ECE3123

ECE3123 Digital Signal

Processing
Session-I Introduction
Prof. Dr. Othman O. Khalifa

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Kulliyyah of Engineering
International Islamic University Malaysia

To be a world class centre

of engineering education
and research with
values and ethics

To Be the Reference Hub for Engineering

Education and Innovative Solutions Based
on Islamic Traditions to Serve Humanity

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 Dress Code in IIUM

http://www.iium.edu.my/legaladviser/articles-4

Program Educational Objectives (PEO)

A Graduate is expected to achieve one or more of the

following program educational objectives:

1. Advance in career and professional standing

nationally or internationally based on leadership
and/or technical expertise.
2. Demonstrate moral and professional commitment for
the betterment of society.
3. Engage in entrepreneurial activities that apply
engineering knowledge and technical skills.
4. Engage in life long learning through higher education
and/or continuous professional development.

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 Program Outcomes (PO)
1. Engineering Knowledge (T) -Apply knowledge of mathematics, sciences, engineering fundamentals and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems;
2. 2. Problem Analysis (T) Identify, formulate, research relevant literature and analyze complex engineering
problems, and reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences and
engineering sciences;
3. 3. Design/Development of Solutions (A) Design solutions, exhibiting innovativeness, for complex engineering
problems and design systems, components or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration
for public health and safety, cultural, societal, economical, ethical, environmental and sustainability issues.
4. 4. Investigation (D) Conduct investigation into complex problems, displaying creativeness, using research-based
knowledge, and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of information to provide valid conclusions;
5. 5. Modern Tool Usage (A & D) -Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering
and IT tools, including prediction and modelling, to complex engineering activities, with an understanding of the
limitations;
6. 6. The Engineer and Society (ESSE) -Apply reasoning based on contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,
safety, legal, cultural, contemporary issues, and the consequent responsibilities relevant to professional
engineering practices.
7. 7. Environment and Sustainability (ESSE) -Understand the impact of professional engineering solutions in societal,
global, and environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development;
8. 8. Ethics (ESSE) Apply professional ethics with Islamic values and commit to responsibilities and norms of
professional engineering code of practices.
9. 9. Communication (S) -Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community
and with society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation,
make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions;
10. 10. Individual and Team Work (S) -Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams
and in multi-disciplinary settings.
11. 11. Life Long Learning (S) -Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent
and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
12. 12. Project Management and Finance (S) -Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of engineering management
and financial principles and apply these to ones own work, as a member and/or leader in a team, to manage
projects in multidisciplinary settings, and identify opportunities of entrepreneurship.

Introduction
The objectives of this Course are:
To introduce the student to the digital signal analysis.
To understand the discrete-
discrete-time representation of signals.
To expose the student to the implementation of Discrete-
Discrete-Time
Systems.
To understand the concept, properties and uses of the z
transform
To understand the Discrete Fourier transform, Fast Fourier
transform and their significance
To provide a background to design digital filters that have
specified frequency characteristics.
Apply DSP in many areas of Engineering.

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 Assessment/Grading Policy

Quizzes 10%
Midterm Exam 30%
Matlab Assig. 10/%
Final Exam 50%

Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

Dictionary definitions of the words in DSP:
Digital
operating by the use of discrete signals to represent data in the form
of numbers
Signal
A SIGNAL is a measurement of a physical quantity of certain medium.
Signals are detectable quantities used to convey information about
time-varying physical phenomena
a variable parameter by which information is conveyed through a
medium (Signal contains INFORMATION)
Processing
to perform operations on data according to programmed instructions
Types of processing:
Transformation
Filtering
Detection
Estimation
Recognition and classification
Coding (compression)
Synthesis and reproduction
Recording, archiving
Analyzing, modeling

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 Goal of DSP

Fundamental concepts in DSP

DSP applications deal with analogue signals
the analogue signal has to be converted to digital
form

Reconst.
&
I F
Anti-alias. A/D DSP D/A Anti-
Filter image
(Signal
Filter
Processing
Reconst.
Algorithm) & R
Q Anti-
Anti-alias. A/D D/A
Filter image
Filter

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 Islamic Civilization contribution:
Frequency analysis
During the Islamic golden age in the 9th century, an Arab
polymath Abu Yusuf Yaqub al al--Kindi an Iraqi Muslim Arab
mathematician discovered a technique to defeat
monoalphabetic substitution ciphercipher.. The technique exploits
the intrinsic properties of written languages that certain
letters occur more often than the others. others. The statistical
distribution of letters in the ciphertext can be related to
average distribution of letters in the particular language to
find the underlying mapping function or functions
functions.. It was the
most fundamental cryptanalytic methodology known until
WWII.. A book written by Al
WWII Al--Kindi contains description of
first cryptanalysis techniques.
techniques. Arabic phonetics and syntax
gave the first description on frequency analysis Rishlah fi
Istikhraj al
al--Muamma ( A Manuscript on
Messages)..
Deciphering Cryptographic Messages)
It was written 1150 years ago
ago.. It is entirely modern in its scientific
explanations.
methodology and even in its explanations.

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 Islamic Civilization contribution:
Frequency analysis

Time line for DSP in Communications

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 The Modern Era

Digital Radio (DR): The baseband signal processing is invariably implemented on a DSP.

Software Radio (SR): An ideal SR directly samples the antenna output.

Software Defined Radio (SDR): An SDR is a realizable version of an SR:
Signals are sampled after a suitable band selection filter.

radio frontend

to user
receive

radio analog-to-digital
baseband data
frequency conversion
processing processing
RF A/D
transmit

from user
control
(parametrization)
Joe Mitola, 2000

Where is DSP
Wireless / Cellular HDD
Voice--band audio
Voice PRML read channel
RF codecs MR pre-
pre-amp
Voltage regulation Servo control
SCSI tranceivers
Consumer Audio
Stereo A/D, D/A DSP: Automotive
PLL Technology Digital radio A/D/A
Mixers Enabler Active suspension
Voltage regulation
Multimedia
Stereo audio
Imaging DTAD
Graphics palette Speech synthesizer
Voltage regulation Mixed--signal
Mixed
processor

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 DSP is Everywhere
Sound applications
Compression, enhancement
enhancement,, special effects, synthesis,
recognition, echo cancellation,
Cell Phones, MP3
MP3 Players, Movies, Dictation, Text-
Text-to
to--
speech,
Communication
Modulation, coding, detection, equalization, echo
cancellation,
Cell Phones, dial-
dial-up modem, DSL modem, Satellite
Receiver,
Automotive
ABS, GPS, Active Noise Cancellation, Cruise Control,
Parking,

DSP Application ..
Medical
Magnetic Resonance, Tomography,
Electrocardiogram,
Military
Radar, Sonar, Space photographs, remote
sensing,
Image and Video Applications
DVD, JPEG, Movie special effects, video
conferencing,
Mechanical
Motor control, process control, oil and mineral
prospecting,

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 An Example of biomedical measurement system

Transducers

A transducer is a device that converts energy

from one form to another.
In signal processing applications, the purpose
of energy conversion is to transfer information,
not to transform energy.
In physiological measurement systems,
transducers may be
input transducers (or sensors)
they convert a non-electrical energy into an electrical signal.
for example, a microphone.
output transducers (or actuators)
they convert an electrical signal into a non-electrical energy.
For example, a speaker.

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 Impact of DSP on Modern Living
Cellular/mobile telephony Digital audio
Speech and channel coding Stereo and surround sound
Voice and data processing Audio equalization and
Power management mixing
Multipath equaliztion Electronic music

Medical electronics
Automotive
Critical/intensive care
Digital Audio
monitors
Digital Radio
Digital X-rays
Personal communication
ECG analyzers
systems
Cardiac monitors
Active suspension
Medical imaging

Personal computer
Sound cards
Data storage and retrieval
Error correction/concealment
Multimedia
Modems

Electronic Fax via Portable Document Format

Digital Signal:
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 MORE APPLICATIONS
The DSP
compresses the
digital signals and
removes
background noise.

When you An analog-to-digital In the listeners Your voice

speak, your converter chip converts cell phone, a exits the
voice is picked your voice, which is an digital-to-analog phone through
up by an analog signal, into digital converter chip the speaker.
analog sensor signals, represented by changes the
in the cell 1s and 0s. digital signals
phones back to an analog
microphone voice signal.

www.analog.com/dsp

Audio Compact Discs

Human hearing is from about 20 Hz to 20 kHz

Sampling theorem: sample analog signal at a rate of
more than twice the highest analog frequency

Apply a lowpass filter to pass frequencies up to 20 kHz;

e.g. a coffee filter water (small particles) through a coffee filter
but not coffee grounds (large particles)
Lowpass filter needs 1010%
% of maximum passband frequency to
roll off to zero (2
(2 kHz rolloff in this case).
Sampling at 44
44..1 kHz captures analog frequencies that are less
than 22
22..05 kHz

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 Example of DSPs: MP3
MP3 Player

The DSP performs the MP3 MP3 encoding and saves the file to
memory.
the DSP would perform other functions such as volume
control, equalization and user interface.
MP3 is a form of audio compression adapted from the MPEG
format for compressed video
MP3 compresses the original sound by filtering out differences in
the sound signal that the human ear cannot detect.

MP3
MP3 Player ......

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 Inside of DSPs

A DSP contains these key components:

Program Memory: Stores the programs the DSP will
use to process data
Data Memory: Stores the information to be
processed
Compute Engine: Performs the math processing,
accessing the program from the Program Memory
and the data from the Data Memory
Input/Output: Serves a range of functions to connect
to the outside world

Why do we need DSP processors?

Use a DSP processor when the

following are required:
Cost saving.
Smaller size.
Low power consumption.
Processing of many high frequency signals in
real--time.
real
Use a GPP processor when the
following are required:
Large memory.
Advanced operating systems.

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 What is a signal?
flow of information: generally convey information about
the state or behavior of a physical system.
measured quantity that varies with time (or position).
Mathematically, signals are modeled as functions of one or
more independent variables. Examples of independent variables
used to represent signals are time, frequency, or spatial
coordinates.
e.g. electrical signal received from a transducer
(microphone, thermometer, accelerometer, antenna, etc.)
electrical signal that controls a process

continuous-time signal: Also know as analog signal.

voltage, current, temperature, speed, speech signal, etc.
discrete-time signal: daily stock market price, daily
average temperature, sampled continuous signals

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 What is a signal? .

What is a signal? ..
A signal can be a function of one, two or N independent
variables
Speech is a 1-D signal as a function of time
An image is a 2-D signal as a function of space
Video is a 3-D signal as a function of space and time
Deterministic and random signals
Deterministic signal: a signal whose physical description in known completely A
deterministic signal is a signal in which each value of the signal is fixed and can be
determined by a mathematical expression, rule, or table. future values of the signal
can be calculated from past values w

Random or (Probabilistic ) signals: the amplitude values cannot be predicted

precisely but are known only in terms of probabilistic descriptors The future values
of a random signal cannot be accurately predicted and can usually only be guessed
based on the averages of sets of signals They are realization of a stochastic
process for which a model could be available Examples: EEG, evocated potentials,
noise in CCD capture devices for digital cameras
Random signals are generally characterized by statistical measures such as means,
standard deviations, and mean squared values. In electrical engineering, most
meaningful information-
information-bearing signals are random signals

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 More Example Signals
EEG
Stock price & volume
position

time
DTMF

Video

time time

Types of Signals
Analog Signals (Continuous
(Continuous--Time Signals)

Signals that are continuous in both the dependant and

independent variable (e.g., amplitude and time). Most
environmental signals are continuous-time signals.

Discrete Sequences (Discrete-Time Signals)

Signals that are continuous in the dependant variable
(e.g., amplitude) but discrete in the independent
variable (e.g., time). They are typically associated with
sampling of continuous-time signals.

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 Continuous & Discrete-
Discrete-Time Signals
Continuous-Time Signals
Continuous-
Most signals in the real world are
continuous time, as the scale is x(t)
infinitesimally fine.
Eg voltage, velocity,
Denote by x(t), where the time
interval may be bounded (finite) or t
infinite
Discrete--Time Signals
Discrete
Some real world and many digital
signals are discrete time, as they
are sampled
E.g. pixels, daily stock price x[n]
(anything that a digital computer
processes)
Denote by x[n], where n is an
integer value that varies discretely
n
Sampled continuous signal x[n]
=x(nk) k is sample time

Continuous & Discrete-

Discrete-Time Signals

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 How is a Signal Represented?
Mathematically, signals are represented as a
function of one or more independent variables.
variables.
For instance a black & white video signal
intensity is dependent on x, y coordinates and
time t f(x,y,t)
On this course, we shall be exclusively
concerned with signals that are a function of a
single variable: time
f(t)

Signal Properties
signals: a signal is periodic if it repeats itself after a
Periodic signals:
fixed period T, i.e. x(t) = x(t+T) for all t. A sin(t) signal is
periodic.
signals: a signal is even if x(-t) = x(t) ((i.e.
Even and odd signals: i.e. it can be
reflected in the axis at zero). A signal is odd if x(-t) = -x(t).
Examples are cos(t) and sin(t) signals, respectively.
signals: a signal is (real) exponential
Exponential and sinusoidal signals:
if it can be represented as x(t) = Ce at. A signal is (complex)
exponential if it can be represented in the same form but C
and a are complex numbers.
signals: A pulse signal is one which is nearly
Step and pulse signals:
completely zero, apart from a short spike, d(t). A step signal is
zero up to a certain time, and then a constant value after that
time, u(t).

These properties define a large class of tractable, useful signals

and will be further considered in the coming lectures

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 Processing Real Signals
Most of the signals in our environment are
analog such as sound, temperature and
light, ..etc
To processes these signals with a
computer, we must:
1. convert the analog signals into electrical
signals,, e.g., using a transducer such as a
signals
microphone to convert sound into electrical
signal
2. digitize these signals,
signals, or convert them
from analog to digital, using an ADC
(Analog to Digital Converter)

Processing Real Signals (cont.)

In digital form, signal can be

manipulated
Processed signal may need to be
converted back to an analog signal
before being passed to an actuator
(e.g., a loudspeaker)
Digital to analog conversion and can be
done by a DAC (Digital to Analog
Converter)

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 Example : Sinusoidal signal

xs (t ) = X s sin(2f s t + s )
Amplitude Phase in radian
(rad)
xs(t) = Xs sin(2 f s t + s)
2

Time in
seconds (s)
xs

0
Frequency in
Hertz (Hz)

-2
-0.1 0 0.1 0.2
t

Digital signal in MATLAB

3
t = 0:30; analog signal
x = 0.2+2*sin(0.245*t+0.15); digital (quantized)
2
d = 0.5;
xq = d*round(x/d);
x(t), xq(kT)

plot(t,x) 1
hold on
stem(t,xq,'r')
hold off 0
ylabel('x(t), x_q(kT)')
xlabel('t') -1
legend('analog signal',...
'digital (quantized)')
-2
0 10 20 30
t

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 Again Deterministic and random signal

Signal that can be described by an explicit

mathematical form is deterministic
Deterministic signal can be periodic or
aperiodic
Periodic signal consists of a basic shape of
finite duration that is replicated infinitely
Signal that cannot be described in an explicit
mathematical form is called random, also
known as nondeterministic or stochastic

Random signal in MATLAB

xk = 0:1:50;
x = rand(size(k));
m = mean(x); Uniformly distributed samples
s = std(x); 1
stem(k,x) random seq
hold on mean
plot([k(1) k(end)], std
[m m],'r',...
[k(1) k(end)],
xk

0.4777
[s s],'g')
hold off
xlabel('k') 0.2665
ylabel('x_k')
ytick = [0 s m 1];
set(gca,'YTick',ytick) 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
legend('random seq', k
'mean','std')
title('Uniformly distributed samples')

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 Random signal in MATLAB
k = 0:1:50;
Normally distributed samples
x = randn(size(k));
m = mean(x); random seq
s = std(x); mean
stem(k,x) 2
std
hold on
plot([k(1) k(end)],
[m m],'r', 0.9008
xk
[k(1) k(end)],
[s s],'g') 0.0305
hold off
xlabel('k')
ylabel('x_k')
legend('random seq',
'mean','std') -2
0 10 20 30 40 50
ytick = sort([-2 s m 2]); k
set(gca,'YTick',ytick)
title('Normally distributed samples')

Typical DSP System Components

Input lowpass filter (anti-

(anti-aliasing filter)
Analog to digital converter (ADC)
Digital computer or digital signal processor
Digital to analog converter (DAC)
Output lowpass filter (anti-
(anti-imaging filter)

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 DSP System Components
Analog input signal is filtered to be a band-
band-
limited signal by an input lowpass filter
Signal is then sampled and quantized by an
ADC
Digital signal is processed by a digital
circuit, often a computer or a digital signal
processor
Processed digital signal is then converted
back to an analog signal by a DAC
The resulting step waveform is converted
to a smooth signal by a reconstruction filter
called an anti-
anti-imaging filter

Digital Signal Processing

(DSP) Advantages
Repeatability
Low sensitivity to component tolerances
Low sensitivity to temperature changes
Low sensitivity to aging effects
Nearly identical performance from unit to unit
Matched circuits cost less
High noise immunity
In many applications DSP offers higher
performance and lower cost
CD players versus phonographic turntable

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 Advantages of DSP (cont.)
Simplicity
Some things can be done more easily
digitally than with analog systems (e.g.,
linear phase filters)
Security can be introduced by
encryption/scrambling
Digital signals easily stored on magnetic
media without deterioration

Disadvantages of DSP
DSP techniques are limited to signals with
relatively low bandwidths
The point at which DSP becomes too
expensive will depend on the application
and the current state of conversion and
digital processing technology
Currently DSP systems are used for signals up
to video bandwidths (about 10 MHz)
The cost of high-
high-speed ADCs and DACs and the
amount of digital circuitry required to implement
very high-
high-speed designs (> 100 MHz) makes
them impractical for many applications
As conversion and digital technology improve,
the bandwidths for which DSP is economical
continue to increase

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 Disadvantages of DSP (cont.)

The need for an ADC and DAC makes

DSP not economical for simple
applications (e.g., a simple filter)
Higher power consumption and size
of a DSP implementation can make it
unsuitable for simple very low-
low-power
or small size applications

Analogs Place in DSP

Most transducers are analog by nature
Microphones, speakers, etc.
Analog circuits are required to pre-
pre-process low
level signals before ADC
Analog filters may be required to limit the
bandwidth of signals
Anti-alias (before ADC) and reconstruction filters (after
Anti-
DAC)
Analog circuits may be required to drive output
transducers
A power amplifier is required to enable a DAC to drive
a speaker

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 Digital vs Analog
Digital Signal Processing
Advantages
More flexible.
Often easier system upgrade.
Data easily stored.
Better control over accuracy
requirements.
Reproducibility.
DSP Applications
Image Processing
Pattern recognition
Robotic vision
Image enhancement
Facsimile
Satellite weather map
Animation
Instrumentation/Control
Spectrum analysis
Position and rate control
Noise reduction
Data compression
Speech/audio
Speech recognition/synthesis
Text to speech
Digital audio
equalization
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Limitations
A/D & signal processors speed:
wide-band signals still difficult to
treat (real-time systems).
Finite word-length effect.
Obsolescence (analog
electronics has it, too!).
Military
Secure communication
Radar processing
Sonar processing
Missile guidance
Telecommunications
Echo cancellation
Adaptive equalization
ADPCM transcoders
Spread spectrum
Video conferencing
Data communication
Biomedical
Patient monitoring
Scanners
EEG brain mappers
ECG analysis
X-ray storage/enhancement
 Example DSP Applications.

COMMUNICATIONS VOICE/SPEECH PRO-

PRO-AUDIO
Echo Cancellation Speech Recognition AV Editing
Digital PBXs Speech Processing/Vocoding Digital Mixers
Line Repeaters Speech Enhancement Home Theater
Modems Text-to-Speech Pro Audio
Global Positioning Voice Mail
Sound/Modem/Fax Cards
Cellular Phones
Speaker Phones CONSUMER
Video Conferencing
Radar Detectors
ATMs
Power Tools
Wireless Local Loop
Digital Audio / TV
Private Data Comms Systems
DSP Music Synthesizers
Toys / Games
INSTRUMENTATION
Answering Machines
Spectrum Analyzers
Digital Speakers
Seismic Processors
Digital Oscilloscopes
Mass Spectrometers

MILITARY
INDUSTRIAL/CONTROL MEDICAL
Secure Communications
Patient Monitoring
Robotics Sonar Processing
Ultrasound Equipment
Numeric Control Image Processing
Diagnostic Tools
Power Line Monitors Radar Processing
Fetal Monitors
Motor/Servo Control Navigation, Guidance
Life Support Systems
Image Enhancement

Historical Perspective
17th century
The invention of calculus
Scientist developed models of
physical phenomena in terms of
functions of continuous variable and
differential equations
Numerical technique is used to solve
these equations
Newton used finite-
finite-difference
methods which are special cases of
some discrete-
discrete-time systems

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 Historical Perspective
18th century
Mathematicians developed methods
for numerical integration and
interpolation of continuous functions
Gauss (1805
(1805)discovered
)discovered the
fundamental principle of the Fast
Fourier Transform (FFT) even before
the publication(1822) of Fourier's
treatise on harmonic series
representation of function (proposed
in 1807
1807))

Historical Perspective
Early 1950s
1950s
signal processing was done with analog
system, implemented with electronics circuits
or mechanical devices.first
devices.first uses of digital
computers in digital signal processing was in
oil prospecting.
Simulate signal processing system on a digital
computer before implementing it in analog
hardware,, ex. vocoder
hardware

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 Historical Perspective
With flexibility the
the digital computer was
used to approximate
approximate,, or simulate
simulate,, an
analog signal processing system
The digital signal processing could not
be done in real time
Speed, cost, and size are three of the
important factors of the use of analog
components.
Some digital flexible algorithm had no
counterpart in analog signal processing,
processing,
impractical. all-
all-digital implementation
tempting

Historical Perspective
FFT discovered by Cooley and Tukey in
1965
an efficient algorithm for computation of
Fourier transforms, which reduce the
computing time by orders of magnitude.
magnitude.
FFT might be implemented in special-
special-purpose
digital hardware
Many impractical signal processing
algorithms became to be practical

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 Historical Perspective
FFT is an inherently discrete-
discrete-time
concept.. FFT stimulated a reformulation
concept
of many signal processing concepts and
algorithms in terms of discrete-
discrete-time
mathematics, which formed an exact set
of relationships in the discrete-
discrete-time
domain, so there emerged a field of
discrete--time signal processing.
discrete
In 2012
2012,, MIT researchers find a way to increase
the speed of one of the most important
algorithms in the information sciences (FFFT)
(Sparse Fourier Transform)

Historical Perspective
The invention and proliferation of the
microprocessor paved the way for low- low-cost
implementations of discrete-
discrete-time signal
processing systems
The mid-
mid-1980
1980s,
s, IC technology permitted the
implementation of very fast fixed-
fixed-point and
floating--point microcomputer.
floating
The architectures of these microprocessor
are specially designed for implementing
discrete--time signal processing algorithm,
discrete
named as Digital Signal Processors(DSP)
Processors(DSP)..

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 DSP Functions
Common features of DSP applications
They use a lot of multiplying and adding
operations
They deal with signals that come from
the real world
They require a certain response time
Key DSP operations
Filtering
Correlation
Discrete transformation

Filtering Example
Signals are usually a mix of useful
information and noise
How do we extract the useful
information?
Filtering is one way

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 Filtering Example (cont.)

Filtering Equations

Let x[n] denote current input value (ECG+noise)

x[n-
x[n-1] is previous input value, x[n x[n--k] k-th previous input
Let y[n] be the current filtered output value
y[n-
y[n-1] is previous output value , y[n y[n--k] k-th previous
output
Filtering operations carried out for this example:
y[n] = 2.4*y[n
*y[n--1] - 2.6*y[n
*y[n--2] + 1.5 y[n-
y[n-3] 0.4*y[n
*y[n--4]
+ 0.6*x[n] 1.9*x[n-
*x[n-1] + 2.8*x[n-
*x[n-2]
- 1.9*x[n-
*x[n-3] + 0.6*x[n-
*x[n-4]

x[n] Filtering y[n]

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 Transform Example

Can you say which is 11 / # by looking

at them?
If not, go to frequency domain
Another way to look at signals
Done using transforms

Transform Example (cont.)

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 Transform Equations

Discrete Fourier Transform

x Time domain signal
X Frequency domain
representation of x

N 1 2
j( ) kn
X [k ] =
n=0
x [ n ]e N
,0 k N 1

Correlation Example
Provides a measure of similarity
between 2 signals
Typical application is locating a
known signal
E.g., transmit a signal and see if you
receive it back and also at what time you
receive it back

Radar

Blocked
pipes!

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 Correlation Example .

Transmitted Signal, x(n)

Reflected Signal,
y(n) = x(n-k) + w(n)

0 T

Correlation Example (cont.)

Using radar, we transmit the signal
shown below

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 Correlation Example (cont.)
We receive the following (note the
noise!)

Correlation Example (cont.)

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 Correlation Equations

Correlation
x Transmitted signal
y Received signal
rxy Correlation coefficients

rxy [l ] = x[n] * y[n l ], l = 0,1,2,L
n =

Why do we need DSPs?

DSP operations require many
calculations of the form: A = B*C + D
This simple equation involves a multiply
and an add operation
The multiply instruction of a GPP is very
slow compared with the add instruction
e.g. Motorola 68000 microprocessor uses
10 clock cycles for add
74 clock cycles for multiply

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 Why do we need DSPs? (cont.)
Digital signal processors can perform
the multiply and the add operation in
just one clock cycle
Most DSPs have a specialized instruction
that causes them to multiply, add and
save the result in a single cycle
This instruction is called a MAC (M
(Multiply,
Add, and Ac
Accumulate)
DSPs aim to minimize cost, power,
memory use, and development time

Typical Digital Signal Processing System

Remarks: The diagram shows the sampling, processing, and

reconstruction of an analog signal. There are applications where
processing stops at the digital signal processor, e.g., speech recognition.

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 Symbols and Notation

Remarks: In general and unless otherwise stated lower case symbols will
be used for time-domain signals and upper case symbols will be used for
transform domain signals. Bold face or underlined face symbols will be
Be generally used for vectors or matrices.

Digital system implementation

KEY DECISION POINTS:
ANALOG INPUT
Analysis bandwidth, Dynamic range

Antialiasing
Filter Pass / stop bands.
1
Sampling rate.
A/D
No. of bits. Parameters. 2
Digital
Processing Digital format. 3
What to use for processing?
See slide DSPing aim & tools
DIGITAL OUTPUT

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 Cellular Phone Wireless
Communication DSP System
Nasser Kehtarnavaz, and Mansour Keramat, DSP System Design:
Using the TMS320
TMS320C
C6000,
6000, Prentice Hall, 2001.
2001.

ADSL Wired Communication DSP

System

Nasser Kehtarnavaz, and Mansour Keramat, DSP System

Design: Using the TMS320

TMS320C
C6000, .
6000, Prentice Hall, 2001

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 PCM Voiceband DSP System

Nasser Kehtarnavaz, and Mansour Keramat, DSP

System Design: Using the TMS320
TMS320CC6000,
6000, Prentice
Hall, 2001.
2001.

Text Books and References

Dimitris G.Manolakis and Vinay K. Ingle, (2011 2011),
), Applied
Digital Signal Processing, Cambridge University Press
Press..
Proakis J. G. and Manolakis D. G., (2007),2007), Digital Signal
Processing:: Principles, Algorithms and Applications, 3th
Processing
Edition, Prentice Hall
Cavicchi T. J, (2000)
2000). Digital Signal Processing.
Processing. Wiley & Sons
Sons..
Couch II L. W., (1997
1997)). Digital and Analog Communication
System.. Prentice
System
Hall..Proakes J. G. and Manolakes D. G., (1992
Hall 1992)). Digital Signal
Processing Algorithms and Applications.
Applications. 2rd Edition,
Prentice Hall
Frerking,, M. E. , (1994
Frerking 1994)). Digital signal processing in
Communication systems.
systems. Van Nostrand Reinhold
Reinhold..

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