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Foundation

Settlement
Yustian Heri Suprapto
Layout
Elastic Settlement
Primary Consolidation Settlement
Settlement
In the design of any foundation, one must consider the safety
against bearing capacity failure as well as against excessive
settlement of foundation (Das, 2009).
In the design of most foundations, there are specifications for
allowable levels of settlement.
Settlement
The settlement of foundation can have three components:
Elastic settlement
Primary consolidation settlement
Secondary consolidation settlement
The total settlement can be expressed as :
St = Se + Sc + Ss
Type of Settlements
Elastic settlement caused by deformation of dry soil, as
well as moist and saturated soils, without any change in
moisture content.
Primary consolidation settlement time dependent process
that occur in clayey soils located below the g.w.l. as a result of
the colume change in soil because of the expullsoin of water
that occupies the void spaces.
Secondary consolidation settlement follows the primary
consolidation process in saturated clay soils and is a result of
the plastic adjustment of soil fabrics.
Settlement
Any type of settlement
is a function of the
additional stress
imposed on the soil by
the foundation.
It needs to know the
relationships for
calculating the stress
increase in the soil
caused by aapplication
of load to the
foundation.
Elastic Settlement

Immediate settlement profile and contact pressure in clay :


a. Flexible foundation
b. Rigid foundation
Elastic Settlement
In general, foundations are not perfectly flexible and are
embedded at a certain depth below the ground surface.
If the foundation is subjected to a uniformly
distributed load, the contact pressure will be
uniform and the foundation will experience a
sagging profile.
If the foundation is perfectly rigid resting on the
ground surface subjected to a uniformly
distributed load, the foundation will undergo a
uniform settlement and the contact pressure will
be redistributed.
Immediate Settlement
Calculation
Immediate settlement for foundations that rest on elastic
material (infinite thickness) can be calculated from equations
derived by the theory of elasticity.

1 s
S e B Ip
Es
Immediate Settlement
Calculation
Schleicher (1926) expressed the influence factor for the
corner of a flexible rectangular footing as:

1 1 m 2 1
Ip m1 ln 1 ln(m m 2 1)
m1 1 1

m1 = length of foundation divided by the width of the


foundation (L/B)
Immediate Settlement
Calculation
Modulus Elasticity of Soil

Das, 2009

Budhu, 2010
Values of Poissons Ratio
Das, 2009 Budhu, 2010
Example
Improved Relationship fo
Immediate Settlement
Mayne and Poulos (1999) this relationship takes into
account:
the rigidity of the foundation
the depth of embedment of the foundation
the increase in the modulus of elasticity of soil with depth
the location of rigid layers at limited depth.
Improved Relationship fo
Immediate Settlement
To use this relationship, one needs to determine the
equivalent diameter of rectangular foundation, which is:

4 BL
Be

For circular foundation Be = B (diameter of foundations)


Improved Relationship fo
Immediate Settlement
Improved Relationship fo
Immediate Settlement
Foundation having an equivalent diameter of Be located a
depth Df below the ground surface.
Let the thickness of the foundation be (t) and the modulus of
elasticity of the foundation material be (Ef). A rigid layer is
located at a depth (h) below the bottom of the foundation.
The modulus of elasticity of the compressible soil layer can be
given as :
Es = Eo + kz
Variation of IG with
Improved Relationship fo
Immediate Settlement
Se
Be I G I F I E
E0
1 s
2

The variation of IG with = E0/kBe and h/Be, the


foundation rigidity factor can be expressed as:
Variation of Regidity Correction
Factor
Variation of Embedment
Correction Factor (IE)
Example
Solution
Settlement of Foundations on
Saturated Clay
Janbu et al. generalized equation for estimating the
average elastic settlement of a uniformly loaded flexible
foundation located on saturated clay ( = 0,5).
Correlation in Undrained State
Primary Consolidation
Settlement

Normally Consolidated Clay Overconsolidated Clay


Consolidation
Cc = 0,007 (LL-10) Terzaghi&Peck
Cs = to 1/5 Cc
Consolidation Settlement (Sc)
The consolidation settlement due to this average stress
increase can be calculated as follows:
Terima Kasih

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