IMPROVEMENT OF OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS IN

THE VEHICLE ASSEMBLY LINE WITH THE USE OF ONLINE

ANDON MONITORING SYSTEM
THE THESIS IS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE IN

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
In
COMPUTER INTEGRATED DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING

By
SUBHO MUKHERJEE
Roll .No.08/15
Registration No.2015PGMECI08

UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OF

Dr. Anil Kumar Prasad
(Professor)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
JAMSHEDPUR-831014(INDIA)
 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
JAMSHEDPUR
CERTIFICATE
I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in the thesis entitled Improvement of
Overall Equipment Effectiveness In Vehicle Assembly Line Using Online Andon Monitoring
System in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of MASTER OF
TECHNOLOGY in Computer Integrated Design and Manufacturing submitted in the
Department of Mechanical Engineering , National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur , is
authentic record of my own work carried out under the esteemed guidance of Dr. Anil Kumar
Prasad,Professor , Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of
Technology,Jamshedpur.and Mr.Ritesh Baitha,Manager, Tata Motors Limited, Jamshedpur.

The matter presented in this thesis has not been submitted by me for the aqard of any other
degree of this or any other University.

Subho Mukherjee

This is to certify that the above statement made by he candidate is true and correct to the best of
my knowledge and belief.

Dr. Anil Kumar Prasad Mr.Ritesh Baitha

(Professor) Manager
Tata Motors Limited,Jamshedpur
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank Dr. Anil Kumar Prasad, Professor , Department of

Mechanical Engineering, N.I.T Jamshedpur for inspiring guidance, invaluable
suggestions and knowledge sharing throughout this project work.He has been very
helpful in providing me with literature and other sources when I needed it.He has
been a constant source of encouragement to me.
I express my sincere thank to the other faculty members of the Mechanical
Engineering department NIT Jamshedpur for their time to time interactions and
valuable suggestions.
I am grateful to Mr. Ritesh Baitha Manager TATA MOTORS LIMITED
JAMSHEDPUR WORKS for guidance and support throughout this project work at
TATA MOTORS LIMITED.
I am also grateful towards the post graduate students of the Mechanical
Engineering for helping me throughout the project.
I take this opportunity to sincerely thank to my family for their blessing and
constant motivation.

Date:
Place: Jamshedpur
Subho Mukherjee
 ABSRACT

Manufacturing plant usually suffers from machine breakdowns, low plant

availability and increased overtime, which pose a great threat as these losses
increase the operating, costs of an industry.
The method of calculating OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS and the
various ways for capturing loss data to evaluate the various metrics of the OEE has
been considered in the project. A simulation model is also developed based on the
fuzzy logic technique. Triangular membership function is used.
The quality control tools like Pareto chart and histogram is used extensively to
identify the various hidden reasons of the loss and bottlenecks in the assembly line.
The objective of the work is to review various studies related to usage and
implementation of Overall Equipment Effectiveness technique for identification,
analysis and reduction of the plant operational loss time.standards for the Overall
Equipment Effectiveness calculation for typical assembly line or manufacturing
processes are studied and applied for the selection and evaluation of the best suited
procedures for the Overall Equipment Effectiveness.
 CONTENTS
Page No
Abstract
Chapter 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition
1.3 Methodology
1.4 Mapping of standard definition to line
Parameters.
1.5 Fuzzy logic
1.6 Why and How to use fuzzy logic
Chapter 2 LITERATURE SURVEY
Chapter 3 THEORITICAL ANALYSIS
3.1 Eight principles in TPM Development.
3.2 Sixteen Major Losses
 3.3 Quantitative Analysis
3.3.1
Chapter 4 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
INRODUCTION
OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS (OEE) is the performance
evaluation method most commonly used in the manufacturing industries. The
measurement and evaluation of OEE plays a vital role in improving the
productivity, ensuring quality and consistency through reduction in various losses.
The strength of the OEE index is in making losses more transparent and in
highlighting areas of improvement. The traditional vision of TPM referred to
Overall Equipment efficiency but now it is recognized as Overall Equipment
Effectiveness. The difference between efficiency and effectiveness is that
effectiveness is the actual output over the reference output while the efficiency is
the actual input over the reference input. OEE concept in Total Productive
Maintenance (TPM) implementation truly reduces manufacturing complexity into
simple, intuitive presentation of information. The proposed approaches establish
the functional technique for improvement of the effectiveness of production lines
operating and dealing with uncertainty of the six major losses to OEE. The losses
associated with production and limits for that losses are the major indexes of the
production line performance, because it enables direct evaluation of production
line output. The OEE is the process, which is acquired to specify an equivalent
weight setting of every single element, even if, each concerning losses are very
different. Hence, the study proposes a weighted approach, to identify dissimilarity
in weighting of each OEE element. Theoretical values for the losses improve the
measurement of the OEE and Fuzzy analysis can help the decision makers to
assess OEE for plant performances. Further, proposed fuzzy methodology can be
used to reduce the indecisiveness. Therefore, this technique introduces fuzzy
theory for OEE computation and will assist decision makers to evaluate uncertainty
and imprecision.
A. DEFINITION:
A.1.OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS (OEE):
OEE the Overall Equipment Effectiveness is a measure of the efficiency and effectiveness of the
manufacturing process (i.e. machine, cells, and assembly lines, processes. OEE is calculated
simply by multiplying AVAILABILITY, PERFORMANCE RATE and QUALITY RATE. It
categorizes major reasons for poor performance of equipment, providing the basis for further
analysis and improvement in production process.
A.2.AVAILABILITY:
This factor measures productivity losses resulting from downtime. It can be defined as the
percentage of time that the equipment is available to run during the total possible loading time.
Availability is proportion of time machine is actually available out of time it should be available.
A.2.PERFORMANCE:
This factor measures a loss in productivity due to slow cycles. Slow cycles occur when the
manufacturing process is running at the less than the optimum speed.
Performance is the measure or proportion of actual total production against the planned capacity.
A.3.QUALITY RATE:
This factor encompasses losses due to manufacture of sub-standard parts i.e. Products that do not
meet specification. Quality rate is the percentage of good parts out of total produced. It is
sometime called yield.

A.4.CAPACITY:
Capacity is the maximum amount of product that can be processed within a specified time.
Capacity is directly related to utilization efficiency and productivity.
A.5.UTILISATION:
 It is the proportion of available capacity, which is actually used.
A.6.EFFICIENCY:
Ratio of actual output to the maximum output.
A.7.PRODUCTIVITY:
Measure of proportion of total output to total output.

A.8.TOTAL PRODUCTIVE MAINTENANCE:

Total productive maintenance can be defined as activities that aims to maximize equipment
efficiency. TPM creates systems for preventing the occurrence of all upstream and downstream
losses and enforces systems for realizing zero defects, zero accidents and zero failures.
A.9.TAKT TIME:
Takt time tells us our demand frequency or how frequently we must produce a product.
Takt time=daily operating time required quantity per day

A.10.CYCLE TIME:
It is the average time from release of the part to its arrival at the end of the routing.
Cycle time=work in process (wip) throughput
Where, throughput is the average output of a production process per unit time (e.g. Units per
hour) and
Work in process is the inventory accumulated between the start and ends of a routing
CATEGORISATION OF THE EIGHT BIG LOSSES:
Serial number The Eight Big Losses Loss category
1 1. Equipment failures/Breakdown. Utilization (Availability)
2. Introduce a change.
3. Model change.
2 4. Idling and short stoppages. Rate Loss (Performance)
5. Due to operator.
6. Material supply.
3 7. Scrap and rework. Yield (Quality)
8. Startup losses.
METHODOLOGY USED:
1. METHOD OF CALCULATION OF OVERALL EQUIPMENT
EFFECTIVENESS:

1. OEE FROM STANDARD DEFINITION:

LOADING TIME =Total time-All Planned Downtime
=Schedule Time.
OPERATING TIME =Loading Time-(Non-Operating Time)
=Run Time=Uptime=Equipment Making Product
Time.
OR, OPERATING TIME =Loading Time-(All Downtime + All Stop Time)
AVAILABILITY = {Loading Time-(DT+ST)}/Loading Time
ACTUAL CYCLE TIME =Runtime/Actual Amount Produced.
THEORETICAL CYCLE TIME =Ideal Speed.
OPERATING SPEED RATE =Theoretical Cycle Time/Actual Cycle Time
PERFORMANCE EFFICIENCY = (Processed Amount Theoretical Cycle
Time)/Operating Time.
OEE =Availability Performance Efficiency
Quality Rate

2. OEE USING THE EVENT TIME RECORDS:

SCHEDULED TIME =Total Time Excluded Time.
RUNTIME:
@100% AND @50%
OPERATING SPEED RATE = (Runtime @100% +Runtime@50%)/Operating
Time
AVAILABILITY =Run Time/Scheduled Time
OEE =Availability Speed Rate Quality Rate
3. OEE BASED ON GOOD UNITS TRANSFERRED:
THEORETICAL RUNTIME = (Good Units Produced)/Theoretical Cycle Time
OEE =Theoretical Run Time/Scheduled Time

OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS-WEIGHTED AVERAGE.

OEE is weighted calculation. When OEE is calculated for the minor periods, the
OEE data of smaller time periods should not be averaged to calculate OEE for the
longer periods.
OEE should be calculated from its base data for the each periods.
For the below mentioned example if the OEE is calculated just averaging the three
OEE shift values the daily OEE is 62%,but when weighted by available time the
daily OEE becomes 59%.
 Shift OEE Available Time
1 61% 480
2 53% 480
3 72% 120

The weighted average formula:

AUTOMATED LINE
Concept:
An automated assembly line is characterized by sequence of workstations.
The product or the item is processed within the station and fed in to next station
(continuous manufacturing).

Methodology:
The overall equipment effectiveness should be calculated for entire line.
Downtime is to be derived by obtaining the time during which the line was suspended.
Takt time should be set and is to be used for the standard cycle time.
 Definition of key metrics of overall equipment effectiveness:

Availability: Availability= (loading time-downtime) loading time

Performance rate: Net utilization rate speed utilization rate

Where,

Net utilization rate =output actual cycle time (loading hours-downtime)

Speed utilization rate=standard cycle time actual cycle time

Quality product rate: Quality product rate= (total production-(rejection + rework)) total
production

OEE= availability performance rate quality product rate

Utilization: utilization= actual capacity designed capacity

Where,

Design capacity measures the maximum output of the machine under ideal condition.

Efficiency= actual output effective capacity

Where,

Effective capacity is the measure of maximum output under normal condition

A. MULTIPLE SINGLE-UNIT EQUIPMENT:

Concept:
Process in which multiple automated machines are linked.
An operator carries out operations with the help of the equipment.

Methodology:
The constraint stations are identified and overall equipment effectiveness is calculated for
the constraint station.
 Weighted average method is applied for calculating the overall equipment effectiveness
for the whole line.
Downtime should be calculated for each machine.
Machine cycle time is set to be standard cycle time.

Definition of key metrics of overall equipment effectiveness:

Availability: Availability= (loading time-downtime) loading time

Performance rate: (cycle time no. of units produced) loading time

Quality product rate: Quality product rate= (total production- (rejection + rework)) total
production

OEE= availability performance rate quality product rate

MAPPING OF STANDARD DEFINITION TO LINE PARAMETERS:

Availability of equipment:
Availability= (Total available time Planned production time)*100

Where, planned production time=total shift time-planned production shut down.

And total available time= planned production time total production losses.

Performance of equipment:

Performance=total actual production planned capacity

Where, planned capacity=total available time ideal cycle time

Quality of equipment:

Quality=ok production quantity actual production.

Where, ok production quantity =total actual production-(rejection + rework)

TOTAL TIME A

PLANNED OPERATIONAL SPEED LOSSES QUALITY GOOD

LOSSES LOSSES LOSSES PRODUCTION

AVAILABILITY=C divided by B UTILIZATION=C divided by A

OEE =D divided by B Visualizing OEE formulas

The overall length A becomes the calendar time of the period we are looking at.

B is the amount of production schedule time within time A.

Cis the amount of actual equipment uptime or runtime.

D is the amount of good production time.

OEE AND EIGHT MAJOR LOSSES

NPUT DATA:
NO. OF CONVEYORS=3
CONVEYOR SPEED (PRESENTLY) =3.44m/min.
CUSTOMER DEMAND (SHIFT WISE) =70
NO. OF SHIFT=2
STATION PER CONVEYOR:
STN. NO.3 TO STN. NO. 12 PRAJA CONVEYOR.
STN. NO.13 TO STN. NO. 31 DOUBLE CHAIN CONVEYOR
STN. NO.32 TO STN. NO.42 DOUBLE SLAT CONVEYOR
DISTANCE BETWEEN CONSECUTIVE STATION=12.5m

OUTPUT DATA:
CYCLE TIME=(DISTANCE BETWEEN STATIONSCONVEYOR SPEED)
=(12.53.44)MIN
=3.63MIN

DETAILED CLASSIFICATION OF THE EIGHT BIG LOSS:

EQUIPMENT
FAILURES/BREAKDOWN

MANAGEMENT
BREAKDOWN
LOSS

M OD EL CHANG E

M EASUREM ENT TO OL
JIG AN D
AN D CHANG E
FIXTURE LOSS
AD JUSTM ENT

SCRAP/REWORK

DEFECT/REWOR REJECTION
K
 LATE START EARLY
STOP

STARTUP LOSS OPERATOR MOTION LOSS

MINOR STOPPAGES

IDLING AND MINOR

STOPPAGES

INTRODUCE A
CHANGE

SETUP CHANGE AND

ADJUSTMENT

MATERIAL SUPPLY

LOGISTICS/DISTRIBUTION
LOSSES
EIGHT PRINCIPLES IN TPM DEVELOPMENT:

1. Establish systems to achieve production efficiency.

(a) Kobetsu-kaizen.
(b) jishu-hozen.
(c) Planned maintenance.
(d) Education and training for operation and maintenance skill up grade.

2. Establish initial production and flow control system for new products and equipment.

3. Establish a quality maintenance system.

4. Establish a system to realize cooperation efficiency in the administration departments

5. Establish safety, hygiene and working environment protection systems.

SIXTEEN MAJOR LOSSES:

1. Seven major losses that can hinder equipment efficiency.

(a) Failure loss
(b) Setup loss.
(c) Cutting blade loss
(d) Startup losses
(e) Minor stoppage idling losses
(f) Speed loss
(g) Defect rework loss.
2. Losses that can hinder machine-loading time.
(a) Shut down losses.
3. Five major losses that can hinder improvement of human work efficiency.
(a) Management losses
(b) Motion losses
(c) Line organization losses
(d) Losses resulting from failures to automate
(e) Measuring and adjustment losses
4. Three major losses that can hinder effective use of production resources.
(a) Yield losses
(b) Energy losses
(c) Die, jig and tool losses
 LITERATURE SURVEY

The outcome of TPM implementation is measured using OEE, serves as an

indicator of process improvement activities within the manufacturing environment.
The three elements of OEE measure the equipment and production losses
experienced. The eight major losses are equipment breakdown losses, setup and
adjustment losses, minor stoppage losses, speed reduction losses, defective losses
and startup losses. Equipment and setup losses are considered as time lost which
are used for equipment availability calculation. The minor stoppages and speed
reduction losses are used to determine equipment process performance efficiency.
On the other hand, defective and startup losses are categorized as quality yield
losses. In order to be classified as world class manufacturing, the company must
achieve equipment availability that is greater than 90%, process performance
efficiency that is more than 95%, achieve a quality yield that is greater than 99%
and obtained overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) that is greater than 85%. Total
Productive Maintenance (TPM) is an excellent manufacturing strategy, which aims
at manufacturing near to ideal condition with zero downtime, zero defect, lean
production, just in time (JIT) production leading to competitive advantage. The
most common metric utilized by management to gauge the effectiveness and the
successful implementation of TPM is OEE. In their paper, authors have employed
DMAIC approach to systematically define measure, analyze, improve and control
the equipment performance. In their paper, the authors have highlighted the use of
six-sigma methodology to mitigate the bottleneck processes, which focuses on
OEE performance in a semiconductor firm. The authors of paper provide a brief
study on the literature related to the application of TPM in the manufacturing
industry. The study focuses on the main role of TPM in supporting the established
quality improvement initiative such as lean production. Effort was made to discuss
the published research related to TPM and lean production. This literature review-
based research revealed an important research gap, i.e. the need of a
comprehensive integration between these two methodologies. The significance role
of TPM as an important complementary to lean production is observed has not
been well addressed in the available literature. Most of the researches available
investigate these initiatives separately, rather than addressing on the significant role
of TPM as one of the main thrust.

NEW MODEL CALCULATE OEE

In this model jack hus procedure of availability calculation using Mean
Time Between Failure (MTBF and Mean Time To Repair (MTTR).

The Steps for availability Rate Calculation of the process

LOADING TIME =Total time-All Planned Downtime

=Schedule Time.
OPERATING TIME =Loading Time- (Non-Operating Time)
=Run Time=Uptime=Equipment Making Product
Time.
OR, OPERATING TIME =Loading Time- (All Downtime + All Stop Time)
AVAILABILITY = {Loading Time-(DT+ST)}/Loading Time
In the Availability, calculation Mean Time between Failure (MTBF) and
Mean Time To Repair (MTTR) of the machine is considered.

The failure density function of the equipment considered here is

exponential.

MTBFi = 1/i

i= failure rate of the I th machine.

MTTRi = 1/i

i= repair rate of the I th machine.

After determining MTBFi and MTTRi of the I th machine (Ai) is
obtained using

Ai = MTBFi /(MTBFi+ MTTRi)

Two different configuration and their availability calculations are dealt
with here. Considering the case where there are a series of machines as
shown below:

M/c 1 M/c 2 M/c 3 M/c 4

Series arrangement of machines

For the case as shown above, the availability is obtained by multiplying

the availability of all the machines.

The overall Availability = A1A2A3A4

Consider the case where there are parallel machines as shown below
M/c 2

M/c 3

M/c 1 M/c 6
M/c 4

M/c 5

Machine arrangement with parallel machine at one stage

Here the model proposed by alian patchong is taken into consideration.

All the parallel machines are considered as single equivalent machine.
Availability of the equivalent machine is calculated as shown below.
At first, the average processing rate of the equivalent machine (ueq) is
determined from the summation of the average processing rates of all
individual parallel machines (uj).

j=n
ueq = uj
j=1

The probability that the equivalent machine is working (Pw) can

be obtained using equation:

j=n
uj Pwj
j=1

Pw =
ueq
Where,

(uj)= processing rate of jth individual parallel machine.

(Pwj)=the probability that the equivalent machine is working.

(ueq)=average processing rate of equivalent machine.

The sum of the probability that the jth individual parallel machine is
working (Pwj),the probability that the jth individual parallel machine is
down (Pdj) and the probability that the jth individual parallel machine is
idle(PIj)is 1.

Pwj+ Pdj+ PIj=1

In addition, the failure rate of the equivalent machine (eq) using

the equation:
K=n
eq= 1 j Pwj (1- pdk)
 Pw K=1

Where (Pdk)=probability that the kth individual parallel machine is down.

Then MTBFeq= 1/eq

Now, probability that the equivalent machine is down (Pd) is to be

determined. Pd is obtained using processing rate of jth individual parallel
machine (uj), probability that the jth individual parallel machine is down
(Pdj) and average processing rate of equivalent machine (ueq) as shown
below.
j=n
ujPdj
j=1

Pd= Ueq

Then the repair rate of the equivalent machine (eq) is calculated using
the following equation:

eq = jPwj(1-Pdk)
Pd

Then,

1
MTTR= eq

Ai = MTBFeq /(MTBFeq+ MTTReq)

Considering the parallel machines as a single equivalent machine,

arrangement of machine in the above figure can be represented as in the
figure below
Finally the availability of the process is obtained by multiplying the
availabilities of all other machines with availability of equivalent
machine

M/c 1 M/c eq. M/c 6

Equivalent machine in series

Therefore overall process availability=A1AeqA6

Performance rate calculation of the process

DEVELOPING PARETO AND LINE METRICS:

Pareto chart is one of the seven quality control tool and frequently used
for prioritizing the work. As OEE consists of three independent
indicators each with their own types of loss

PARETO ANALYSIS-DEFECT/REWORK
PARETO ANALYSIS 250 120
12 120 200 100
10 100 80
8 80 150
60
6 60 TOTAL TIME
Total Time100 Cumulative %
FREQ. 4
FREQUENCY CUMULATIVE % 40 40
2 20 50 20
0 0
0 0

STATION NO. STATION NO.

PARETO ANALYSIS-SHORT STOPAGGES 300

300 120
250
250 100 275
200 80 200
150 60
FREQUENCY
FREQ. CUMULATIVE% 150
100 40 FREQUENCY Exponential (275)
50 20 100
0 0
50
Moving average (275)

STATION NO. 0
FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM(FIS)
FUZZY METHODOLOGY:

The theoretical value of the various loss data help in analyzing the plant OEE value
and fuzzification can help in reducing the indecisiveness. Fuzzification is an
important concept in fuzzy logic theory that help to convert crisp quantities to
fuzzy. The conversion of fuzzy values is represented by the membership function.
The methodology for development of fuzzy involved the following steps:
1. Selection of input and output variables,
2. Selection of membership function for input and output variables,
3. Formation of linguistic rule base, and
4. Defuzzification.

Fuzzy inference is the process of formulating the mapping from a

given input to an output using fuzzy logic.the mapping then
provides a basis from which decisions can be made.the process of
fuzzy inference involves the follwingelements:membership
function,logical operations and if-then rules.
Most commonly two types of fuzzy inference systems can be
implemented:mamdani type and sugeno type.fuzzy inference
system have been successfully applied in fields such as automatic
control,dat classification,decision analysis expert systems,and
computer vision.Mamdanis fuzzy inference method is the most
commonly viewed fuzzy methodology.Mamdanis method was
among the first control systems built using fuzzy set theory.
Fuzzy values are determined by the membership function which
then define the degree of membership of an object in a fuzzy set.
On the basis of fuzzy rules the mamdani implication method is
employed in this study for fuzzy inference reasoning.
To obtain rule,
Ri: if x1 is Ai1 , x2 is Ai2 and xs is AiM
Then yi is Ci
Here M is the total numberof fuzzyrules . xj j=(1,2,..,s)are the
input variables yi are the output variables and Aij and Ci are fuzzy
sets madeled by the membership function Aij (x j ) and Ci (yi
),respectively. Based on the Mamdani implication method of
inference reasoning for a set of disjunctive rules, the aggregated
output for the M rules is
Ci (yj )=max{min[Ai1 (x1 ), Ai2 (x2 ),, Ais (xs )]}, i=1,2,.M
Basic structures of Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) have been
shown in the fig. below.Using a deffuzification method , fuzzy
values canbe combined into one single crisp output value as
shown in the fig. below. The centre of gravity , one of the most
popular methods for defuzzifying fuzzy output functions is
employed in the study .The formula to find the centroid of the
combined output(y) is given by:

yi ci (yi )dy

Y= ci (yi )dy

CRISP INPUTS CRISP OUTPUT

RULE BASE

FUZZIFICATION DE-FUZZIFICATION

INFERENCE ENGINE

BASIC SRUCTURE OF FIS

Triangular Membership Function for the Input Variable, DOWNTIME:

LOW(x) = (10-x)/10 x<=10

MEDIUM(x) = (x-5)/30 5<x<35

1 x=35

(x-35)/30 35<x<65

HIGH(x) = (x-60)/25 60<x<85

1 x>85
Triangular Membership Function for the Input Variable, INTRODUCE A CHANGE:

LOW(x) = (10-x)/10 x<=10

MEDIUM(x) = (x-5)/30 5<x<35

1 x=35

(x-35)/30 35<x<65

HIGH(x) = (x-60)/25 60<x<85

1 x>85
Triangular Membership Function for the Input Variable, MODEL CHANGE:

LOW(x) = (10-x)/10 x<=10

MEDIUM(x) = (x-7.5)/12.5 7.5<x<20

1 x=20

(x-35)/30 35<x<65

LOW(x) = (x-30)/10 30<x<40

1 x>40
The triangular membership function for the output variable AVAILABILITY:

LOW(x) = (0.6-x)/0.6 x<=0.6

MEDIUM(x) = (x-0.55)/0.2 0.55<x<0.75

1 x=0.75

(x-35)/30 35<x<65

LOW(x) = (x-0.9)/0.1 0.9<x<1

The purpose of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was to investigate which
parameters significantly affected the quality characteristic