Vf
nRT ln
Ans. Q Vi
S = = = 10.0 mol 8.314 molJ K ln 2 = 57.6 KJ
T T
2. A sample of 10.0 moles of a monatomic ideal gas, held at constant pressure (1.5 atm or
1.52x105 Pa), is compressed from 0.10 m3 to 0.05 m3. Calculate the entropy change during
this process.
Ans.
Sf Qf Tf 3 V Tf 3 V T
dQ nRdT f pdV nRdT f pdV f 5
nRdT Tf
S = dS =
Si
Qi
T
=
Ti
2
T
Vi
T
=
Ti
2
T
Vi
T
= 2
Ti
T
= 5
2 nRln
Ti
W 4.5 104 J
Ans. QH = = = 5.63 104 J
e 0.80
D) How much heat energy (QC) is released during the isothermic phase DA?
J )(300K)
(3mol)(8.314 molK
3
VB = VA e nRT
= 3.0m e
= 0.663m3
(3mol)(8.314 molJ K )(300K)
PB= = 1.13 105Pa
0.663m3
1
nRTC
nRTB
TB
1
300K 5
QC -1.13 104 J
Ans. SAB = = = -37.7 KJ
TC 300K
I) What is the change in entropy (SC-D) during CD?
QH 5.63 104 J
Ans. SCD = = = 37.7 KJ
TH 1500K
J) What is the net change in entropy (Suniverse) between the steps in H and I?
3.50E+05
3.00E+05 C D
PA=PB=1.0x105 Pa
2.50E+05 PC=PD=3.0x105 Pa
Pressure (Pa)
2.00E+05
VA=0.40m3
1.50E+05 VB=0.20m3
VC=0.103m3
1.00E+05
B A VD=0.207m3
5.00E+04
0.00E+00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Volum e (m^3)
150000
Ans.
nRT
P= 100000
V
PA =8.31 104Pa
50000
PB=8.48 104Pa
PC=4.24 105Pa B A
PD=4.16 105Pa 0
0.488 0.49 0.492 0.494 0.496 0.498 0.5 0.502
B) How much work is performed by Volum e (m ^3)
the gas during each step?
VB 0.49
= 10.0 mol 8.314 molK 500K ln
2
WAB = nRT ln J
= -8.40 10 J
V
A 0.50
Ans. VB 0.50
= 10.0 mol 8.314 molK 2500K ln
3
WCD = nRT ln J
= 4.20 10 J
VA 0.49
WBC = WDA =0J
C) What is the net work during the complete cycle?
2 3 3
Ans. Wnet = WAB + WCD= -8.40 10 J + 4.20 10 J = 3.36 10 J
Ans. Qin = QCD + QDA = 4.20 103J + 2.49 105J= 2.53 105J
Phy 212: General Physics II 5
Chapter 20 Worksheet (2nd Law of Thermodynamics & Heat Engines)
E) How much heat (Qout = QDA + QC) is discarded by the gas?
Ans. Qout = QAB + QBC= -8.40 102 J - 2.49 105J= -2.50 105J
F) What is the efficiency of this Stirling engine?
W 3.36 103 J
Ans. e= = = 0.013
Qin 2.53 105 J
G) What is the Carnot efficiency for this engine?
TC 500K
Ans. e=1- =1- =0.80
TH 2500K
H) What is the change in entropy (SB-D) during BD?
TH QCD
S =SBC +SCD= 32 nRln +
Ans.
TC TH
4.20 103 J
S = 23 10.0 mol 8.314 molJ K ln 2500K
500K + = 202.4 KJ
2500K
QAB 3 T
S =SAB +SBC= + 2 nRln H
TC TC
Ans.
-8.40 102 J 3
S = + 2 10.0 mol 8.314 molJ K ln 2500K
500K
= -202.4 KJ
500K
J) What is the net change in entropy (Suniverse) between the steps in H and I?
Ans.
S = k ln W = 1.38 10-23 KJ ln 1 = 0
D) What does your answer in (C) imply about that state of the 2 dice system? Be as
specific as possible.
Ans. All tails represents a perfectly ordered state and this corresponds to S=0, the
lowest possible entropy state.
Phy 212: General Physics II 6
Chapter 20 Worksheet (2nd Law of Thermodynamics & Heat Engines)
9. Consider a system of 5 identical dice, with equal probability of landing on any side,
respectively.
A) How many possible unique configurations are possible in this system?
Ans. Wtot = 6 (yahtzee) + 30 (full house) + 30 (4-of-a-kind) + 120 (3-of-a-kind) + 120 (2
pairs) and 360 (1 pair) = 667 unique combinations (states)
B) What is the multiplicity of configurations (W) that all dice will land on the same value
(i.e. a Yahtzee)?
N! 5!
Ans. for any particular Yahtzee value: W = = =1
n1!n2!n3!n4!n5!n6! 5!0!0!0!0!0!
C) What is the entropy of a Yahtzee state (all the same value) for the 5 dice system?
Ans.
S = k ln W = 1.38 10-23 KJ ln 1 = 0
10. In information theory, entropy (measured in bits) is used to define a lower boundary
on the necessary number of numerical bit digits required to uniquely specify all possible
states of an information system (e.g. unique letters of an alphabet).
A) What is the entropy of a 36 character alphabet letter (incl. 10 numbers) system?
Assume that all letters and numbers are equally probable.
N 36
1 1
Ans: Sin bits=- 1.443 pi ln pi =- 1.443
i=1 i=1 36
ln
36
= 1.443 ln 36 =5.2 bits
10 26
Sin bits=- 1.443
p# ln p# +
i=1
p ln p
i=1
L L
50 5 26 1
Sin bits=- 1.443 ln + ln = 4.7 bits
76 76 76 76
A minimum of 5 bits is necessary to uniquely express this character system.