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ghlj;jpl;lk;

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juk; 12>13

njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw

tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
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njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

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ghlj;jpl;lk;

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- Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

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Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
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njhiyNgrp - 011 - 7 601601

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nfsut fy;tp mikr;rupd; Mrprn
; ra;jp

,yq;ifapd; vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l k`pe; id apy;> Mfha> tu;j;jf> rf;jp kw;Wk; mwptpd; Nfe;jpu
k`pe;j rpe;jid
];jhdkhfTk; njhopDl;g uPjpahf kdpj tsj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;NghJ f.ngh.j. cau;ju
tFg;Gf;fspy; fiy> tu;jj
; fk;> tpQ;Qhdk;> fzpjk; vd;w Jiwfspy; fy;tp toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. MapDk;> mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd
khztu;fs; fiyj;Jiwiaj; njupT nra;J fw;gjdhy; ehl;bd; Njitf;Fk; cw;gj;jpf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU nghUj;jkw;w jd;ik
Vw;gLfpwJ. tUlhe;j gy;fiyf;fof cs;thq;fypy; fiyj;Jiwapd; Mjpf;fNk mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa
eltbf;ifahdJ ehk; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; njhopDl;gk; rhu;e;j njhopy;tpUj;jpf;Fg; ghupa jilahf ,Ug;gJ ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJld;
gbg;gbahf ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; jilahf khWtijf; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

Nkw;$wg;gl;l epiyik cldbahf khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ murhq;fj;jpdhy; njspthf ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld;
,isQu;fspd; Ntiyapdi ; k tpfpjj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf njhopDl;gj;ijAk; nghUj;jkhd nkd;jpwd;fisAk; nfhz;l> rthy;fis
vjpuN
; ehf;ff;$ba ,isQu;fs; cUthf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. Gjpjhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpdw
; njhopDl;gj; Jiw ,j;Njrj;J khztu;fSf;F
Gjpa ghijiaj; jpwe;J tpLtJld; Ntiytha;g;Gj; jpwid gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk; gy;fiyf;fofg;
GFKfj; jFjp ngwhjtu;fs; Njrpa njhopw;Jiwj; jifikj; njhFjpf;Fs; (NVQ) nry;yTk; topnra;Ak;.

,j;jUzj;jpy; jkJ mupa Neuj;ijr; nrytpl;L fiyj;jpl;lj;ijf; FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs; jahupj;Jj; je;j mikr;R> epWtdq;fs;>
jpizf;fsq;fs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; kw;Wk; Vida tsthsu;fSf;Fk; vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

ge;Jy Fztu;jd
nfsut fy;tp mikr;ru;>
fy;tp mikr;R>
gj;juKy;y>
,yq;if.

i
cau; fy;tp mikr;rupd; Mrprn
; ra;jp

Gjpa njhopDl;gg; gpui

p t mwpKfk; nra;jy;

mjpNkjF [dhjpgjpapd; jiyikapy; Gjpa njhopDl;gg; gpupit> fy;tp> cau; fy;tp> ,isQu; tptfhuk;> jpwd; tpUj;jp
Nghd;w mikr;Rfs; xd;wpize;J mq;Fuhu;g;gzk; nra;Ak; ,e;epfo;r;rp> ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp Kiwikapd; tuyhw;wpy;; jlk;
gjpf;Fk; xU jUzkhFk;.

,g;Gjpa njhopDl;gg; gpuptpd; %yk; mwpTrhu;> Jiwrhu; Mszpapdu; kw;Wk; Ma;thsu;fs; cUthFthu;fs; vd;gJ vkJ
vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;. f.ngh.j. cau;juk; fw;w gpd;du; ,e;ehl;bd; ,isQu;fs; Kfhikahsu;fshf> njhopDl;gtpayhsu;fshf>
Mrpupau;fshf r%fj;jpy; ,izthu;fs; vdTk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpNwhk;. mj;Jld; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; njhopDl;gg; gl;lg; gbg;ig
Nkw;nfhz;ltu;fs; vkJ ehL Mrpahtpd; Mr;rupakhf khWtjw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wdu;.

2016 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; mur gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; ehw;gJ fw;if newpfSld; ,g;Gjpa khztu;fis tuNtw;ff; fhj;jpUf;fpd;Nwd;
vd;gij ,j;jUzj;jpy; ehd; kpfTk; kfpo;r;rpAld; mwpaj;jUfpNwd;.

,g;Gjpa gpuptpd; mwpKfkhdJ epr;rakhf ntw;wpaspf;Fk; vd;gJ vkJ jplkhd ek;gpf;ifahFk;.

v];. gp. jp]hehaf;f

nfsut cau; fy;tp mikr;ru;>
cau; fy;tp mikr;R>
nfhOk;G - 7>
,yq;if

iii
nfsut ,isQu; mYty;fs; kw;Wk; jpwd;fs; mgptpUj;jp mikr;ru; mtu;fspd; Mrprn
; ra;jp

njhopDl;gf; fy;tp kw;Wk; njhopw;gapw;rpg; ghlj;Jiwia jw;NghJ ,Uf;fpd;w ,lj;jpypUe;J cau; kl;lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L
tUtjw;fhf Ntz;ba nfhs;ifuPjpahd jPuk ; hdq;fs; fle;j murhq;fq;fspdhy; vLf;fg;gl;lNghJk; mit vjpu;ghu;jj
; ,yf;Ffis
milatpy;iy vd;gJ njs;sj; njspthd tplakhFk;.

k`pe;j rp;e;jid vjpu;fhy Nehf;fpy; toq;fg;gl;l thf;FWjpfSf;F mika ,e;j epiyikf;fhd fhuzq;fisj; Njba ekf;F
mjw;Fupa fhuzk; vd;dntd;W njupa te;jJ. jw;NghJ mgptpUj;jp mile;Js;s INuhg;gpa kw;Wk; Mrpa ehLfspd;
ntw;wpfF
; f; fhuzk; me;ehLfspy; njhopDl;gf; fy;tp kw;Wk; njhopw; gapwr
; pj; Jiwf;Fupa njhopDl;g ghlj;Jiwia gy;fiyf;foff;
fy;tpf;F Vw;wtifapy; rkhe;jukhd xU fy;tpj; Jiwahf mgptpUj;jp nra;jikAk; me;ehLfspYs;s njhopDl;gg; ghlj;Jiwia
mg;ghlrhiyfspy; fhzg;gl;l ghlq;fSld; kpf Kiwahd tifapy; fye;jikAk; MFk;.

,isQu; tptfhuq;fs; vd;w tplaj;Jld; jpwd;fs; mgptpUj;jpiaAk; Nru;j;J xU mikr;rpid cUthf;fpa Kjy; ehL
,yq;ifNa MFk;. mjpNkjF rdhjpgjp k`pe;j uh[gf;\ mtu;fs; ,w;iwf;F ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G mt; caupa
eltbf;ifia vLj;jik mgptpUj;jp mile;j etPd ,yq;ifia cUthf;Fk; gzpapd; mbg;gilahd xU eltbf;ifahFk;.
mjhtJ njhopDl;gg; ghlj;Jiwia ,yq;ifg; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; cau;jug; ghlnewpfSld; Nru;j;jJld; ,isQu;
mYty;fs; kw;Wk; jpwd;fs; mgptpUj;jp mikr;ir cUthf;Fk;NghJ fhzg;gl;l Muk;g Nehf;fq;fs;> vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; vy;yhk;
tYg;ngw ,Ue;j ,Wjpahd jilAk; ,y;yhkw; NghAs;snjd;gJ vdJ ek;gpf;if MFk;. mjhtJ> ,jpypUe;J njhopDl;gf;
fy;tpj;Jiw %yk; jpwd;fs; mgptpUj;jpf;F EioAk; ,isQu;> Atjpfs; mjw;Fupa mwpT> jpwik Nghd;wtw;Wld; mbg;gil
vz;zf;fUf;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJk; ghlrhiyfs; %yNk MFk;. Fwpg;ghf ghlrhiyg; ghlnewpfSld; njhopDl;gg;
ghlnewpiar; Nru;g;gjd; %yk; ,ijg;gw;wp khzt khztpfsplKk; ngw;Nwhu;fsplKk; cUthFk; tuNtw;G kw;Wk; ek;gpf;if
fhuzkhf mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspy; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapd; ,Wjpapy; njhopDl;gg; ghlnewpf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s tuNtw;Gf;Fr;
rkkhd tuNtw;G vkJ ehlbYk;; cUthFk; vd;gJ vdJ ek;gpf;ifahFk;.

Fwpg;ghf ehk; tho;fpd;w ,e;j 21Mk; E}w;whz;L> Mrpahtpd; E}w;whz;lhnldg;gLfpwJ. ,e;E}w;whz;L mwpit Nfe;jpukhff;
nfhz;l mwpit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l nghUshjhuj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;ljhFk;. MfNt> kyuTs;s Mrpahtpd; E}w;whz;by;
NghJ mwpthu;ej; nghUshjhuj;jpd; kPJ cUthFk; etPd mgptpUj;jpaile;j ,yq;iff;Fj; Njitahd jpwikAs;s njhopyhsu;fs;
ghlrhiyfspNyNa cUthfl;Lk; vd gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.

ly]; mofg;ngUk
nfsut ,isQu; mYty;fs; jpwd;fs; mgptpUj;jp mikr;ru;
,isQu; mYty;fs; jpwd;fs; mgptpUj;jp mikr;R
epGzl;ll gpar.
nfhOk;G - 05

iv
fy;tpf; fz;fhzpgG
; g; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdupd; Mrprn
; ra;jp

njhopDl;gg; ghlj; Jiwiaj; Njrpa fy;tp Kiwikf;F mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; ,e;j epfo;r;rpf;F Mrpr;nra;jp toq;ff; fpilj;jikia
vdJ ngUk; Ngwhff; fUJfpNwd;.

Nfhl;ghl;L mwpT uPjpahf kl;Lkd;wp f.ngh.j cau;juj;jpy; gapYk; ,yq;if khztu;fs; nrad;Kiw uPjpahd mwpitngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjpy; ,j;njhopDl;gg; ghlj; Jiwapd; mwpKfkhdJ kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xd;whFk;. ,j;njhopDl;gj;Jiwf;fhd
Mff; Fiwe;j jifikahdJ f.ngh.j rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapy; fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk; cl;gl VNjDk; %d;W ghlq;fspy;
jpwikr; rpj;jpfSld; MW ghlq;fspy; rpj;jp ngw;wpUj;jy; MFk;.

Nkw;gb ghlj; JiwahdJ khztu;fSf;F NtiyAyfpy; Eiotjw;fhd gpuNahf uPjpahd mwpitAk; njhopDl;gj; Nju;rr ; piaAk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tha;g;ig toq;fp Nfhl;ghl;Lg; gpd;dzpAld; $ba mbg;gil tpsf;fj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;j cjTk;.

NkYk;> ,e;jg; ghlg;gpupitg; gapYk; khztu;fs; f.ngh.j. cau;jug; guPl;irapy; cau; milTfisg; ngWthu;fshapd;
epr;rakhf Njrpa gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; mDkjpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;fs;. mNjNtis gy;fiyf;fof mDkjpf;fhd jFjpiag;
ngwj; jtwpatu;fs; Njrpa njhopy;rhu; jifikia (NVQ) Njrpa njhopDl;g kw;Wk; njhopw;fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; fPo;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

,Wjpahf midj;J fy;tpkhd;fSf;Fk; gy;NtW epWtd mjpfhupfSf;Fk;> mikr;ru;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fSf;Fk;

Nkw;gb Njrpa gzpapy; gq;fspj;jikf;fhf vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

jpU. nkh`hd;yhy; fpNwW

fz;fhzpg;Gg; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;>
fy;tp mikr;R>
gj;juKy;y
,yq;if

v
fy;tp mikr;rpd; nrayhsupd; Mrprn
; ra;jp

Njrpa fy;tp Kiwikapy; Gjpa njhopDl;gj;Jiwia mq;Fuhu;gg; zk; nra;Ak; jUzj;jpy; Mrprn
; ra;jpia toq;ff; fpilj;jikaplL
;
ngUkfpo;r;rpailfpNwd;. vkJ gl;ljhupfspd; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gLk; Nju;r;rpapd;ik my;yJ Nju;r;rpf; FiwT jkJ njhopiy
rpwg;ghfr; nra;tjw;Fj; jilahf mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j epiyik ,yq;if murpdJk; njhopw; re;ijapdJk; ftdj;ij
ntFthf <u;j;Js;sJ.

njhopw; re;ijapy; mjpfupj;JtUk; Nfs;tpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopw;wpwDs;s ,isQu;fis cUthf;Fk; nghUl;L ,yq;if
murhq;fk; %d;whk;epiyf; fy;tpapy; njhopDl;gj;Jiwia mwpKfg;gLj;j eltbf;if vLj;Js;sJ.

,jw;fpzq;f murhq;fk; fiyj;Jiwiaj; njupTnra;Ak; khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; gbg;gbahff; Fiwg;gjw;Fj; jpl;l

kplL
; s;sJld; Vida Jiwfspy; khztu;fspd; vz;zpfi ; fiaf; $l;Ltjw;Fk; Gjpa njhopDl;gg; gpupTfis gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk;
njhopDl;g kw;Wk; njhopw; fy;tp epWtdq;fspYk; mwpKfg;gLj;jTs;sJ. ,jd; Nehf;fk; NtiyAyfpwF ; j; Njitahd jifikfis
khztu;fSf;F toq;FtjhFk;.

Nkw;gb cj;Njr njhopDl;gj;JiwahdJ f.ngh.j. cau;juj;jpy; jdpahd gpupthf miktJld;> mjDld; njhlu;Gila
ghlq;fisj; njupT nra;tjd;; %yk; gue;j njhopDl;gg; gug;igf; fw;gjw;F ,aYkhfTkikAk;.

v];. vk;. Nfhl;lhga [auj;d

nrayhsu;>
fy;tp mikr;R>
gj;juKy;y.
,yq;if.

vi
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfg; gzpgg
; hsu; ehafj;jpd; Mrprn
; ra;jp
cj;Njr fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu cau;ju njhopDl;gj; JiwahdJ ,yq;ifapd; nghJf; fy;tp Kiwikapy; Vw;gl;l xU
jpUg;GKidahFk;. Vnddpy;> ,J tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; njhopDl;gf; fw;iffSf;F mjpf tha;g;ig toq;Ftjd; %yk; f.ngh.j
cau;jug; guPl;irf;F fiyj;Jiwiaj; njupT nra;Ak; khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; ngUksTf;Ff; Fiwj;J jw;NghJ
fhzg;gLk; fl;likg;gpd; rkdpiyapd;ikia ePf;FfpwJ.

njhopDl;gf; fy;tpia mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij If;fpa ehLfspd; fy;tp> r%f kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L mikak;
(UNESCO) kw;Wk; ru;tNjr njhopyhsu; mikak; (ILO) tpd; 2002 Mk; Mz;L tpjg;Giu ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ. njhopDl;gf;
fy;tpapd; mwpKfkhdJ NtiyAyfpw;Fk; njhopDl;g cyfpw;Fk; mwpKfj;ijj; jUtJld; fy;tpg;Gyj;ijAk; tpupTgLj;Jk;.
,jd; tpisthdJ fw;wy; rhjdq;fs;> fUtpfs;> cj;jpfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpg; gbKiwfs;> gfpu;T> KOikahd Kfhikj;Jtk;
vd;gtw;iwj; Njbaha;tjhf miktNjhL nrad;Kiw mDgtq;fs; %ykhff; fw;wy; nray;Kiwfis tsg;gLj;JfpwJ.

cyfshtpa uPjpapy; gy ehLfs; njhopDl;gj; Jiwapid rpNu\;l ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jp cs;sJld; mjd;
ed;ikfis jkJ ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fk; gad;gLj;jpAs;sd. ,e;j Gjpa njhopDl;gj; JiwahdJ khztu;fSf;F
nghwpapay; njhopDl;gtpay;> capupay; Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gtpay;> njhopDl;gj;jpw;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; Nghd;w gpujhd
ghlg;gug;Gfis fw;gjw;F re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;Fk;. mj;Jld; Njrpa njhopw;WiwfSf;fhd jifikiaAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
khztu;fSf;F re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;FtJld; cau;jug; guPl;irapd; gpd;du; NtiyAyfpw;F ,yFthfg; gpuNtrpf;fTk; topnra;Ak;.

mjpNkjF [dhjpgjp k`pe;j uh[gf;\ mtu;fs; kw;Wk; fy;tp> cau;fy;tp> njhopw;gapw;rp kw;Wk; jpwd; tpUj;jp Nghd;w
mikr;Rf;fspd; mikr;ru;fs; Gjpa njhopDl;gj; Jiwia mwpKfQ; nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;eJ
; s;sijAk; ,yq;ifapd;
fy;tp Kiwikf;F mjid mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jikiaAk; ntFthfg; ghuhl;LfpNwd;.

mikr;Rfspd; nrayhsu;fs;> gy;fiyf;fof khdpaq;fs; Mizf; FOtpd; jiytu; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd;
cgNte;ju;fs; kw;Wk; fiyj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jpf; FO cWg;gpdu;fs; MfpNahupd; ngWkjpkpf;f Nritia Gjpa njhopDl;gj;
Jiwapd; mwpKfj;jpw;fhf Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpw;F toq;fpaikf;F ed;wp $WfpNwd;.

Nguhrpupau; lgps;a+. vk;. mNguj;d gz;lhu

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>
kfufk.
,yq;if>

vii
1.0 mwpKfk;
njhopDl;gf; fy;tpia mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij If;fpa ehLfspd; fy;tp> r%f kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L mikak; (UNESCO)
kw;Wk; ru;tNjr njhopyhsu; mikaj;jpd; (ILO) 2002Mk; Mz;bd; tpjg;Giu Mfpad ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ. njhopDl;gf; fy;tpapd;
mwpKfkhdJ NtiyAyfpw;Fk; njhopDl;g cyfpw;Fk; mwpKfj;ijj; jUtJld; fy;tpg;Gyj;ijAk; tpupTgLj;Jk;. ,jd; tpisthdJ
fw;wy; rhjdq;fs;> fUtpfs;> cj;jpfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpg; gbKiwfs;> gfpu;T> KOikahd Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iw Njbaha;tjhf
miktNjhL nrad;Kiw mDgtq;fs; %ykhff; fw;wy; nrad;Kiwfisg; ngWkjpkpf;fjhf;FfpwJ.
rpNul;l ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; njhopDl;gj;Jiwia mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy; gy ehLfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mrpag; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy;
mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; kNyrpahtpd; mDgtk; ,jidr; rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,yq;ifapy; f.ngh.j(rhjhuz
juj; j py; ) vy; y h khztu; f Sf; F k; mspf; f g; g Lk; njhopy; r hu; ghlq; f spd; njhFjpahdJ cyfshtpa gzpf; F k; > cyfshtpa
njhopy;Dl;gj;jpw;Fk; xU Muk;gg; gbahf ,Ug;gpDk;> Nkyjpfkhf njhopDl;guPjpahf Kidg;Gw;w fy;tpf;F mjhtJ %d;whk;epiyf;
fy;tpiaf; fw;gjw;Nfh> nghUj;jkhd njhopy;tha;g;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Nfh NghJkhd tha;g;Gf;fis mtu;fSf;F toq;ftpy;iy.

,yq;ifapd; nghJf;fy;tpapd; xU iky;fy;yhd> jw;NghJ gpNuupf;fg;gl;Ls;s cau;ju njhopDl;gj;Jiwia milahsq; fhzKbAk;.

Vnddpy;> ,J cau;juj;jpy; fiyj;Jiwiaj; njupTnra;Ak; khzu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fiwf;Fk;. mj;Jld; njhopDl;gk; kw;Wk;
tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia 2016Mk; Mz;lstpy; Rkhu; 40%jpdhy; mjpfupf;Fk;. mt;thwhd njhopy;El;gj;jpwd;
nfhz;l khztu;fs; gl;ljhupfshFk;NghJ> ehl;bd; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%fk; rhu;e;j mgptpUj;jpf;F mtu;fshy; Mf;fj;jpwDld;
tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f gq;fspg;ig toq;f KbAk;.

gpNuupf;fg;gl;Ls;s njhopDl;gj;JiwahdJ> cau;ju tFg;gpy; xU jdpahd gpupthf> njspthd tifapy; milahsq; fhzg;gLk;. mJ>
Njitahd ghlnewpfSld; $ba gue;j njhopy;Dl;gf; fw;ifg; gug;gpid cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. fy;tpaikr;rpYk;> gy;fiyf;fof khdpaq;fs;
Mizf;FOtpYk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpYk; eilngw;w fye;Jiuahly;fspd; Ngwhf> nghwpapay; njhopDl;gtpay; kw;Wk; capupay;
Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gtpay; vDk; ,uz;L gue;j njhopDl;gg; gug;Gfs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;lJ. ,it ,uz;bYk; VjhtnjhU ghlj;ij
khztu;fs; njupT nra;ayhk;. ,e;jr; Nru;khdj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ ghlkhd njhopDl;gj;jpw;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gJ tpQ;Qhdk;.
fzpjk; kw;Wk; jftw;; njhopDl;gk; Mfpad njhlu;ghd mbg;gil mwpit toq;fp> njupTnra;j njhopDl;gg; ghlnewpiaf; fw;f
cjtpahf mikAk;. ,r;Nru;khdj;jpd; %d;whtJ ghlk;> Vw;fdNt f.ngh.j cau;juj;jpw;fhd ghlq;fspd; njhFjpapypUe;;J njupT
nra;ag;gLk;.

njhopDl;gf; fw;ifj; Jiwapy; mlq;Fk; ghlq;fs; tUkhW

1. nghwpapaw;; njhopDl;gtpay; / capupay;Kiwikfs;; njhopDl;gtpay; (Vjhtnjhd;W)

2. njhopDl;gtpaypw;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;
3. gpd;tUk; ghlq;fspy; xd;W

viii
 nghUspay;
Gtpapay;
kidg; nghUspay;
Mq;fpyk;
njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clff; fw;if
jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghlw; njhopDl;gtpay;
rpj;jpuk;
tzpff; fy;tp
tptrha tpQ;Qhdk;
fzf; fpay;

Nehf;fq;fs;
ehshe;j tho;tpw;Fg; gad;glj;jf;f tifapy; khztu;fis njhopDl;gj; jpwd;fs; nfhz;Nlhuhf Maj;jk; nra;jy;
gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; njhopDl;guPjpahd jPu;Tfis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
Nkyjpf njhopw;wifikia toq;Fjy;.
NVQ rl;lfj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; khztu;fis mtu;fspd; njhopy;rhu; fy;tpiaj; njhlu ,aYkhdtu;fshf;Fjy;.

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

fzpg;gPL
ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gL
P > ghlrhiyfspNyNa elhj;jg;gLk;. mjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fSk; topfhl;ly;fSk; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy;
toq;fg;gLk;.

kjpg;gPL
fzpg;gPlhdJ guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; elhj;jg;gLk;. Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy; khjpup tpdhj;jhs;fs; gpuRupf;fg;gLk;.
vt;thNwDk; mwpKiwg; guPl;irf;fhf 75% Gs;spfSk;> nra;Kiwg; guPl;irf;fhf 25% Gs;spfSk; toq;fg;gLk;.

njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk

ix
02. Njrpa nghJ ,yf;Ffs;
Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ> jdpegu;fF
; k; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk;
FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk; jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk;
epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhyf; fy;tp mikg;Gf;fspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff;
fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf> epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj;jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf;$ba
gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj; njhFjpapid Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.
I. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUf;fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;>
rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; %yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy; %yKk;
Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifau; vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.
II. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL> Njrpa ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis
mq;fPfupj;jYk; NgZjYk;.
III. kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j>
,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa
Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.
IV. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff;
Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;
V. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa Mf;fr; rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk;
cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
VI. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Ngh~pf;ff; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;
$baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jp.
VII. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g> ,zq;fp thoTk; khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk; jahu;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy;
rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpu;ghuhjJkhd epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
VIII. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> ru;tNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhu; ,lj;ijg;
ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$ba kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.

x
3.0 mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;
fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.
I. njhlu; g hly; Nju; r ; r pf s;
pfs;
njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT>
jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik.
vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk; nrk;ikahfTk;
vOJjy;> gad;jUk; tifapyhd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;
vz;zwpT: nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;F
Kiwahf msj;jy;
rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;. tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;
jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT - fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly;
njhopDl;gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;jy;
II. MSik t pUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs
tpUj; pfs;;
- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;> EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid>
mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.
- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;.
- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT.
III. #o y; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
#oy;
,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd - r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;
r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk;
Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk;
rl;lG+u;tkhdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy; mf;fiwAk;
capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;>
tpyq;F> kdpj tho;T Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;
fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk; tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk; njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk;
,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

xi
 ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;>
Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs;
Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk; Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiy
nra; t jw; F k; tho; t jw; F k; fUtpfisAk; njhopDl; g q; f isAk; gad; g Lj; J k; jpwd; f Sk; ,q; F
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

IV. Ntiy cyfj;jpw;Fj; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpf s;.

pfs;

khztu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg; Ngh~pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu;
jpwd;fs;.
- nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;.
- mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;Gf;fisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.
- mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;.
- gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;.

V. rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpf s;.

pfs;
md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk; ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp
njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;

pfs;;.
VI. Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs
mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T Neug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr;
nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; Nghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;

fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy; njhlHghd Nju;r;rpfs

VII. fw; pfs;;.
tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy; xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk;
khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;KiwA+lhf> khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk;
ngwr; nra;jy;.
(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003 bnrk;gu;)

xii
 nghUslf; f k;
juk; 12 gf; f k;
01. Ez;zq;fpapay; 01
02. capu;%yf;$Wfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; 02
03. mbg;gil fzpjk; 05
04. igjfurpd; njhlu;Gfs; 05
05. mstPl;L El;gKiwfs; 06
06. ntg;g ,urhadtpay; 06
07. fzpdp 08
08. fzpdpg; gzpnrayKiwikfs; 09
09. jpupNfhz fzpjk; 11
10. ntg;gtpay; 12
11. ,af;f ,urhadtpay; 13
12. gy;gFjpaq;fs; 15
13. fzpdp nkd;nghUl; gad;ghL 16
14. ,izaKk; njhlu;ghlYk; 23
15. tpir 24

juk; 13
16. nghwpKiwr; rf;jp 26
17. ePu;epiyapay; 26
18. ,aw;if cw;gj;jpg;nghUl;fs; 27
19. Ms;$w;Wf; Nfj;jpufzpjk; 28
20. rlg;nghUl;fspd; nghwpKiw ,ay;Gfs; 29
21. kpd;dpaYk; fhe;jtpaYk; 29
22. ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy;fs;; 31
23. ,af;ftpay; 32
24. eNdh njhopDl;gk; 33
25. Gs;sptptutpay; 33
26. njhopDl;g Kd;Ndw;wKk; #oYk; 35

xiii
 juk; 12
ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
1.0 Ez;zq;fpfis 1.1 Ez;zq;fpfspd; gpujhd Ez;zq;fpf; $l;lq;fs; Ez;zq;fpfisg; gpujhd $l;lq;fshf 12
,dq;fz;L jd;ik kw;Wk; gw;wPupah tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
mtw;wpd; gy;tifik gq;fR Ez;zq;fpf; $l;lq;fSf;fhd
gpuNahfq;fis Mfpatw;iw Gul;NlhNrhth cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
tpsf;Fthu;. Ma;e;jwpthu;. jdpf;fy my;fhf;fs; tupg; g lq; f spd; cjtpAld; gpujhd
,ioAUg;gq;fR Ez;zq;fpf; $l;lq;fSf;Fupa
ituR ,ay;Gfis tptupg;ghu;.

1.2 kdpj tu;f;fj;jpd; Ez;Zapupdtpay; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; Ez;Zapupdtpaypd; 10

ey;tho;Tf;fhf mwpKfk; gpuNahfq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
Ez;Zapupaypd; gpuNahfq;fs; capupaw; rpfpr;irr; nrad;Kiwia
gpuNahfq;fis czT kw;Wk; tptrhaj;Jiw tptupg;ghu;.
Ma;e;jwpthu;. kUj;Jtj; Jiw rf;jp%yq;fspd; epiyNgwhd ghtidf;F
capupay; gupfupg;G (Biological Ez;Zapu;fspd; gpuNahfj;ij
treatment) tpsf;Fthu;.
fopTePu;g; gupfupg;G guk;giuayFg; (kugZg;) nghwpapaypy;
capupaw; gy;gFjpaq;fs; Ez;zq;fpfspd; gpuNahfq;fis
guk;giuayFg; (kugZg;) tptupg;ghu;.
nghwpapay; njhopDl;gk;
rf;jpAk; Ez;zq;fpfSk;

1
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
2.0 capu; 2.1 fhNghitjNuw;wpd; capu;%yf;$Wfs; - mwpKfk; capu; ,urhadtpaiy mwpKfQ; 04
%yf;$Wfspd; fl;likg;ig fhNghitjNuw;W nra;thu;.
fl;likg;G> Ma;e;jwpthu;. x U r f ; f i u l ; L ( n k h N d h capu; % yf; $ W vd; w hy; vd; d ntd
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> rf;fiul;L) tptupg;ghu;.
gad;ghL ,U rf;fiul;L (ilrf;fiul;L) fhNghitjNuw;iw mwpKfQ; nra;J
Mfpatw;iw gy; rf;fiul;L (nghyprf;fiul;L) nkhNdhrf; f iul; L > ilrf; f iul; L >
Ma;e;jwpthu;. nghyp rf;fiul;L vd tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
nkhNdhrf; f iul; L > ilrf; f iul; L >
nghyp rf; f iul; L Mfpatw; W f; f hd
cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
fhNghitjNuw; W f; f spd; Mf; f f; $ W
%yfq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
nghyp rf;fiul;Lf;fspy; mlq;fpAs;s
tpNrl $l;lq;fs;> gpizg;Gfs;
Mfpatw;iwg; ngaupLthu;.
jug;gl;l capu; %yf;$Wfspy;
nghyprf;fiul;L %yf;$Wfis
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
vspa nty;yj;ijAk; khg;nghUisAk;
,dq;fhZk; Nrhjidfis
Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis
tptupg;ghu;.

2
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
2.2 Gujq;fspd; Gujq;fs; mkpNdhtkpy %yf;$wpd; mlq;fpAs;s 04
fl;likg;ig mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; gpujhd njhopw;ghl;Lf; $l;lr; Nrhbia
Ma;e;jwpthu;. Gujq;fSk; mtw;wpd; fl;likg;G ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
kl;lq;fSk; Gujj;jpd; Mf;f %yfq;fisg;
nehjpaq;fs; ngaupLthu;.
Gujj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s tpNrl $l;lq;fs;>
gpizg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iwg; ngaupLthu;.
jug;gl;l capupay; %yf;$Wfspy; Guj
%yf;$Wfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
Gujj;jpd; Kjyhd fl;likg;G>
Jizahd fl;likg;G Mfpatw;iw
tpgupg;ghu;.
nehjpaq;fis mwpKfQ; nra;thu;.

2.3 ,ypg;gpl;Lfspd; ,ypg;gpl;Lfs; ,ypg;gpl;il mwpKfQ; nra;thu;. 03

fl;likg;ig ,ypg;gpl;Lfspd; fl;likg;Gk; ,ypg;gpl;by; mlq;fpAs;s Mf;ff;$W
Ma;e;jwpthu;. $WfSk; %yfq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
,Uf;if ,ypg;gpl;Lfspy; mlq;fpAs;s gpujhd
nfhOg;GfSk; vz;nza;fSk; $l;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gpizg;Gf;fisg;
ngaupLthu;.
,ypg; g pl; L %yf; $ W cUthfpAs; s
tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
jug;gl;l capu; %yf;$WfSs;
,ypg;gpl;L %yf;$Wfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
,ypg; g pl; L f; f s; %yk; capupfspd;
clypy; epfo;j;jg;gLk; njhopy;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
vspa Nrhjidfs; %yk; ,ypg;gpl;il
,dq;fhz;ghu;.

3
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
2.4 capu; %yf;$Wfspd; fhNghitjNuw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fhNghitjNuw;W> Gujk;> ,ypg;gpl;L> 04
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; capu;Kiwikfspy; nehjpaq;fs;> tpw;wkpd; Mfpatw;wpd;
gad;fis ifj;njhopy;fspy; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
Ma;e;jwpthu;. Gujq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nehjpaq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;ghf Cf;fy;
capu;Kiwikfspy; njhopw;ghl;il tptupg;ghu;.
ifj;njhopy;fspy; nehjpaq;fspd; njhopw;ghl;by;
,ypg;gpl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis
capu;Kiwikfspy; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
ifj;njhopy;fspy; ifj; n jhopy; f spy; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk;
njhjpaq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; nehjpaq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
capu;Kiwikfspy; ifj;njhopw;Wiwapy; nehjpag;
ifj;njhopy;fspy; gad;ghlbd; mD$yq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
capu;Kiwikfspy; tpw;wkpd;fspd; tpw; w kpd; f spd; Kf; f paj; J tj; i j
Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

4
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
3.0 g u g ; G > f d t s T 3.1 Nfj;jpu fzpj js Nfj; j pufzpj jstbtq; f spd; Nfj;jpufzpj jstbtq;fspy; 06
gw;wp Ma;e;jwpe;J tbtq;fs; kw;Wk; gug;gsT Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsitf; fhz;ghu;.
kl; L g; g Lj; j g; g l; l jpz;kq;fspd; jpz;kq;fspd; Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsT jpz;kq;fspd; Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsitf;
,lg;gug;ig rpwg;G Nkw;gug;Gfspd; (cUis> rJuKfp> fdTU> Nfhsk;> fhz;ghu;.
kl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;- gug;gsTfis $k;gfk;> mupak;> $k;G - $l; L j; jpz; k q; f spd; Nkw; g ug; g pd;
Jthu;. Muha;thu; #j;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp) gug;gsitf; fhz;ghu;.
$l;Lj; jpz;kTUf;fspd; Nkw;gug;gpd; $l;L jpz;kq;fspd; Nkw;gug;G gug;gsT
gug;gsT njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

3.2 jpz;kq;fspd; jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsT (cUis> jug; g l; l jpz; k q; f spy; fdtsitj; 06

fdtsit rJuKfp> fdTU> Nfhsk;> ehd;Kfp> Jzpthu;.
Ma;e;jwpthu;. $k; G > mupak; - #j; j puq; f isg; $l;L jpzk; q;fspd; fdtsitj; Jzpthu;.
gad;gLj;jp) $l;L jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsT njhlu;ghd
$l;Lj; jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsT gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

4.0 igjfurpd; 4.1 nrq;Nfhz igjfurpd; njhlu;Gk; m j d ; igjfurpd; njhlu; i gg; gad; g Lj; j p 04
njhlu;igg; Kf;Nfhzpapd; gpuNahfKk; Kf;Nfhzpapd; gf;fq;fspd; ePsq;fisf;
gad;gLj;jp gf;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd fzpg;ghu;.
,yFthfg; njhlu;ig Muha;thu;. gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F igjfurpd;
gpurpdq;fisj; njhlu;igg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
jPu;g;ghu;. igjfurpd; njhlu;gpd; khWepiyia
vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F igjfurpd;
njhlu;gpd; khWepiyiag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

5
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
5.0 mstply; 5.1 nghUj;jkhd Ntu;zpau; ,Lf;fp mstPl;L cgfuzq;fspd; 08
NjitfSf;fhf cgfuzq;fisg; Ez;khzp jpUFf;fzpr;rp ,opntz;zpf;ifiaj; Jzpthu;.
cupa gad;gLj;jp rpwpa efUk; EZf;Ff; fhl;b cgfuzq; f spypUe; J mstP l ; i lg;
El;gKiwfisf; mstPLfisg; Kj;Jyhj; juhR ngWk; N ghJ cupa eilKiwfisf;
iff;nfhs;thu;. ngWthu;. ,yj;jpudpay; juhR iff;nfhs;thu;.
cgfuzq;fspy; G+r;rpa tOit Jzpe;J
mstPLfisr; nrk;ikahf;Fthu;.
gpd;dtOit mwpKfQ; nra;J rpwpa
mstPLfis kpfr; nrk;ikahf ngWtjd;
mtrpaj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
rjtPj tOitf; fzpg;ghu;.
rpwpa mstPLfisg; ngWk;NghJ
mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd cgfuzq;fspd;
gad;ghl;il kjpg;ghu;.

6.0 ntg;g 6.1 ngsjpf khw;wq;fSld; ntg;g ,urhadtpaYld; njhlu;ghd ntg;gk;> Ntiy> rf;jp> njhFjp> vy;iy> 05
,urhadtpay; njhlu;ghd ntg;g mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fs; maw;#oy; Mfpa gjq;fis
njhlu;ghd khw;wq;fisr; Nrhjpg;- ntg;gk;> Ntiy> rf;jp tiuaWg;ghu;.
mbg;gil gjw;F ntg;g ,urhad- njhFjp> #oy; (Rw;Wg;Gw)> vy;iy vy; i yA+lhf rf; j pAk; rlg; n ghUSk;
vz;zf;fUf;fis t p a y p d ; m b g ; g i l epiy khw;wk; NtiyAk; gupkhwg; g Lk; njhFjpia
Ma;e;jwpthu;. vz;zf;fUf;fisg; cUFjy; jpwe;j njhFjp vd mwpKfQ;nra;thu;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;. ciwjy; vy; i yA+lhf rf; j pAk; NtiyAk;
gjq;fkhjy; gupkhwg;gLk; njhFjpia %ba njhFjp
kPs; gjq;fkhjy; vd mwpKfQ;nra;thu;. (vy;iy>
Mtpahjy; rlg;nghUs; gupkhw;wj;Jf;F mDkjpf;fhJ)
xLq;Fjy; vy; i yA+lhf rf; j pAk; rlg; n ghUSk;
NtiyAk; gupkhwg; g lhj njhFjp
jdpikahf;fg;gl;l njhFjp vd
,dq;fhz;ghu;.

6
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
njhFjp> #oy; Mfpad xUq;Nf mfpyk;
MFk; vdf;Fwpg;gpLthu;.
cUfy;> ciwjy;> gjq;fkhjy;> gbjy;>
Mtpahjy;> xLq;Fjy; Mfpa ngsjpf
khw;wq;fis tiuaWg;ghu;.
epiykhw;wk; gw;wpa %yf;$w;W kl;l
tpsf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

6.2 jhf;f ntg;gj;ijg; jhf;f ntg;gk; jhf;f ntg;gk; vd;gij tptupg;ghu;. 07

gupNrhjid uPjpahfj; mfntg;g> Gwntg;gj; jhf;fq;fs; Gwntg;g> mf ntg;gj; jhf;fq;fis
jPu;khdpg;ghu;. rf;jp tiuGfs; cjhuzq;fspd; cjtpAld; tpsf;Fthu;.
jhf;f ntg;gj;jpd; gpuNahfq;fs; Gwntg; g > mfntg; g jhf; f q; f isr;
nra;Jfhl;Lthu;.
mkpy - %y jhf;fj;jpd; jhf;f ntg;gj;ij
gupNrhjiduPjpahf fzpg;ghu;.
jhf;fq;fs; rhu;e;j ntg;gkhw;wq;fis
jP u ; k hdpf; F k; N ghJ Nkw; n fhs; s g; g Lk;
vLNfhs;fisf; $Wthu;.
jhf;fq;fs; rhu;e;j ntg;g khw;wq;fis
rf;jp tiuglj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
jhf; f ntg; g j; j pd; gpuNahfq; f is
cjhuzq;fs; %ykhf tptupg;ghu;.
jhf;f ntg;gk; njhlu;ghd fw;if md;whl
tho;tpYk; Ntiy cyfpYk; gad;gLfpwJ
vd Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

7
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
7.0 fzpdp Kiwik- 7.1 fzpdpia mwpKfQ; fzpdpapd; mwpKfk; fzpdpia xU Kiwik vd 03
nahd;wpdJk; mjd; nra;J cs;sl ; kw;Wk;
P L fzpdp xU Kiwikahf tptupg;ghu;.
JizAWg;Gf;- tUtpisT cj;jpfis cs;sPL td;nghUs;fis> cs;sPL> tUtpisT>
fspdJk; tpidj;- tptupg;ghu;. nra;Kiw kw;Wk; nra;Kiw myfhf
tUtpisT
jpwdhd gad;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
jdpahs; fzpdpapd; mbg;gilf;
Njbawpthu;. $Wfs; gadupd; Njitfis epiwNtw; W k;
fhl;rpj;jpiu tifapy; cj;jpfisj; njupTnra;thu;.
fhl;rpj;jpiu tiffs; CRT, fzpdpnahd; w py; Vw; g Lk; nghJthd
LCD, LED NfhshWfisr; rupg;gLj;Jthu;.
Kiwik myF (System Unit) fzpdpfis> msT kw;Wk;
jha;g;gyif> nrayp nray;ty;yik Mfpatw;wpd;
jw;Nghf;F ngWtop mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
epidtfk; (RAM)
thrpg;G kl;Lk;
epidtfk; (ROM)
td; tl;L
tpuptl;ilfs;> tYtyF
tpirg;gyif
(tpj;jpahrkhd tiffs;)
Rl;Lk; fUtpfs;
( Pointing devices)
Rl;b
Rtl;Lg; ge;J (Track ball)
njhLifr; rhsuk;(Touch panel)
Vida cs;sPl;L tUtpisT
cj;jpfs;
tUtpisTr; rhjdq;fs;
mr;Rg;nghwp> tiuTg;nghwp>
xypngUf;fp> fhl;rpj;jpiu
Nrkpg;Gf; fUtpfs; (Storage devices)
Nrkpg;G Clfk;

8
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
fhe;jtpay;
xspapay; (Optical)
NtW
cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs;
tUb> EZf;Fg;gd;dp> gl;ilf;
FwpKiw thrpg;ghd;
fzpdp tiffs;
Ez;fzpdp
kbf;fzpdp ^Laptop&
Nkirf;fzpdp ^Desktop&
cs;sq;iff; fzpdp (Palmtop)
Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jff; fzpdp (Notebook)

8.0 fzpdpg; 8.1 fzpdp gzpnray; gzpnray; Kiwikapd;

03
gzpnray; Kiwikia ,d;wpahik gzpnray;Kiwik njhopw;gLk;
Kiwikia mwpKfQ; nra;J njhlq;Fjy; nrad;Kiw (Booting tpjj; i jAk; mjidg; g ad; g Lj; J k;
gad;jU tpjj;jpy; mjd; njhopy;fis Process) tpjj;ijAk; tptupg;ghu;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;. tptupg;ghu;. tiutpay; gadu; ,ilKfk; fzpdpapd; gy;NtW $Wfisg; ngaupl;L
(GUI -Graphical User Interface) mit gzpnray; KiwikAld;
fl;lisf; Nfhl;L ,ilKfk; ,iltpidailAk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
(Command line interface) gy;NtW tifg;gl;l gzpnray;
gy;NtW gzpnray; Kiwikfs; Kiwikfis tptupj;J gpujhdkhf
(Windows, Linux, MacOS, DOS) gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gzpnray;
jpwe;j tif gzpnray; Kiwikfs; Kiwikfisg; ngaupLthu;.
Linux, Ubuntu, Fedora, Hanthana, Unix gzpnray; Kiwik> gpujhd
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; ,ay;Gfs; epidtfj; J ld; ,iltpidailAk;
(Characteristics) tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
epidtf Kfhik Nfhg;G Kiwikfs; mtw;wpd;
cghaKiw Kfhik njhopw;ghLfs; Mfpatw;iw tptupg;ghu;.
Nfhg;G Kfhik

9
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
guprPyid Kfhik fzpdp kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz$Wfspd;
ghJfhg;G Kfhik tptuf;$Wfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
Kiwik Kfhik jtW Kfhikia tpsf;Fthu;.
Kiwikj; njhopw;ghl;L milT
Kfhik
jtWfis vLj;Jf;fhl;ly;
Vida nkd; n ghUl; f Sf; F k;
gadUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig
Vw;gLj;jy;.

8'2 fzpdpg; gzpnray; gzpnray; Kiwikfis ,dq;fhzy; gzpnray; Kiwikapd; ghfq; f is 04

Kiwikiag; Nfhg;Gf;fspd; Kfhikj;Jtk; ,dq;fhz;ghu;.^Desktop, Explorer, Controls&
ciwfs;^Folder)> cg ciwfis ^sub
gad;gLj;Jthu;. gzpnray; KiwikAld;
folder& cUthf;Fthu;.
td;nghUl;fis ,izj;jy; nrYj; j p ^Drive& ciw> cg ciw
Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
Nfhg;Gf;fspd; ghfq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
Explorer / Nautilus Clhf ciw khjpupia
mtjhdpg;ghu;/ khw;wpaikg;ghu;.
nrYj;jp> Nfhg;G> ciw> Mfpatw;iw
fl;lisf; Nfhl;ilg; ^Command Line&
gad;gLj;jp ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
USB Mouse, Pen Drive, Printer, HSDPA
dongle Nghd;wd fzpdpAld; ,izf;Fk;
re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gzpnray; Kiwikapd;
elj;ijia mtjhdpg;ghu;.
Controls Ig; gad; g Lj; j p nra; g zp
Kiwikapd; ntt;NtW ghfq;fs;
njhlu;ghfj; Njbawpthu;.
Rl;b (Mouse)

10
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
xyp (Sound)
Personalization
jpfjpAk; NeuKk; ^Date & Time&
Folder Option
Ngr;ir ,dq;fhzy; ^Speech Rec
-ognition&
gadu; fzf;Ffs; ^User Accounts&
Task Manager gad;gLj;jp Linux ,y; ps - A
Ig; gad;gLj;jp nra;gzp Kiwikapd;
n r a ; g z p f i s g ; ^Process& g w ; w p j ;
NjbawpaTk;> nra;gzpfis
epWj; j pitf; f Tk; KbAk; vd; g ij
,dq;fhz;ghu;.

9.0 ehshe;j 9.1 jpupNfhzfzpj Nfhz mstPLfshd> ghif> Nfhz mstPLfshf ghif> Miuad; 07
tho;fi; fj; tpfpjq;fis Miuad; Mfpatw;wpd; mwpKfk;. Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
NjitfSf;fhf tptupg;ghu;. ird;> Nfhird;> jhQ;rd; Mfpa ird; > Nfhird; > jhQ; r d; Mfpa
jpupNfhz fzpj jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq; f spd; jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
tpfpjq;fisg; mwpKfk;. jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp gad;gLj;jpg; gpurpdk; jPu;g;ghu;.
fUkq;fis Mfpa
,yFgLj;jpf; Nfhzq; f spd; jpupNfhz fzpj
nfhs;thu;. tpfpjq;fs; ^ &
9.2 jpupNfhz fzpj jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq; f isg; eilKiwr; re;ju;g;gq;fspd;NghJ> Vw;wf; 06
tpfpjq;fisg; gad; g Lj; j p Kf; N fhzpnahd; w pd; Nfhzk; > ,wf; f f; Nfhzk; Mfpad
gad;gLj;Jthu;. gf; f q; f isAk; Nfhzq; f isAk; fpilf;Fk; tpjk; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ;
Jzpjy;. nrYj;Jthu;.
# j ; j p u j ; i j g ; nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs; rhu;ej; ePsq;fs;>
Nfhzq;fisf; fhz;gjw;fhf jpupNfhz
gad; g Lj; j p Kf; N fhzpnahd; w pd;
fzpj tpfpjq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
gug;gsitj; Jzpjy;
11
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
(eilKiwr; re;ju;g;gq;fs; cl;gl)
Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; epakd; Fwpg;gPli
; lg;
gad;gLj;jp> Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd;
gug;gsTf;fhf>
#j;jpuj;ijg; ngWk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
mr;#j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp>
Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; gug;gsitj; Jzpthu;.
(eilKiwr; re;ju;g;gq;fs; cl;gl)
9.3 tpy;nyhd;wpd; tpy;nyhd;wpd; ePsk; tpy;nyhd;wpd; ePsj;ijf; fhz;gjw;fhf 08
ePsj;ijAk; Miur;rpiwapd; gug;gsT #j;jpuj;ij ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
Miur;rpiwapd; vDk; #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
gug;gsitAk; tpy;nyhd;wpd; ePsj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;.
fhz;ghu;. Miur; r piwnahd; w pd; gug; g sitg;
gpd;tUk; #j;jpuq;fs; %yk; fzpg;ghu;.
^ Miuad;fspy; msf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)

^ Miuad;fspy; msf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)
,q;F A vd;gJ Miur;rpiw ngwg;gl;l
njhlf;f tl;lj;jpd; gug;gsthFk;.
( ghiffspy; msf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)
vd;gJ ghiffspy; msf;fg;gl;Ls;s
ikaj;jpd; vjpuikf;Fk; NfhzkhFk;.
Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; gug;gsitf;
fhz;gjw;fhf
#j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
$l;Lj;jsTUtq;fs; rhu;ej ; gpurpdq;fisj;
jP u ; g ; g jw; f hf Nkw; g b #j; j puq; f isg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.

12
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
10.0ntg;gk; 10.1 jpz;k> jput tpupTfs; ntg;gk; jpz;k kw;Wk; jput tpupT> tpupjfT> 05
njhlu;ghd gw;wp Muha;thu;. tpupT ntg;gepiy Mfpatw;Wf; fpilapyhd
mwpit> ehshe;jf; jpz;kq;fspy; ePl;ly; tpupTk; njhlu;ig Kd;itg;ghu;.
fUkq;fSf;fhfTk; gug;gsT tpupTk;> fdtsT ntg;g tpupT gad;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fis
tpQ;QhdG+u;tf; tpupTk; tptupj;J fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;thu;.
fUkq;fSf;fhfTk; jput tpupT
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
10.2 ntg;gg; gupkhw;wk;> ntg;gg; gupkhw;wk; ntg;g gupkhw;wk; njhlu;ghd 05
epiykhw;wk; Mfpad ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;thu;.
njhlu;ghfj; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT epiykhw;wnkhd;wpd;NghJ cwpQ;rg;gLk;
Njbaha;thu;. ntg;gk; my;yJ ntsptplg;gLk;
ntg;gj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;.

10.3 ntg;g ,lk;khwy; ntg;g ,lk;khwy; (transition) ntg;gepiy khwy; Kiwfs; njhlu;ghf 06
Kiwfs; njhlu;ghfj; flj;jy; tpsf;fkspg;ghu;.
Njbaha;thu;. Nkw;fhTif Nfhnyhd; w pd; topNaahd ntg; g f;
fjpu;g;G flj;jy; tPjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
fhuzpfisf; fz;lwpthu;.
ntg;gf; flj;jy; tPjj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;.
eilKiwapy; ntg;gf; flj;jy; tPjj;ijf;
Fiwf;fj;jf;f topfisj; Njbawpthu;.
ntg; g f; fjpu; g ; g py; Nkw; g ug; g sTk;
Nkw; g ug; g pd; jd; i kAk; nry; t hf; F r;
nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

13
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
11.0,af;fg; gz;G 11.1 ,urhadj; jhf;f jhf;ftPjk; Xu; myF Neuj;jpy; eilngw;w khw;wj;jpd; 07
,urhadtpaypd; tPjj;jpd;ghy; jhf;f tPjk; } nrwpT msNt tPjk; vd vLj;Jf;$Wthu;.
mbg;gil nry;thf;Fr; fhyk; tifaP l ; L f; Fzfj; j pd; cjtpAld;
vz;zf;fUf;fisg; nrYj;Jk; jhf;ftPjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
jhf;f tPjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;
gad;gLj;jp fhuzpfisj; gjhu;j;jq;fspd; mstpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;
nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; jhf; f tP j j; i j mstpLk; mbg; g ilf;
jhf;ftPjj;ij Jzpthu;. ntg;gepiy fhuzpnad vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
MSif nra;thu;. nrwpT jhf;ftPjj;ij xg;gpLk;NghJ gjhu;jj; q;fspd;
ngsjpf epiy (jhf;fpfspd; msT my;yJ nrwpT kPJ jq;fpAs;s gpw
Nkw;gug;gsT) fhuzpfisg; gad; g Lj; j yhk; vd
Cf;fpfs; tpsf;Fthu;.
Neuj;ij mstpLtjd; %ykhf jhf;f-
tPjj;ij mstpl> nkJthf eilngWk;
,urhad jhf;fq;fisj; njupTnra;thu;.
jhf;ftPjj;jpy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzp-
fshf> ntg;gepiy> nrwpT (mKf;fk;)>
ngsjpf jd;ik (jhf;fpfspd;
Nkw;gug;gsT)> Cf;fpfs; Mfpatw;iwg;
ngaupLthu;.
,urhad jhf;fnkhd;wpd; tPjj;jpd;ghy;
ntg;gepiyapd; nry;thf;fpidf; fhl;l
nra;Jfhl;ly;fisr; nra;thu;.
jhf;ftPjj;jpy; nrwptpd; nry;thf;fpidf;
fhl;Ltjw;fhd cjhuzq;fisr;
rku;g;gpg;ghu;.
jhf; f tP j j; j py; ngsjpf jd; i kapd;
(Nkw;gug;Gg; gug;gsT) nry;thf;fpidf;
fhl;l nra;Jfhl;ly;fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
Vftpd> gy;ypd Cf;fpfspdhy; jhf;ftPjk;
khWgLk; tpjj;ij nra;Jfhl;Lthu;.
xw;iwg; gbKiwj; jhf;fq;fs;
14

Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k;
11.2 , u r h a d j ; j h f ; f - xw;iwg; gbKiwj; jhf;fq;fSf;Fupa xw;iwg; gbKiwj; jhf;fk; vd;gJ ahJ
nkhd;wpd; tPjj;jpd;kJ P rf;jptupg;glk;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; Vtw; rf;jp
fhuzpfis tptupg;- jhf;fk; epfOtjw;Fj; Njitahd
gjw;fhf ,af;fg;gz;G epge;jidfs;
,urhadtpaypd; %yf;$Wfspd; NkhJif
mbg; g il vz; z f; - nghUj;jkhd jpirKfj;jpy;
fUf;fisg; gad;gLj;- NkhJjy;
Jthu;. Vtw; rf;jpia tpQ;rpapUj;jy;
Nkw;gb Njitfis epiwT
nra;tjw;fhf> ntg;gepiy> nrwpT>
Cf; f p> ngsjpfepiy Mfpad
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjk;
gy;gbKiwj; jhf;fq;fs;
tPj epu;za gbKiwfs;
15
ghl
fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
07
vd tptupg;ghu;.
xw;iwg; gbKiwj;jhf;fQ; rhu;ghf> jhf;f
Ms;$Wf;F vjpNu rf;jpia tiughf;fp
Kd;itg;ghu;.
Vtw; rf;jp vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
jhf;fnkhd;W epfOtjw;F epiwTngw
Ntz;ba epge;jidfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
%yf;$Wfspd; NkhJif> %yf;$Wfs;
nghUj;jkhd jpirKfj;Jld; NkhJjy;>
NkhJk; %yf; $ Wfs; Vtw; rf; j pia
tpQ;rpapUj;jy;> Mfpad jhf;fnkhd;W
G+u;jj
; pailtjw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gil
epge;jidfshFk; vdf; $Wthu;.
jhf;fnkhd;W epfOtjw;fhf
epiwTnra;a Ntz;ba epge;jidfisg;
G+u;jj; p nra;jypd;ghy; ntg;gepiy> nrwpT>
Cf;fp> ngsjpf epiy Mfpa fhuzpfs;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij
tptupg;ghu;.
gy;gbKiwj; jhf;fnkhd;wpid tptupg;ghu;.
jhf;fnkhd;wpd; tPj epu;za gbKiw vJ
vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
12.0 gy;gFjpag; 12.1 gy;NtW gy;gFjpaq;fspd; mwpKfk; gy; g Fjpa %yf; $ WfSld; vspa 10
gjhu;jj
; q;fis epajpfSf;fika gy;gFjpa tifg;gLj;jy; %yf;$Wfis xg;gpLthu;.
Ma;e;jwpthu;. gy;gFjpaq;fspid Njhw;Wthap mbg;gilapy; gy;NtW epakq;fSf;fika gy;gFjpa
tifg;gLj;jpf; ,aw;ifahd %yf;$Wfis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
fl;likg;Gf;fis nraw;ifahd
Muha;thu;. fl;likg;gpd; mbg;gilapy;
Neupa
FWf;Fg; gpizg;Gf;fs; nfhz;l
nghwpKiw ,ay;GfSf;fika
kPsj; d;ik nfhz;l gFjpaq;fs;
gpshj;jpf;Fg; gjhu;j;jq;fs;
ehu;fs;
gspq;FUj; jd;ikf;fika
gspq;FUthdit
gspq;FUtw;wit

13.0 ehshe;j 13.1 Mtzkhf;fYf;fhf nrhy; Kiw topg;gLj;jy; (word nrhy;Kiw topg;gLj;Jk; nkd;nghUisj; 10
tho;f;ifapy; nrhy; Kiw processing)nkd;nghUs; mwpKfk; jpwe; J Nfhg; G f; f isr; Nrkpj; j y; >
gpur;rpidfs; topg;gLj;jy; nrhy; Kiw topg;gLj;jy; nkd;- mbg;gilahd gjpg;gpj;jy; gzpfisr;
jPug
; g
; jw;fhf nkd;nghUisg; nghUisj; njhlf;Fjy; nra; j y; > tbtikj; j y; (Formatting)>
gpuNahf gad;gLj;Jthu;. Gjpa Mtznkhd;iw Muk;gpj;jy; ghlq;fisAk; ,yf;Fg; nghUs;fisAk;
nkd;nghUs;fisg; Mtznkhd;wpid ntt;NtW (objects) gpujpnra; j y; > efu; j ; J jy;
gad;gLj;Jthu;. Nfhg;Gtiffspy; (File type) Nrkpj;jy; Mfpatw;iwr; nra;thu;.
(Save). ge;jpfisAk; gf;fq;fisAk; tbtikg;ghu;.
tiutpay; gadu; Kfg;ig mwpKfQ; ml;ltizfisr; nrUFthu;.
nra;jy;. (Graphical User Interface) gl;bay;fis mikg;ghu;.
mbg;gilahd gjpg;gpj;jy;(Editing) tiutpay;fs;> xspg;glq;fisr;
epiy fhl;b (Cursor) nrUFthu;.
ghlj;ij (Text) cl;gLj;jy;

16
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
ghlj;ij mopj;jy; (Deleting) vOj;Jr; rupghu;j;jy;> nrhw;fsQ;rpak;>
ghlj;ij efu;j;Jjy; (Move) fhl;rp tiffisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Undo, Redo Mfpatw;iwr; gf;f mikg;Gf;fhf (Page Setting) mr;R
nra;jy; Kd;fhl;rpiag; ( Page Preview)
tbtikg;G ^Formatting& gad;gLj;Jthu;.
ghlq;fisj; njupTnra;jy; Mtznkhd;wpid mr;rpLthu;.
^Selecting&
vOj;JUf;fis mwpKfQ; nra;jy;
vOj;JUtifia khw;Wjy;
vOj;JU msT khw;Wjy;
vOj;JU epwq;fs;
tbtikg;ig ePfF ; jy;(clear format)
ghlq;fis Neu;gg ; Lj;jy; ^Aligning)
,yf;Fg; nghUs;fisAk;(objects)
ghlq; f isAk; gpujpnra; j Yk;
efu;jJ ; jYk; ^Copy and Move)
khw;wpLjy; ^Replacing&
efu;jJ ; jy; ^Moving&
gpbg;Gg;gyif ^Clip board&
gad;gLj;jy;
,Oj;Jf; iftply; (Drag & Drop)
gjpg;gpj;jy; (Editing) rpwg;gk;rq;fs;
vOj;Jr;rupghu;jj ; y;(Spell checking)
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; (Thesaurus)
gf;f fhl;rp
ge; j p tbtikj; j y; (Paragraph
Formatting)
Neu; g ; g Lj; j y; khw; w Q; n ra; j y;
(Changing alignment)

17
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
cgge;jpaikj;jy; (Indents)
vy;iyaplYk; epow;WjYk;
^Bordering and shading&
ghzpfs; gpuNahfk; ^Apply styles)
ge;jpfSf;fpilNaAk; tupfSf; -
fpilNaAk; ,ilntsptpLjy;.
(Paragraph spacing)
tiutpay; glq;fisAk;
ml;ltizfisAk; (Pictures and
Tables) nrUFk; ntt;NtW Kiwfs;
ml;ltizfs; Mf;fy; ^Creating
tables&
ghlj;ij ml;ltizahf
khw;Wjy;
ml;ltiz tiujy; ^Draw tables)
ghlq;fisr; nrUFjy;
ml;ltizf; fUtpfs;(Tools)
epuy; > epiufisr; nrUFjy;
(Inserting rows and columns)
rpw; w iwfs; > epiu> epuy; f is
mopjj ; y; (Deleting cells, columns and
rows)
rpw;wiwfis xd;wpizj;jYk;
Ntwhf;fYk; (Merge and Split)
epiu mfyj;ij mikj;jy;
rpw;wiwapDs; ghlj;ij
,lg;gLj;jy;.
vy;iyaplYk; epow;WjYk;
(Borders and shading)

18
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
gl;bay;fs; ^Lists&
Fz;Lf;Fwpapl;l> ,yf;fkpl;l
gl;bay;fs; ^Bullets and Numbering)
gl;bay;fs; jahupj;jy;^Nested list)
gl;bay;fs; tbtikj;jy;
gUtiuT Mf; F jy; ^Creating
outline&
gf;f tbtikg;G ^Page setup)
epuy;fs; mikj;jy; (Margins)
gf;fj;jpirKfj;ijAk;
(Orientation) gf;fj;jpd; msitAk;
khw;Wjy;.
gf;f vy;iyfisj; Njb
(Borders& epwj;ij khw;Wjy;
jiyg;Gk; mbf;Fwpg;Gk; ,Ljy;
^Header and Footers&
gf;f Jis (Page breaker),Ljy;
ml;il (Cover page) jahupj;jy;
ntWk; gf;fq;fs; (blank page)
nrUFjy;
mr;rply; (Printing)
gf;f ,lg;gLj;jy;
mr;RKd; fhl;rp (Print preview)
mr;rply;

19

Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k;
13.2 ml;ltizg;gLj;jpa tpupjhs; - mwpKfk;
juTfisf; fsQ;rpag;- tpupjhs; nkd;nghUisj;
gLj;Jtjw;Fk; njhlf;Fjy;.
juTfisg; gFg;gha;- tpupjhs; njhlf;f epuiy
tjw;Fk; tpupjhs; ,dq;fhzy;.
nkd;nghUs;fisg; cjtp ^Help& iag; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;. Ntiyg; Gj;jfj;jpd; ^Workbook&
mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;
Gjpa Ntiyg;Gj;jfk; ^New
Workbook& Mf;Fjy;.
Ntiyg; Gj;jfj;ijj; jpwj;jy;
Ntiyg; Gj;jfj;jpy; topfz;lwpjy;
(Navigation&
Kfg;G milahsk; GFj;Jjy;
ngWkhdq;fisg; GFj;Jjy;
rpw;wiw tPr;Rf;fisj; njupjy;
^Ranges)
tha;g;ghL ^Formulae) kPl;ly;
tha;g;ghLfisr; nrUFjy;
"Auto sum" gad;gLj;jy;
"Auto fill" gad;gLj;jy;
Kw;WW> njhlu;Gepiy (Absolute,
Relative) rpw;wiw gw;wpa tpsf;fk;
Undo & Redo gad;ghL
Ntiyg;Gj;jfnkhd;wpidr;
Nrkpj;jy; ^Save)
Ntiyg;Gj;jfj;jpd; mr;RKd;fhl;rp
ghu;j;J mr;rply;
Ntiyg;Gj;jfj;ij %Ljy;
ghl
fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
tpupjhs; nkd;nghUspd; mtrpaj;ijAk; 10
mjd; gad; g hl; i lAk; tpsq; f pf;
nfhs;thu;.
tpupjhs; top fz;lwpjy; (Navigation)
gz;Gf;$Wfis kPsha;T nra;J
Ntiyj;jhnshd;iw mikg;ghu;.
cjtp "Help" iag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
juTfisr; nrUfp mtw;iw xOq;F
Kiwg;gb fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.
nrUfpa juTfisf;nfhz;L
fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;thu;
juTfis> gjpg;Gr;nra;jy;> efy;nra;jy;>
efu; j ; J jy; > ntl; L jy; > xl; L jy; >
tbtikj;jy; Mfpatw;iwr; nra;thu;.
"Auto fill" #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
rpw;wiwfis ,izf;Fk; tpjj;ijAk;
ikag;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ijAk; fw;wwpthu;.
juTg;ngau;> tPr;R> tb> njupT kw;Wk;
nry; Y gbahf; f g; g l; l gl; b ay; f isg;
gad;gLj;jp juTfisf; ifahs;thu;.
tha;g;ghLfisAk; rhu;GfisAk;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
tiuGfs;> glq;fs; mikg;ghu;.
jiyg;GfSk; mbf;Fwpg;GfSk;
nrUFthu;.
Ntiyg;Gj;jfj;ijr; Nrkpg;ghu;> gf;f
gz; G f; $ Wfs; (Features)mikg; g hu; >
mr;rpLthu;.

20
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
Ntiyj;jhisg; gjpg;Gr;nra;jy;
rpw;wiw cs;slf;fj;ij gjpg;Gr;
nra;jy;> rpw;wiwfis
efnyLj;jy;> ntl;Ljy;> xl;Ljy;
fyq;fis tifFwpj;jYk;
efu;j;JjYk; - Rl;bapd; %yk;
gpbg; G g; gyif (Clip board)
gad;gLj;jy;
"Past special" fl;lisiag; gad;gLj;jy;
vOj;Jr; rupghu;jj ; y; (Spell check)
fyq;fs;> epiufs;> epuy;fs;
nrUFjy;
"Find and Replace" fl;lisiag;
gad;gLj;Jjy;
Ntiyj;jhnshd;iw tbtikj;jy;
rpw;wiwfis tbtikj;jy; (Cell
formatting)
Kfg;G milahsj;ij
tbtikj;jy;
ngWkhdj; i j tbtikj; j y;
(Number formatting)
epiu cauKk; epuy; mfyKk;
(Row height and column width)
rpw;wiwfis Neu;g;gLj;jy;
(Aligning)
rpw;wiu vy;iy> gpd;dzp epwk;>
Njhuzp (Pattern) Nru;j;jy;
"Format painter" gad;gLj;jy;
rpw;wiwg; ghzpiag; gad;gLj;jy;
^Cell style&

21
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
Mtzf; fUg;nghUisg;
gad;gLj;jy; ^Theme&
tiuglq;fs; mikj;jYk;
tiuglq;fSld; nraw;glYk; ^Charts)
tiuglk; cUthf;fy;
tiuglj;jpy; khw;wq;fisr;
nra;jYk; ngau;j;jYk;
tiugl tifia khw;Wjy; ^Chart
type)
nghJthd tiuglq;fis kPsj;
jpl;lkplYk; ghzpfis ,LjYk;
tiuglj; j pd; Kfg; g ilahsq; -
fSld; nraw;gly; ^Show label)
t i u g l j ; j p d ; m r ; R f ; f Sl d ;
nraw;gly; ^Axis)
tiuglj;jpd; gpd;dzpAld;
^Background) nraw;gly;.
tiuglj;jpd; gFg;gha;Tf;
fl;lisfSld; njhopw;gly;
tiuglj;jpd; %yfq;fis
^Elements) khjpupag;gLj;jy;
tiuglj; j pd; %yj; j uTfis
^Source data) khw;Wjy;
gzpj;jhis mr;rply;
gf;f tbtikg;G (Page setup)
mr;R Kd;fhl;rp (Print Preview)
mr;rply; jpirKfk; (Orientation)
mr;rply;

22
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
13.3 ,yj;jpudpay; epfo;j;- epfo;jJ; if (Presentation) mwpKfk; mbg;gil epfo;j;Jiffisj; jpl;lkpl;L 06
; if epfo; j ; J if nkd; n ghUisj;
Jiff;nfd epfo;jJ mjd; gbkmyFfisj; jPu;khdpg;ghu;.
nkd;nghUl;fisg; njhlq;Fjy; ghlk;> fUg;nghUs;. ghzp Mfpatw;Wld;
gad;gLj;Jthu;. tiutpay; ,ilKfj;ij tpsq;fpf; njhopw;gLthu;.
nfhs;sy;. tiuglq;fs;> Fwpg;Gfs;> ml;ltizfs;>
mbg;gil epfo;jJ ; ifiaj; jahupj;jy; tbtq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
epfo; j ; J ifapd; mbg; g ilfs; Clfg; glr; nrUfy; > mirT+l; l k;
(Elements) Mfpatw;Wld; njhopw;gLthu;.
ghlj;Jld; njhopw;gly; fUg;nghUs;> ghzp> gpd;dzp
jiyg; G > ghzp Mfpatw; w pd; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
gad;ghL epfo;j;Jif nkd;nghUspd;
tiuglk;> ml;ltiz rpwg;gpay;Gfis epfo;j;Jifia
Mfpatw;Wld; njhopw;gly; epUkhzpg;gjw;nfdg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
C l f g ; g l k ; (Media clip) x y p > C l f g ; g l k ; ( Media Clip) >
mirT+l;l cl;gLj;JifAk; mirT+l;lk; Mfpatw;iw epfo;jJ ; ifapy;
toik mirT+l;lKk; gltpy;iy cl;gLj;Jthu;.
khw;wPLk; ^Custom Animation, slide gy;NtW khjpupaq;fSf;fika
transition& epfo;j;Jifiag; gjpg;Gr; nra;thu;.

23
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
14.0 g a D W j p k p f ; f 14.1 jfty;fis ,izak; ,izaj;jpd; tuyhw;iwf; 05
tifapy; jfty;- mZFtjw;fhf mwpKfk; fye;JiuahLthu;.
fisg; ngWjy; > ,izaj;ijg; tuyhWk; tpUj;jpAk; ,izaj;Jld; njhlu;Gw;W nra;jpfisg;
njhlu;ghly; gad;gLj;Jthu;. tiyNkNyhb (web browser) gupkhwpf; nfhs;thu;.
Mfpatw; W f; n fd nrk;ik elg;G tof;F (Protocol) ,iza Kftupfisg; gFj;jhuha;thu;.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) ,izaj; j s Kftupapd; $Wfis
,izaj;ijg;
IP Kftup
gad;gLj;Jthu;. tptupg;ghu;.
Ms;fsk; (Domain)
Njlw;nghwpiag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
,iza Nrit toq;Feu; (ISP -
tiyf;flg;gplj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfis
Internet Service Provider)
,iza Nritfs; tptupg;ghu;.
kpd;mQ;ry; tiyf;flg;gplq;fspYs;s jfty;fisg;
WWW (cyfshtpa tiy) gad;jUk; tpjkhfj; NjLthu;.
tiyf;flg;gplq;fs; (Web sites) gy;NtW tifg;gl;l tiyf;flg;gplq;fis
Njlw; nghwpfs; (Search Engines) ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
ciuahL miw (Chat room) ,izar; Nritfis tptupj;J
nra;jpf; FOf;fs; (News groups) mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

14.2 nra;jpg; kpd; mQ;rw; Nritiag; gad;gLj;jy; kpd; mQ; r y; vd; w hy; vd; d ntd
05
gupkhw;wj;jpw;nfd kpd; kpd; mQ; r y; fzf; n fhd; i w tptupg;ghu;.
mQ;riyg; Muk;gpj;jy; ^yahoo, gmail, kpd; mQ;rypy; cs;s gy;NtW
gad;gLj;Jthu;. hotmail Nghd;w) Nritfis ,dq;fz;L gad;gLj;Jthu;.
kpd; mQ;ry; Kftup kpd; mQ;ry; Kftupfs; cUthf;Fthu;.
kpd; mQ;riy mDg;GjYk; kpd; mQ;rypy; nra;jpfisg; mDg;Gjy;>
ngWjYk; ngWjy; Mfpatw;iw Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
gjpyDg; G jYk; kpd; mQ; r iy
Kd;Kfg;gLj;jYk; ^Forwarding&
Nfhg;Gfis ,izj;jy;
CC kw;Wk; BCC
,iza xOf;fhw;wpay; ^Ethics&

24
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
15.0 tpir kw;Wk; 15.1 tpirapd; jd; i k- tpir tpirnahd;wpd; gUkd; vd;gij tptupg;ghu; 12
mjd; iaAk; mjd; tpirapd; fhtpj;jd;ik tpirnahd;wpd; jpiria tptupg;ghu;
tpisTfs; jhf;fq;fisAk; tpirapd; myFfs; tpirapd; njhopw;gL Gs;spia
gw;wpa mwpit ,af; f k; njhlu; g hd ,af; f k; njhlu; g hd epa+w; w dpd; ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
md;whl epa+w;wd; tpjpfs; %yk; tpjpfs; tpirnahd; w pd; njhopw; g L Nfhl; i l
tho;fi; fj; tptupg;ghu;. jhNd nrg;gkhjy;fspd; tptupg;ghu;.
NjitfSf;nfdg; ,Otpir tpirapd; SI myFfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;. cijg;G epa+w;wdpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpia F = ma
cuha;T tbtpy; Kd;itj;J vspa gpurpdq;fis
jPu;g;ghu;.
jhNd nrg;gkhFk; tpirfspd; jd;ikia
tptupg;ghu;.
epiyapay; cuha;T> vy;iy cuha;T>
,af;f cuha;T Mfpa gjq;fis tpsf;fp>
cuha;T gw;wp tptupg;ghu;.
tpirnahd;wpid xd;Wf;nfhd;W
nrq;Fj;jhd ,uz;L jpirfspw; gpupg;ghu;.
,af;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;> ,af;fj;jpd;
jd; i kia khw; W jy; Mfpatw; i w
epa+w;wdpd; tpjpfs; %yk; tpsf;Fthu;.

15.2 t p i r j ; n j h F j p - x U N f h l ; L t p i r f s p u z ; b d ; xU Nfhl;L tpirfspuz;bd; tpisAspd; 06

nahd;wpd; tpisAisf; tpisAs; gUkidAk; jpiriaAk; fhz;ghu;.
fhz;ghu;. rha;thd ,uz;L tpirfspd; tpirapizfu tpjpfs; ml;ruf; fzpj
tpisAs; Nfhitiag; gad; g Lj; j p> rha; t hd
tpir ,izfu tpjp ,uz; L tpirfspd; tpisAisf;
fhz;ghu;.
tpirj; jpUg;gj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis Kd;itg;ghu;.

25
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
15.3 tpirnahd;wpd; Row;rp tpirj; jpUg;gk; tpirnahd; w pd; jpUg; g k; vd; g ij 04
tpisit mstpLthu;. tpirapiznahd;wpd; jpUg;gk; tiuaWg;ghu;.
tpirapiznahd; w pd; jpUg; g j; i j
tpsf;Fthu;.

15.4 t p i r j ; n j h F j p - Gs;spg; nghUnshd;wpd; rkdpiy , u z ; L tpirfspd; fPo;> 08

nahd;wpd; rkdpiy
n j h l u ; g h f g ;
gFj;jha;thu;.
,uz;L tpirfspd; fPor; ; rkdpiy
%d;W tpirfspd; fPo;r; rkdpiy
tpiwj;j nghUnshd;wpd; rkdpiy
,uz;L tpirfspd; fPor; ; rkdpiy % d ; W
%d;W tpirfspd; fPo;r; rkdpiy
tpir rkhe;jukhf mikAk;
re;ju;g;gk;
tpirfs; rha;thf mikAk;
re;ju;g;gk;
Gs;spg;nghUspdJk; tpiwj;j
nghUnshd;wpdJk; rkdpiyia
tptupg;ghu;.
tpirfspd; fPo;>
Gs;spg;nghUnshd;wpd; rkepiyf;Fupa
Njitfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
rha;thd %d;W tpirfspd; fPo; tpiwj;j
nghUnshd;wpd;; rkdpiyf;Fupa
Njitfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
rkhe; j ukhd %d; W tpirfspd; fP o ;
tpiwj;j nghUnshd;wpd; rkdpiyf;Fupa
Njitfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
jpUg; g f; Nfhl; g hl; i lg; gad; g Lj; j p
vspikahd gpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;ghu;.

26
juk; 13
ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
16.0 nghwpKiwr; 16.1 Ntiy> rf; j p> tY Ntiy Ntiy> rf; j p> tY Mfpatw; i wf; 10
rf;jpia kdpjj; Mfpad njhlu; g hd nghwpKiwr; rf;jp fzpg;ghu;.
NjitfSf;fhfg; mwpit eilKiwj; ,af;fr; rf;jp Ntiy> rf; j p> tY Mfpatw; i w
gad;gLj;Jthu;. NjitfSf;fhf msT ngau;T ,af;fr; rf;jp msg;gjw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd
uPjpapy; gad;gLj;Jthu;. Row;rp ,af;fr; rf;jp myFfisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
mOj;jr; rf;jp ntt;NtW NjitfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
<u;g;G mOj;jr;rf;jp cgfuzq;fisj; njupT nra;J
kPspay;G mOj;jr; rf;jp nfhs;tjw;fhf tY njhlu;ghd mwpitg;
tY gad;gLj;Jthu;.
nghwpKiwr; rf;jpf; fhg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL nga;g;G tY> gag;G tY Mfpatw;iwf;
tpidj;jpwd; nfhz;L tpidj;jpwidf; fzpg;ghu;.

17.0 Xa;tpYs;s kw;Wk; 17.1 X a ; t p Y s ; s j p u t k ; ePupay; mlu;j;jp> rhulu;j;jp vDk; gjq;fis 08

mirAk; ghapfs; gw; w pa Ma; e ; j wptpy; ePupay; mKf;fk; tpsf;fpg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
gw;wpa mwpit Nfhl;ghLfs;> tpjpfs; rhulu;j;jp jput mKf;fj;Jf;fhd Nfhitiag;
md;whl Njitfs; Mfpatw; i wg; gad; - mKf;f CLflj;jy; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
kw;Wk; njhopDl;g gLj;Jthu;. ghRfhy; Nfhl;ghL ghapnahd;wpDs; cs;s nghUnshd;wpd;
eltbf;iffSf;fhfg; NkYijg;G NkYijg; G > kpjj; j y; Mfpatw; i w
gad;gLj;Jthu;. Mf;fpkpbrpd; Nfhl;ghL tpsf;Fthu;.
kpjj;jy; Nfhl;ghL mKf; f CLlfj; j iy tpsf; F jy;
gad;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;iw Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

17.2 ghapfspd; gha;r;riy gha;k epiyapay; gha;kg; gha;r;rypd; Ntfk;> gug;gsT 08

Ma;e;jwpa Nfhl;- njhlu; gha;r;ry; rkd;ghL Mfpatw; i wg; gad; g Lj; j p gha; r ; r y;
ghLfs;> tpjpfs; NgZ}ap Nfhl;ghL tPjj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;.
Mfpatw; i wg; gad; - ghapg; gha;r;ry; nrad;Kiw re;ju;g;gq;fis
gLj;Jthu;. tpsf;Ftjw;nfd NgZ}ap Nfhl;ghl;il
gad;gLj;Jthu;.

27
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
18.0 ,aw;ifahd 18.1 gy;NtW tifg;gl;l ,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfs; - mwpKfk; ,aw; i fahd cw; g j; j pfs; vd; w hy; 14
cw;gj;jpfs;> ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfs;> ,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jp tiffs; vd;dntd tptupg;ghu;.
mtw;wpd; mtw;wpd; %yq;fs;> Kjyhd mDNrgg; gjhu;jj ; q;fs; ,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfis Kjyhd
gpupj;njLg;G gad;ghLfs; tiffs; mDNrgg; gjhu; j ; j q; f s; > Jizahd
Kiwfs; Mfpatw;iwj; rpy Kjyhd mDNrgg; mDNrgg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; vd
Mfpatw;iw Njbawpthu;. gjhu;j;j tiffs; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
Ma;e;jwpthu;. rpy Kjyhd mDNrgg; Kjyhd> Jizahd mDNrg
gjhu;j;j tiffspd; gjhu; j ; j q; f Sf; F cjhuzq; f isf;
ifj;njhopw; gad;ghL Fwpg;gpLthu;.
Jiz mDNrgg; gjhu;jj ; q;fs; Kjyhd> Jizahd mDNgr
Jiz mDNrg gjhu;j;j gjhu;j;jq;fspd; gad;fis tptupg;ghu;.
tiffs; ,aw; i f cw; g j; j pfspd; %yq; f s;
Jiz mDNrg rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
gjhu;j;jq;fspd; %yq;fSk; ,aw; i fapd; cd; d j gilg; G f; f s;
gad;ghLk; ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfis nkr;Rthu;.

18.2 ,aw;ifahd ,aw;if %yq;fspypUe;J xslj ,aw;if %yq;fspypUe;J xsljj;ijg; 12

%yq;fspypUe;J tiffs; gpupj;njLf;Fk; gbKiwfs; gpupj;njLf;Fk; gbKiwfisg; ngaupLthu;.
xslj tiffisg; jhtug; g j h u ; j ; j q ; f i s g ; ,aw;if %yq;fspypUe;J xsljj;jij
gpupj;njLf;Fk; gpupj;njLj;jy;. gpupj;njLf;Fk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
gbKiwfis J}a;jhf;fy; Ntwhf;fg;gl;l nkhj;jg; gpupj;njLg;gp-
Ma;e;jwpthu;. njhFj;jy; ypUe;J J}a;ikahd tpisit
fhg;Gupikg; gj;jpuk; ngWjy; Ntwhf;Fk; El;gKiwfis tptupg;ghu;.
nraw;ifahf xsljq;fisj; njhFg;gjd;
,d;wpaikahikia tpsf;Fthu;.
vspa gpupj;njLg;G El;g Kiwfisf;
ifahz;L ghu;g;ghu;.

28
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
19.0 njf;fhl;bd; 19.1 njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$w;Wj; ,uz;L Gs;spfis ,izf;Fk; jug;gl;l Gs;spfs; ,uz;il njhLf;Fk; 02
Ms;$w;Wj; jsj; j pd; cjtpAld; Nfhl;Lj; Jz;lj;jpd; ePsk; Neu; N fhl; L j; J z; l j; j pd; eP s j; i jj;
jsj;jpd; ,uz; L Gs; s pfSf; F Jzpthu;.
cjtpAld; ,ilapyhd J}uj;ijj;
Neu;NfhL gw;wp Jzpthu;.
Muha;thu;. kw;Wk; Gs;spfis
19.2 , u z ; L G s ; s p f i s ,uz; L Gs; s pfis ,izg; g jhy;
,izg;gjhy; fpilf;Fk; fpilf;Fk; Neu;Nfhl;Lj;Jz;lj;jpd; eLg; ,izj; J g; ngwg; g Lk; Neu; N fhl; L j; 02
Neu;Nfhl;Lj; Jz;lj;jpd; Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfs; Jz;lj;jpd; eLg;Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfisj;
eLg; G s; s papd; Ms; - Jzptjw;fhf
$Wfisj; Jzpthu;.
#j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

gbj; j pwDk; (m)> ,ilntl; L k; (c) 06

19.3 N e u ; N f h n l h d ; w p d ; vd;w tifapyhd
rkd;ghl;il tptupg;ghu;. Nfhl;bd; gbj;jpwDk; ntl;Lj;Jz;lKk;
rkhe;juf; NfhLfspd; gbj;jpwDf;F
,ilapyhd njhlu;G
xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhf mike;j
NfhLfspd; gbj;jpwd;fSf;F
,ilapyhd njhlu;G
jug;gl;Ls;sNghJ Neu;Nfhl;bd;
rkd;ghl;il vDk; tbtpy;
jUthu;.
Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; rkd;ghL vDk; tbtpy;
jug;gl;Ls;sNghJ m Ig; gbj;jpwd; vdTk;
c I ,ilntl;L vdTk; tptupg;ghu;.
Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; gbj;jpwidAk;
me;Neu;NfhL x mr;rpy;> Neu;j;jpirAld;
mikf;Fk; Nfhzj;jpd; elj;ijiaAk;
tptupg;ghu;.
,ilntl;L khwhjpUf;Fk;NghJ
gbj;jpwdpd; NtWghl;bd;gb> mf;Nfhl;bd;
elj;ijia tptupg;ghu;.
rkhe; j uf; N fhLfspd; gbj; j pwd; f s;
rkkhdit vd tptupg;ghu;.
m1.m2=-1vDk; njhlu;igg; gad;gLj;jp
jug; g l; l Neu; N fhl; b d; nrq; F j; J f;
NfhLfspd; gbj;jpwidj; Jzpthu;.

29
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
20.0 rlg;nghUspd; 20.1 kPspay;G gw;wpa kPspay;G jputpankhd;wpd; kPspay;ig tptupg;ghu;. 08
nghwpKiw mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp ,OitAk; ePl;rpAk; ,ionahd;wpd; ,OtpirAld; mjd; ePlr ; p
,ay;Gfs; gw;wpa Njitf;Fg; ,Oitj; jifg;Gk; ,Oit khWk; tpjj;ijg; gupNrhjpg;ghu;.
mwpit khDlg; nghUj;jkhd tpfhuKk; ,Oitj; jifg;G> ,Otpir tpfhuk;
NjitfSf;nfd jputpaq;fisj; jifg;G - tpfhu tiuG Mfpatw;iw tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;. njupTnra;thu;. `_f;fpd; tpjp ,Otpir - tpfhu tiuigg; gad;gLj;jp
aq;fpd; Fzfk; eP l ; l j; j f; f kw; W k; nehUq; f j; j f; f
<uf;fg;gl;l fk;gpapy; Nrkpff
; g;gl;Ls;s jputpaq;fspd; elj;ijia tptupg;ghu;.
rf;jp tpfpjrk vy;iyf;fhf `_f;fpd; tpjpia
Kd;itg;ghu;.
jug;gl;Ls;s ,ionahd;wpy; my;yJ
tpy;nyhd;wpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rf;jpapd;
msitf; fzpg;ghu;.
,Otpir epge;jidfspd;NghJ
nghUnshd;wpd; ePsj;jpYk;> tbtj;jpYk;>
fdtstpYk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtijg;
guprPypg;ghu;.

21.0kpdD; gfuzq;fspd; 21.1 X l ; l k p d ; d p a y p d ; kpd; kpd;Ndhl;lk;> kpd;Ndw;wk; Mfpatw;Wf; 18

guhkupg;G mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;- kpd;Ndw;wKk; kpd;Ndhl;lKk; fpilapyhd njhlu;igj; njuptpg;ghu;.
kpdR; w;Wfis fisAk; Nfhl; g hL- kpd;dOj;j NtWghL kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;il tptupg;ghu;.
jpl;lkply; fisAk; Ma;e;jwpthu;. jil flj;jpapd; jil> jputpaj;jpd; jilg;
Mfpatw;Wf;F flj;jpapd; jil ngWkhdk; Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.
kpd;dpay; jilapd;ghy; nry;thf;F ntg;gepiyAld; jilj;jpwd;
njhlu;ghd nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; khWgLtijr; Nrhjpg;ghu;.
mwpitg; jilj;jpwd; kPflj;Jjpwd; vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;. ntg;gepiyf;Fk; jilapd; khwYk; Kjnyhd; w pd; kpd; d paf; f tpir>
kPflj;Jjpwd; mfj;jil> Xl;lk; Mfpatw;iw
tpsf;Fthu;.

30
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
rkhe;jukhf> njhluhf ,izf;- kpd;Kjypd; kpd;dpaf;f tpir> mfj;jil>
fg;gl;l jilj;njhFjpfs; Xl;lk; Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd
Xkpd; tpjp njhlu;igf; fhl;Lthu;.
kpd;dpaf;f tpir njhluhf> rkhe;jukhf ,izf;fg;gl;l
mfj;jil kpd;Rw;Wf;fSf;fhf Xkpd; tpjpiag;
kpd;Rw;W gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
fpUf;Nfhgpd; tpjp I,II jilj; njhFjpiaf; nfhz;l
kpd; f yk; > jil Mfpatw; i wf; kpd;Rw;Wf;fs; njhlu;ghd fzpj;jy;fis
nfhz;l Rw;Wfs; Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs; kpd;Rw;Wf;fSf;fhd fzpj;jy;fSf;F
ntg;g tpisT fpUf;Nfhgpd; tpjpia gad;gLj;Jtu;.
jilapapy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; ntg;gj;jpd;
msit fzpg;gjw;F kpd;Ndhl;lk;> jil
Mfpatw;iw ,izg;ghu;.

21.2 kpd; kw;Wk; fhe;jtpay;G kpd; > fhe; j tpay; G Mfpatw; W f; - fhtyplg;gl;l fk;gpr; RUspy; ghAk;
Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd fpilapyhd ,ilj;jhf;fk;
,ilj; j hf; f k; gw; w p kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; fhe;jtpisT
Ma;e;jwpthu;. fhe;jg;Gyj;jpYs;s
kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij fhTk; flj;jpapd;
kPJ njhopw;gLk; tpir
kpd;fhe;j J}z;ly;
10
kpd; N dhl; l k; fhuzkhf cUthFk;
kpd;fhe;jtpay;igr; nra;Jfhl;Lthu;.
fhe; j g; G yj; j py; itf; f g; g l; L s; s
kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fhTk; flj;jpnahd;wpd;
kPjhd tpiria nra;Jfhl;l Xl;lj;
juhrpidg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
fhe;jg;Gyj;Jf;F nrq;Fj;jhf
itf;fg;gl;l fk;gpr; RUspy; tpirapiz
Njhd;Wk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
vspa njhopw;ghLfs; %yk; kpd; fhe;jj;
J}z;liy tpsf;Fthu;.
kpd;fhe;j J}z;lypd; gpuNahfq;fshf
ijdNkh> kpd; k hw; w p Mfpatw; i w
mwpKfQ; nra;thu;.

31
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
22.0 gy;NtW 22.1 gy;NtW ,urhadf; ,urhadtpaw; ifj; n jhopy; f s; 5M vz;zf;fUitf; $Wthu;. 17
,urhadf; ifj;njhopy; rhu;e;j mwpKfk; 5M vz; z f; f Utpd; g b ,urhadf;
ifj;njhopy;fs; ifj;njhopy; 5M vz;zf;fU ifj; n jhopnyhd; i w epWTjy; gw; w p
rhu;e;j nrad;Kiwia rtu;ff; huk; kw;Wk; mOf;ffw;wpfspd; Ma;e;jwpthu;.
ifj;njhopy; Ma;e;jwpthu;. cw;gj;jp rtu; f ; f hu cw; g j; j pf; f hd gpujhd
nrad;Kiwia capupay; Bry; cw;gj;jp (Bio Diesal) %yg;nghUl;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
Ma;e;jwpthu;. nghRg;Ngw;Wg; gris cw;gj;jp rtu;f;fhu cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd;
G+r;R cw;gj;jp gpujhd gbKiwfis tptupg;ghu;.
fly; ePupypUe;J vupNrhlh cw;gj;jp rtu;f;fhuk; kw;Wk; mOf;ffw;wp
Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfis
tpsf;Fthu;.
Ma;T$lj;jpy; rtu;f;fhu
khjpupnahd;wpidj; jahupg;ghu;.
capupay; Bry; jahupg;Gr; nrad;Kiwia
tptupg;ghu;.
nghRg; N gw; W g; gris jahupg; G r;
nrad;Kiwia tptupg;ghu;.
cs; e hl; b y; nghRg; N gw; W g; gris
jahupg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
epwg; G +r; R tiffspy; mlq; f pAs; s
gpujhd $Wfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
epwg; G +r; R jahupg; g pd; mbg; g ilg;
gbKiwfs; tptupg;ghu;.
fly; ePupypUe;J vupNrhlh jahupf;Fk;
nrad;Kiwapd; mbg;gilahd
gbKiwfis tptupg;ghu;.

32
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
23.0 t l ; l t p a f ; f k ; > 23.1 Row;rp ,af;fj;Jld; Row; r p ,af; f j; J ld; njhlu; g hd Row;rp ,af;fj;jpy; cs;s nghUl;fs; 12
Row; r p ,af; f k; njhlu;ghd mwpit ngsjpf fzpaq;fs; kw;Wk; njhFjpfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
gw;wpa mwpit nrad;Kiw Nfhz ,lg;ngau;r;rp Row; r p ,af; f j; J ld; njhlu; g hd
nrad;KiwuPjpahd NjitfSf;fhfg; Nfhz Ntfk; ngsjpff; fzpaq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. Nfhz Mu;%Lfy; nghUnshd;wpd; Row;rpr; rlj;Jtj;jpd;
gad;gLj;Jthu;. Row;rp kPbwd; f mstP l hf rlj; J tj; j pUg; g j; i jf;
Mtu;j;jd fhyk;T Fwpg;gpLthu;.
rlj;Jtj; jpUg;gk; I Xa; t py; ,Uf; F k; nghUnshd; w py;
KWf;fk; Row;rpia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> RoYk;
Row;rp ,af;fj;jpd; fzpaq;fSf;F nghUnshd; w pd; Row; r p tP j j; i j
,ilapyhd njhlu;G khw;Wtjw;fhfTk; KWf;fnkhd;wpidg;
gpuNahfpj; j y; Ntz; L k; vd; g ij
= tpsf;Fthu;.
Row;rp ,af;fj;Jld; njhlu;ghd vspa
fzpj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

23.2 tl;ltpaf;fk; gw;wpa tl;l ,af;fk; njhlu;ghd ngsjpff; rPuhd tl;ltpaf;fj;jpy; cs;s 10
mwpit nrad; K iw fzpaq;fs; nghUl;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
uPjpahd Njit- njhLiff; fjp v tl;ltpaf;fj;jpd; MiuAld; njhLiff;
Nfhz Ntfk; fjpkhWgLk; tpjj;ijf; fhl;Lthu;.
fSf;Fg; gad;-
tl; l tpaf; f j; j py; cs; s nghUspd;
gLj;Jthu;. ikaehl;l Mu;%Lfy; ar
Mu;KLfy; ikaj;ij Nehf;fpj;
ikaehl;l tpir F njhopw;gLk; vdf; fhl;Lthu;.
tl;ltpaf;fj;Jf;Fk; c u p a ikaehl;l Mu;KLfiy Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F
fzpaq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G ikaehl;l tpirapd; Njitia
typAWj;Jthu;.
gy;NtW tl;l ,af;fq;fspy; gy;NtW
F - kPbwd; tpjq;fspy; ikaehl;l tpir
T - Mtu;j;jd fhyk; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; tpjj; i j cjhuz
q;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.

33
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
24.0 eNdh njhopDl;gk; 24.1 eNdh njhopDl;gj;d; eNdh jputpaq;fs; eNdh njhopDl;gk; gw;wpa vspikahf 06
gw;wp Ma;ej
; wpthu;. tha;gG; f;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;. mwpKfk; tpsf;Fthu;;.
gad;fs; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; eNdh njhopDl;gk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfis
tptupg;hu;.

25.0 tptug; 25.1 rupahd ikaehl;l mstPLfs; ikaehl;l msit Kiwfshf ,il> 12
Gs;sptpgutpaypd; jPuk
; hdq;fis ,il ($l;lkhf;fpa ,ilak;> Mfhuk; Mfpatw;iw
nghUisg; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf juTfSf;fhf) ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
gFj;jhuha;thu;. ika ehl;l ,ilak; ( $ l ; l k h f ; f h j ikaehl;l jd;ikia tpsf;Ftjw;F
mstPLfisg; juTfSf;fhf) ,il> ,ilak;> Mfhuk; Mfpatw;iw
gad;gLj;Jthu;. Mfhuk; ($l;lkhf;fhj tpsf;Fthu;.
juTfSf;fhf) ika ehl;l mstPLfisf; fzpg;ghu;.
ikaehl;l mstPLfspd; %yk;
jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

25.2 tiuG xU khwpj; juTfspd; tiuG kPbwd; guk;gy; ml;ltiziag; 08

tifFwpj;jypd; kPbwd; guk;gy; gad;gLj;jp kPbwd; guk;gy; tisapfs;
cjtpAld; juTg; jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy; tiuthu;.
gFg;gha;it jpus; rjtPj kPbwd; guk;gy; jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy; ml;ltiziag;
Nkw;nfhs;thu;. gad; g Lj; j p jpus; kP b wd; guk; g y;
tisapfs; tiuthu;.
rjtPj jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy;
ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jp rjtPj jpus;
kPbwd; tiuGfs; tiuthu;.
kPbwd; guk;gy;> jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy;> rjtPj
jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy;> tisapfisg;
gad;gLj;jp juTfSf;F nghUs;NfhLthu;.

34
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
25'3 gutyhd mstPLfspd; gutyhd mstPLfs; ($l;lkhf;fpa> jug;gl;l #j;jpuj;jpd; cjtpAld; jug;gl;l 12
cjtpAld; $l;lkhf;fhj) juTfspd; tP r ; R > fhyiz> ,ilf;
juTg;guk;giy tPr;R fhyiz tPr;R Mfpatw;iwf; fzpg;ghu;.
tptupg;ghu;. fhyiz
,ilf; fhyz tPr;R

26.0 njhopDl;g 26.1 n j h o p E l ; g t p U j ; j p #oy; mwpKfk; #oy; vd;why; vd;dntd tiuaWg;ghu;. 05

tpUj;jp #ow; fhuzkhf ,aw;if ,aw;if tl;lq;fs; ,aw;if tl;lq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis
rkdpiyapy; tl; l q; f spy; Vw; g Lk; fhgd; tl;lk; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.
nry;thf;Fr; ghjpg; G f; f is Muha; - XNrhd; - xl;rprd; tl;lk; fhgd; tllk;> XNrhd; - xl;rprd; tl;lk;>
nrYj;Jk; thu;. iejurd; tl;lk; iejurd; tl;lk; Mfpatw;iw tptupg;ghu;.
tpjj;ij njhopDl;g tpUj;jpahdJ ,aw;if #ow; rkdpiyapy; ,aw;if tl;lq;fspd;
Muha;thu;. tl;lq;fspidg; ghjpf;Fk; tpjk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
njhopDl; g tpUj; j pahdJ ,aw; i f
tl; l q; f spy; nry; t hf; F r; nrYj; J k;
tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

26.2 G+Nfhs #oy; neUf;fb G+Nfhs #oy; neUf; f bfSk; ifj; n jhopd; kakhf; f Yf; F Kd; d u; 05
kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; Njhw;W- mtw;wpd; jd;ikfSk; fhzg;gl;l #oy; epiyikfis
t h a ; M f p a t w ; i w ifj;njhopy;kakhjYf;F Kd;du; tptupg;ghu;.
Ma;e;jwpthu;. epytpa #oy; ifj;njhopy; kakhjypd; gpd;du; ,aw;if
#oypy; kdpjdpd; jhf;fk; #oy; epiyikfs; khw;wkile;j Kiwia
ifj;njhopy;kakhjYf;F tpsf;Fthu;.
gpd;duhd fhyk; kw;Wk; jw;fhyr; jw; N ghija #oy; epiyikfspy;
#oy; mjpfstpy; khw; w kile; J s; s ikia
cjhuzq;fSld; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

35
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
26.3 G+Nfhs Rw;whlw; tsp khriljy; tspkz;ly fl;likg;G khw;wkiltjpy; 12
gpur;rpidfis Gtp ntg;giljy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisg;
Ma;e;jwpthu;. XNrhd;gil Nja;tiljy; ngaupLthu;.
mkpy kio gy;NtW ghjfkhd thAf;fs;
xsp ,urhadg;Gfhu; tspkz; l yj; j py; NrUk; tpjj; i j
ePu; khriljy; tpsf;Fthu;.
kz; khriljy; gy;NtW ghjfkhd thAf;fs;
tspkz;lyj;jpy; Nru;tjdhy; Vw;gLk;
tpisTfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
ePu; khrhf;fpfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
ePu; khrhf;fpfs; #oypy; NrUk; tpjj;ij
tptupg;ghu;.
kz; khrhf;fpfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
kz; khrhf;fpfs; #oiyr; NrUk; tpjj;ij
tptupg;ghu;.

26.4 fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; mwpKfk; fhyepiy khw;wq;fis tpsf;Fthu;. 05

kw;Wk; m t w ; w p d ; fhyepiy khw;wq;fspd; nry;thf;F fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; nry;thf;Ffis
nry;thf;F Mfpa- gbTtPo;r;rpf; Nfhy khw;wk; tptupg;ghu;.
tw;iw Muha;thu;. fly;ePu; kl;lk; cau;jy;
JUtq;fspYk; kiy cr;rpfspYk;
cs;s gdpf;fl;b cUFjy;
capupdq;fspd; ,dkopjy;
fly;euP ; Rw;Nwhl;lk; khw;wkiljy;
ghuJ}ukhd thdpiy epfo;Tfs;

36
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p ju;r;rp kl;lk;
Nju; ghl cs; s lf; f k; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs ;
26.5 #ow; ghJfhg;Gf;nfd #ow; ghJfhg;G 3R vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;. 08
Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f khrhf;fpfSk; fopTfSk; ePiug; gupfupf;Fk; Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;.
g b K i w f i s 3R vz;zf;fU jpz; k f; fopT Kfhikj; J tj; i j
Muha;thu;. ePiug; gupfupj;jy; tptupg;ghu;.
jpz;kf; fopTg;nghUs; capu;thA kw;Wk; $l;nlUj;
Kfhikj;Jtk; njhopDl;gj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;thu;.
capu; t hA kw; W k; $l; n lUj; Rj;jkhd cw;gj;jp vDk; vz;zf;fUit
njhopDl;gk; tpsf;Fthu;.
Rj;jkhd cw;gj;jp vz;zf;fU

37