunch of a peripherals that are also drawing
electricity, the temp is going to fall.

Page 39

.some of us may be raised like this question Does the USB Drink
Warmer work on all computers?

The Answer is :Yes, but only if our computer has a USB port. We can
check to see if our computer has a USB port by noticing how many
colors we can see on the screen. If we only have a black screen
with green text, we definitely don't have a USB port.
If our computer looks anything like this, we probably don't have a USB port.
From this USB drink warmer we examine that we also make a portable heater
machine like this in suitable price.
Generally in this literature review we try to put the theoretical part and some
recently made machines that related with our project and we use some
principles of those above machine and
we modify the portable heater and cooler machine in our design by combing
both system in a single box.

Page 40

CHAPTER 4
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this project to design a portable heater and cooler
machine that give a better service for the society. Our machine
gives heating as well as cooling service .To specified the service that
the machine gives heating a cup of tea, water,food(packed or dish)
and cool a soft drinks ,alcoholic drinks, glass of water and other
related things. In this construction of the machine we are going to
reduce the following phenomena
 Production cost for the machine(not like
before)-> it is less than the cost we spent
for the production and sealing price of
refrigerator and stoves
Labor cost-> not need many person or more
than 5 person to produce or construct.
Time -> for the production as well as for the
time take to heat or cooling drinks or food..
Size -> Not like refrigerator, it is some what
easy to handle(carry).
Price of purchasing for the commodities ->
any one can afford it.

In addition to that the machine Is portable mean easy to handel it

and to use manually.

In this machine we are going to use the principle of heating and

cooling (refrigerator) machine together that made before this
project . Therefore we apply both machine working condition
together that gives same service like before but it is small and
portable.

Page 41

In Ethiopia many peoples live by preparing their food and drink but
sometimes they want to heat or to cool their food or drinks fastly
but at the moment they use a refregeiator that found at home to
cool the thing but it takes much time and to heating they gone to
kitchen and heated by using stove this also takes time to perform
the action. The other ting when they want to perform both(cooling
and heating) at a single machine they cant because of until there
are no more machines that give the service

but our portable heater and cooler machine solve the problem this
is our main aim or goal of the project.

To make this machine our aim is first we are going to design the
frame work after that we collect equipments that used for
construction of our machine then by following the design assemble
the machine by reducing the machine size from the past machines.
Then within 5 month by discussing with instroutorTesfaye that the
person who teach machine drives course finshe the whole design in
the paper.

Then if our project is succeed after that our plan is to join the
manufacturing industry in order to going to the mass production of
this new machine and distrbut it for the whole society in with a
suitable price by cooperating with governmental and non
governmentalorganzations

Page 42

CHAPTER 5
LIMITATIONS
This research project was intended to design a portable
heater and cooler machine based on the principles they work
and to see analysis the working principles of this machine
reducing the time taken for the process, price ,cost production
and in addition to that to make the device portable. In this
project manufacturing process of the actual device are not
include in this project beyond our scope b/c of for the mass
production it take a time for the manufacturing process and
require a persons who have different professional like
mechanical engineer , electrical engineer ,industrial engineer
for the best mass production. Now only we do the design
depending on the experiment and the analysis. The other thing
to make the both machine in one electric source or to make it a
single phase hard for us , in our project we supply both
machine for the society simply in one box by cooperating both
mechanism in small manner but the electric source is different
or we use solar energy same way we do . and in this project
the devices are not operate in one body but they find both in
one assembled box with different setting position or simply
they put side to side in one single box and we see how they
assembly , how they are agree with each other and whole
process is presented in research paper.how ever a detailed
presentation about the device is included in the introduction
part of this research proposal paper.

Page 43

CHAPTER 6
METHODOLOGY
The operation of this machine ,which is heater and cooler machine,
is optimize from the previous methodology of machine operation,
due to new design.

As we know this heater and cooler machine operates as follows .

-heaters operate silently and present the pretest potential

danger of ignition. Alternatively, a heat pump (heater) uses
electric motor , although there are different types of heaters
such as fan heater, convection heater, radiant heater and so
on. They have a modret risk of ignition hazards , during they
want to make un intended contact with furnishing.
When we come to the cooling system , which operates to
control operating temperature of optimal performance.

Heating and cooling system ideas

- The renovated heating and cooling systems use a mix of

renewable energies .we as a power source solar energy +
electrical charging method for both separetly but setting at
once place.
- Thermal energy is extracted from the ground usually by
vertical closed loops , processed by the heat pump and
distributed to the require place using a mix of water and
propylene glycol as carrier.
- Both for heating and cooling are used electric power as well as
solar energy which are in general to replace the massive use of
fosil fuels(like charcoal) specally I rular area and to prevent or
to reduce the green gas emissions by the fosiil fuels.
- Conventional geothermal heat pumps are direct heat transfer
between the internal unit and the ground. We also do the heat
transfer mechanism with in the cooler and the heater
machine, so that in the lab we do experimental analysis.

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We want to modify the beginning machine operates /the previous

one /starting from its physical size including.

Operational temperature
 Operational pressure
Hazard minimization
Safety (i.e personal, environmental, machine component)

We consider in our design performing environmental air and water

sampling and monitoring if heater cooler contamination is
suspected , therefore for all those thing and additional experiment
we do in the laboratory then we analysis the result after that we
dissucs its result.

In the laboratory we work by using both heating and cooling test

mechanism and we chake how long will it take to do that .therefore
our many thing is we do in the lab.

In addition to that we do surveying .

This means we gone to different part of society and we coolect data

how and what they use to prserve food , to cool water(drinks) and
to heat some thing,moreever we take also how much time they take
to cool or to heat and what they use as a power source. For
example in the rule area may be they dont have electric power
source . There for by preparing qutionery paper and by direct
interview we collect an information from them then we do our
experiment in the electrical lab by analyzing the data from the
society

Generally for our project we do the following methodology to finish

the project in a perfect manner.

We do expermental analysis in the

lab (electrica engineering lab) with the

copration with the lab assistance and
instrouctrs how we do the heater part to
work works and also the cooler and also
how we combine both system? All of this
question in the lab then we put our
analysis in our design .
 Page 45

We prepare questioner paper.

Direct investigation or surveying .

what machine the society use for this

purpose.

Qutionery and surveying are optional means doing one of the two
is enough for our design consideration(what must be cosiderd ?
how it suit for the society?)

We see how a refrigerator and

heater machine works and collect a data

from them. Then use the information what
we get and applied in our experimental
analysis and design. We considered the
shape look like (the box)
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---------- -------//------
-------

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CHAPTER 7
Time schedule

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CHAPTER 8
BUDGET

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 References
1.Solar Cool Technologies, Indiegogo ,Jonathan
Fincher January 23, 2014
2.Vat 19.com 2014-2015
3. Research and methodology lecture note.
4. Thermodynamics books related with
refrigeration system and heating system ( like
fundamentals new editions )
5. Our group Discussion ideas .

=========//=====
=====

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 Appendix
Symbol meaning/units

T----------------------------------------------------- temperature
((C)degree Celsius or F)
m---------------------------------------------------- mass (kg)
L------------------------------------------------------length (cm)
w------------------------------------------------------width (cm)
t-------------------------------------------------------time (s)
------------------------------------------------------- efficiencies (%)
w-------------------------------------------------weight (lb or pound )
[ 1 lb=4.5N]
V-------------------------------------------------volume (L)
v--------------------------------------------------voltage (v)
R--------------------------------------------------resistance()
I---------------------------------------------------current (A)
d------------------------------------------------diameter (mm)
A--------------------------------------------------area (m^2)
--------------------------------------------------density (kg/m 3).

End of the paper!

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