THE

N EW E N G L A N D F A R ER ;

M O N T HIJ JO

A UR N A L ,

D E V O TE D TO

A GR I
C U L TU R E , H O R TI
C UL TUR E ,

A N D TH E I
R KIN D R ED

A R TS A N D SC IE N C E S;

E MB E L I
SHE D A N D I LL U S T R A T E D W I T H N U ME R O U S B E A U T IF U L E N G R A V IN G S .

A G R ICUL T URE , LI
K E TH E L E A D ER 0F I
S R A EL , S T R IK E S TH E R OC K ; TH E W A T ERS F L OW , A N D

TH E F A MI
SH D E P E OPL E A R E SA T ISF IE D
7

SI
MON BR O W N , ED I
TOR .

F REDER IC K I
IOL B R O O K AND H EN RY F . F RENC H ,
A S S O C IA T E E D I T O R S .

V OL UME V III .

B OS TON :

P U B L IS H E D B Y JO E L N O U R S E :

N O . 18 C O M M E R C I AL ST .

185 6 .
 I
N D EX TO THE E I
G HTH VOL UME .

A .
Pags
Pa g e 336 ;t t might
ha om stic t be d e a e d , 2 83 , 2 9 5 ;

A ccou nts fa rm 133 s o cli

w a ll w , ff , 3 3 0 ; 4 04 , 42 8, 4 5 0, 4 7 0, 4 83 , 5 07
B c k b rry
,

A ci d or sours 3 12 la e commo
,
th e L to n , 2 33 ; aw n 5 40
,

i n t h e soil 27 0 B ck smit s tool for

la h, 3 87
A cre to m e a sure a n 1 6 yi e ld of 3 1 tre e s o n
, , ,
B u b rry y r
1 80 l e e ,
ea 43 9
A ctivity e a r l y m e n ta l ,
p t
1 5 1 B o a a n d e l e h an 572

A d d re ss C o l N ee dh a m s ,
.
5 60 Bo t tr si t
l , an en 62
A g e sup e riority of our
,
573 Bo ne,m l f ct Of
ea , e f e h t , 13 1 w a to d o w ith
A g ricu l tur a l pr e ss spir it of 42 m eet in gs a t Sta te ,
ol d 2 80
Boo k s n oti c e of n ew
, ,

H ous e 1 1 8 ; a dd re ss 2 9 3 pro d ucts 2 9 3 ex

, , ,
2 11
e x h ibitio n s
,

h ibit io n a t P h i l a d e l p hi a 4 7 6 ; , , Borer re m ed y for 3 7 2 ; a ppl e tree

, , 3 9 8, 5 1 1
5 1 5 ; A ssoci a tio n Bosto n 5 7 0 B ot a n y 3 42
A gric u l tur e b e n e ts of s n o w to 4 3 ; an e x ten Bra k e s 1 5 9 ; h ow to k i ll 3 2 6 ; a n d l iv e for ev er
,

, , , ,

te n siv e scie n ce 3 8 ; i n structio n in 6 3 ; Sta te , ,

t o d e stroy 397
Bo a rd of 7 5 4 5 2 ; i n Su l l iv a n c o N H , ,
.
,
. .
, Bra zil s l a v ery in
, 3 06
12 8 ; i n Ma i n e 1 5 9 ; n e w i d e a s in 1 7 2 ; i n , , Bre a d t he most n utritious 18 2 12 ; som eth i ng
, , ,

M a s s 3 00 4 00 ; pri n cip l e s of 43 1 e xp eri

, , ,
a bout 5 2 7 ; to n s of , 5 49
m e n ts in 44 3 re l a tio n of to h ea lth ,
5 7 3 Br ea th i n g a n d th i n k i n g 47 4
4 7 3 Br e e k s boo k o f o wers

A i r out d oor
,
- 45 5
A l um to p u rify w a te r
,
4 9 8 Bric k s p e rfor a te d
, 3 40
A mmo n i a is it a ferti l iz e r ,
4 3 8 Britis h e n e rgy 4 80
A n im a l s o n fe e d i n g 2 7 ; wi n te r sh e lte r for 3 0
, , , Buc k s to pre v en t from ghtin g
, 538
d ome stic 9 8 ; a l uxury for 2 88 ; b e a tin g of
, , , Bu d d i n g 3 29
3 80 ; c hl oroform for 5 06 Bui l d i n gs fa rm , 355
A n ti progre ssio n
- 5 28 Burge tt He n ry story o f , ,
2 87
A p e s ho w th e y c a tc h cr a bs
,
2 9 Butte r stoc k 3 6 ,
wh y it is d e a r 3 6 a n d mil k
, , ,

A pp le n u trim en t i n t h e 3 4 ; russ e t s wee t 5 4 ;

, , , 54 h o w to m a k e it com e 2 00 ; o n e wor d ,

n e 6 3 sc a l e i n s e ct o n 7 8 s e v er a l k i n d s on
, , a bout 2 06 how to m a k e goo d
,
2 18 ,
230
on e tre e 7 8 ; n o b l o w 9 0 ; orc h a rd s 101
,
for , ,

co ws 101 gra n ite b e auty 1 82 k ee pin g win

, ,

t e r 2 18 ; o d d y e a r 2 3 1 ; s wee t 23 4 ; R
,
I , ,
. . C ,

gree n i n g 3 1 1 w ith out b l ossom 3 12 ; wi n te r

, ,

g ree n s w e eti n g 3 43 ; a goo d 3 9 0 ; B a l d w i n C abb a ge e arl y 13 2 ; crops 2 7 9 ; for stock

, , , , , , ,

2 86 ; a n d i n s e cts 49 6 ; crop 5 01 for e x port 5 43 403 ; stump foot e d

, , 4 87 -

A ristocra cy Britis h ,
4 19 C a l e n d a r for J an u a ry 9 ,

A s h e s co a l 1 01 4 06 ; s a v e th e co a l 1 7 4 a n d
, , ,
C a l f m e a l for 2 1 6 r e a ri n g 2 7 9 h ow a c ow , , , ,

mu ck 2 14 23 1 ma y h a v e a goo d 5 19 ,

A sp a r a gus b e d h o w to g e t 13 0 ; fa ll tre a tm en t , C a l iforn i a l etters from 405 ; migh ty c ed a rs , , ,

of 520 of 4 12
A ugust wor k of ,
3 4 5 C a m el tr a v ell i n g po wers o f 46 2 ,

C an e C hi n e s e suga r 447 5 04 5 22 5 5 1 , , , ,

C a rbo n 296
B C a rl to n L uth e r biograp h y of . 3 17 , ,

C arri age n e w styl e of 54 ,

B a co n s a ve your ,
3 5 0 C a rrots a n d o a ts rel a t iv e v a lu e of 2 2 ; n e , , ,

B a rba rism 3 9 4 5 48 yi e ld of 4 0 for h ors e s 1 9 9 2 12 2 5 0 3 09 , , , , ,

B ar n s p l a n s for 102 ; grou n d pl an of a 13 6 e v i

, , C a t w h y d o n t sh e s we a t 7 7 4 1 6 wh is k ers use , , , , ,

d e n e e of th rift 1 7 0 33 9 octa go n 390

,
of , 49 2
B e a n s o n rye l a n d,
2 80 C a te rpi lla rs 3 1 1 to d e stroy w ith mol a ss e s 3 12 , , ,

B e a uty fem a l e , 4 40 3 43 w it h po w d e r 279

B ed s hus k , 1 8 C a tt l e a cci d e n ts a n d d is e a s e s of 13 1 w a t e ri n g , ,

B C C S a bout 5 3 ; loo k a t 13 8 ; m a n a gi n g 1 5 1
,

, , 13 5 ; l ic e o n 2 4 1 a bout 5 4 5 ; s h o w s r a ci n g
, , , , , ,

3 1 0 3 4 6 ; wi n t e ri n g 1 7 5 ; an d t h e sp a rro w
, at ,
5 4 7 5 48 , ,

4 03 ; h y d rop a th y a pp l i e d to 4 3 6 ; r a isi n g 4 9 7 ; C attl e s h o w in G riggsvi ll e I l l 5 5 6 a t A m h e rst

, , , ,
.
, ,

h i n ts o n w i n te ri n g 566 5 5 7 a t N orth a mpto n 557

B ee t e a rl y 13 2 ;
, m a ggots on 3 08 ;
. C a u l i o we r a n d se a k a l e 258 , ,

a S h e s 0 11 3 9 0 C a utio n a w or d of 4 19 ,
B illc ric a to w n of o . 1 9 C e d a r re d 6 1 2 00 23 0 3 83 a n d ot h e r e v er , , ,

Bird s s e n s e of sigh t in 12 ; th e Ch ic k a d ee or
, ,

, g r ee n s , 398 ,

bl a c k c a p titmo us e 3 7 ; sp a re th e 6 0 ; k i n g C e le ry , 398 , ,

or tyr a n t fl y c atc h e r 9 5 ; k i ng a n d its n e st - C e lla r c l e a n your , 275 , , ,

184 b l u e j a y 19 2 ; h a bits of 3 2 0 ; prot ect t he , C e m e n t w a ter for roofs ,

3 11 , , ,

(iii )
 IN D E X .

Pa g e

C h ar a cter a you n g m a n s ,
igh te e n th i n g s 440 14 3 E
C ha rco a l 13 2 E l e p h a n t a n d b oa 572
C h erry 408 th e grou n d ,
4 3 8 E l m a n o l d go n e 569 , ,

C hi ld re n 2 9 6 h e a lth for ,
4 5 8 E mm e ts h o w to g e t rid of 4 38 ,

C h ips about ,
5 6 8 E n g l a n d wa r w ith 33 7 ,

Circumsta n c e s a l te r c a s e s 19 6 23 3 E n gl is h c h a ra cte ristics 422 ,

Cistern h o w to buil d ,
2 6 6 E rrors popul a r 372 ,

C l ean l i n ess 5 6 7 E ss e x cou n ty :1 d a y i n 424 ,

C l im a te m a ke s th e p ee p l 7 4 E v e rgree n s tr a n sp l a n ti n g o f 326 ,

C l othe s w a sh i n g , 4 01 E y e s u s e of th e 376 ,
C l ov er s e e d 23 1 w h y abu n d a n t 3 7 1 y ea r , 406 ,

C l ov er w h a t bri n gs th e
, 5 46

Club Co n cor d fa rm ers 40 13 8 fa rmers 6 6 3
, , , ,
a t C h e l msfor d
F a ir a gricu l tu ra l a t P ortl an d 53 8
Coa l ho w m a d e 2 84 ; for locomotiv e s
,
F a ll a ci e s popu l a r
,
, ,

Col d d ys a I 50
F a rm w or k i n w i n t er 1 5 8 ; a n d vi l l a ge cott a ge
2 8 5 ,

Colts h ow to r a is e 104 1 6 4 16 7 ; c are of 202

,
1 81 ; sm a l l 402 5 2 6 ; n oth i n g l i k e th e 4 2 2
, , , , ,
, , ,

3 6 2 ; fe e d i n g , , , ,

5 5 5 w a te r for t h e 2 87 stic k t o t h e 4 6 5 wh y
Combustio n spo n tan e ous 350
, ,

d o n t you s e ll t h e 4 86 s h e e p o n sm a l l
,

Compostin g 5 5 9
233
,

F ar m e r h ow to b e com e a tru e 5 7 N a sh s
Composts 559 , ,

Corn fo d d e r 16 2 7 9 4 84 486 4 9 0 h a rv e sti n g A m h erst 6 2 op e n qu e stio n s a mo n g 81 w h a t , ,

h is e d uc a tio n s h ou l d be 89 ; cl u b a t C h e l ms
, , , , , , ,

6 0 5 11 a n d o a ts 180 ; o n a n a cre 1 89 ; k i n ,
g for t h e mo d e l 12 4 the N e w E n gl a n d
, , ,
d 11 6
Phi l ip 2 1 7 broom 2 4 8 D a rl i ng s e arl y , , ,
15 0 ; h om e of th e 2 6 6 ; th e a ma n of t a st e
, ,

s we et 2 5 8 pl a n te r 2 6 9 ; sta rch 2 7 4 Brow n 2 7 4 ; h i n t to 2 86

, , ,

279
,

p l a n ti n g by h ors e powe r 3 1 8 v a lu e
,
w ife of t h e 3 24- w h at a
, ,
, , .

of 3 5 8 s el e cti n g s ee d 4 6 0 ; ea rl y sweet poor c a n n ot a ff or d 3 7 0 n e w st ea m 4 4 7 C al i

,
, ,
,

Corre spo n d e n ts to ; for m i a 4 4 8 ; th e mo d e l 4 5 1 ; ri c h a n d poor

, ,

16 6 , , ,

f e stiv a l a t G roto n 4 9 1 ; M o n thl y N e w

,
464
Cotta ge fa rm a n d vill a ge 1 81 a squ a re 45 7 ,

E n gl a n d 4 9 9 e d uc atio n of
, ,

C o w mi l eh 3 1 w h a t a i l s my 107 19 8 gr a d e ,

a rmi n g o n poor l a n d 3 4 is it prot a bl e 1 08

, , , ,
F ,
b e a uty 1 13 ; p a rs n ips for mil k 1 1 5 ; a n A yr
,
goo d a n d b a d 1 14 ; mo d e of 2 4 7 ; fa n cy
,
, , ,

s h ire 1 81 4 1 7 w a rm d ri n k for 184 ; b a rn , , ,

ob e ctio n s t o 4 10 goo d m a k e s its m a rk

, ,
j
,
3 86
itch in 19 9 ; a s a w a te r lifte r 2 00 ; Mr Hu n t - , , ,

4 1 5 i n w e ste r n M ass 4 6 7 4 7 2 ; S h a k e r i n K y 5 6 2
, , .

i n g ton s 2 23 ; t a l k 2 7 5 o n e a cr e to support
.
, , .

F e a st a J a p a n e s e
, ,
557
th ro u gh th e y ea r 2 81 poiso n e d 3 10 ; a n d ,

e e t c a r e of th e
, ,
F 4 9 3
pigs fe e d for 3 2 1 ; goo d 3 3 5 ; d iffe re n c e in ,

F en c e s w ill o w 1 89 w ir e
, , ,

prot b e 3 0 ; m a c i ne for mil k in g a

,
2 80 3 6 7
3 46 a l 9 h , , ,

F e rtil iz e r 3 9 6 is a mmo n i a a 43 8 ; a n e w
,

bo n e sickn e ss i n
,
5 5 8
399 409
, ,

F i el d s h o w to ll bl an k s in corn 53
Cough wlIO Op in g 59 ,

Cra mp
,

49 6
F i l b ert th e 373 ,

Cran b erry cu l ture of 14 5 1 F is h a s a m a n ur e 3 1 1 t am e 3 46 , ,

a n n e l n e x t th e s k i n
, , , ,

la d 129 m d o w
F l 13 9
n e a 16 7
,

Cre a m n e w e x p e rime n ts in c h urn i n g 2 86

F l oors b a rn 27 9 ,

l y h ow w a l k s on c e i l in
,

Cric ke t mol e F 4 16
44 9 ,

o e r c om 1 6
,
F d d cut 53
Cre ps root 1 5 3 87 st orin g for W i n te r 3 0
p
, ,

a l u e of d iffe re n t k i n d s 4 14
4
,

me a s u re m e n t of 1 6 6 h ow to g et gra ss
,

17 9
F
,
oo d v f a t m ea t a s 4 5 6 , ,
, ,

F ore sts cu l tiv a tio n a n d pr e s e rv a tio n of

,
50
Crow th e 102 ,
,

C ucumbe r 24 9 h ow to pic k le 5 13
F ruit d iscussio n a bout 244 ; i n c a n s a n d pi e s , , ,

3 44 ; ste a l i n g 4 80 ; s e a l i n g wa x for i n c a n s
,

Curcu l io a n d plum 463 , , a

5 05 ; gro w i n g
,
555
R i el u n s e as o n e d 52 ,
D .

D i y pro d ucts 2 82 n e igh bor D ump d irts

a r , 47 1
D e c e mb er sugg e stio n s of 538
D e Soto W isco n si n
,

2 60
G a r d en (gard en i ng ) orn a m en tal 1 1 6 188 f ar , , , ,

D
,

in n e r 3 th an k sgivi n g 5 2 Q u een E l iz ab eth s

46 7
m e rs 3 7 6 3 85 ; a w a l k i n 2 6 4 2 6 9 3 9 7

, , , , ,

for th e South
.
, ,
2 93
D isi n fe ct a n ts ch e a p 46 9
D ogs k eepi n g 3 6 7 a s a v a ge i n a sch ool
,
Ga rge t or i n a m e d u dd e r
,
47 5

room
, , ,

4 04
Ge o l ogy 4 18

D ogw oo d poison 2 80
G irl s A m e ric an fa ctory 2 8 s h ou l d l ea rn to
, ,
,

D r a i n i n g 16 ; vs subsoi li n g 2 2 2 ; boo k a bout

k eep h o u s e 12 8 ; A m eric an t s E ngl ish ,

. 538
Gol d n ch A m e ric a n
.
,
27 1
, ,

3 4 3 ; w ith ti l e s 5 3 2 ; th orough 574 ,

D ro w n e d r e stori n g th e
,

45 3
G oo d d o i n your l ife tim e
, ,
396

D uc k s i n C h i n a
,

29 8
Gord o n old a n d h is l a d i e s
, ,
43 0

k es i n Ho l l a n d 90
Gra ftin g th e pl um a n d p e a c h 49 9
Gra in sproute d 2 02 ; prosp e cts of
, ,
420
Gran ite bou l d e rs 3 54
Gr a p e th e 2 5 pru n in g 83 ; cul tur e of th e 9 7 ;
, , , ,

s ee d s 102 h o w to ra is e u n d er gl a ss 13 7
, ,

E a rth , form of 390 vi n e th e 14 9 vi n e gra ftin g th e 2 1 5 24 0 2 80 ;

, , , , , ,

E a st a n d w e st 567 a n d s w ee t pot a to 2 2 1 t h e Co n cor d 2 4 7 vi n e , , , ,

E co n omy, v e ge ta bl e 4 03 l a yi n g th e 2 84 vi n e b a rre n 3 9 8 ; in pots 5 2 1

, , , ,

E d itori a l a ccur a cy 1 08 n ati v e 5 2 8 ; Co n cor d ,

55 1
E d uc a tio n b e tt er t h a n we a l th G r a p ery Simpso n s in S a x o n vi ll e

, ,
266
E e l s a n d e e l -c a tch ers 466 Gr a ss s e e d in g l a n d to 1 5 0 2 4 6 an d gra m
, , , ,

E ggs , v a l ue of, 86 ; h o w t o t ell goo d , 13 2 ; of crops h o w to g e t 1 7 9 ; w orthl ess 2 1 1 ti m e

, , ,

t he c a n e r w orm , 1 84 k
c o d n en se d 3 42 for c utti n g 2 9 7 p a stur e ,
49 9
 II
II) 13 EC

Groto n Ma ss fe stiv a l a t ,
.
,
49 1 J
G u a n o h om e m a d e 2 9 2 9 9 ; f ish 88 2 5 8 3 3 5 ;
, , , , , ,

bri e f h istory of 17 4 ; for corn 1 9 9 ; a n d muc k , , , J a i l old Co n cord

, 47 5
1 9 9 a n d p l a ste r 23 1 e xp e rim e n ts w ith 23 5 , , J a n u a ry c a l e n d a r for , 9
tr a d e 2 5 9 ; e ff ects of h om e m a d e 4 13 ; h ow
, ,
J o h n sto n J F I V d e a th of ,
. . .
, 22
a n d wh en to a pp l y it 563 J ourn al s a gricu l tur a l pr es erva tio n o
, , 5 04
J un e a n d its w or k
, 2 49

H
K
'

gigg {h e l e
,
Kn iv e s , to
K o h l i abi ,
cl e a n with e a s e
or Ge rm an c abbage
57 6
49 7
Ha mpsh i re C a ttl e S h ow 569
Ha ms h ow t o c u re ,
33 ,
2 88
Ha n coc k N H n otic e of ,
. .
,
44 5 L .

Ha rris D r h is c abi ne t ,
.
,
576
H a y e quiv a l e n ts of v a rious p l a n ts t o 2 5 7 im
, ,
L abor d ign ity of 5 17 m a k e it a greeabl e 5 23 ;
, , ,
port c e of 2 9 7 s altin g 2 9 8 3 5 4 4 14 ; c a ps
an , , , , l e ss or l a n d more
, , 539
for 3 5 1 3 7 5 4 2 5 ; to a sc erta i n we igh t of by
, , ,
L a mbs to pre ve n t b e i n g p o ison e
, 2 80
m e a sure 4 3 0 ; tim e ,
43 5 L amps c h e a p oil for k itc h en
, , 63
Ha v a n a s hoppi n g in ,
3 44 L a n d s a n d y h o w to tr e at 1 9 9 ; v alu e of 3 5 2 ;
, , , ,

H e a l th 434 gra v el lin g m ea d o w 4 6 2 ; l e t th e poor go , 5 23

He a t a n d col d 572 L a tch e t h o w much d ep en d s ou th e
, ,
3 56
Hea ve s h ow to cure ,
2 80 L a wn s 33 7
He d ge t h orn ,
32 7 Legisl a tur e A g m eeti n g of th e 1 18 12 5 ; re ,
.
, ,

Ho g s m e a l or corn for fa tten i n g

,
528 m ark s on 1 2 8 2 03
, , ,

Hom e for t he p e op le 80 ; b e a utify your 3 5 1 ;

, , , 243

h o w to s e cur e p e a c e a t 5 06 L e isur e th e you n g m a n s
, 5 47
Hon e y po n d s of ,
13 Le tter a wi d e a wa ke 108 from the e d itor
, , ,
357 ,
Horn d istemp e r c u e for
, ,
r 258
H e p r a is in g
-
46 3 L e omi n ster c attl e s h ow a t , 5 10
Hors e s a ga city of the 2 0 ; sh o e s an d how to
, , , L ife rura l impressio n s of e arl y 100 ; i n creas ed
, , ,

p u t th e m on 2 3 s h o e i g a n d ov e rr e a chi n g ,
n
, d ur a tio n of 5 43
4 0 ; c a rrots for a 49 19 9 3 09 ; d iste mp e r i n , , , , L i l y g a rd e n 2 48
84 ; h ow to m a k e d ra w 9 2 ; i n u en z a i n 9 9 ;
,

, , L im e sup e rp h osph ate a s a fe rtiliz e r 3 1 2 12

d octori n g a sic k 106 ; ra ci n g a t s h o w s 13 3
, , , ,

, , , 2 6 2 ; gr a y a n d wh ite 13 2 ; o n l an d w e ll ,
2 1 5 2 29 2 6 4 ; with t h e h e a v e s 146 ; ill usi n g
, , ,
-
m an ur ed 2 5 7 muri ate of 2 7 2 5 7 2 ; on w hea t 27 9
h o w to k ee p a 2 1 6 ; a k n o w i n g
, , ,
t h e 2 07 , , , L oc u st y el l o w , 486
2 4 0 w ith out h a y 24 1 G i ff ord M orga n 3 3 4 , , , L uc er n e 43 7
3 5 9 3 9 6 44 8 ; cough i n 3 3 9 ; corn s o n fe e t
, , , L u x uri e s ch eap 3 3 7 ; cost of , ,
5 16
of a 3 5 9 ; S w e d is h 3 9 4 ; M orri l l 3 9 8 43 9 ;
, , , ,

a d w ol v e s 4 15 ; i n sti n ct of 423
n d is , ,

e a s e a mo n g 443 455 a n d c a ttl e stabl i n g , , , M

, .

5 1 6 ; c a rrots for 5 5 1 th e Morrill 5 58 ; , ,

E th a n A l l e n 5 5 9 5 6 0 ; to te l l a g e of 5 6 2 a t , , , Ma c h i n e mowi n g 124 ; stump, , 2 30 ; a dv an t age

,
c a ttle s h o w s 5 6 3 5 6 5 5 6 8 ; too w el l f ed 5 6 5 ; , , , , of simpl e 3 06 ; was h in g , 4 87 , 5 2 8
a n d c a rrots 5 6 6 cl oth i n g u n d er for wi n te r , , , , Ma c k e re l curious h abits of , 25 1
5 5 8 ; co l ic in t h e 57 1 M a d d er 4 09
Hot-be d h o w t o m a k e , 79 Ma ggot o n io n r e m ed y for
, , 34
Hote l l ife in N Y . .
89 2 Ma n ure sp eci a l 3 5 s h e d s for 41 liquid 6 5
Hous e h ow to k eep w a rm in th e w i n te r 4 4 i n
, , , , ,

, , 101, 106 , 1 5 6 , 15 9 , 23 0, 3 04 ; ,
mi x i n g 13 1 ;
t h e cou n try 6 6 ; a sm a l l summ e r 13 2 16 9 ; , , , s for
fi h 1 6 7 ; h ow to pply
a 2 33 , 2 4 2 , 2 5 4 ,
, ,
log 3 3 4 ; to p a i n t a n old
, 4 82 25 8 ; d oubts bout
a 26 9 gr it
h e n , 2 80 ; an e as .

How e s F re d e ric k
,

,

79 a , 3 49 ; bo for tur ips
ne n , 363 ;
co c tr t
n en a ed,
Holi d a y t h e farm er s , 5 53 3 9 6 ; h ow to s v
a e an d m k
a e , 4 06 ; s ust
a wd as
a , 4 82 c p for mulchi g tr s
hi , n its
e e , 4 82 ; a n d
us s e , 5 15 ; h og 558
Man uri n g in hi ll 54 1
Ma rb l e V e rmo n t 1 43
I
,
ce hous e
-
101 Ma tc h e s frictio n , 3 58
I ll in ois crops in , 43 9 Ma trimo n y a n d mo n e y 264
Im a gi n a tio n po we r of , 275 Ma tte r org a n ic a n d i n orga n ic
, 103
Imp le m en ts so l d in Bosto n 2 81 Mea d o w cran b e rry 16 7 m a n ure for 25 8 ; bog
, , , ,
Improv e m e n t m e a n s of , 46 re c l a imi ng 42 1 49 4
I n k h o w to m a k e
, 5 05 Me a l corn a n d our
, ,
,

3 11
I n org a n ic m a tter 105 a n d orga nic , 2 13 Me a t e ff e ct of h ea t on
, 3 30
Irriga tio n 2 01 Me d ici n e givi n g , 454
Iro n mo u n t a i n s of
, 46 8 Me l o n h o w to ra is e
,
15 1 ,
26 2
Io w a m a tters in
, 13 8 Me n o n th e P a cic 3 01 you n g 5 02 compl e x
, , ,
Is le s Britis h rura l e co n omy of 1 17
, , , 123 , 15 9 , , b e i n gs 5 13
16 4 , 1 7 7 , 186 , 19 4 , 2 05 , 238, 2 5 2 , 2 5 8, 2 7 6 , Met e orology 2 13
Mi dd le s e x N e it h c a ttl e s h o w 5 09 ; cou n ty
Isl a n d R oc k 256 sh ow
, , ,

5 19
Is l a n d s H a wa iia n , 560 Mi l k (M i l k i n g ) a rt of 3 9 4 7 ; a n d b utte r 5 4 ; , , , ,
Ivy poiso n 5 3 ; o n wet l an d
, , ,
5 4 ; h o w to ma n me a sure of 14 8 19 7 207 2 16 ; a n d n ativ e , , , ,
a
ge 2 92 stoc k 24 7
 Pa ge
M ill e t culture of
,
2 7 7 , 3 11 o n d s of h o n e y 13 ; sh in a rtici a l ,
43 7 P , , 474
M ista k e my fri e n d s ,
ota sh 5 22 P 112
M o l e s uti l ity of
,
ota to e s gre a t yie l d of 5 4 104 1 3 0 ; d o th e y 3 32 P , , , ,

M oo n surfa c e of
,
mix 2 9 1 3 2 1 3 3 7 34 6 ; E n gl is h 11 , , , ,

M o w i n g m a ch i n e 124 ; scyth e a n d m a ch i ne
,
l a psto n e 12 1 134 ; for s ee d 17 8 ; s wee t 22 1
,
17 0 , , , , ,

Muc k p e a t a n d crops 1 9 5 2 00 ; a n d a sh e s 2 14
,
3 08 ; e x p e rim e n ts w ith 2 2 7
,
to b e p l a n te d
, , , ,

prep a ra tion o f 3 05 ; th e moth e r of th e m ea l 24 2 3 01

,
for pl a n tin g 2 6 3 ; sm a ll 3 1 6 a n d , , ,

c he st 3 33 ; m e a d o w 2 5 7 ; use of
,
493 l im e 4 87 Sta te of M a ine 5 2 9 Iris h
, , , 5 43
Music o l d ch urch,
4 16 P ou l try a n n u a l v a l u e of 88 ; r e a ri n g 2 5 0 ; , , ,

bree d s of 3 5 2 407 fa cts about 5 1 5 h ow to , , ,

s en d t o m a r k e t
528
Pr e ss H a y D e d e ric k s P a r a ll e l L e v er , , 570
P rosp e cts 5 76
N a ture th e w ork o f mi n d
, 5 00 P ru n i n g
N ew Ha mpsh ir e th i n gs i n 6 8 ; Ips w ich N e w P ubl is h e rs a gricultur a l
, , , , , 226
n otic e of 4 6 8 P ump k i n s ee d s e ff e ct of on co w s 5 10 ; a n d , , ,

N orth C aroli n a fa rmi n g in 33 1

, vi n e s 5 59
N ov a Scoti a a f fa irs i n ,
3 88
N ov e mb e r tra its of ,
4 89
N uts for a fa rm e r s s o n to cr a c k

49 2
N utri men t in v a rious sub sta n ce s 38
R a i n e ff e ct of on sh 4 44 ; pow er of , ,
5 24
R a k e a s h ort tooth ,
26 1
O R a ms h y d r .
,
2 54
R a n d ol ph J o h n , 3 44

O ats wh a t m ad e of 7 3 a n d corn 180 2 12 a n d
, R a spb e rry C a t a wiss a 2 28 B ri nckl e s O r a n g e
, , , , , , 4 81
c a rrots a n d re l a tive v a l u e of
, 2 2 R a t a n d sp a rro w s ,
3 43
O ce a n profusio n of l ife in
, 9 6 R e a di n g a pre v e n tiv e of d ot a ge ,
87
O ctob e r a n d its sugge stio n s 4 4 1 R e cip e s 5 6 104 15 2 2 9 6 3 9 2 440 487 , , , , , , , 53 6
O h io i n com e of
, 3 4 7 R e co ll e ctio n s 5 49
O il i n s u n o we r 2 1 5 R e d w oo d t h e gi a nt ,
14 5
O l iv e r G e n H R a dd ress of
,
. 3 7 3 R e frig e r a tio n
. .
,
33 9
O n io n m aggot re m e d y for 3 4 1 80 ; a n d to
, R iv e r i n t he P a cic
, , , ,
5 11
m a to 2 85 ; s ee d a n d bri n e 5 1 1 top
, 5 2 8 R o d s l ightn i n g , ,
21
O rch ard p l o wi n g a nd m a n urin g 13 1 ; you n g
, R oofs w h ite w a shi n g 1 6 8 19 9 3 03 p a i n ti n g , , , , , ,
200
wh a t to d o i n a 2 1 6 h ow to tr ea t a n o l d 2 5 3 R oot crops 15 1 80 ; cu l ture of
,
2 2 7 29 5 , , , , 407
O rd e r 3 9 9 R os e c u tti n gs of th e 3 6 6 re d S pi d e r o n , ,
247
O wl th e
, 3 7 4 R oth sc h i l d s w e a lth of t h e ,
93
O x e n h a ul i n g in 19 ; th e ol d
, 7 4 R ubb e r w h en to w e a r Ind i a
, ,
64
O ysters 5 2 6 R ul e s a n d l a w s 55
R u r a l e co n omy of th e Britis h Isl e s 1 1 7 1 2 3 , , ,

1 86 , 1 9 4 , 2 05 , 2 3 8, 2 52, 2 5 9 ,
P .

R uta b a ga s 180
P a i n t, mil k a 100 R ye , e t c , n utrim en t i n , 3 8, 5 3
. an d w h ea t crops 2 15
P a p e rs a gricultur a l u se of
, , 94
P a rs n ips for mi l c h co ws 1 1 5 3 12 a n d c a rrots
, , , 180
P a sture in C h e s hir e C o N H 1 1 8 ; o ld 13 0 ;
,
.
,
. .
, ,

a bout t h e M o n a d n oc k 2 2 3 w h a t m a n u r e for , ,

2 3 1 ; improvi n g 29 4 ,
47 8 S alt u n d er N i a ga r a F a ll s ,
41 ; m ed ic a l u se of
,

P a te n t O f c e d oi n gs a t 3 6 4 ; r e ports , , 5 52 357 u se of 4 05
P e a ch gr a fti n g t h e 49 9 ; n e
, , 5 11 Saw d u st 15 9

P e ar l a s h 1 09 ,
270 Sch oo l Sta te R eform 14 9 ; L uth er s 3 9 0 ; a
, , ,

P e a rs s e v e r a l e x c e ll e n t 1 5 2 3 2 ; l ist of b e st
, , , Tur k is h 43 9
v a rietie s 2 44 ; a f e w w ord s a bout 3 2 6 tree s
, , ,
Scien c e a n d th e farm e r 3 48
pr u n i n g 5 1 1 ; culture of th e , 523 Scion a th rifty
,
552
P e a s bugs i n
, 5 11 S e a t h e Op e n P ol a r 9 1 5 6 3 w a ter a n d a c o tto n
, , ,

P e a t muc k a n d crops 1 9 5 a n d muc k

, , 3 09 sh irt 3 4 9 w a v e s an d sic kn e ss
,
458
P e pp e r 2 4 6 ; mou n ta i n s wee t
, 559 S e ason th e 3 88 in N ew Hampsh ire 4 7 7 a n d
, , ,

P e pp e rgra ss a mo n g cucumb ers 2 02 crops 4 86

P h osp h a te s th e ir u se , 85 S ee d g ar d e n 3 0 from P a ten t Offi c e 4 05 ga th, ,

P ic k l e s a n d tom a to e s 498 e ri n g clov e r 44 2 tim e 4 5 4 ; tim e to a tten d to

, ,
5 09
P i e s mi n c e w ith o u t m e a t 5 4 ; fruit
, , , 4 88 S epte mb er 3 93
P i ne cu l tiv a tio n of t h e 2 1 7 2 22 ; a n d s a n d
, , , . S h a k er fa rmin g in K en tuck y 562
k n oll s 2 5 8 pitch cu l ture of
, , 2 88 S heep w in ter m an a ge m en t of 4 8 5 3 ; sta ll fe e d
, , ,
-

P ip e w a te r 248 3 10 ; m a te ri a l for 25 8 ; sto n e

, , , , 3 16 ing 5 5 ,
South d o w n 1 86 to k i ll tic k s o n , ,

P l a n ts migr a tio n of 9 6 ; h ybri d 2 87 foo d of

, , , ,
2 1 5 2 4 7 2 5 8 2 7 9 ; v al u a b l e 24 7 ; s h e a rin g
, , , , ,

307 mi x i n g of 43 8 prote ct your ten d er ,

538 2 5 5 ; o n sm a ll fa rms 559
P l a ste r u s e of 2 5 3 2 6 8 ; or gyps u m
, , , 36 7 S h i n gl es boil in l ime a n d s alt 2 1 6 to pre s e rv e
, ,

Pl o w (p l o w i n g ) t h e d oubl e 2 23 tim e t o 2 5 3 , , ,
th e m 3 43 , 369
3 87 3 9 7 , d e e p 2 3 4 3 89 ; orc h a r d s 23 4 ; fa ll , , , ,
S h o w s N a tion a l a n d State 4 3 7 Ha mpsh ire
, ,

3 9 5 ; ste a m 5 03 5 2 7 ; si d e h i l l , ,
- 5 29 C a ttl e 569
P l um L a wre n c e fa vorite P urpl e G a ge 1 6 8
, , ,
Sit uprigh t 43 9
Imp e ria l Ga ge P ri n c e ss Imp e ri al G a g e , ,
S k in s h o w to d re ss w ith fur or wool on
,
456
Smith s O rl ean s 16 9 3 2 0 ; s a v e the 2 9 0 ; d is , , ,
S n a k e comba t w ith a
,
14 8
e a se of 4 2 3 a n d curcu l io 43 8 ; gr a fti n g t h e
, S n o w b en ets of 2 2 5 ; th e 5 18
, , ,

p l um 49 9 ,
528 So ap 43 2
 I N D E X . v ii

Pa ge Pa g e

Soci ety Hi ll sboro ,
U S Ag ,
Co .
,
N H . .
, 16 ; . . .
,
h e d g es , 29 5 ; fr u it , 4 82 ; la b e ls for fruit, 5 00 ;
3 9 109 2 2 8 3 2 7 4 7 6 485 ; W orc e ste r N ort h
, , , , , ,
t oo m a n y s h a d e , 5 07 p e a r, pru n i n g 5 11
7 1 ; E ss e x 7 3 ; N Y Sta te 6 0 ; o f c ers of ,
. .
,
Trotti n g cours e s o n fa ir g rou n d s 47 7
1 7 5 ; pomo l ogic a l A m e ric a n ,
19 5 Turn ips , a re t h e y goo d for s h e ep , 12 4 ; culture
S ou th n ote s from th e
,
17 3 of 290
Soi l g a r d en 7 0 ; n igh t g a s l ime
, ,
1 87 , ,
3 07
Sp a rro w so n g 3 2 0 ; a n d t h e be e
, ,
4 03
U
Spid e r re d on ros e s
, ,
24 7
.

Sports cou n try ,

536
Un iv ers e won ders of th e 17 9
Sq u as h 5 3 w i n ter 2 00 ; Hubb a rd
,
2 81 3 4 6 , , ,
4 86
Ur a te
,

69
Sq u irre l strip e d 84 2 14 2 4 1 3 2 7 n aviga tio n
, , , , ,
37 1
Uri n e 2 42
Sta rch corn ,
274
S toc k butte r 3 6 ; fee d i n g 6 9 ; fa n cy 9 3 ; on
, , , ,

r a isi n g 13 2 ; improv em e n t of 2 3 5 n a tiv e

, , , V .

a n d mi l k 2 4 7 ; i n U S 3 2 7 ; c a re of 4 02 ;
,
. .
, ,

v e ge ta ble s coo k e d for 43 7 n a tive 285 2 88 , , , Ve n til ation 1 22

m a n a ge m en t of 4 9 8 ; k e ep more ,
5 63 V ermi n to d estroy , 5 52
Stump p u lle r a n e w
-
, 49 7 V ermo n t O rl e a n s C o 16 0 ; cre ps in 3 9 0 43 7 ;
, .
, , ,

Stra w h o w to u s e
,
23 1 th i n gs in 4 44 ; State F a ir 4 82 ; l etter from
, , 5 50
Stra wb erry th e 3 89 3 9 8 406 s et out in A ug, , , ,
. Ve teri n a ry J ourn a l 14 8
or M a y 43 7 ,
47 9 V i ne gra p e gra fti n g th e 2 15 h op 3 2 5 ; a
, , , ,

Stove s a ir tigh t
,
- 14 6 prota bl e 3 9 5 ; b arren grap e 3 9 8 ; h o w to
, ,

S ubsoil i n g vs d ra i n i n g . 2 22 prote ct a gra p e 5 11

Suga r 47 6 V i n ega r a n im a l , 27 2
S umm e r-h o u s e a sm a l l 13 2 pl an for a ch eap , ,
16 9
S u n o w er 180 ; s ee d for o il ,
230
W
S w a l lo w c l i ff 3 3 0 b a rn 404 4 28 rep u bl ic a n
, , , , ,
.

4 5 0 br um a l r e tre a t of 4 7 0 ; v s i e s 4 83 de
W a l n ut, the
.
, , ,
44 8
p a rtu r e of 5 07 ; fa mi l y , 5 42
W a ter, to h ous e a n d b a rn 551
S we e t pota to s l ips , 13 2
W a r w ith E n gl a n d 337
S w i n e n e E ss e x 40 5 3 c a rrots for 9 1 ne
, , , , , ,
bo d y k e eps
h ow t h e 5 24
92 l a rge 24 7 prots of fa tten i ng 3 15 5
, ,
W a s h i n gto n City l e tte rs from
fee d for 321
W a ste po w d e rmi l l
,

102
Sym mes Hol e 365
,

\Va t e r curiositi e s of 6 4 ; cl a y 101 p i p e s 2 48 ;

, , , ,

ciste rn 2 5 8 2 87 ; eff e ct of h ar d on a nim al s

, , , 485
W e a th e r th e 12 2 r e cor d of for J a n u a ry 19 8
, ,

a n d its sig n s 469

W e e d s i n p a v e d p a th s 455
T e l e scope R oss ,
'
43 1
W e ll s a rte si a n 43 7 a bout d iggi n g 4 5 3 ; Op en
T h i n k i n g a n d bre ath in g 47 5 ,

or cov e re d
, ,

5 28
T h istle s C a na d a to d e stroy
, , 13 1
W e st a n d e a st 567
T h ompso n Z a d ock biograp h y of , , 377
,

W h e a t a n d oth e r th i n gs n utrim en t in 3 8 r a is
T hrus h th e woo d , 5 45 ,

i n g 102 107 ; sprout e d 102 ; h ow t o pr e p a r e

, ,
e

T h urs d a y th re e i n o n e wee k , 14 2 , ,

for so w i n g 13 1 ; a n d rye crops 2 15 ; sum

,

T ic k s ho w to k ill 2 15 552 , ,
,
me r 2 7 9 ; l a rge e rO p of 3 2 6 ; cultu re of in
Timbe r tim e to cut 130 ; p o w d erp ost i n
, , 3 11 ,

M a i n e 3 3 7 w i n te r k i ll e d 2 43 on P otom a c
,

To ad s ho w th e y s h e d th e ir s ki n s
-
,
46 ,
,

Toba cco opin io n of it 4 05

l a n d s 3 4 7 wh ite i n t 4 3 8 ; m a ch i ne for
, ,
h ul lin g
,

Tom a to a n d o n io n 2 85 a n d pic kl e s , 49 8
W h itew a s h
5 09
Too l s t h e fa rm e r s 13 5
2 12
,
W ife i n u en c e of 3 7 9 ; a goo d 4 40
Tra n s a ctio n s Mass a ch us e tts 37 9 , ,

Tr a ve l i n ci d en ts of
,
W i l l o w e sta bl is hm e n t a t W a te rbury 11 ; c ul
554 , ,
,

Tre a d we ll Jo h n G 43 2
ture of the 7 5 ligh t w a n te d about 12 1 , , ,
13 0 ; fe n c e s
.
,
1 89
Tr ee s a pp le prots of 12 ; p e ars s e v era l e x
, , , ,
W i n e n ativ e gra p e 4 9 4 e l d e rb e rry
ce l le n t 15 5 5 14 1 1 6 7 2 85 5 1 1 ; fruit , , 5 11
a n d mic e
,

2 5 2 80 ; a n ew w a s h for 2 6 ; a
, , , , , ,
W i n ter fa rm w or k for 82 1 5 8 ; i n V e rmo n t
, , , ,

15 9 ; of 1 85 5 - 6
, , ,

si n gu la r 4 7 ; fruit h o w to g e t 5 4 ; mi lk
, , , ,
W isco n si n D e Soto in
2 6 3 248 , ,
3 14
26 0
bre a d an d butte r 7 7 ; pru n i n g 83 4 3 8 ; a p , , ,
W om a n i n u e n c e of
,

3 41
p l e 102 113 142 4 33 ; from s e e d 1 13 ;
,
, , , , ,
W om en of P e ru 362
p l a n ti n g fruit for others 12 1 ; a pp l e 14 2 ; , , ,
W oo d m easuri n g 184 ; gre en
o f A m e ric a 149 ; p e a c h 1 6 7 ; t a l l 16 7 , , 356
; on
a n a cre 180 ; s n o w bo u n d fruit 187
, , ,
W ool 3 8 ; pot a to e s a n d c hee s e 4 87
; w h it e
- , ,
,

w a s h i ng 2 00 ; fruit a n d s h a d e 2 6 6 ; gir
,
W olv e s a n d w i ld h ors e s 4 15
W orc e ste r n o rt h c a ttl e show 5 02 ; c attl e sh ow
, ,

d le d 2 4 7 2 89 ; l e cture s on t h e ir r el a tio n s to
, ,
, , ,

t h e a tmosp h e re at 5 14
2 9 9 ; p l um tre a tm e n t of
3 19 3 6 7 ; l ove for 3 5 0 ; s a l t o n 3 9 0 ; a pp l e
,
,

,
,

,
,

,
o o a O O 0 3 3 0, 3 6 8
i n q uirie a bout 4 3 3 ; s h a d e o n ro a d si d e , ,

2 6 5 ; suc k e r
,
2 6 4 ; tr a i n i n g a n d pru n i n g , Y .

plum 2 82 ; wi l l g a s k i ll 2 82 ; p e a r a n d
, ,

tom a to 2 85 ; p urc h asi n g fruit 2 9 2 ; a n d

, , Ya r d , fro nt tree s in 142
,
 IN D E X .

IL L USTR A TION S .

Pa g e Pa g e
A Hous e to L iv e I n L a y ers 17 2 84
J ers e y C o w F lor a 3 2 T h e O l d S t Mi ch a el Pe ar or W h ite D oyen n e
,
g. i 2 89
Cz a r C a l f of J e rs e y C o w F lor a
, , 3 3 Th e Curcu l io 29 1
H o we s A djus ta bl e C a ttl e Le a d e r
- 4 1 Improvi n g P a sture L an d s 29 4
T he W i l l i a ms A ppl e 4 9 P a te n t S e l f-R e gu l a ti n g W i n d 3 13
T h e Tyso n P e a r 6 4 T h e N orth St a r M orga n Hors e 321
S cott s G ra i n Mi ll

- 7 2 Il l ustr a tio n s i n Bu d d i n g 3 29
Home s for t h e Peo p l e 80 A B e a utifu l Cott a ge 336
88 Kn o x s P a te n t G a n g Cultiv a tor

E sopus Spitz e n be rg A pp l e 340
T r a i n i n g t h e G ra p e 9 7 9 8 B e urr e C l a i rg e a u P e a r
,
3 53
A S h a ll o w C a tc h D ra i n
10 7 W oo d w a r d s P a te n t W ee d i n g P lo w . 360

Gr a d e C o w B e a uty
- 1 13 W oo d ru ff s N ew S e l f-A cti n g G a te 3 6 89
T h e L o d g e Pe a r 1 29 P l a n for a D oub l e Cotta ge 3 84 5 -

Gra n d P la n of a Co n v en i en t B a rn 13 6 M a c h i n e for Strippi n g Broomcorn 40 1

The G i a n t R e d w oo d 1 4 4 C h e rri e s R oc k port Biga rre a u R ichard son
, ,

E m e ry s R a i l w a y Hors e P o we r
- 16 1 Ma n n i n g s L a te B l a c k h ea rt

4 08

L awre n ce s F a vorite P urp l e G a ge 1 6 8 A n A yrs h ire C ow 417
nl p e ria l a n d P ri n ce s G a ge a n d Smith s O rl ean
,

I s 16 9 T h e S e c k e l P e a r
.

,
43 2
A V i ll a ge o r F a rm Cott age 1 7 6 M orga n Hors e V ermo n t ,
44 8
E n gi n e Pump for W e l ls a n d Cister n s 185 A Squ a r e Cotta ge 45 7
B l u e Jay de stroyi n g R obi n s E ggs

19 3 S a l e m N orm a l A c a d emy of Music 46 5
M orriso n s R e d S ee d li ng 2 08 A N e w A pp l e-Pare r 47 2

A n O r na m e n te d Cotta ge 2 2 4 22 5 2 2 6 B ri n c kl e s O ran ge R a spb e rry
, ,
4 81

Ma i d en s B lus h A pple 2 3 2 A N e w Stump P u ll e r - 49 7
Ho we s E x p a n d in g Hors e H oe

2 3 8 E a rl y J oe a n d M e x ico A ppl es 5 06
A n A l d e rn e y or J e rs e y C o w 2 4 1 A He re for d He ife r 5 12
A C a rt f o r D istributi n g L iqui d Ma n ur e 3 04 R eb e cc a Gr a p e 521

A N e w S e ed S e we r 2 5 6 D e d e ric k s P a ra l l e l L e v e r V e rtic al H a y P re s s 5 29
I i 2 6 5 A S i d e-Hi
- -

T r a i n i n g a n d P ru n i n g Tree s l l Cott a ge 5 44
2 7 3 A twoo d s P a te n t G l ob e Mil ls

R ur a l Hom e s 569
B ell e L ucra tiv e an d W as hi n gton Pea rs 2 81

P O E T R Y .

Pa g e Pa ge
W i n d an d R a i n 3}
. 1 1 H oe out Your R ow 375
G e org ie a bout Tree s 13 H o w C o un t rie d 3 83
T o t he Pe a s a n t B ar d 36 T h e F a rm e r 3 89
Hom e Pic t ure 52 No 407
C h ime s for t he Time s 63 C o rn el d s 4 13
R e p l y to R E G.

. . 85 Son g of th e Pe a s an t 42 0
Th e F ire si d e 93 My F irst W h istl e 42 8
Ha rve st Hom e 1 15 A G a r d en 43 1
T h e O ld Hom e ste a d 13 5 H ow Muc h E d uc a tio n for th e F a rm e r 43 5
T h e G o l d e n R ul e 13 9 k
W or A n O d e

,
452

T h e F a rm e r s W in te r H ea rtlr 2 23 T he F a rm e r s Ha rv e st Hym n 5 03

T h e O ri ol e s L a m e n t 23 7 To A utum n 5 06

T h e F a rm ers L i f e 268 Horticu l tural So n g 5 09
A pril 19 1 7 7 5 a n d A pril 19 185 6 T h e F a rm e r s So n g
g

,
27 1 5 18
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T h e Cou n try C hil d 4 27 7 Th e D yi n g W ife to H er Husb an d 53 6

T h e Ha ppy L o t 292 Me mory 5 41
Broth e rs Q u arre ll in g 296 B l e ss ed Me mori e s o o 556
B e ssie 35 1 A ut um n a l E l egi a c 567
k IN D FD L

C O R R E S P O N D E N TS .

A Pa g e G
C h ampli n J
. .

Pa ge ,
. 25 8 Pag e
A gricol a 1 6 , 4 85 Cro w le y J a cob , 258 G o l d sbury, Joh n 3 8,
A C o un try G en t . 94 C a rte r So l o n , 26 9 5 28
A R . . . Comi ngs A G ,
. . 2 85 290 G ay B W , . . 54
A F . . 13 3 Cr a fts J a m e s M ,
. 3 16 G F . N . . 75
A ll e n , O rri n P . 16 8 C . S . 327 G W P . . . 16 7
A gricu lture , a L ov e r of 2 16 C C . . 33 9 G a v i n , \ Vill i a m 2 07
A D M . . . 27 9 Co l li n s T H ,
. . 3 43 G P S . . . 23 0
A M . . 327 G uiqu e Suum , 379 G S N . . . 25 7
A lcott, W A . . 4 2 0, 4 5 5 C h e s t e rho l me 4 02 G reg ory J J H , . . . 2 81, 4 86
A \V . . 43 8 Coo k C h arl e s ,
43 8 G F . . 11 . 3 10
A M W . . . 43 9 C E L . . . 5 13 G B S . . . 3 11
A I V. . C . 49 1 C C S . . . 5 52 G oo d rich W T ,
. . 390
A mp l ica tor 49 8 G re y G oo se q uil l 47 2
A E P . . . 557 G oo d ric h C 15 9 , .
,
2 5 4 , 2 82 , 3 1 5
A u sti n Mr ,
. 5 59

D ura n d , L . 83 , 9 0
D ad d , G . H . 84
B . D I V L . . . 16 , 27 How a r d F E ,
. . 15
D ux , 40 H i l ls 0 V ,
. . 7 6 , 23 4, 3 7 3
B ar er, H a rv y 34 D i mo n , Joh n 53 Hy d e J F C ,
. . . 12 1, 1 9 0, 2 1 7 , 3 3 2 ,
B la k e J os ep h ,
5 4, 292 D . F . M . 13 1 5 05
B e c k w orth J a so n 54 ,
D o d ge A l l en W , . 17 0 Hil l 0 A ,
. . 13 2
Bro wn Sil a s
, 74 ,
19 9 , 4 6 3 D riv e r J os ep h M ,
. 1 82 Hitch coc k N ,
. 2 15
'

B ard P e a s a n t
, 85 , 100 D T A . . . 2 14 H S P . . . 270
Boy a W i n d sor Cou n t
, 95 D ean , C ha n d ler 2 80 Ho l broo k F 2 7 8, 3 15 , 42 9 , 4 7 8, ,
.

B ug oee , W 102 . D o d ge Ha rv e y , 293 494

B o g tt S
l d e , W 102 . . D a n v e rs S out h , 528 Hil l
l , A d en 27 9
B a
gg ,J N . 108 . H L is
a ll , ew 27 9
B rt tt L vi
a le , e 12 2 H sk
a T om s
el l , h a 223 , 4 12 , 5 2 8
B co
a i i m
n , W ll a 17 5 H WT . . 3 11 .

Br ee d , L . 1 82 H S W. . 43 7 .

B ig o
el w, F E 184 . . E ss e x Houg t i g
h al n , W 454 . O .

B u um, T B 187 . . x
E p eri en c e 13 9 , 2 13 , 2 2 9 , 2 4 7 , H DJ . . . 4 87
B rry
e , S K . 19 6 . 4 07 Hi r t H
ld e h , L 5 03 , 5 11 . .

ri gs
B g , W 19 9 . E B M. . . 2 15 H . 2 5 1, 5 1 7 , 5 42 , 5 5 7 , 5 6 9
t r
B u le , S G 23 0
. . E a stm a n , C h a rl e s 23 1 Ic bo
H oe , ha d 5 43
B tt r k i g L ov r of
u e -Ma n , a e 23 1 E ss e , S en iorx 264 Hoo B
d, P 5 52 . .

ri g
B d e, 247 E l si e 3 43
B .S S . .
2 48 k
E l ins, 0 N . .
r
a9 o
B uc k la n d , D 2 48 . E J . . W .

Bi g m
n ha ,
A L 255 . . E . C . P .

B k y C
l a e le , 295 .
I nquir er 15 9
Briggs H , 3 11, 3 6 7 , 5 5 8 .
Improv em e n t ,
rie n d to
a F 247
B tt Josi h
en n e , a 2 2 8, 3 43 on e th a t lov e s 3 06
B ss tt i i m
a e , W ll a F 3 43 , 3 9 8 . I T W
. . .
7
368
Bro wn , Simo n 3 5 8, 3 6 3 , 4 4 5 , 4 6 8, F l agg , W ilso n 3 7 , 103 , 1 9 2 , 2 84 , I n ge rsol l C L ,
. . 433
5 30, 5 3 4 Ig n or a mus 49 8
B D .
4 16 F ren c h Hen ry F , . 44 , 6 6 , 19 6 , 233 ,
B rlo
a w, H 4 88 . .

F o w l e r, A . 9 6 , 2 7 2 , 4 04
F le mi n g J o h n , 12 1
F i el d s , P h i n e a s 16 4 , 2 5 4 , 3 03 J . B R . . L 556
C . F e rr e , E J . . 2 03 J . W . P . 40
F a rr a r, Ma r k 2 15 J . F . R . 10 1
Cu rrie r J H ,
. . 53 F le tc he r, T S . 2 16 J . H . 327
C he n e y G N , . . 54 F a rm e r , Siste r 246 J . B . F . 15 0
Cutte r B F 47 ,
. .
,
5 0, 1 84, 2 4 1 F r ee m a n 247 J M M 1 87
Cl a rk D
. . .

, . 82 F . A D . . 263 J . G . 350
Comi n gs B enj ami n , 13 0 F s 3 09 J L 23 7
C
. .

. W . 13 2 , 2 3 1 F a rm e r 3 11 J . B . 2 16
C B . . 15 0 F le tc h e r , S . 3 1 8, 5 02 J . M . 23 8
Cop el an d R Mo rris ,
. 3 6 , 1 7 4, 3 3 2

F a rm e r s S o n , a 4 10, 4 6 6 J . H . W
'

. 247
Cro w e l l E G ,
. . 2 00 F o wl e r , S P . 44 5 , 4 7 0, 5 00 J a ck so n C h a rl e s T . 572
C W S
.
,

. . . 2 00 F a rm e r , J a cob B . 455 J . W . A . 3 11
C h il d D , . 2 00, 43 7 F re n c h , B B . . 47 5 J . W . 5 28
C . 2 15 2 5 8 2 7 9 , , ,
3 26 , 527 F re e m a n J B . . 5 10 J R S . 352
C S I
, . .

. V . . 2 18 F re n c h , J A . . 5 5 1, 5 5 2 J . R IV. . 3 54
Copp J o hn , 233 F a rm e r P oor . 5 J . H . N . 357
C un e So l omo n, 25 7 F i e l d s , R obe rt 5 . J. J . 3 65
 IN D E X . X

Pa g e Pa g e
J . W B . 398 P ri n gl e , A l e an d e r x Tityus 14
J G . . K . 4 02 P i le y, A x . 102 T h e P ublic 12 1
J . R J . 4 14 P 12 5 , 22 3 , 2 82 Tro wbri d ge F . 13 0
4
.
,

J . B K . . 452 P ip e r, R U . . 14 9 T C. . 30 443
J . W C . . 474 P l o w, sp ee d th e 14 9 T h om a s ,
N ich ol a s 2 22
J . W . 4 86 P F . . 2 16 , 24 8 T J B
. . . 2 80
J . S C . . 5 47 P oor, H enr y 2 43 , 2 6 4, 2 7 8, 3 01 T R. . 2 80
394 T en n e y S ,
. 299
P ra tt, P h i n eas 3 09 T a y l or L a uson , 3 10
K . P a i n e, C ha rl e s S . 3 10, 3 2 0 T A S
. . 327
P r a tt, D . 3 10 T P. . 3 43
Ki n gsl e y T C ,
. . P r e scott, J a m e s 3 11 347
K i n gsb erry E ,
. 23 1 3 2 6, 3 3 4 367
K i n gm a n , J oh n W . 399 Pra tt, Mi n o t 356 Tru e N T ,
. 397
Pi n e s , P . 3 88 T h om a s J B ,
. .

P h i l o -d en d ro n 395 T H. . 5 11
P rogr e ss 43 7 , 4 9 2 Tuc k er L e on ar d F , . 558
P e tte n gi ll , L B . . 4 43 Time s ol d , 56 8
102 P ri n c e , W i l l i a m R . 4 80
L . A . 13 1 P i e rc e , L ew is L . 4 82
L . S H . . 255 P eq uod 5 47
L ewis W G ,
. . 2 88 P C . . 559
L a c k e y A n d r ew ,
3 54 Un derwoo d J , . 12 , 4 08, 5 48
L ee , J . 3 86
L . T . S . 4 07
L S . . 43 8 V .

L on g L awson , ,

L . D . F . 47 1 R . 1 9 , 48, 7 1, 11 7 , 1 89 , 3 2 5 , 3 49 , V a rn e y L ,
. 263
5 05 4 3 5 , 44 9 V in to n Z , . 3 10, 3 9 6
5 16 R .

36
54 W .

M . R B H . . . 6 9 , 2 23 , 2 48
R o we n , C h a rl e s 15 0 C 0 O O

M . P a vili on Hous e 34 R ea d e r 2 40 W D . . B . 6 2 , 6 5 , 16 6 , 1 7 0, 1 84,

M e rri a m G C ,
. . 100 R C H . . . 247 2 18
M 123 , 1 6 0, 16 6 , 1 7 8, 186 , 19 5 ,
. R a ymon d , G A . . 2 30 W a rd , J D . . 102
206 , 240, 2 5 3 , 2 6 0, 2 7 7 , 3 03 , R obbi n s , E p h ra i m 390 T h os . W . 106 , 523
3 1 7 , 3 2 4 , 3 6 2 , 3 83 , 4 2 7 , 4 6 2 R E B
. . . 397 W il d ,
Ju d a s 1 18
Ma n , B rti 13 1 . R usticus 4 06 W R S . . . 13 2
M d d le e
i s x
13 4 , 2 07 43 8 W ill a r d , B enj a mi n 16 7
M . K C . . 13 9 W h itti er, B e nj a mi n 16 7
M ich a el 15 8 , ,
3 1 1 , 49 3 W e ek s , J oh n M . 16 9
M cD o n a l d E b ene z er , ,
1 80 W el d , C S . . 17 9
M H . . Y . 2 00 W N . . 19 9
2 02 S h urtl ef f S A ,
. . 16 , 5 15 W al k e r A m a s a , 2 12
M orriso n N P ,
. . 2 09 S ubscriber 5 3 ,
6 0, 1 01, 104, 107 , W H H . . . 2 12
M . 2 14 13 1 , 16 7 , 1 9 9 , 2 15 , 2 2 7 , 23 0, W h it e, H D . . 268
M os el e y D ,
a vi d 236 2 47 , 2 4 8, 2 5 1, 2 6 8, 2 7 9 , 2 80, W a l k e r, M R . . 247

2 57 3 1 1, 3 9 0, 3 9 8, 487 , 5 1 1, 5 52 W ife a F a rm er s
, 2 58
M cI n t ire R ufus , 2 6 4, 2 88 S h ort J o n a th an ,
66 W oo d wa r d , M S . . 270
M as o n S a mpso n , 270 88 W e ek s W B ,
. . 27 9
M ors e H ,
. 248 Ste a r n s Is aa c , 9 2, 19 8 2 80
M ors e A A E ,
. . . 2 80 S an ford O H ,
. . 104 W i l k i n so n , W N . . 3 10
3 12 S n o w J os ep hus ,
13 1 3 11
M . A . K .
,
Mrs . 3 43 S a ge O rri n ,
13 3 W h e ato n , S D . 32 6
M . P . 363 S a ll y 2 06 W . 33 7 404
M . M . J . 398 So J O 0 O 2 11 W e ek s , R ob e rt D . 3 46
S E . . P . O 2 16 W P . . 36 7
2 42 W e th e rel l , L e an d er 42 8, 450
N . W e ll s , A A . . 4 87 , 5 2 3 52 8
St ee l e Sol omo n , 2 5 5 , 3 6 3 , 3 14 W h ite , S L . . 5 07
N .
Q T . 5 0, 42 2 Sherm a n H N ,
. . 258 W hite , Z . 5 11
N as h , JA . . 6 2 , 106 , 189 , 2 9 4 , 3 4 9 , Smith I ra P ,
. 27 9
S a wye r J a m e s J ,
2 80
N ims ,
R eub en 1 30 S ummer el d , S u 3 1e 3 41 X .

N . T . 142 , 14 6 , 2 62 S h iv e r , J P T . . . 366
N ovic e 19 9 S T , Jr
. . . 3 90 X Z
. 43 5
2 58 S h e l d on H W ,
. . 398
N o rfol k 2 86 , 3 19 , 3 4 7 , 4 06 , 453 , Suburb a n 4 06
Smith J P ,
. . 444 Y .

N orcross , E ul e r 5 13 Si x teen 47 7
S a l isbury W m , 4 86 1 5 1, 19 7 ,
O . Stebbi n s D . 4 93
Smith G J
,

,
. . 49 9
O rl ean s 1 6 1, 3 05 Som ers J S ,
. . 551
Osgoo d Ja m es , 26 1 S T . . 551
 D E V O TE D TO A G R I
C U L TU R E A N D I
TS KI
N D R E D A R TS A N D SC I
E N CE S .

VOL V III. . BOSTON , J

A N UAR Y , 185 6 . NO 1 . .

JOE L N O UR S E P a o r msr o a F R E D K HOLBROOK A S S OCIA TE

HA LL .
S M I O N B R O W N E D IT O R
H EN R Y F . F R E N CH :} EDI TORS .

CA L E N D A R F OR J A N UA R Y Spri n gt im e wi l l sh e arous e h ers e l f a gain an d ag ain , , ,

S f r kl i g
e a s on o t a d p ipp i p l
c ac n nu s
pour forth h er abun d an c e an d so sh a ll i t e v e r b e
n ns a e, ,

0 f fr t d i d r
os e d W i l d p p pi g
c e an for th e L ord s ai d W hl le th e e ar th r e m ai n e th s e e d
o

n c or n , , ,
or h Cf l h ri n m mgl n mb r P l d
eer u ea g
tim e an d h arv e s t an d cold an d h e at an d summ e r
O e e s l e

0f h t l b r i hi b l d h m
on e s a o n s e sse o e.
, ,

an d W l n t e r an d da
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k k
,
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0 W i t r th
,
n e gh th b r t th y brow
ou ou A n d whil e t h e e a r t h t hus r e st e th th e husb an d
ea es on ,

ai y t h f d th man e nj oys th e frui t s o f his summ e r l abor H e h a s

'
rh p t
S ti l l S i l
ou ea

tg g gy gtg p
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sc r al : .

o o ve cc , or e on ee , O e
som e th i n g to do how e v e r b e 3 1d e s ea t i g an d dr in k
A b ri g h t r w r d p r
l
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W h r th A h g l i g h i m r i g mg an d makl n g h l mself m err y for W mt er h a s h er

.

e e e rc an ge s n s s o n n s on ,

Th h v l y k y l m th g t
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a ppropri a t e l abors as w el l a s ; summ e r a n d n o t by
3 e a e o a

,
Am S by J e E D w
f s tudy I
erz c a n eas ons , ess o
a n y m e a n s t h e l ea s t is t h a t o n t h e d ays
. .

A N UA R YM th h l s 1c y
of lon g ago wh en t h e o n ly kn owl edg e poss e ss e d by ,
h an d un f O I d S the th e F a rm e r was th a t which h e h a d l ear ne d from
:

Po r t a l s t hrough his fa th e r an d wh e n a sk e d why h e di d thus a n d so , ,

Wh W e l 0 0 k as
i t w as su f ci en t j usti c a tio n t o him t o say b e c aus e
ich ,
,

t were dow n th e
.

I th e s a m e wa s do n e by my fa th e r an d my gr an d fa th e r
!
,

V i sta a n d b eh OI
.

d n o study was n e c e ss ary F a rmi n g th en d e sc e n d e d

: .

W i n t 9 1 W ith its v e ry much as th e good n a m e so h a ppily e xpr e ss e d

'

s t orms of s n ow a n d in th e so n g ,

8 16 c t ; Its S n ow Th f rm th t I w h ld
'

e a a no o

b an ks S Pa rkhu g 1n W th m th t my gr d f th r til l d as e sa e a an a e e .

H dyi g b q th d t hi d am
th e brigh t sun li ght or re ec g _ e, n ,
e ue a e o s son a oo n e,

W hi h lli d d
,
d d t m c un su e e sce n e o e,
t mg b a C k t h e C h a st e g1l tt e l
.

F my I pr rv d i t b l mi h d with h m or so n ve e se e un e s e s a e,

of th e full orb e d moo n ; i ts A d i t til l fr m b l t h l l b fr n s o a o s a e ee.

g ai e ty an d its gloom ; its It is v e ry w e ll e x c e ll en tly w e ll to h a ve a g oo d

m e rry sl e igh -rid e s rushin g n a me thus d e sc en d but t o h a v e an old wood e n , .
,

with silv e r be llS 0 ve r th e p ol plow sh a r e th a t it would ta k e thr ee yok e o f ox en

,
-
,

ish e d ro a d way its w eary to h a ul through ordin ary till ag e l an d two men o n
-
,

an d wor n p e d e stri an bue t t h e b ea m to k e e p it in a n d a man wi th a h o e t o

'

, ,

in g th e drivin g drifti n g S torm an d follow an d t ur n ov e r th e sward d e sc e n d from g e n

. , , ,

s eeki n g a sh e lte r whic h p e rh a ps he cr a tion t o gen e ra tio n is n ot q uite so well ! W e a re , , ,

Sh all n e v e r n d S hort 0 f aIIOth e r of thos e wh o b eli e v e in improve m e n t a n d we be ,

W 0 1 1d ; t h e h a ppy fa rm e r by his W in li e v e too th at mos t of t h e a s t o n is hi n g improv e m e n t

t e r re surrou
,
d
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wife c h ildrc n an d fri e n ds th a t h a s b e e n m ad e in fa rmin g within t h e p a s t
,

,

a ll th e s e in our mi n d s e ye we s e e with a hun dr e d qu ar t e r o f a c e n tury is d ue t o t h e improv e m e n t in
, , ,

oth e r thin gs commo n to th e s ea so n of r es t of f es fa rmi n g u te n sils e sp e cially in plo ws cultiv at ors , ,

t i vit y an d m irth . an d s e e d -pl a n t e rs a n d to t h e m a n y a gricultura l

Ye s t h e s e a so n of re s t~ f o r lik e ni ght t o th e j our n a ls an d books which h a v e spru n g u p a ll ov e r

, , ,

toil worn man com e s wi n te r mth e toil -wor n e arth : Christen dom an d we a re n o t c e rt ai n but a mo n g
-
,

fa ithfully h a s s h e l a bor e d from A pril to N ov e m th e r e s t of m a n ki n d a n d e n a bl e d pra ctic a l me n

"
,

h e r s ee d tim e a n d h a rv e st h as sh e giv en an d h e r to hold in t e rcours e w ith e a ch oth e r tho ugh situ a te d

, ,

a bun d an c e h a s b ee n pour e d i n to t h e la
p of man mil e s a n d mil e s a su n d e r Th a n ks ! th a n ks to t h e . .

H e r n ight of r e s t h as com e an d in th e glorious m e ch an ics for th e ir a g e n cy in th e good work

, ,
.
10 N E W E NG L A N D F A R ME R .
7
J
AN .

Ye s , study is on e of th e we s aid l a bo rs p e rh a ps dy it is a lso th e tim e f or him to m ak e pr e p a ra tion , ,

recre a tio ns w ould b e a mor e prop e r d e si g n atio n f o r th e comi n g Sprin g If th e h an dl e o f a plow .

but b e it wh a t it may n o man in th e s e d a ys can h e h a pp e n s t o b e brok en do n ot wa it till th e day com e s

, ,

a tip -top fa rm e r without study ; a n d whil e h e stud f o r usi n g it b e for e e ith e r m en d in g it yo urs el f or e m

,

ie s h e comp a r e s To illustr a t e A fa rm e r pl an ts c e r ployin g som e oth e r p e rson to m e n d it f or you W in

. .
.

t a in l an d with corn ; th e crop do e s n ot an sw e r his e x te r is a c a pital t im e t o rep air brok en tools an d n o ,

e c t ation s H suppos e d h e h a d chos e n t h e most o n e c an b e tt e r a ppr e ci a t e t h e o l d a d a g e th a t a

p e.

prop e r soil an d h ad don e all th a t h e thought n ec sti tch in tim e s a v e s n in e than th e fa rm e r

, ,

.

e ss a ry to i n sur e a goo d c rop W h a t was th e trou W e n e v e r sh all forg e t th e ta n trum i n to which a

.

b le ? Th a t th e r e w as a scr e w loos e som e wh e r e fa rm e r o f our a cqu ai n t an c e o n c e go t jus t for th e

,

w hich h a d l et t h e b o ttom o ut o f th a t cr 0 p h e wa s w an t of a simpl e iro n ri n g H e h a d a f e w t e n s of .

c e rtain but wh e r e an d h ow to n d it is t h e qu e s a s good h e rds gra ss as an y on e would d e sir e t o se e

, , ,

tion Th e win t e r e v en in gs com e on h e s ays t o just rea dy to go in wh en th e w e st e rn h e av e n s he

.
, ,

hims e lf n o w I will m ak e a thorough e x amin a tion gan t o be obscur e d with th e bl a ck e st kin d of com
,

of th e N ew E n g la n d F a rmer an d my books a n d in g show er A l l wa s hurry an d bus tl e o f cours e

, , . , ,

see if I c ann ot a sc e rt ai n wh a t was t h e re a so n I did th e ox en w e r e yok e d an d a t t ach e d to t h e h ay c ar t -

n ot
g e t a b e tt e r c r0 p of cor n off th a t te n a cr e lot in doubl e quick tim e th e me n an d boys w e r e a l l
-
, ,

t h a t I took so much p ai n s with l a st s e a so n on th e q m vic e t h e rak e s an d forks w e r e th r o wn .

So h e proc e e ds to e x a mi n e h e n ds tha t c e rt ai n on an d a w ay a ll w en t upon th e run about h alf a , ,

ki n ds of m an ur e a re p e culi a rly a dapt e d t o c e r t ain mil e t o th e h a y e ld O n e l a rg e fork wi th which , .

form ation s of soil whil e t h e s a m e m an ur e s us e d on to pitch on t h e h ay was tak en alo n g an d n on e

, , ,

oth e r form a tio n s h av e littl e 0 1 no e ff e c t A n d oth e r at al l suita bl e for t ha t purpos e Tom was on
,

. .

thi s s a ys h e is my e rror I h av e n ot a ppli e d th e th e c a r t t o lay th e loa d t h e stout hi r e d man wa s t o

,

,

.
,

prop e r m an ur e to tha t p ar ticular soil ; n e x t summ e r pitch on an d th e fa rm e r an d on e or two boys w e r e ,

I sh a ll kn ow b e tt e r an d th en protin g by his ex to r ak e afte r Two or thr e e cocks w e r e pitch e d on

,

. ,

a mi n a tio n o f th e subj e ct h e obt ai n s o n e of t h e b e st an d th e prosp e c t wa s fai r t h a t a t l e a st on e l a rg e

,

crops in th e vi ci n ity . loa d would b e go t hom e dr y wh e n 10 cr a ck w e n t , ,

W e b e li e v e th e pr ejudic e which e xi s t e d som e th e e n d of th e fork h an dl e just a s its hold e r was ,

e ars si n c e a gai n s t book fa rmi n g h as n ea rly di e d abou t h e avi n g up a l arge f o rkf ull an d whil e th e

y ,

a w a y an d fa rm e rs h a v e n o w l e a r n e d t h a t a man h an dl e w e n t u with a j e rk th e shi n i n g iro n was

, p ,

can n o mor e b e a n e xc e ll e n t husb an dm an without l e ft in th e b a ! T h e h an dl e wa s S plit up a bou t a

y
th e s tudy of books t h an h e can b e a Cl e rg ym an foo t an d th er e s t ood o ur fri en d looki n g t h e v e ry
, , , ,

L awye r or D octor . pictur e of d e sp air whil e h e e xcl aim e d Th e r e n o w , ,

,

W e r e c e n tly sp e n t a f e w d a ys a t th e hous e of a didn t It e ll you to g o an d g e t a rin g put on to

u

fri en d wh o glori e s in b e in g a till e r of th e soil His th at fork h an dl e b e for e it wa s us e d a gai n did n t I . ,

b ar n was w e ll ll e d with h a y a n d gr ain un d e r an d why upon e arth did n t you do it ? A n d n o w
,

n e a th wa s a l a rg e root-c e lla r cl ean v en til a ted an d h e r e we are an d e v e ry sp ear o f this h ay will b e

, , ,
,

li ghte d a n d still an oth e r n e w an d w arm wh e r e hi s jus t a s wet as muck b e for e we can g e t an oth e r
, , ,

f a t pork e rs w e r e e nj oyin g all th e luxuri e s of h o g fork W e a ll did th e b e s t we could bu t our .

dom amon g th e fa ll en l eav e s us e d-up hors e-be d m ain sta y wa s go ne an d th e con s e qu en c e was th a t
, ,

di n g d e c aye d w ee ds &c &c ; his hous e c e ll a r wa s up c a m e th e show e r b e for e th e lo a d wa s ha lf on

, , .
, .
,

a mply stor e d with as ne a lot o f po t at o e s a ppl e s a n d h a m en c a ttl e an d a ll co n c e rne d w er e

y , , , , ,

t ur n ips an d oth e r of th e products of hi s l an d a s we dren ch e d by on e of th e wors t pourin g showe rs it

, ,

h av e s een for m an y a day A bun d an c e was al l wa s e v e r our l ot t o b e out .

a rou n d him ; h e h a d b e e n succ e ssful e v e n b e yo n d If th at fa rm e r in s tea d o f trustin g t o Tom D ick , ,

his e xp e ctation s an d hi s farmi n g was chi ey an d H a rry t o h av e t h a t rin g pu t on h a d don e it

, , ,

l ear n e d from books W e d e sir e d t o wri te a l e tt e r hims elf h e might h av e s av e d hi s h ay dry an d we

.
, , ,

an d so s aid to our fri e n d

Th e r e s aid h e poin t migh t a ll ha v e e sca p e d a soakin g tha t if i t did n ot
.
,

, ,

in g i n to a room which m a n y would dig n ify with th e m ak e an y of us sick might h a v e do n e so an d e n , ,

n a m e o f li br a ry is wh e r e I do both my writi n g an d t a il e d a phys ici an s bill su fci e n t t o purch a s e a ll th e
,

my studyi n g ; it is at your s ervic e A n d t h e r e we f orks in a good-size d a gricultur a l wa r e hous e !

.

fou n d a comfortabl e wri t in g-de sk with a ll th e m a te This t h e n is on e of th e mon ths in wh ich to see
, , ,

rials for writi n g in th e mos t p e rfe ct orde r an d di th a t e v ery pitch-fork h as a rin g o n it to pr e v e n t it

, ,

rec t l ov e r t h d sk l rg book -c a s e holdi n g from splitt i n g e v e ry r ak e h as a ll its t e e th in

y e e a a e sa
y , , ,

from on e to two hu n dr e d volum e s of th e b e st books e v e ry h oe is w e ll fa s ten e d to its h an dl e & c & c , .

, .

o n fa rmin g th a t could b e procur e d Th e r e was n o B e sid e s s tudy an d work th e fa rm e r will n d am

. ,

myste ry in our min d wh y o ur fri en d wa s a succ e ss pl e tim e to b e m e rry an d to e nj oy his wi n te r holi ,

ful fa rm e r Thos e books told th e s tory

.
da y an d we W ish himf we u s e t h e wor d s a s a p pli
.
,
-

A ltho ugh win t e r is th e tim e for th e farm e r t o stu c abl e to a ll o ur re a d e rs A Ha ppy N e w Yea r .
 11
185 6 .
N E W E NG L A N D F A R ME R .

O ur I n iti a l L e tt e r for Ja n u a ry is in dic a tiv e

of an could l ea d to t h e suppositio n th a t it co n t a in e d an y

thi n lik e th e gr ee n e lds an d lov e ly v e rd ur e of

importa n t ite m of busin e ss f or t h e mo n th A ft er
e

th is bea utif ul world of ours

t
Th e r e was n o wat er
.

bu d c of g ui h rt-fe l t good n a t ure i n

an a n an e en n e e a , visibl e n o t a se a or a rive r or e v e n the m e a sur e ,

t h e fa mil y p e rh a ps th e r e is n o on e thi n g which of a r e s e rv oir f or supply in g t ow n or fa c t o

,

dds mor to its comfort t h an a pl e n tifu l supply o f s e e m e d d e solat e

a e ,

ood fu e l w e ll pr e p a r e d an d co n v en i e n tly hous e d .

g , ,

It sor e ly ta sks t h e t e mp e r of th e moth e r an d WI N D AN D R AI N .

d aughte rs to be oblige d to co a x an d puf f an d blow

R ttl th wi d w wi d ! a e e n o s, n s

e ith e r w e t or gr e e n wood in to a g e n e rous ame

_
R i drip th p , a n, on e a ne

wh en th e morn in g is biti n g cold an d th e chil dr en Th r ta d i gh s i h e rt a d y s e e a re e rs a n s n o ur a s n e e

,
th l i f w l iv i i !
a re t o be m a d e r ea dy for school or th e me
F e e n va n
n to ,
or e e

t a k e an e arly st a rt for t h e woods o r t h e m rk t

a e Th g r y a h v d h v .
e a se ea es a n ea e s,

0 th d r ry ts of d ; n e ea a sa n
It is a m atte r o f e con omy too t o burn dry ,
A d th b l a t d l imb f th
, h r h -y rd tr n e s e o e c u c a ee

wood N o w is th e favorabl e tim e to set thi s mat

. S ha ke l ik gh tly h d ! s e a os an

t e r all righ t .
Th d d g lf d b th i t e ea a re e n u e enea ,

CA R E or Srocx Co n s ta n t an d kin d c are of .

S k i th gr y w v un n e a ss a es

stock is som e thi n g lik e fr e qu e n t ho e in g to a cor n B t w h v m r d d i u h e a rt t - da y u e a e o e ea n o r s o

T h th arth i a ll h grav an e e n er es
crop Th e ho e in g k e e ps th e soil light an d susce p
. ,
P ut m M g i e na 8 a az n .

tible of r e c e ivin g v a lu abl e in u en c e s from th e at

mosph ere an d thus s av e s m an ur e So fr e qu en t L L OW E S T A BL I
W A T E R BURY W I SH
.
,

c ar di n g an d c ar e ful w a te rin g an d fe e din g s a v e s

,
ME N T ,
.

h a y an d roots an d gr ain an d giv e s you a l ar g e r pro ,

F e e l in g a d e e p in t e r e s t in t h e p artia l e xp e rim en ts
duct of mil k an d e sh than could be ob ta in e d o n n o w in pro gr e ss f o r th e i n tr oduction o f t he b a sk et
e v e n a l a rg e r a mou n t of fe e d wi thout th e e x t r a wil low in t o thi s Sta t e we r e c e n tly p a id a vis it to
, ,

c a r e It is well t o r e m emb er t oo that sh e lte r an d th e willow plan tatio n o f Mr E r a stus Pa rk e r of

. , ,
.
,

W a t e rbu r y ; an d we co n f e ss our gr ati ca tio n o f wit

wa rmth supply th e pla c e of food i n som e d e gr ee , .

h e ss in g n ot o nl y th e r e m ark abl e b e a u t y of hi s grow ,

S HE E R F e e d t h e m on clov e r h ay if con v eni e n t in crop bu t th e compl e ten e ss of his triumph in
, ,
g ,

an d m ak e it co n v e n i e n t for t h e m t o go u n d e r cov e r d e mo n str at i n g th e pr a ctic a bili ty of a ddi n g t hi s p r of

at will .
itable c rop to our oth e r V e rmo n t products .

a rk e r s pl an ta tion co n sists at pr e s en t

CA L VE S E x amin e your c att l e bu t e sp e ci a lly
.
M r P of .
, ,

about four a cr e s loc a t e d on t h e b an ks o f a sm all

your l a s t sprin g ca lv e s an d see if v e rmi n h av e a t mill s t r e a m A bout on e-eigh th o f thi s wa s pl an t e d -
,

t ack e d th e m I
.

f so a li tt l e w arm l a rd or oil rub t wo y e ars a o l a s t sprin g an d is now burd e n e d with

g
.
,
,

b e d clos e t o th e ski n about th e roo t s of the ta il t h e i t s thi rd cro whi ch st an ds on an a ve r a ge p e rh aps , , ,

h ea d an d n e ck will soo n d e stroy th e m Ca t tl e six an d a h a f fe e t h igh an d will yie ld at t h e r at e of

, . ,

c a n n o t thriv e whil e fee din g a littl e army of d epr e t hr e e t o n s p e r a cr e Two a cr e s w e r e pl an t e d on e .

d a tor e y e ar ag o th e wil lows b e in g a bout v e fe e t high an d , ,

.

yi e ldi n g a t on an d a h a lf pe r acr e A n d t h e re .

S N OW B an k th e hous e w e ll with s n ow an d th e maini n n e arly t wo acr e s w e r e pl a n t e d l as t sprin g

.

wood pil e will l a st lon g e r

-
. th e wi o ws o n ly rea chin g th e h e ight of thr e e o r
fou r fe e t an d n ot b e in g en e r a ll y us e d for an y oth
J A N UA R Y th e Mo n th of good wi sh e s n e w pl an s g ,
,

e r pur pos e b ut f or cutti n gs for pl an ti n g wi t h whi ch

an d n e w h op e s le t u s all s ta rt right in it in e v e ry
,

Mr Pa rk e r propos es a t a mod e ra t e pric e to f ur

,
. , ,
p a rticul ar ; th e r e solutio n of a ll so t o do ma y b e nish all wh o a re d e sirous of goin g i n to th e cultur e , .

wo n d e rfully str e n gth en e d by a c ar e ful p er us al of Th e low e s t m ark e t pric e o f t he willow is n ow $ 13 0

th e L ife of t h e l a t e A MO S L A W RE N C E p e r t on an d t h e whol e cos t of cultiv a tio n g a th e r
. , ,

in an d pr e p arin g for m a rk e t do e s n ot e xc ee d $ 3 0
g
,

per ton an d with th e ai d of Mr Colby s succ e ssfull y , .

SURF A CE OF TH E Moon Th e E arl of R oss e op e r atin g p ee lin g m achi n e this can b e do n e for , ,

who h as r ec en tly compl e t e d th e l a rg e st t e l e scop e much l e ss I n d e e d we h av e b e com e s a tis e d th at .

,

e v e r m a d e a llud e d at a l a t e m eet in g in L o n do n to an a cr e of willo ws at l ea st a ft e r th e r s t pl an tin g

, , , , ,

its effe cts H e s a id th a t with r e sp e ct to t h e moon can be produc e d with v e ry n e arly th e e xp en s e o f a n

.
, ,

e v e ry obj e c t on its surfa c e of 100 fee t in h e igh t was a cr e of cor n ; w hil e th e prot a ft e r t h e s e co n d y ear , ,

n o w disti n c t ly to b e s ee n ; an d h e h a d n o doub t as ca n b e r e a dily c a lcul a t e d by th e a bov e sta t e m e n t

th at un d e r v e ry fa vor abl e c ircumstan c e s it would of wh at Mr Park e r h a s actu a lly a ccomplish e d w ill

, , . ,

b e so with obj e cts 6 0 fee t in h e ight O n its surfa c e b e t en fold gr ea te r t h an on e could re a so na bly e x
.

we r e cra t e rs of e xt in ct volc an o e s rocks a n d m a ss e s pec t from on e o f th e ordi n a ry products

,
.

o f sto n e s a lmost i nn um e r abl e H e h a d n o doubt . Th e succ e ss th e n o f th e e xp e rim e n t for cultiva , ,

th a t if such a buildin g as h e wa s th e n in w e r e upo n ti n g th e b a sk e t will ow in Ve rmo n t must be con sid

th e surfa c e of t h e moo n it would be r e n d e r e d dis e r e d s e ttl e d ; a n d our fa rm e rs h a v e o nl y to a v ail
,

t in c tl y visibl e by th e s e i n strum e n ts But th e r e th e ms e lv e s of th e e x a mpl e n o w b e for e th e m to re

.

w e r e n o sig n s of h abit a tio n s such a s our s n o ve s aliz e prots of which b e for e th e y h a d n o co n c e p ti on .

tig e s of a rchite ctur e r e m ai n to sho w th a t t h e moo n Much i n formation howe ve r is n e e de d b e fore the , ,

is or e v e r was i n h abite d by a ra c e o f morta ls simi busi n e ss can be e n t e r e d on un d ers tamlin g ly

, .

l ar to ours e lve s It pr e s e n t e d n o a pp ea ra nc e whi ch

. G ree n Mo un ta in F reema n . .
 N E W E NG L A N D F AR ME R . J
AN .

F 07
"
the N ew E n g l a nd F
h a vin g you n g t r ee s should h av e a good
a m e?
E v e ry one ,

TR A N S PLA N T I N G A PP L E T REE S pru n i n g-k n if e an d sa w so th at wh e n t h e prop e r

.
,

tim e com e s h e ma y giv e the tr e e its right shap e

TH E IR MAN AG E MEN T A N D P R OF IT S a n d form r e movi n g al l li mbs th at may cross an d

,

MR E D IT O R Kn owi n g tha t you wi ll a cc ep t ch afe e ach oth e r givi n g it th e form o f an i n v e rt e d

. ,

commun ic a tio n s for i n s e rtio n in your p ap e r th a t umbr e lla as n ea r can b e .

11 b e of i n t e r e st to t h e fa rmin g commun ity I W h en an y on e h as pl an t e d a n orch ard h e should , ,

thought I would write an d m ak e a f ew sugge stion s n ot ge t discour a ge d bu t work with a will an d , ,

un d e r th e a bov e h ea din g from a li tt l e e x p e ri en c e k e e p th e groun d in good tilth a mon g t h e tr ee s a s

, ,

I h a ve h a d in th e busin e ss . it is in th e kitch en g a rd en H e should n ot b e sat .

I n t h e rs t pl a c e a ll t hos e who h a v e it in con

,
ise d wi th a f e w i n ch e s growth m a d e in a y ea r b ut ,

t e mpla tion to pl an t tr e e s for an orch ard shoul d se as f ar as li e s in hi s po w e r m a k e a growth of from

, ,

l e c t a goo d loc a tio n wh ich should be l an d of a on e to two fee t ; an d h e wil l h av e th e s a tisfa ctio n
,

gra v e ly lo a m slopin g to th e south a s n ea r a s can be in b e in g r e w ar d e d for his l abor a t a d ay n ot f a r di s

, ,

an d if a li ttl e sto n y so much t h e b e tt e r D ig your ta ut N 0 man c an giv e too much of hi s tim e or

. .
,

hol e s f or t h e r e c e p tion of th e tr ee s at l e a s t t wic e b e s t ow too much car e upon his tr e e s I t is th e

, .

as l a rg e as will b e occupi e d by its roots ; a rod gr e a t s e cr e t in bri n gi n g th e m to p e rfe ctio n W h at .

from th e fen c e an d a rod an d a h a lf to two rods s a tisfaction an d d e light it mus t b e to t h e own e r of

a p a r t e a ch wa y in str ai gh t lin e s a ccordi n g t o t h e an orch a rd in full b e ari n g
,
t o see his tr ee s rear e d , ,

di m en sio n s of th e e ld Th e tr e e s t o b e pl an te d by his own h an ds b en din g u n d e r th e ir lo a ds o f

.
,

s hould b e of good siz e t wo ye a rs from t he bud frui t r e wa rdin g him for hi s toil an d labor in prot
, , , ,

wit h h an dsom e s t raight tru nks an d th e limbs an d pl ea sur e

, ,

b ran chin g out four or ve fe e t from th e groun d I n r e g a rd t o th e prots of raisi n g fruit i t must . ,

I t would be w e ll to procur e th e b e s t as in th e en d be a dmitt e d I thi nk th a t it is mor e protabl e th an

, ,

th e y are th e ch eap e st W ith th e h e lp of an a ssis an y thi n g e ls e a fa rm e r c a n rais e Th e crops r ai s e d

. .

tan t t o hold th e tr ee in a p erp e n dicul a r position a mo n g t h e tr e e s whi l e th e y are growin g will mor e , ,

p roc ee d t o pl ac e th e roo t s in a str a ight lin e from th an pay th e e xp en s e s of th e ir cultur e ; an d afte r

th e tr e e ; th en put som e n e mo ul d u n d e r n e a th th e y h a v e com e i n to b ea rin g n othin g n e e d b e do n e ,

an d a rou n d th e sm a ll roo t s an d br e s l eavin g n o but t o k e e p t h e groun d plowe d e v e ry y e ar Th e

,
.

pl ac e n ot lle d up as it should b e ; an d pr e ssin g pric e s tha t good appl e s usua lly s e ll a t will k e e p in ,

t h e dirt g en t ly down with t h e foot S ee th a t th e r a tio with th e populat io n at l e a st for t h e n e xt h a lf

.

tr ee s a re set in s tra igh t lin e s both w ay s so a s t o c en tury JUN DE RW OO D

, . . .

show som e t a st e a s w e ll a s f or pro t ; for t h e r e is

,
L exing ton N ov 1 85 5 , .
, .

som e th in g pl ea sin g to th e e ye of a p e rson p a ssin g

by t o see th e m comin g in to li n e i n s e v e r a l dire c
.

, R E MA RK S MR UN DE RW OO D is a good farm e r _
,
tion s A fte r a p erso n h as se t his tr ee s h e should
an d n d e rst an ds th e b u smess h e 1s d i sc u ssmg If
.

take e sp e ci al p ains n ot t o h a v e th e m injur ed in an y u

.

way wh a te v e r wh en world n g his c a ttl e a mo n g th e m W e mI

,
Stak e n 0 t h e h as taken som e 0 f th e rSt pre
,

b br e akin g th e li mbs j a mmin g off th e b ark an d miums for orch a rdin g in M iddl e s e x Cou n ty W ill
y
.
,

dl sturbin g t h e r oots .
h e b e kin d en ough t o giv e u s his r e a son s wh y l an d ,
H avi ng b een to som e l abor an d e xp en s e of pur Slo m t o t h e south l s b e tte r t han an Oth e r as v
p g y
ch asin g t h e b e s t tr ee s an d pl an t in g t h e m h e should
a lo ca tl on for an orch ard ? Th e rea d e r w1ll n o t
,

k ee p an eye on t h e best cours e t o be pursu e d as re _

gards th eir m an age m en t N ow wh a t is t o b e don e fai l to obs e rv e th e e ff e c t of a w ash o f pot a sh w a t e r

.

, ,

to i n sure succ e ss ? W 11Y simPl Yt h e obs e rvan c e o f e v en of th e re duc e d 1uali t y o f a Poun d to two 8al
a f e w rul e s th a t mus t b e str i ctly a dh e r e d t o
,
F ir st 10 113 o f wa t e r . .
,

th e rou n d a mo n g th e tr e e s should b e k e p t in c ul
g
tiva t1o n every y ea r with som e kin d o f ho e d crop ;
an d b e lib e r a l in t h e a pp lic a tio n of som e good ma
THE S E N S E 0 F S I G HT IN B I R D S

n ur e spr ea d on an d w e ll work e d in wi th t h e plow

, W e copy th e follo win g i n t er e stin g ch a pt e r p e r

wg;
,

an d h a rrow Th e tr e e s shoul d b e w a sh e d e v e ry
v e r e 1 0 m P u t
.

y ea r w ith s tron g so ap-suds to k e e p th e b a rk smooth

an d h e a lthy an d fr ee from moss I would h er e s i .

ca ution pe opl e aga in s t a w a sh for t r e e s tha t I on c e A udubon h as writt en an amusin g book I h a d al ,

us e d , which wa s fr om a r e comm en da tion I saw in most s aid of fa bl e s c all e d O r n ithologica l Biogr a phy , .

som e book o r p ap e r an d th a t was a poun d of po t B y a n umb e r of cru e l e xp e rim en ts h e h as prove d

, ,

ash t o t wo g a llo n s of w a t e r A ft e r I ha d w a sh e d t o hi s own en tir e s a tisfa ction an d t ha t of m an y oth

.
,

about a doz en tr e e s it h a d e a t e n through t h e skin e rs th a t vultur e s are l e d to th e ir food by t h e s e n s e ,

of my n g e rs an d so I r e duc e d it with mor e wat e r o f sight a lon e th e s en s e of sm e ll which th e y w er e

, . ,

It a lso t urn e d th e b a rk o f th e tr ee s whit e which suppos e d to poss e ss in an e xqui site d e gr ee aff ord , ,

can b e s een to t his d ay . ing th e m n ot th e sli gh t e st a ssistan c e His e xp eri .

N ow a s to th e b e s t tim e o f t h e y ear t o t rim t r ee s m e n ts prov e quit e too much for his purpos e for , ,

th er e are as m an y min ds as c an b e im agin e d Som e th e y e qua lly d e priv e th e poor birds in qu e stio n of .

thin k th e win te r is th e b e st b ec aus e th e y h a v e both sigh t an d sm e ll It is c erta in that thi s b ird

, .

mor e tim e to a tt en d t o i t Th a t shoul d n ot be an y poss e ss e s both s en s e s in gr ea t p erfe ction an d e qu a l

.
,

re as o n wh y we should t ak e such a t im e f o r t h e l
y c e rta i n th a t n e ith e r n or both are th e sol e m e an s
work as th e b ark g et s di scolor e d b e low th e woun ds it e mploys for obtaini n g its food Though t h e
, .

occ asion e d by th e r e mova l of li mbs an d i n duc e s s en s e s in ani m als are t h e m e an s o f ob ta inin g th e m

,

d e c ay Th e tim e in my Opin ion t o t rim tr ee s is food t h e y are n ot th e sol e m ean s as we v ery we ll

.
, , ,

in t he mon th of J un e wh en t h e woun ds will s e e di k n ow

, p .

l y h ea l an d b e t he le a s t d e t rim en t al to th e t r e e
, I t is a mos t cu ri ous qu es tion an d w ell wor th .
,
 185 6 . NE W EN GL AN D F AR MER . 13

mor e a tte n tion than it h a s e v e r yet r e c eive d F or GE OR GI C A B OUT TRE E S .

.

w an t of a b e tte r e xpl an a tion we usu ally s ay th er e is E xtr t fr m a G i a b t Tr ,

r d b f r th Y ac

e ou ee s ,

ea e o e e oun
g g o e or
a n i n sti n ct th a t e n a bl e s an im als to n d th e ir food
M A i ti t E l mi r N Y b y P f E D W A R D N OR TH en s s s oc a on a a, ro
Man y go from gr ea t dist a n c e s dir e ctly to it
. . .
, ,

f H mi l t C ll g .
o a on o e e
In disputi n g a bout th e com p a r a tiv e v a lu e o f th e
T r f r i h u with timb r f l f uit ; ees u n s s e ue r
s en s e s of sight an d sm ell in b i rds a uthors n otice a Y t t f t hi l Ib l
, t h ir i t e no or s a on e , e ss
,

e
,

su
much m or e curious fac t th e gre a t po we r birds
.

T h y h v th ir l gu g y mp thi
, d v i ; e a e e an a e, s a es an o ce
poss e ss of a lte ri n g th e foc a l l en gth of th e ir e ye s W ith h rt th t l p f j y th y rj i .
ea s a ea or o e can e o ce ,

To s ee e qu a lly we ll an obj e ct a t a distan c e of m an y A d m r with m r i g h rt i f h ppy th ght n ou n ou n n ea s a ou ,

mil e s an d a mi n ut e s ee d or i n s e ct an i n ch from th e
, Or h p l v t r d g d d d wr gh t o e , or o e re u n e
, or oo ee s ou

bill may we ll a m az e us O bs erve the rst p e rson

,
W ith ft t h i l l y r ul d y so es s un s ne ou so an e e,

w d giv gl d r p l y
.

o f your ac ua in ta n ee you m ee t wh o h a pp en s t o T l l th i hi o a s s un s ne oo s e a e
q
.

w ea r sp e ctacl e s If h e looks a t a n obj e c t n ear him T h j y f wh i h t g h th ,

tt r e se o s, or c on ue a no u e a nce ,

v i d i m i b y th t ml t d
.
,

h e loo k s throug h his gl a ss e s ; if a t a mor e dist an t A re o ce n us c e s re a e s a nc e

F l i g th t tr gg l ty r l ip f w rd ee n a s u e a ou or o s,
o n e ov er th e m G o to a pra ctic a l Optici an an d d e F r m mil i g tr y l l b l d b y b ird
, .

o s n e e s a re s a e s
sir e him to co n struct an in strum e n t th at will e n abl e Or h l d b r av m t p i i g tit d s ou e e e en , a n, n ra u e,
you to do wh a t birds are con s t an tl y doin g in this P pl y r br t with r w l l br d , eo e ou ea s s o ro s su en oo
an d h e will most lik e ly t e ll you t h e thi n g is im
, 0 f wr t h d th
,
gh t d h m t p e c e ou s, a n u a n a c c e n s ra s
possibl e .
Y r w d d p irit d th pr ff r d gr p ou o un e s an e o e e as
Ma n prob ably surp a ss e s birds in e x t e n t of vision
,

O f fri d h ip h d m i y c ld d h rd , en s s an se e s c o an a ,

a s much as birds surp a ss man in sh a rp n e ss R oss W ith h r d will y rp b m r d

. n o s uc u e n e ss ou ea c e e a re
, ,

in hi s voy ag e t o B a fn s B a y prov e d th a t a ma n Wh t th h
,
h d d t wil i gh t gr v y w d ,
en o e us e an o e ou en ,

un d e r favorabl e circumst an c e s could s ee ov e r th e F f r i d h i p l f with t th l h fri d or en s s se ou e se s en .

p
,

surfac e of t h e s ea 15 0 mil e s It is n ot prob abl e F r m w h i i g l v d i t h m d gr o s er n ea e s, a n n se c s u , an a ss

th ta a n
y a n im a l can e qu a l this for e xt e n t
,

I n
F r gr t b .

t h y r f t t p t h r h ll p a an enea ou oo s e s e e s a a ss

sha rp n e ss of sight on th e oth e r han d birds gr ea tly S h t hi g i t y r b r t th t

.

uc s oo n n ue n c e o ou eas , a e re

Y r g i f t l d th y t t h li t h r
, ,
ou r e s a re o e ur n o o es c ee
e xc e l u s Th e e a gl e so a ri n g a t such a h e ight th a t
.

.
,

h e s e e ms a m e r e sp e ck s ee s t h e grous e w a lki n g in ,

t h e h e a th e r which it so clos e ly r e s e mbl e s in color

,
F the N ew E g l d F me or n an ar r

a s r ea dily to c s ca e t he s orts man s e e Schmidt
I
thr e w to a co n si der abl e dis tan c e from a thrush a
y H O NE Y P O N D S .

'

n umb e r o f b ee tl e s of a p a l e gr e y color which th e TH E D A Y OF H UM B U G S TILL C ON TIN UE S

, ,

u n a ssiste d hum an eye f a il e d to d e te c t ye t th e bird MR E D IT O R lon g since seein g an a dv e rt is e

, ,
,
.

obs e rv e d th e m imm edi at ely Man y birds r e adily tisemen t in th e T ra velter to th e effe ct tha t if an y per
.
, ,

o n would a ddr e ss a l e tt e r t o Me ssrs H T J

e rc eiV e i n s e cts o n bran e h es W h e r e t h e S h a rp e st
R Co . . . . . ,

S i ghte d p e rso n can d e te ct n othin g N e w York b ox so-an d-so i n closin g four pos ta ge
.
, ,
Th e e y e s of birds a re r e m ark a bl e f or t h e ir gr e a t s ta mps b r e turn o f ma il Messrs Co would inf orm
y , , . .

comp ar a tive siz e t h e gr eat con ve xity of th e corn e a the p e rso n of a wa y by which th ey coul d m ak e ve oi
, , ,
a n d for h a vi n g th e scl e ro tic co a t form e d an t e ri orly t n
e doll ars p e r day with sca rc e ly an y troubl e an d , ,
to a circl e o f bon y pl a t e s Th e Optic n e rv e s a re withou t l e a vin hom e &c &c To m e th e a dver
g
.
, .
, .

V ery l arg e an d uni te so in tim ate ly as to a pp ear tise men t con ta in e d upo n th e v e ry fa c e of it all the
,

p e rfe ctly i n corpora t ed Th e iris is e xc e e din gly e l e m en ts of a p e rfe ct humbug How e v e r a young
.
,
,
c o n t ra c t ilk a s a l l ma
y h a v e obs e rv e d wh o h a v e fri en d o f mi n e b e i n g o ut o f h ealth a n d w ishin g t o ,

wa tch e d a bird dyin g Birds do n ot e xpir e with n d som e m e thod to occupy his min d an d if possi
.
,
e e s Op e n a s is t h e c a s e with man an d t h e low e r
ble r e pl e n ish his pock e t follow e d t h e dir e ction s of
'

l ,

l mma l S a n d W h e n th e y a re e xpir i n g
,

,
yo u ma y r ea d t h e a dv e r tis e me n t ; an d my d e ar e ditor wh at was, , ,

i ly obs e rve t h e gr e a t powe r th e y poss e ss of dil a tin g th e r e sult thi n k ye ? You b e gi n to l augh I kn ow , ,
a n d co n tra cti n g t h e pupil Th e muscl e s a s in man do w ll h r i t for sp ci l b t
y o u .
; e e e is t h e e
, e a e n e , , ,
a re S i x in n umb e r four stra ight an d t wo obliqu e of
a l l you n g me n ou t of h e a lth a n d t h e woul d -b e .
,
1n m a n y birds th e e e-b a ll poss e ss e s v e ry littl e mo humbugg e d public in particul a r A circul ar was re
y .

b ih ty a n d in som e of the o wls it is so clos e ly tte d tur ne d in which th e you n g man was i n form e d th a t
,
,
i n to t h e orbit as to be immovabl e if h e woul d a ga i n a ddr e ss Me ssrs H l J C o
.
. .
'
. .
, .
,

How t h e e ye a d a pts its e lf t o n ea r an d dista n t oh i n closi n g ve dolla rs th e y would i nf orm hi m of a ,

j e c ts is on e of th e most abstrus e qu e stion s in physi m e thod to m ak e ho n ey a s good if n o t b e tter , ,

ology Thr e e e xpla n a tion s h a v e b e e n o ff e r e d 1 th a n a n y be e in th e U n ite d S ta t e s or a n y wh e r e e ls e

.
. .

By bri n gin g for wa rd th e crys ta lin e l e n s n ea r e r t o could do ; i n d e e d b e e s could be disp e n s e d wi th a l ,

t h e 00 1 n e e W ithout a lt e ri n g th e form o f t h e whol e tog e th e r a n d th e ir m an ufactory wa s a tt en d e d with

,
,
e ye or t h e crys ta lli n e its e lf 2 By chan gi n g t he co n sid e rabl e troubl e a n d t h e b e e s th e ms e lv e s a
. .
,

gur of e t h e glob of
e t h e e
ye s o a s to i n cr ea s e th e n uis an c e about o n e s pr e mis e s A short e xtrac t
,

.

di s ta n c e b e t we e n t h e cor n e a an d r e tin a a s you pull from th e circul a r ,

out th e j oi n ts of a commo n spy-gl ass ; an d 3 W ith

O n e hu n dr e d a n d f tv pe r c e n t can b e m a d e , .
.

o ut a lt e ri n g t h e g e n e r al form of th e e e by in cre a s upo n th e s a l e of t h e a rticl e s an d th a t t oo wh en

y , , , ,
i n g th e s p h e ricity of t h e cryst a lli n e a n d thus in sold a t a l e ss cost th an th e ho n e y m a d e by b e e s I
, t .

cr e a si n g i ts r e fra ctiv e po we r The rst wa s t h e c an be m a d e in sm a ll qu an titi e s for 6 cts pe r lb

.
. .

opi n io n o f Ha ll e r an d t he e arli e r physiologists Th e U po n th e r e c e ipt cts I will s en d yo u a sm all . .

,
s ec on d w a s a dopt e d by Blum e n b a ch a n d m an y a bl e pot co n t i n i g
, a n a s a mpl e of t h e ho n e y m ad e from
me n Th e third wa s th e opi n io n of L e we n ho e k this r e ci p e & c & c A ma n c a n m ak e o ne hu n dr e d
.

, , .
, .

D e sc arte s an d D r You n g a n d is p e rh a ps t h e tru e pou n ds i n tw e n ty mi n ut e s with b ut v e ry littl e

, .
, , , ,
e xpl a n a tio n Sir E v e ra d Hom e a n d Mr R a msd e n troubl e Th e ho n e y a s m an ufacture d by t he n ew
.
.
.
,

p e rform e d man y e xp e rim e n ts to e lucida te the que s proc e ss h as a lso th e gr e a t a dvan tage of be i n g al , , ,
tl o n but th e y Prov e d n othi n g
: wa ys fr e sh a n d in s ea so n a thin g utte rly imp o ssi
.
 14 N EW E N GLA N D F A R ME R . J
AN .

ble in th e m at e ri al m a de by b ee s an d will k ee p for cr anb e rry in its n a tur a l s tat e is more A s th e , ,

yea rs I n d e e d ! ho n e y by this n ew proc e ss I pre

.

fr e qu en tly fou n d growin g in a low wet sw amp or , ,

sum e can be m a de t o ow fr e e ly in str eams t o sui t

, m a rsh th at ki n d of lan d is gen e ra lly s e l e cte d for it s ,

all ov e r th e an l d a d
n

th e r e st o f m an kin d
,
for cul tivatio n Th e mod e o f s e t tin g ou t t h e cran b e rry ,

.

litt l e or n othi n g E v ery man wh o fee ls a partilce. in such a sw a mp if we suppos e it to b e cov e r e d with ,

of phil an t hropy w e lli n g up in h is bosom c an h a v e a bush e s an d gra ss an d surrou n d e d by a s an dy SOl l , ,

sm all or l a rge as to that m a t te r pon d of it n e ar or in th e imm e di at e n e ighborhoo d o f s an d woul d

.

hi s pr e mis e s for t h e use o f his ho us e hold an d t h e be a s follows : rst cu t th e bush e s a n d pa r e o ff t he ,

s tran g e r within hi s ga t e s to dip out of an d sa tisfy surfa c e turf t o th e d e pth of thr e e or four in ch e s s o
,

,

hi s hun ge r or his ta ste for honey m an ufa ctur e d by

, as t o r e mov e a s f ar a s poss ibl e th e roots o f gra ss e s
, ,

th e ne w proc e ss sup e rio r to th at o f t h e in dus trious a nd bush e s ; th e n l e ve l th e whol e by llin g in sa n d

, ,

an d humbl e li ttl e b ee Verily th e day of humbug . to th e d e pth of from t wo t o four or v e i n ch e s a c ,

is n ot ye t an d wh at com e s n e x t e cho an sw e rs n e xt
, cor di n g to c ircums tan c es I t is d e sir abl e th a t th e . .

Th at a fool an d his mon e y is soon p a r te d is surfac e of the s an d should b e rai s e d but sli ghtly

true n ow as in th e d a y of t h e wis e man abov e th e l e v e l of th e w at e r of t h e sw amp m e a dow

.
, ,

King O a k H i ll N 185 5 , Trrv us

.
'

or pon d ll e d up so t hat by diggin g in t o th e s an d

. . , ,

wi th th e han d or h oe th e wat er may be fou n d wi th ,

in t wo or t hr ee i n ch e s of th e su rfa c e .

C R A N B E RRY C UL T UR E Th e pl an ts should be t ak e n up with the sp a d e .

,

squ a r e tur f s of th e thi ckn e ss of two or three in ch e s

Ma n y a s en sIbl e h ousewIf e h as a dop te d the v e ry this b e i n g th e d e pth t o which th e roots g en e ra lly ,

s en sibl e opi nion th a t reserves m a d e su f ci en tly rich d e sc en d W h en th e grou n d h as b e en l ev e l e d an d

t o k ee p throughout tg9 ye a r a re but poorly a da pt e d pr e p a r e d as dire cte d abov e it will b e con v en i e n t to
,

,
,
t o 197 63 6 7 h e t h e h e a lth Of th e se W h o sw a llo w

o th e
m dr aw str ai ght lin e s a n d s e t t h e roots about e ighte en
Cran be rr ie s Oh t he Oth e r han d a re f a s t ga mmg in in ch e s a p a rt on e wa a n d on e foot t h e oth er in
: ,
y , ,

PU hh e fa vor as an artie l e e as y k e p t in its n a tura l sm a ll cluste rs o f a bout v e or six toge th e r t h e

,
,
ta t e qu i ckly do n e t for 1 810 11 a n d aff ord
,
i p an 0 0 32
5 gra sse s ta k en up with th e m in th e turf h a vi n g rs t
,

mg an agr ee abl e 3 01d h ot i n uri o us but ben eei a l b e en re mov e d from t h e m Th e practic e of som e
.

j , .

to hea lth H e n c e t h e i n creasmg d e m and for th e m ; h as b een to set th e t urf thus ta k en u in t o th e

,
p , ,
an d h e n c e t h e prob ab i l i ty t h a t t h e pr i c e W i ll n ot
row withou t r e movin g th e gra ss but th e vi n es are
PTOPO It}0 h 3 ? th e supply met e aseS but th a t so t e n a cious o f l ife tha t th e r e is l ittl e d an g e r o f
.

f a ll In

, ,
the co n sumpt on W I 1} k e e p Pe ee Vl th th e supply th e ir dyin g e v en if a ll t h e ir n a tura l e arth is r e mov e d
i Y ,
an d re mun e ra tm
,

g Prl C e S h e mal n tame d ; an d h enc e from th e ir roots an d thos e wh o h a v e follow e d thi s ,

al so a r e a so n for copyi n g t h e followin g from th e a bl e
,
m e thod ha v e gen e ra lly l e s s trouble in th e S ub se
r e port of CHA RLE S L F L IN T E sq S e cr e t ar y of t he qu en t cul t iv a tion
,
.
, .

Ma ss St at e Bo a rd of A gricul t ur e N a shs F a rmer

.

.
Som e pr e fe r t o set t h e m in rows at a gr ea t er .

Th e cr an b e rry may b e prop aga t e d from th e dis t an c e a p a r t h a vin g th e rows t wo an d a h a lf or ,
se e d or from cu tti n g or by t r an spl an t in g
, Th e t hree fe e t an d th e pl an t s on e foot in t h e r ows
, If . , .

rs t crop ob t ain e d from pl an ti n g t h e s ee d will or th e San d is thiCk an d loos e 80 a s to make it im , ,

dinarily b e a y e a r o r t wo l a t e r th an th a t produc e d pra ctic a bl e to cultiva t e th e vi n e s a n d pull up th e

,

by wi ld pl an ts tr an splan t e d I t is th e r e for e fou n d W e e ds an d grass e s on a ccoun t 0 f t h e dan g e r 0 f

.
, , ,

t o b e mor e prot abl e t o t r an splan t e xc e p t in on e sta rtin g th e roo t s t h e clos e r t h e pl an t s are s et th e , ,

or two s e ctio n s of th e S t a t e wh e r e t h e i n t e r e s t in b e t t e r S i n c e th e y W i ll t hus t he soo n e r cov e r th e
, ,

t ran spl an tin g h as b een so grea t th a t $ 10 a squ a r e groun d a n d g et th e a dvan tag e of th e gra ss e s .

ro d is n o t an u n common pri c e for pl an t s wh e r e th e W h e r e i t is i n t e n d e d t o h oe th e pl an t s in such si t u ~

,

g rou n d is thi ckly cov e r e d ation s . a foot e a ch wa y will prob a bly b e th e mos t ,
W h e r e i t is d e sir e d to prop a gate by slips or cut co n v en i e n t di s tan c e b e tw een th e pla n ts ,
.

ting s th e usu a l practic e is to ga t h e r a l arg e qu an

, Th e r e h as b een som e diffe r e n c e of Opin io n as t o
tity of vi n e s an d run th e m t hrough a common h ay th e use o f p ea t or s an d aft e r th e i n cipi e n t grubbi n g
,

cutt er un til th e y are r e duc e d to t h e l e n gth d e sir e d an d p ari n g h as b een don e ; but th e w eight of opin
,
an i n ch or so wh en th e y m a y b e sow n bro dc s t ion s e e ms to b e in fa vor o f th e s an d n ot b e c aus e
a
a a , ,
an d h a rrow e d in ; though i t is co n sid e r e d b e st on th e cr an b e rry will n o t grow e qu a lly a s w e ll i n p e a t
, ,

som e a ccou n ts to so w in drills a n d cov e r prop e rly bu t b e ca us e th e rass e s gro win g so abu n d an tly in
Th e s e sli ps v e ry soo n tak e root star tin g from t h e p eat in cr e a s e t h e labor of cultiva tion A som e wh at
, , .

, , .

b a s e o f th e l eav e s an d shoo ti n g up m an y risin g simil ar mod e of proc e dur e is som e tim e s a dopt e d in
,

br an ch e s . th e c a s e o f ordi n a ry low m ea dows or swa mps If

I
.

n c a s e o f cr an b e rri e s growin g wi ld it is a com th e m ea dow is cov e r e d with bush e s tussocks re

, , ,
mon an d w e ll k n o wn pr a ctic e t o flo w or cov e r th e m mov e t h e form e r with th e grubb er c ut t h e tussock s ,

with w a t e r duri n g t h e wi n t e r an d e a rly spri n g off l e v e l with th e surfa c e wh e n t h e vi n e s b e i n g

, . , ,

This is v e ry d e sir abl e if th e sitution is such a s t o ta k en from an oth e r p ar t o f th e m e a dow or e ls e

,

allo w it thou h it is n ot g e n e r ally co n sid e r e d e s wh e r e are s e t by rst strik in g th e h oe i n t o t h e soil

g , ,

se n tial by thos e wh o h a v e b ee n mos t succ e ssful It an d r a isin g it slightly wh en t h e roots are in s erte d . ,

is often us e ful wh e r e th e r e are faciliti e s for owin g an d pr e sse d down with t he f oo t ,

.

to l e t t h e w a t e r r e m a i n a f e w i n ch e s d e e p till t h e Mr Thom a s H S a mso n of Pl ym ou th Mass . .

, , .
,
S pri n g is w e ll a dvan c e d
(som e thin k till th e rs t of r e mov e d th e whortl e bush e s an d a ld e rs tussocks
,
May or e v en l a t e r ) to r e tard t h e blossomin g till an d tops of th e soil a n d early in t h e spri n g se t
, ,
,

,
th e r e 18 n o d an ge r from frosts F a ciliti e s for how about on e-fourth with cr anb e rry vi n e s without an y
.

i n g a re d e sir abl e in th e cu ltiva ti on o f cr an b e rri s

e dr e ssin g H e con ti n u e d an n ua lly for thr e e y ea rs to .

a lso an d if t h e pl a n t a tion could b e so a rran g e d a s

se t th e s a m e qu an tity a p a rt of which h e cov e r e d
,
o flo w v e ry quickly it might b e of e ss n ti l
t

e a, se r with a dr e ssi n g of grav e l an d soil a bout an i n ch in

a n d a u t um n
i c e occ asio n a lly duri n g th e spri g
, n , t hickn ess an d a p a r t wi t h s an d an d gr av e l an d .
, ,
 185 6 . N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . 15

sowed over the lot a bushel of cranberries rst F th N w E g l d F m or e e n an ar er .

,

crushing them and mixing with sand He nds n o SE V E R A L E X C E LL EN T P E A R S .

.

benecial effect from the sand fi nds hi s cranberries

do best where the peat or mud is deepest He The Wa shin gton P ea r is a fruit not extensively
'

sowed hi s cranberries from O ctober to A pril His known but I have seen persons who have ta sted it . ,

o d uets were at the rate of 2 5 0 bushels per acre the past season wh o consider it of rather more
pfas no faith in ra ising cranberries on dry soil
.

agreeable avor than the B artlett which is n o mean . ,

O ther e xperiments however show the practica commendation I ,

t is a native of D elaware of me
,
.
,

bil ity f raising cranber ries on upland

o Mr B ob dium si z e turbinate rather full in the neck of . . , , ,

erts e xperiment embraced a tract near the foot of a beautiful yell ow ground with a blush thin skinned , , ,

slope descending in a westerly direction The ground tender j uicy and de licious I n season a little later . , .

was plowed eight inches deep and harrowed light than the Bartlett Th e tree is an upright hand ,
.
,

furrows three and a half fee t apart were run some grower an d bears early and the frui t is uni
, , , ,

length wise and the sods were cut from the swamp formly fair I
,
f thi s pear were somewhat larger it ,
.
,

ca rted on the upland and placed three feet apart in would rival the B artlett as a market frui t
,
.

the rows (though two would have been better ) The H ea thcot is a beautiful native fruit and I
, , ,

then carefully hoed and kept free from weeds f o r think bears an a fnity to the S t Michael Medi um . .

t w o years N o water was supplied except that re size stout pale ye llow of very tender skin and
. , , ,

c eiv e d from occasional rains esh j uicy with rather more of the champaign
. , ,

I n the cultivation of cranberries whether on u

p
flavor than the S t Michael R ipe last of S eptem ,
. .

land or lowland it is very important that th e ground ber and ranks amon g the best though not much
, , ,

should be entirely covered by the vines as soon a f known C ole says thrifty hardy but moderate .
,

, ,

ter p lanting as possible not only on acco unt o f the bearer

.
,

great saving of labor by thus preventing the growth The n drews P ea r is a peculiarly delicious frui t
, ,

of grass and weeds but also because very li ttle fruit and althou g h not so sweet as the S eckle I prefer
, ,

is commonly produce d until the vines have thus it to that for its sin g ular and beau tiful aroma I t , .

spread over t h e surface A t th e end o f thr ee years is rather later t h an the B artlett and is of increas ed
.
, ,

the whole ground should be covered ; but in the in value on th is account I t is a native fruit and so .
,

stances of upland culture re ferred to it was not so generally dissem inated that a formal description of , ,

though the plantation had been se t there at least it is hardl y necessary N o t so handsome as some ,
.

three or four years Probably if the roots had pe aQ S being a Pale yello wish green W hen fully ripe
.
, , ,

been but twelve or eighteen inches apart the re ye t I ts tenderness and e sh n ess 3mcmess and good , ,

sult would have been di fferent in this respect A s S iz e give it a Very hi gh rank several persons to , .

it was however the yield in 185 2 was one bushel Whom Ihad presented the Washi ngton B artlett
.

, , ,

to the square rod o r one hun dred and sixty bushels and F lemish B eauty pronounced the avor supe
, ,

t o the acre when cranberries were sellin g readi ly at IiO I to them a u G O O d grower and bearer but 1 e

, :

$ 4 per bushel .
quires hi g h culture .

T h e F l emis h B ea uty is so well known that ,

F the N w E g l d F rme hardly any thi ng can be said of it except to praise

or e n an a r.
.

I ts avor is not always rst rate but its great size

R OOT C R OPS
, ,

early and heavy h e arin g will ever make it a great .

MR E D IT OR A s much has been said of late to favorite A t wig of this fruit w as late l y exhibited
.
.

encourage farmers to raise root crops for cattle I at the annual show o f the Massachusetts H o rticul ,

was induced to plant a small piece of ground to car tural S ociety but about eighteen inches in len g th , ,

rots the past season Th e land on w h ich they grew ha vin g th irteen enorm ous pears upon it !
. .

had been plowed three years ro ducin g t h e last The L ouis e B on de J erse is another pear of stand
two years crops of potatoes ; t i:e year PIe V IOH S 0 f ard excellence and possesses some admirable traits
y ,

,
,
corn .
which the F lemish B eauy and many other excel
I t w a s o f a hard and strong nature manured at lent pears do not O ne of these traits is its in , .

the rate of twenty-v e c x cart loads to the acre crease in sweetness and goodness up to the stage o f
-
,

spread and plowed in Th e carrots were so wn on decay never being over rip e a quali ty equalled
.

the 24th and 2 5 t h of A pril in drills of about twenty only perhaps by the D ix , .

inches apart They came up very uneven so much A mon the man pears of the n t u se r me n b ut
.
,
y
'

s o that I planted the em ty spaces with beets and

g y ,
, p few stand out prom i nently in the B oston market .

turnips O n t he piece of land p ine rods in length These a re the old Jargonelle the B artlett the
.
,

by t welve in width Iharvested thirty t wo bushel S eckle the B on de Jersey the F lemis h B eaut y the
,
-
,
, ,

,
baskets full o f carrots ve of turnips two of beets Beurre D iel the A ndrews and the D uchess (l A n
, , ,
,

and one o f parsnips This is at the rate o f four ouleme S ome of these varieties sell from fifty cents
.
,

g
hundred and seventy four bushels to the acre a to two dollars per do z en and the price does not
.

-
,
,
small y ield compared to some ; but had the carrots eem t o come down with the increased supply s .

occupied all the g round sown at a proper distance S ome persons have a passion for raisin nice ears ,

apart the yield would have e en much larg er per w h ile others have an equal passion for pa i n a
,
b
g p ,

y g
,

ha ps double as they g re w to a very lar g e si z e some good price for them A s yet th e Bartlett seems to
, ,
,
we i ghing upwards of four lbs eac h E ven at t h is be the most popular
.

. .

yield which is perhaps nothin g more t h an an aver

.

, ,
I f t he price of pears should keep up a question
,

ag e I
,
, consider t h e carrot crop takin g into c on s id would present itself to th e serious consideration of ,

era tion the land so wn trouble and e xpense more the ex t ensive and rude n t farmer ho has hereto
, ,

protable to me t h e present season than eith er the fore cultivated onll winter a ) l e s whether the ,

y p ,
crops of corn or potatoes t h at g re w adj oinin g in the lan tin of pear orchards 0 dwarfs and stand
p g
same eld whether d e s ign e d for home consumption ards would not be a m ore profitable stroke of
, ,

or to sell at market prices F E I I

OW A R D
husbandry than the plantin g of apple orchards ?
. . . .

Wes t B ridg ewa ter, N ovember, 185 5

'

. .
 16 NEW ENGL AN D FAR ME R . J
AN .

I f we had as many good varieties of late pears as N ow if draining will produce such crop s w e are w ell ,

we have of winter apples and if th ey were as easy , paid for our labor F armer Jones has tried other .

to raise and send to market in bulk or barrels n o , bogs W i th equal success ; he is now drainin g h is up
reasonable farmer would hesitate B ut we have . land with blind drains to prevent it from drying up
not and circu mstances alter eases I
,
f good Wi nter . and cracking which he nds is of g reat use espe
, ,

pears is n o t an anomaly or something akin to the c ial l

y in places where water stood late i n th e spring
unnatural why have we not more of them ? Th e in fact most o f o ur land would be better if
L awrence t h e B eurre de A remberg the G lout
, , drained . Yours S A S H U RTL E F F , . . .

M orceau E aster B eurre and some few others are

, , , Sp ri n g G r ov e, 185 5 .

said to keep well but we nd them ripe in the ,

middle of N ovember and I am inclined to think ,

F the N e w E n g la nd F ar mer
only a very few of them could be kept in avor till or .

mid winter However if the regular farmer were

-
.
, G REEN C O R N F OD D E R .

obli ged t o send his fall pears to market as they ri

pened with present prices he would probably nd MR . E D IT ORIhave read the article of - Sir,
,

it more pro fitable than apple culture A s it is

,
your correspondent on g reen corn fodder in your
paper of this date (Vol X N o 46 ) with much satis
.

n ow the nurserymen and amateurs suppl y the .

, .

market with but few exceptions faction because it carries upon the face of it t h e
,
evidence o f an inquiring mind W h ether t h e
.

Wes t Medf ord N ov 16 185 5 D W L

.

,
writer was prompted to write by any thin g Ihave
.
.
, . . .

said on the same subj ect in two former communi ,

F or the N ew E n g la n d F mer
ar
cations about the time g reen co rn w a s in co n dition
,

to be cut Iam n o t advised but th is is certain h e

.

OH D R A I
NI
, ,

NG .
h a s hit upon the right plan o f determini n g whet h er ,

MR E D IT OR
word on the subj ect o f drain A o r n o t it is worth cultivating for this purpose It .

is undoubtedly true as he says th at the rest of

.

ing I t is m y opinion that farmers have not yet , ,

mankind generally considered it of great value

.

given this important subj ect su f cient e on ssid e ra ,

tion My neighbor Jones h ad several acres of low and that some good farmers go so far as to say ,

that th ey should not know how to g e t along with

.

wet land that produced only wild grass which w as ,

used for bedding or litter ; he was fearful if he out it This I have heard distinc tl y said this present
.
.

should cultivate it the soil would all wash away in season by the man wh o brin g s the butter weekly
,

freshets Well I bought a part o f it an d dug or

,
used upon my table and by his wife also wh o n u ,

d e rst an d s dairy management better t han an y man

.
, ,

trenched it from two to three feet deep (as deep as

the muck was ) then dug a wide ditch 5 feet wide
,
among us and has earned more premiums for rst
,

o n o n e side for the brook to carry o ff the usual wa

, , ,
rate butter than any lady withi n my knowledge .

B ut still I agree with y our correspondent that the

,

ter and deep enough to drain the land b elow the , ,

,

mud O n the other side where there were power question of the in trinsi c va lu e of g reen cor n f odder
,
is not yet settled and that it is a fair subject for
.

fu l springs I excavated a sh-pond about 5 0 feet ,

,

long and 4 0 feet wide and about t wo feet below continued experiments and as I have before sug
the bottom of the muck and a channel or drain
,
gested o f specic premiums to be awarded by our
,

A gricultural S ocieties A G RIC OL A

,

from that to the larger brook o f sui cien t depth to ,

. .

keep the pond dry if I chose an d made a ume at N ov 17 185 5 .

, .

the outlet o f the pond so a s to retain the water if I

chose or drain it in we t weather M y pond wa s TO ME A SU RE A N A C RE OF G RO U D I
,
n me nsur .
N

soon lled with pure spring water in which I put ing land 3 02i square yards make on e square rod , , ,

gold sh perch trout and brims about on e hundred and 40 square rods make one squ are roo d f our of
-
, , ,

a n d f ty 3 11 o f which are doing well

, .
whi ch o r 16 0 rods make on e acre I t is e v i dent .
, ,
. ,

My land wa s as dry as any land in the place and therefore that 4 0 rods long by 4 r ods wide wrll

, ,

produced more than three times as much corn p o make an acre Th e same result may h e arrived at , .

t a t o e s squashes tomatoes a n d melons than my old by measuring 2 2 9 feet in length and 19 8 feet l n
, , ,

land : it is perfectly mellow and free from baking width or by measuring 7 3 % yards in len g th by 6 6 , , , ,

an d dry enough to raise any kind of early vegeta yards in breadth To lay out an a cre square 2 09 . ,

bles A n d this where cattle could n ot go without feet on each side is the n earest foot t h at will make
.

getting mired before the meadow was drained I an acre being less than an inch each way over the .
,

get two crops a year from thi s renovated land with exact distance supercial feet or 2 08 . ,

o u t trouble as it is so much more pliable to c ul

, 9 5 -100 feet on each side constitutes an acre of ,

tiva t e than o ld land and free from weeds I would groun d , . .

n o t give an acre o f it for four acres o f o ld hi gh

land to raise vegetables o r grass (G ? Th e annual meetin g o f the Hillsborough .

F armer Jones retained about three -quarters o f C ounty A gricultural a n d Mechanical S ociety w a s
an acre ab ove mine which he drained into my pond held at N ashua o n th e evening of O ct 2 d and con ,
.
,

and i n to our deep brook and lle d his d rain with tin ue d by adj ournment to the ne xt evening ,
.

small stones and covered them over deep enough Th e following named gentlemen were chosen
to cultivate over and his worthless bog at once b e ofcers of the S ociety for t h e year ensuing :
,

come good land to cultivate and after plowing it P res i den t JO H N M TY L E R P elham , . , .

several times h e raised in 185 3 a good cr0 p of cel, Vi ce P resi den t Hiram Munroe Hillsborough s ,

ery and i11 185 4 he raised potatoes enough t o bring I

, saac K imball Temple ; S amuel L ittle H ollis ; P , ,

him $ 200 and after di g ging his potatoes in A u gust M R ossiter Milford
, , .
, .

he sowed turnips wh ich brought him at least o n e R ec S ecreta ry Moody Hobbs P elham . , .

hundred dollars and all of this where the hay crop C or S e creta ry H A D aniels Milford
, . . .
, .

was not worth t wo dollars a year be fore drai n ing T rea s urer D avid S tewart A mherst .
, .
185 6 . NEW ENGLAN D FARM E R . 17

A H OU SE TO LIV E I
N .

F ew things are dearer to us through li fe than the H O W important th en that the House in W hi eh W e , ,

memories o f th e 0 1d H o me st ead th e house in live together with all its surroundi ngs should be of
_
, , ,

which we were born t he o ld familiar barn th e gar such a character as to impart a g reeable emotions
, ,

den a n d orchard the pastures where we rambled

,
and impl eSSiOn S ; to leave De n the mind that is to
,

the pleasant brooks where rst we cast a hook for be called into the busy whi rl of commercial affairs ,

the speckled trout or the m illpond that bore us upon the anxious duties of professional life o r the un sa t
, ,

i ts surface in our rst nautical adventure or where is f a c to ry Preferments even 0 f Pe h t iea l success the
, , , ,

piscatory tendencies W ere developed an d the delightful recollections of youth and home and the
, , ,

roach and perch and voracious pike were the reward wh ol so me p ri nciples inculcated in well-ordered
o f o ur patience and skill S o the memories o f the households
. S uch early impressions are a sort o f .

silent woods or of their deep soun ding bass in a capital a bank upon W hi ch we may dra w wi th pleas
, ,

storm o r a look out from the hills are indelibly ti re and p l oht throu g h life I
, ,
h d ee d they Often '

impressed upon the mind of those born and brought mould the a ff ections an d lead them into a cu rren t
up in th e country B ut there is another class of in which the Whole C haracter t akes its course an d
. ,

recollections more deeply seated than these which becomes exemplary or pernicious as the early ten
, ,

g o to make up some o f the purest enjoyments o f d oucies have prevailed .

life and which in ue n ce us in a greater or less de

,
'

Th e inuence of the p hys ica l home h a s been too

gree in all its varied duties and pursuits I t is the long underrated among our people
.
It has to o .

recollection o f our early associations with par e nts long been conceded that a roof over the head a , ,

brothers sisters and neighbors intercourse with oor beneath the feet a re -place and bed were all
, , , , ,

the dearly-loved when the heart was young and that was necessary for the comfort and happiness of
, ,

free a n d susceptible of impressions that can not be the family Happily these views are g i ing place
, .
,
v

obli terated by time or space or care , , to those of a more comprehensive nature and more
.
,
18 NEW ENGLAN D FARM E R . J
AN .

in consonance with the progress which has been so but the husks will most richly repay for the ex
,

made in almost everyt hi ng w hi ch conduces to ele tra time When this process has been omitted it
.
,

vate the moral and material condition of man will not be a great j ob to visit th e husk pile after
the corn is removed and by hand pick out enough
.

, ,
There is one point at least wh ich ought to be , ,
of the clean inside husks to make a bed
, We con .

well considered by every person wh o is about to sider such a bed worth a ve dollar bil l A fter .

build and that is as to what the g en era l app ea r being made there is n o need of ever goin g after
,

a n ce o
f the s tructure shall be I t is as easy and straw with which to ll the under beds Th e j ob .

once done is done f o r hf e D rew s R ura l I

.
,

nt
as cheap to erect a bui l di n g th at shall have some
,
, . .

pretentions to architectural ta ste and which shall ,

be attractive an d pleasin g to the eye as to construct F or the N ew E n g la n d F ar mer .

it in violation of all rules an d render it a blotch MO ST N UTR I

, TI OUS BR E A D TH E .

upon the natural beauties which may surround it Th e various tissues o f the body a s bone fat an d .

I
, ,
n order to accomp l ish this the proprietor himself muscle are formed from certain elements contained , ,

must possess some knowledge o f construction or 1n the blood an d conveyed by it to the formative , ,

have before him some plan w hich he is willing to vessels These elements are obtained from th e food .
,

adopt Therefore to be of service to those about and conveyed through the lacteal vessels into th e
,
blood vessels That food that supplies most abun
.

b ui ldi ng we propose to give in the course o f the

,
dan tl y all the elements needed to build up all the tis
,

coming year in o ur columns such perspec tives an d

, sues of the body or which supplies them in propor
, ,

outli nes of buildin gs as we think may be useful as tions best suited to the actual wants of the bod y ,

suggestions or as may be adopted in full must be the most n utritio us an d must impart th e most .
,

Th e picture which we present above is rather as

strength and vigor to the fr ame Th e bread in use .

among us is chiey made of wheat I n the process .

an example of taste than as such a house as would

of manufacturing wheat it is separated into two
,
,

be recommended f or farm purposes We shall parts the our and the bran We use the our f or .
, , .

bread and con si n the bran to the use of the pigs

however give others s uited to the farmer s wants
, , , ,
o

and which will have the merit of being constructed and other anima s Th e corn bread and the rye .

a t a cost coming W it h in the me a ns o f most o f those

and I n di an upon which the former race of hardy ,

N e w E nglanders were raised is comparatively n u

,
who b uild a n d at the same time possessing such
, known in the present generation I propose to in
, .

conveni ences an d architectur al pre por tions as will quire whether the ne our of which o ur bread is al ,

m ake it a cre di t to its owner most wholly made is capable of supplying in the
. ,

greatest abu n dance those elem ents o f which the va ,

rious tiss ues of the body are formed .

HUSK BE D S A ccordi ng t o Johnston s tables on e thousand
. ,

A s each autumn h a s returned f o r several years

pou n ds o f wheat meal contain o f
,
M l m t i l 15 6 lb
past we have advised all corn growers to save the ir
,
B m t i l
-
l 7o
u sc e
on e
a er a
a er a
s.

husks f or under beds beli evin g they are the very F t m t i l

, a a er a

best substance for thi s purpose that i s or c an be 3 54 lb s.

used They should be the inner husks clean an d
.
,

whole and spread on some airy oor for a f e w days

,
O ne thousand pounds o f ne our conta in of

in order that they may become perfectly dry Then M l m t i l 13 0 l b u sc e a er a . . s.

m t i l
.

B 60
t hey may be put into the ticks and they will last one o or a .

F t m t i l , a a er a
f or many years We have some o f these under
.
,

2 10 l b
beds now in our house which have been in use more s.

than twen ty years and with an annual ventilation N ow if we subtract the tissue-forming materials
and h eatin g by being emptied on a chamber oor conta ined in ne our from those contain ed in
, , ,

an d with a little replenishing with new husks they wheat meal we nd that one thousand pounds of , ,

are n ow as good and lively as when n e w Th e wheat meal contain 144 pounds more than one .

husks had better n ot be stripped up as some have thousand pounds of ne our These tissue -forming .

done Thi s mak es the substance ner and more li elements are necessary to supply the waste that i s
.

able to mat up L et the husks be whole and dry constantly going on in the system Th e more rapid
.
, , .

in g in irregular shapes they will retain those shapes is the waste from labor or ex p osure the more nec
, ,

and lie li vely in the bed for a long time There is essary are they to the animal system o . .

a beard or f urz i n ess o n each husk that prevents

, Th e Yankee wh o is always in mot i on always m
, , ,

any insects crawli ng through the beds consequent a hurry and by his incessant acti vity keeps up a ,

ly they are entirely free fro m vermin of which continual friction in his system needs a lar g e sup , ,

straw is apt t o be full They are therefore clean ply of tissue forming mate ri al in his food L ivmg
.
, , ,
- .

sweet and he althy A good husk bed is equal t o as he does upon our bread his bones are small his
.
, ,

th e best mattress for summer u se and we have slept muscles are lean and tough as whip cords a n d th e
, ,

in f eather beds in winter n o t half so soft as these fat cells o f his cellular membrane are almost w h olly .

Th e best time to save the husks is when in the destitute o f fat His bread should be made o f wh eat .

act o f huskin g the corn B y a little practice the meal and if to th is were added a large per centage
.
, ,
h usker wi l l soon learn h o w to strip off rst the out of corn meal which contains a larger proport i on of ,

side coarse husks and by another motion seize the fat-making material it would ll up h is fat cells
, , , , ,

i nner ones (removing the silk s at the same time ) and render the contour of his w h ole frame less an
, ,

an d dropping them into a basket at hi s side It gular and furrowed and increase in him that e mba n .
,

will take a little longer to husk out a bushel o f corn p oin t that contributes so much t o the good looks o f
185 6 . NE W ENGLAN D FAR M E R .

John Bull When we live upon ne our we are

. , ways with succes s Take a strong cord (a good .
,

throwing away every day of our lives a large part , , sh-line will answer ) and tie it to the en d of the in ,

o f those elements o f nutrition that are essential to side horn of each ox short enough so they wi ll ,

our strength and vigor Is it an

y wonder then that .
, straighten the cord before they can haul on the ,

o ur c h ildren g row up eff eminate and deli cate ? In yoke They soon give u p and a few trials will
.
,

stead o f being fed upon coarse bread a n d sent into , completely break them of the habit A S UB SC R I .

the open air for exercise by which their lungs an d , BE R l exa nd er O ct 2 R u r a l N ew York , . .

limbs may be expanded and developed they are fed , er.

upon t h e nest our and kept within doors in air ,

tight houses like plants in a hot-bed and like them

they wilt upon exposure I
,

f regard to the health .

, ,
LL E R I
TH E TOW N OF BI CA

o f ourselves an d our children wi ll n o t lead to a We have before us a well printed pamphl et o f

,

chan g e i n th i s regard Im i ht at the present time on e hundred and f t y t wo pages giving an account
, , _
,
when all bread-stu ffs are a most at famine pr i ces of the celebration o f the Two H un dre dt h n m; ,

appeal to the pockets o f our countrymen A thou .

sand pounds of wheat meal cost but about two 0f the Incorporat i on 0 f the town 0 f B l l

thirds as much as a thousand pounds of n e our lerica A ll the arrangements for the occasion were ,
.

and yet the former contai ns 144 pounds more of the made by the town in its municipal capacity and , ,

very material which is most essential to our health were carried out in a liberal and comprehensive
and Vl g or spirit Many gentlemen wh o were born in the
It has been slanderously a frmed that the most
.

sensitive nerve of the Yankee leads to his pocket town bl W h o had become scattered abroad and .
,

N o w Ido not believe this and yet his pocket nerve made their mark in the W orld were gathered Within
, ,

is apt to respond rather quickly to the touch I f the its limits once more and g laddened the occ asion .
,

rough handling to Which this nerve has been sub with the ir presence and their words of wisdom

j e ct e d for the last year shall lead h im to look about Many 1a dies wer e also Present who r e tur n e d to th e
,

hi m and inquire h o w the g reatest amount of the

,

lace Of t h n a ull t W ho c o m ame d t h 9

necessary elements of nutrition can be obtained for
'

P e y 0 1 a c p r

the least money it may benet him n o t only on the ,

husbands to celebrate this anniversary so that the
score of econom y b ut also on that of health A n d gathering was o f th e most socia1 an d happy char
, .
.

the benet to his children may be even greater than acter .

that which he may experience i n himself R C ol OHN B AL D WI N was Pres dent o f the day
. .

C on cord N ov 13 185 5 i ,
.

.
, .
,
and ass i sted by hi s competent fr i ends and ne i gh ,

bors di rected the aff ai r in a prompt and pleasant

H A UL I NG I
,
N O X EN manner which was gratifying to all A hymn was
.
,

ME SS RS E D IT OR S t l n a late number 0 f your read composed f or the occasion by Mis s E A

.
,
. .

Valuable Paper Ind an 111(1e f or a remedy f or F O STE R one o f the daughters of Billerica a f ter
.

:
, ,

Hauling in o xen

which an admirable A ddress was delivered by th e

'

Having dealt in and used oxen f or the last twen

t y years Ihave frequently purcha sed those that
R 6 J OS E P H R I C HA RD S O N 0f
n ha m Then !
,

had become addicted to the vicious habit of haul fe llowed a P oem abounding W ith capita l hits and
,

Th e cause of this is perfectly simple and the happy though t s by D AN I E L PA RK E R M D of

in g.
, , , . .
,

remedy equally 3 0 Th e cause 0 f oxen h aunn g is Bi llerica A fter a short recess the crowd g athered .
,

t u s t es arre sts
s at se s r s : excellent dinner m ay w e s e e an d Partc ok or an ,

remedy is to put on a longer yok e say for large ,

.

oxen two feet between the inside bow holes and T e

,
h th u d regular S en tl m e n t w as
The P l ow ,
'

my word for it your oxen will not haul W orked I ts on e share in a bank o f earth is worth ten in a

in such a yoke A n d here l e t m e add that it is bank of paper

.
, .

a great error among many o f our best farmers par

Thl sb emg smC tl y ag n cul tuml and our response
,

t icu la rl y in the w estern and more level portions o f

o ur S tate t o work their oxen in t oo short a yoke Peing 0 f th e S e me Ch e mote r W e have 0 h esita tion :
, .

I t must be apparent to every observer that they l n in t ro ducl n g 1t here as follows , ,

Will work much easier in a long than short yoke I MR p R E smEN T is alway s gratifyin g t o me .
.

have purchased a great many cattle of the very best

to S peak O f my f a v omt e art and 3 13 Partl cl arl )
farmers in your county and in the G enesee valley , ,

a n d have always noticed defect in their yokes s o on SU C h an Occasion and before SUC h an audien ce
while in the central and more eastern portions of as thi s I call it an f irt ; but it is n ot purely s o . l ,

the S tate they are obli g ed to us e lon g er ones I

, n because t o b e a good fa rmer requires some know] .

dee d how would o ur E aste rn or N ew E ngland far edge of many o f the s cien ces as well as o f t h e
,
.

mers plow on their hill-sides with a Monroe or L iv ,

A rts T h e me C h a mc 13 greatly al ded by sma

in gs ton C o yoke on their oxen ?. If oxen are a d '

d ieted to crowding apply t h e sh ort yoke

mathematical guides an d the professional man is
,

, ,

I f yo u dee m this worthy of a place in your aper surrounded by forms an d rules which lead him
o1 answer to the mc ul r 0 f K ou are at lpl be rt
l y w Y y along in the same course which others have trod
to g ive it an insertion E TE RRY o o
for thousands of years B ut i t i s n ot so Wi th t e
Wa l ervm h
. . .

e M K O ct 2 0 185 5
.

farmer There are few rules to gu i de h i m an d h t

.
, , .
, o

. ,

E D S R UR A L : To prevent oxen from h auling 1 tle that he does at one time is positively reliable at
.
_
,

have seen the following tried several times and a l an y other beca use the circumstances un der which , ,
20 N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . J
AN .

he labors are s o variable He enters his elds weave the nest wool into fabrics as soft as the .

wi th the great book of N ature Open before him thistle s down and with colors as bright as the but , ,

ample in h e r page and full o f interesting and im tery s wing to soften the footstep upon the oor
, , ,

portant teachings ; b ut without many o f those or shut out rude winter winds .

helps the e ffect of study and experiments of ages

, S o was the style of living a n d trave l li ng as di ff er ,

reduced to strictly arbitrary rules and whi ch care e n t as the style of dress Plai n meats and v e ge , , .

fully followed will produce a well-known result

, tables the t urnip instead of the potato and .
, ,

N o man therefore n eeds a sound and ripe judg principally rye and barley bread m a de up the sum
, , ,

me ri t a clear and comprehensive intellect and a o f their frugal meals an d there was less d yspe p
, , ,

general knowledge o f mechanics of the ph ysiolo sia an d despondency in those than in our more arti ,

gy of plants an d animals of botany of meteor cial l ife Men and women travelled on foot or at
, , .
,

ology geology and someth ing of the laws o f trade best on horseback two or three upon a single beast
, , , , ,

and political economy m ore than the farmer Th e through lonely and intricate paths w h en necessity
, .
, ,

manner o f cropping his elds this year may n ot of on e sort or another compelled them to visit ,

precisely answer for the next because the season some o f the earlier an d more populous settlements ,
.

may be of a widely di ff e rent character and thus N ow we think it a hardship if our horses do not , ,

require a di fferent mode of treatment He must accomplish ten miles an hour in carriages s o se t . ,

lean upon a well-balanced judgment a n d the g reat upon springs o f steel and so cushioned as to roll us , ,

t ruths o f N ature stored u p by experience and ob along as though reclining o n beds of down ; or in
, ,

s ervation . locomotive houses at forty or fty miles an hour , ,

If I desired to pass an encomium upon A g ric ul wh ile W e e at drink smoke 0 1 S leep at Wi ll lounge , ,

,

t ure I might with propriety point to these sub stan away the t ime in listlessness o r grumble at the
, ,

t ial homes around u s these churches and school S p 89 d W hiC h on ly conveys U S s ixty miles an hour !
,

houses sprin gi ng as they have from th e products I

,
n mid -win ter we sit in churches at summer tem ,

o f your still fairer elds O r I might contrast it p erature where perchance owers bloom and shed
.
, , ,

with that which sustained your ancestors nearly two their fragrance around the worshippers while soft ,

hundred years ago when these roads were at best and entrancing music oats through the vaulted
,

but bridle paths and your gardens an d elds were aisles

, .

occupied by the grim forests never lighted but by I n the elds the ee h t raS t is as g re a t I n h e H
I

f h

the council res o f the I ndians wh o occupied them Pl e me h ts W ith W hich they cultivated the 5 0 11a s 1
be f ore you These changes have been wrought an y thing els e S hovels an d P10W S 0 f W e e d heavy
.
,

with carefulness an d toil through long years o f an d cumbrous harrows and carts an d hoes and ,

economical industry and a practice of the stern scythes exhausted the S trength to Wield them
,
i

virtues implanted in your bosoms by th e noble men whi ch should have been devoted to moving the soil .

an d women whose memories you celebrate to d ay But in the face o f these discouragements the stern ,
,

What if on e o f the dwellings which stood on this 0 1d Puritans succeeded in all they un dert0 0 k 3 they
plain had been protected from the elements with were meth e diee h ah d eame St an d Pe rse v ermg ,

all it s household goods its furnitur e beddin g wear I f separation from,

f n eh d s g u m W e e ds coarse an d
, ,
: , ,

in g apparel together with the means of travelling

,
sometimes seah ty f are an d S avage hate ee h ld h e t : :

d a m t them h e l th e r ee l d th e ee l
.

l e h d e Pn V a h e h s
which they then possessed and could be visited , hh :

and embarrassments o f the i r pos 1ti on fa i l to sti m

o

an d seen b y us to day would not your admiration .

l te the i r exert i
,

ons a i th led t h e m h e re an d i t
u ,

b e tempered with gratitude t o H im wh o h a s led you a F . ,

along to these pleasant places and crowned your di d n o t desert them when sore and gr i evous tr i als ,

ressed them on every S i d e

labors with peaceful abodes and the fulness of do P
T h P l l n e S ha re m f u n k ea rth

mestic comforts ? F ro m t h ose fain t and bodi ng e e w te o

f i

'3 worth ten " a b an k 9f e e Th l s se h h

P p
beginnings have sprung this little republic with all 3

'

it s social enj oyments so unli ke the garrisons and ment upon wh i ch you have been pleased to call me
,
,

perils which surrounded your ancestors t wo hun P suggests more topics th an time allow me
Will i ,

to touch upon n ow Th e on e share W i th wh ch your

.

dr ed years a go .

fathers wrought was but an indi ferent aair

'

f we
H o w would t he fabrics of th e farmer s family ,
,

then th e homespun woollen gowns (1d in the

have n o t only improved greatly upon tha t but have ,
, ,

a dd d ah e th e rS e th a t W h l l e S hares 1 h ah h s 0 f Pa
chimney corner and the checked linens b oth for e

, ,
per i n ra i lroads i i manufactori es and m n i ng c om
dresses an d apron compare with the glossy S il ks s
, , i i ,
,

ani e s are uncerta i n unprotable or ru i nous the

Thibets an d muslin d e lain e s together with the rich p ,
, , , ,

P l owW ith its two S hare s is Ptumih g the 5 0 11 to

shawls satin cloaks and elegant Talma capes and
, ,
i

the sun an d air and doubl i ng the ord i nary prots

. .

Honi ton laces th a t 1 see around me tod ay ! There

,
,

o f the e ld s
were then n o L owel l or Manchester turni ng out ,
'

t housands o f yards o f cotton-cloth an hour to SA GA C IT Y OF A HORSE A young 11y b e 1on giug ,

clothe and civiliz e the w orld or carpet-looms to to a gentleman in this vicinity which had been at ,
185 6 . N EW ENGLAN D F A R ME R . 21

pasture durin g thi s summer and fall with a num When there are collecte d in one place large quan ,

ber of other co lts on Pe ttick s I

sland in B oston tities of electricity if there are conductors or a
, , , ,

harbor wa s brought over to Quin cy P oint in tow chain of conductors to convey it away it passes off
, ,

of a boat on on e of the coldest days of last week si len tly without an y sensible e ffect I
,
f t h ere are .
, .

S h e was then led behi nd a wa g on (it be ing even n o conductors it accumulates until it becomes ex , ,

in g and the night quite dark ) w h en she broke away c e s siv e in quantity it darts o ff t hr oug h the air or , ,

and started for t h e P oint A fter huntin g for her any substa nce whic h lies in its way o f ten doing irre
.
,

an hour without success the search was g iven u p parable injury S plendid an d appalling as these re
, ,
.

and it wa s supposed sh e had taken to the water sul ts sometimes are they are imitated precisely but , , ,

and on account o f the wind and strong current harmles sly by the apparatus of the lect ur er \ Vhen , .

which was then run ni ng like a mil l stream it was it darts to the earth it always chooses the bes t con ,

supposed she was car ried out to sea B ut the ne x t ductors in its path . .

day on going over to the island sh e was found Th e process by whi ch electricity is accumulate d
, ,

qui etly feeding with her companions C onsidering in the t h under storm is as has been said by the . , , ,

t h e di stance which is more than a mile from the rapid condensation of vapor
. , We do n ot it is true .
, ,

main land an d that it requ ires large leeway and always have th under and lig htnin g w h en clouds
,

hard rowi ng for a boat to bring up to the island form in the sky I t is only when t h e black well ,
.
,

also that the night was cold and sto rm y it may be dened clouds rise in the north west that the u id ,
-
,

recorded as a ca se of singu lar sag acity and cun n ing f orms f a ster tha n i t ca n es cap e . .

Truly this was a pursui t of compan i ons un der d if N o w w h en a clou d becomes excessively charged
cul ti e s T ra ns m~ip t .

with the uid it must be at the expense of some
. ,

surrounding cloud or locality and it generally hap ,

pens that this cloud or locality is n ea rest the one

F the N w E g l d F m th at is lled N ow as the air is a perfect non-con
or e n an ar ?
.

ductor the qui ck passage o f the uid from one

E L E CTR I CI TY v s L I G HTN I N G R OD S cloud to anoth er is easily a ff orded by the moisture
'
,

MR E D IT OR ; A S there have been so many e r contained in t h e air or t h rough some substance up

.
_
,

ticl e s in your paper upon the erection and construe e n t h e earth Thus 1t Often h appens t h a t the el d .

tion of li gh tning rods that another upon that sub IS seen to Pass from a C loud t e t h e earth and th en
ec t woul d only appear to add to the vast pile o f to another C I m
,
OU d 0 1 " S o me tl me S the S POt m
j o

false Opinions and ideas hich are so prevalent up the earth 185 5 than l t S natural S hare I
.

'
f 111 .
,

on such a subj ect Iwould n ot were Iable put pa sag e In e i ther the above In stances { my body h e s
, , ,
:

forth any long and elaborate Opinion which instead In Its W a y It W 111 he struck an d re eel Ve In j ury m , ,
,

to
.

h h t 0 ee h d h e t
r

of demonstrating any fact or problem wo ul d only P p e t l e h It s a l t aWe

Y l heh
ro r
l ,

co nfuse t h e mind of t he reader t h e only means by w h i ch w e can a V OI .

Cl i ts e ff ects 18

B ut t h ere are a few facts an d principles whi ch I 139 Place as Pe l f e et ee h d ue t e rs 111 its el re th t 3 3 P0 5
'

think h ave never been inserted in the man y e om Sl hl e

mun ication s that are absolutely necessary to be uh, G ranting the above facts to be true whi ch I think ,

d e rstoo d wit h to insure safety from lightning That no one will di spute the philosophy an d utili ty of .
,

t h e reasons for m y simple directions may be more light n in g rods are evident B u t to explain how .

clearly seen let us examine a f e w of the most prom th ey may in my Opinion afford that protection de
, , ,

inc ut fea tur es of electricity the causes w hi ch pro sira ble is th e obj ect of t his article That they are
, , .

duce it as we see it displayed i n the thun der storm seldom if ever erected p hi losop hi ca lly is It hi nk
, , , , ,

o r the tempest an d lastly some of the best means true , I f o n e part of them is as it s h ould be th ere is
, .
,

to avoid t h e many dangers to which it constantly always something around o r about them to utterly
exposes us . destroy their utili ty Th e rod should always be of .

Th e various phenomena which are to be classed square iron a b out one-half inch it shoul d pass ,

under the head of electricity and of which thunder through g lass insulated n o t fastened with i ron , ,

and li ghtni ng are one are very imperfectly under spik es but with wooden brackets pa i nted and nailed
, , , ,

stood S ome facts and the principles e xplaining with copper They sh ould be of su f cient siz e to a d
.
, .

them have been thorou ghly investigated but o t h mit the rod to pass through them freely Th e points
, .

e rs baffle all human efforts There is a certain of the rod should be plate d with s ilver to prevent them

s omethi n g called by philosophers electric uid from corroding and t h e ends instead of be ing li nked
, , ,

whi ch is naturally di ffuse d over a ll bodies I t is in should be screwed together after the manner of .
,

the chair on whic h Isit in the table t he paper my j oining steam pipes that t h e ends may touch one
, , , ,

hand ih a word in everythi ng I n its natura l another Th e foot should be of C opper or some
, . .
,

state it is equally and generally diffused producing metal not easy to corrode a nd placed in a well or
, , , ,

no sensible e ff ects B ut there are cer ta i n causes perpetually moist place It h ink one rod upon an y
. .

which collect it When it is thus accumulated in ordinary house would be sufcient Th ey s h ould
. .

on e place or upon o n e body it produces very strik

, project a bove the house in proportion to t h e si z e of
,

ing results A mong the processes by which the t h e house A rod placed upon a house in t h e man
. .
,

electric uid is accum ul ated and thus prepared to ner Ihave j ust described ill I t h ink protect it , , , .

produce th ese sensible effects o n e of t h e principal A n d j ust as far as one departs from t hi s manner in
, ,

is the r ap id conde n s a ti o n of vapor This might be just t hat proportion will t h e eff iciency o f t h e rod be
, .

shown by a simple electrical experiment w h ich Iimpaired ; and for these reasons The rod is con , .

have n o t time or space to relate O ne of the most s tan tl y surrounded by an electric current durin g a .

promi nent features of electricity is that some s ub thunder storm or s h ower I f in the travels of t h e
, .
,

stances afford it easy passa ge over them while oth shower it happens t h at a cloud positively electri fied , ,

ers do not Th e former we ca ll co n du ctors the lat approac h es t h e h ouse very likel y some spot around
.
, ,

ter n o n cond uctors ; metals an d water are conduct it is ne g li g ently cha rg ed or has less tha n its nat ur
-
,

ors almost all other substances are non-conductors a l share t h en that in the former darts to the latter
, .
,
22 NEW ENGLAN D F A R ME R . J
AN .

to restore the deciency N ow if the rod is adj ust Th e gluten starch an d sugar of carrots are held in
.
,

ed in the manner Ihave described it will dr aw it solution by the water th ey contain and this ren , ,

fr om the cloud and conduct it silently and in se n si ders them more easy of digestion but less sub st a n ,

bly to its destined spot I f n o t it will prevent oh tial and strengtheni ng C arrots are often fed out
.
, .

s truc tion s to its passage an d these will cause the to horses when not at hard work but when a long , ,

ui d to e xplode th ereby causing damage to life and j ourney is to be perform ed or a piece of hard work
, ,

property Th e rod s h ould never be painted b e to be done oats are preferable

.
, , .

cause the uid only passes over the surface o f the Many choose corn for working animals I t e on .

ro d the oily matter being a perfect n on -conductor

, tains less o f the nutritious gluten but more of the .
,

Th ese few simple directions are not expensive bulky and porous starch than oats
, S tarch is wha , , .

but Ithink Ihave never seen them in print I t is the rice eating Hindoos an d the potato-eating I rish .
-

true we know but little o f that subtile uid espec distend their f air roun d bellies with C orn con
, ,


.

ially in its natural state where it works silently and tains more oily matter than oats and this is what
, ,

unseen exerting probably in the hands of the A u gives it its peculiar fattening properties and ren
, , , ,

thor of N ature some important object ders it an appropriate article of food for swine that
, .

I t s powerful agency works unseen on the inti are contending for premiums or the earliest ao ,

mate relations of the parts and properties o f bodies quaintance with the butcher s knife C arrots are , .

e ff ecting changes in their constitution and charae undoubtedly a wholesome an d nutritious article of
ter so wonderfully minute thorough and universal food for sheep and might be used for this purpose
, , , ,

that it might almost be considered as the chief to a much greater extent than they a re but they ,

agent 0 f nature t h e pl ime minister 0 f O mnipotence are not so nutritious as oats I

,

n this connection I . .

Th e science of electricity h a s proved in many i n would say a word in re ference to wheat as an arti ,

s tances the key by which we have entered into the cle of food
, .

innermost recesses of nature and discovered the s e F e w persons Iima g ine know how little of the , , ,

cret of many of her Operations I t has in a great nutr itious element which this grain possesses the y .
, , ,

m easure lifted the hith erto i mpenetrable veil that obtain in the ordinary way in which it is prepared
, ,
.

has concealed the many mysterious workings in the Th e proportion o f gluten contained in t h e whole
material world and has Opened a eld f or thought grain is 1 2 per cent ; bran 14 to 1 8 per cent ; ne
, , .
,

and in q uir y as boundless as it is inviting our 10 per cent F rom these numbers it is
'

, .
,
. ,

Wes tbo r o 185 5 W S seen that meal made from the wh ole grain contains
, . . .

2 per cent and that fr om the bran from 4 to 8 .

, ,

F th N w E g l d F me per cent more gluten than ne our A n d where or e e n an ar r. . .

there is more gluten there is more nourish ment as

R E L A TI V E V A L UE OF O A TS A N D , ,

we have said before A n d furthermore e x periment .

,

CA R R OTS shows that bread made of the meal o f the whole .

MR E D IT OR I n reply to on e of your corres

.
grain is more salutary S uch being the facts the .
,

p on d e n ts wh o makes inq uiry respecting the rela

,
wonder is that we persist in eating ne our bread ,

tive values of oats and carrots for feeding horses and in thi nk in g the ner our is the better it is , , ,
.

sheep & c Iwould state the following gathered C ommon sense teaches that here is n ot only an op
, .
, ,

from a reli able source o rtun ity but an actual need of reform
p .
.
,

O ats are remarkable for the amount o f gluten C on cord N ov 5 th J B R ,

. . . . .

and fat they contain being superior in respect to ,

'

the former and but little inferior in respect to the

latter to I
,

ndian corn as will appear from the fol

,
D E A T H OF PR O F J ,
F W J O H N ST O N . . . . .

lowing numbers This gentleman di stinguishe d an d widely known ,

S t h t m t Id m l i n G reat B ritain and A merica through his A gricul
co c ea ea . n i a n c orn ea .

Gl t u en 18
14
12
tural writings died at his home in D urham in his , ,

6 0th year on the 18th o f S ept

.

F t
a ,
.

St h &
a rc , c 66 His writings are voluminous and replete W i th in
100 100
struction H i s principal work L ectures on the . ,

ap
p li c a ti on o f C hemis try and G eology to g ricn l
There is a di fference in di ff erent kinds o f c ats , ,
tu re ,

rst published in 184 4 and S i nce gone ,
in regard to the amount of glu t en they contai n .
through several editions both in G reat B r i tain an d
S cotch oats the kind taken into the present ac this country is a systematized encyclop ae d i a of A gri
count contain more gluten than the A merican .
cultural science F or a number of years he was
,

Th e gluten and fat which the oats contai n render chemist to the A gricultural C h emistry A ssoci a tion
t hem exceedingly nutritious for beast as well as for of S cotlan d and to the Highland A gricultural S o
,
m an cie ty and very many importa nt apers issued from
p
.

,
They are used more extensively in the B ritish his laboratory Mr Johnston v i s i ted th i s country
I
. .

sles an d especially in S cotland than in this coun

, , in 184 9 at the invitation of the N Y S tate A gri
,
. .

try or indeed in any other as far as is known

, , , , .
cultural S ociety and delivered the address at their ,
They admit of cultivation in higher latitudes than
S tate F air visiting also C anada an d N e w B runs
w heat oats growing as far north as while wick O n his return he pub lis h ed a report upon
wh eat ceases at in E urope
.

.
the A griculture of N ew runswick and his N otes
B
,
C arrots contain a much larger amount o f water , on A merica
Prof Johnston s works show in
.

.

and a much smaller amount of dry food than oats , , general great care and judgment in the selection
the relative p r oportion being 83 pounds of water

and weigh t given to facts employed an d statements

and 17 of dry food in every hundred pounds B y , .
made but in these two a painful want of th i s char ,
the above table you will see that oats contain more ,

ac t e ristic wa s observed His rece n t work entitled .

dry food and less water the p roportion being 86 ,

C hemistry of C ommon L ife is a very valuable ,

pounds o f dry food and 14 of water in every 100 and interesting book its science is sound and ap ,
pounds .
185 6 .
NE W EN G L AN D F AR ME R . 23

plying as it does the gr e at facts and principl e s o f bears The princi pal use of the full e r is to receiv e .

chemistry to m a tte rs connect e d wi th ev e ry day e x th e h e a ds of t h e p ad s th a t s e cur e the sho e and pre

,
-

p e rie n ce illus t
'

,
ra t ing t h e one by th e oth e r i t will v e n t t he i r b e ndi ng or break i ng o ti z i t IS further ,

n d r e a d e rs in e v e ry cl a ss of society and all will be u se ful l n i n c re a srn th e hold o i the sho e upon t h e
.

z
o

ground an d W l tll thi s n e w I always hav e i t carr i ed

,

bene fi t ed H is loss will b e felt by A griculturists

.

. ,

e v e ry wh e r e .
back to th e heels .

Th e dang e r a ppr e h e n d e d from the sho e being

appli e d to t he foo t so ho t as to burn the crust an d
HOR S E S HO E S A N D HO W TO PUT cau se it to smok e is utterly gro undless I wo uld
,
,

,
TH EM O N
.

n o t h a v e it mad e to burn i t self i n to its plac e u on

p
.

t h e foo t w i t hout t h e assista nce of r a sp or d rawm

sho must poss ss s bstanc nough to
me d to the foot 5 fg
T h e e e u e e p re ,

k h l te b u t I O h l d h a v e I
vent its b e nding and wid t h of web enough to ens re t
'

,
u

pro te c tion to th e foot ; the thick n e ss l ik e the wid th el e h tly h e t t e sce reh e v e ry Part th a t h ea rs h h e veh l
1t ? h e e e h se t h e a d Va h t e g e 0 f d e t e cti n g s u e
,
Po
.

o f w e b should con t inue precisely the same from t oe

oh
,
e rh e h s 15 "F E? gr e a t a n d t h e m e d e 9 f
t o h e e l an d n ot as is gen e rally the ca s increase as P
,
e ,
J
re ee tl h
g P ,
:

t ee e h h S hl h 1t 15 9 5 1t1"e 1 h a rml e s s In d e e d 1t
it rocee d s backwards until at the h e e l it becomes f P g l) 3
'

, g
15 the only on e hV W h l eh t h e e v en b e am n e c e ss e
ful y doubled Thi s is a great e vil for many reasons
.
s ,

and among oth e rs that it throws th e horse forwards r" to a Perfe et h t tth g e h the S ho e can h e th em e d
, .
o

upon the t oe and causes him t o S trik e it a gainst N o sho e should e ve r be nai l e d to th e foot unt il
,

every proj ection that comes in i t s way N O W as it has been ascertaine d that the pressure of the .
,

hors e s are suf ci e n t ly prone to do thi s wi thout t h e h an ds is S h th eteh t t o ke e p it S te adh y in its Plac e ,
:

nd reel h d e a h a p e arance 0 h d aylight h e t wee h tt

assistance of high he e l e d sho e s it shoul d be o ur a
- P ) p
a n d t he foot ; for i f t h e sho e do e s n o t accur ately
,

business to ob viate it as much as possible .

,

In doing this we only c arry out m t he S hoe W hat

corr e spond to the surfac e of the foot but is di spos e d ,

nature has already don e in th e foot ; sh e has arch e d to S hift a b e h t e h it the h alls t11 h e e h
P p e ee d t 0 :
'

the t oe of th e c o f n -bone to dimi n ish th e e ffe ct of a a e e h S te h t Sh e m In ord e r t o h e e l) It In h e Place ;

,

,
whereas th e y sho u ld merely h av e to hol d i t to the
jar a t th e t o e ; and we do the same t o t he S ho e to
l e ss e n t h e ca u s e -o f t he ja r The common prac t ice fe e t and h e t as I t we r e to h e el) 1t th e r e by force
.
, : ,

is us t t h e r e v e rs e of th is ; it w elds a l u mp of st ee l The S h e s S hou ld n o t h e Permitt e d to remai n on

e
in t o th e toe whi ch only i n cr eas e s its thickness and the hors e 8 fee t mor e th an tw o or thr e e w eeks W 1th
.

, ,

t h e number of obstacl e s that i t necessarily e n cou n e e t removal 3 f or in th a t t hh e the h ea ds 0 h the n ail s

ters but being of a harder texture is longer wear w i ll hav e become worn and from tt i ng th e hol e s
, ,
. ,

ing down an d consequ e ntly e xpos e s th e foot to the less Pe rfe ctly th an befor e W 111 ed h h t O f a th thh g
,
:

greatest amoun t o f co n cussion Supposi n g a horse me tl e h 0 f t h e Sh o e h e n the h al ls ; W h e r e by th e

.

to wear s sho e s so hard that they will n o t last a

hi h e l e s 1 the h e e t i n b e e n l arg e d ah d t h e se eh n t
y :

mo n th much beyond which as t h e foot will out o f the S ho e e h de h g ere d A n e ther l ee ee h f or r e m e

,
'

'

grow th e m they had better n o t las t then st e el t he Vl h g the S ho e s 13 t he e PPe rth h l ty h l eh 1t a ffords
,
'
,
,

t oe ; but still let it b e t u rned up as much o ut of O f Pa rih g a wa y th e s e Portions 0 f h e m t eh in a

the li ne o f wear as Possible A small clip a t the sta te of nature would have been worn do wn by c on
.
.

poin t of t h e toe is very desirabl e as pr e venting dis tact with th e gr ou n d .

T h e next c ircumstance to be consi d ered is o n e of

pl c m t
a e e n o f the shoe backwards ; it n ee d o t be n

dri ven up hard it is m e r e ly requ ired as a check or vi t al impor ta nce to our subject as upon i t depends
,
,

stay Th e sho e should be sufci e ntly lo n g fully to th e a m o un t of disturbanc e that th e natu ral fun c
support t he an gl e s at the h e e ls an d n o t as is too o f tion s of t he f e e t a re d e sti n e d to s us t ain from the
.
,

t en t h e ease s o sh o rt that a li tt l e wear imb e ds t h e sho e ; vi

,
t he n umb e r an d situa t ion o f the nails
, ,
7 .
,

r e t o secure it to t h e foot
,

e dg e of it in the horn at th e s e parts h

T e foot s ur
w hich a
.
If they be n u .

face o f the shoe should al ways hav e a good at even merou s and placed back in the quarters a n d he e ls , ,

sp a c e left all around for t h e crust to b e ar upo n ; n o form of sho e be it ever so p e rfe ct can save the , ,

for it must be remembered th at the cust sus ta i n s foot fro m con tr a ction an d navicular dis e ase If on
,
.

t h e whol e weight of the hors e and n ee ds to h a v e a the contra ry they be few and pl a c e d in the outside ,

perfe c t ly e v e n b e aring e v e ry where a roun d t h e sho e quarter and toe l ea vi n g t he in sid e quarter and
,

.
,

I n th is space the n a il-hol e s should be p u nched an d h e e ls quite fr e e to expand no form o f sho e is s o ,

,

n o t as is too oft en t h e case partly in it an d partly bad that it c a n from defe ctive for m alon e produce
, , ,
, ,

in the s e a tin g I n what is t e chnically c a ll e d

. black con tr action o f the foot .

hol ing the sho e which m ean s compl e tin g the open ,

Thr ee years ago I comm en c e d a series of experi
in g of the nail hol e s on t h e foot surface gr e a t care ments u pon sho e i n g with a vie w a mo n g other
-
, , ,

should be taken to giv e th e m an outward dir e ctio n thi n gs of a sc e rtain i n g how few n a ils a re absolutely , ,

s o as to allow the poin t s of th e nails to be brought nec e ssary und e r ordinary circumsta nces for r e tai n , ,

o ut l ow do wn in the crust The r e ma in d e r of t he in g a sho e securely in its place The subj ec t s of

. .

foot surfac e should be car e fully seated o ut partie n my e xp e rim en ts w e r e six horses of my o wn a nd , ,

larl y a rou n d t he e l e va t e d t o e where it might oth e r thr e e b e lo n gi n g to fri e nds ; t h e nin e a mo n g th e m

,

wis e press i n co n v e n i en tly upon th e sol e ; and I represen ting v e ry fairly the di ffe r e n t class e s of pl e a
wo uld have t h e seating carri e d on f airly to the poi n t sur e horses n o t in d e e d incl udi ng h unters o r race
wh e re the crust and the bars m e et in ord e r that hors e s each of which require a s e parate an d totally , ,

th e re may be n o pressure in th e s e at of cor n s the di lf e ren t trea t ment but carriage horses l a di e s
, ,

chance of press ure in this situ a tio n will be further hors e s a n d ro ad ste rs ; an d th e y also incl uded the
diminished by bevellin g o ff the inn e r e dge of the commo n v aria t ion s in form an d t e xtur e of t he gen

h ee l s with a rasp . e ra lit y of hors e s fe e t .

The grou n d sur fac e sho u ld be p e rfe ctly at w ith \ V h e n my a tt e n tio n wa s rst direc t e d to th e s ub ,

a full e ring 0 r groov e r unning ro und t h e out e r e dg e j e t of nailin g I was emplo ying s e v e n nails in ea ch ,
'
,

jus t und e r t he plain s urfac e whereon th e cr ust fore and e ight in e ach hind sho e I th e n wi t h
, ,
.
 24 NEW EN G LAN D F AR M E R . JA N .

drew on e n ail from each sho e thus r e ducin g the shoe whi ch i n cr ea s e s th e e vil My obj ect is t o show
, , .

number to six in the for e and s e v e n in the hi n d that thes e shaky places as they are called may be
, , ,

sho e s a n d n di n g at t he e n d o f a y e ar t ha t the relieved by the omissio n of on e o r t wo of t h e nails ,

sho e s of a ll the hors e s had b e e n a s rmly r e tained without e n dan ge ri n g th e security of the sho e Sup .

as f ormerly Iwithdre w ano ther nail from each sho e po s e t h e number employe d t o b e s e v e n to ga in
, , ,

l e avi ng only ve in the fore sho e s and six in the s uch an end th e y may safe ly b e reduc e d to ve ,

hin d I found ho we ver that six n a ils would no t which is the la rg e s t numb e r I have e mploy e d for
.
, ,

r e ta in t he hi nd sho e s o f a c arri ag e hors e without mor e than two years ; an d un til I discov e r some
,

all o wi ng it som e tim e s to shift ; so I returned to good reason for increasing it is the large s t I i n te n d ,

sev e n in t h e hi nd shoes and hav e co n ti n ue d tha t to employ B ut I am far from advising t he ge ner
, .

n u mb e r e v e r sin c e ; but ve retain e d all the fore a l a doption of thi s n umb e r ; for if from imperfect
shoes a s r mly duri n g t h e whol e o f t h e last year tting o f t h e sho e mispl a c e m e n t of the n a ils n e g , ,

a r-d a half as s ix had previously do n e

, lect of removing in prop e r tim e or from any oth e r
.
,

I hav e invariably dire cte d an d superintended the cause the hors e should chance to cast a sho e the , ,

whol e Operation of shoeing during th e s e e xperi whol e blame would be attribu ted to the ve nails ,
me n ts and have always been very careful to mark and the poor beast in all probability be doome d to
that th e nails w e r e n ot driv en hi gh up in the crust eight or nine for th e r e m ain d e r of his l ife I d o , .
,

but brought out as soon a s possible and that they however very strongly advise th e adoption of six , ,

were very lightly driv e n up befor e the clin ch e s k n owin g th e m to be fully su fci en t for retai ning
we r e turn e d d own an d n o t as is gen e rally the case the shoes o f all pleasure horses u n de r all circum
, , ,

force d up with a ll the power th a t the smith can stan c e s e xc ept perhaps hunters Sin c e the fore ,
.

bring to bear upon them with hi s hammer I men goin g was published Colonel L uttrell master o f .
, ,

tion t h e s e circ umstan c e s to show that my obj ect th e Som e rs e tshire f ox-hou n ds h as informed me ,

really was to ascertain h ow lit t l e would retain a that the horse whi ch he r od e most frequently last
sho e and t o what e xt en t th e foot might be r e li e v e d s ea son wa s shod wi th six nails only -not on e of
, ,

from t h e evil o f unnecessary restrai nt ; a matter which in consequence of his cutti n g a good deal , ,

s om e tim e s of great mom en t and at a ll times d e sir , was plac e d in the inner qu arter a nd that he ex ,

able .
p e rie n c e d no i n con v e n i e n c e whatever from the plan .

Th e clinches should n ot be rasp ed away t o o n e If I had en te rta in e d t h e sm a ll e st doubt abo u t t heir

,

b ut turned do wn broad a n d rm Th e practice of e f cacy it wo uld have been entir ely r e mov e d on
.
,

rasping the whol e sur face o f the hoof a ft e r the th e arrival o f t h e T hirtee n th L ight D ra goo n s last
c linches have been turned down should never be year in E xeter ; for among the horses o f tha t regi
,

permitted ; it destroys the cov e rin g provided by na ment I fo und through t h e kindness of L ieut Col , , . .

ture as a prote ctio n agai nst the too rapid evapora Br unton wh o allowe d me to inspect th e shoeing , ,

tio n of th e moisture of the hoof an d causes th e h e m strong con rm a tio n o f the truth of th e po sition
, .

t o become d ry and brittle . He re w e r e hors e s with a variety o f fe e t sh e d wi t h six

T wo o f t h e horses alluded t o above work e d for nails only and these all placed in the outsid e limb
, ,

some tim e with on ly four nails in their fore shoes and toe of the sho e all the remainder of the shoe .
,

I h a v e deta il e d these e xp e rim en ts wi th a view to remaining free and unattached to the foot Mr . .

e xpos e the grou n dl e ss n a tur e of t h e fear that e x L e re w t he v e ry in t e lligent v e t e ri n a ry s ur g e on o f

g ,

peets to cast a sho e at ever ste p u n l e ss it be held the regiment in form e d me that he had not em
, ,

to the foot by e igh t or ni n e nails driven high into plo yed mor e than six nails for nearly two years
, ,

the crus t If th e pr e s e n c e of a n ail in t h e cr ust and that the loss o f a sho e was a very rare occur
.

w e r e a matter of no moment an d t wo or three more r en c e with t h em e v e n on a eld day than which

, , ,

th an are n e c e ssary were merely us el ess th e r e would there is sc arce ly any work more trying to th e s e cu
,

b e no gr e a t r ea so n t o interfere with this practice of rity of horses sho e s A n y mod e o f f a st enl n g that .

m a king assurance doubly sure ; but it is far other has proved its e lf e qual to retaining t h e sho e s

wise the nails separate the bres of the hor n and through a long el d day in stiff ground may very
, ,
-
, ,

th e y n e v e r by any chance b e com e u n it e d again but s afe ly be re comm e n d e d as fully su f ci e n t for all or
,

con t inue ssur e d and unclos e d until by d e grees th e y din ary purposes
, .

grow do wn with t h e t e st of t h e hoof a n d are u l ti Th e qu e stio n of t h e e fc ac y of six n ails for road

,

mately after r e peated sho e i n gs removed by the work is s e ttled I should think to th e satisfaction of
, , , ,
kni f e . the most skeptical by the fact of t he T hir t eenth ,

If th e clin ch e s should h a pp en t o ris e they must h a vin g do n e t h e Q u ee n s escort duty duri n g their
,

be replaced without delay ; as such risin g imparts to year a t Hou n slow wi thout the loss o f a sin gl e sho e .

t h e na ils a fre e dom of mo t ion which is sur e to e n A ny one acquainted with the rapid pace at which
large the size of th e holes and this mischi e f is of h er Maj esty invariably trav e ls on t he road will
, ,

t e n in cr ea s e d by t h e viol e n t wrenching which t h e rea di ly a dmit t he su f ciency of the tes t Mi l es on

shoe u d e rgo s from side t o side in t h e process of the H ors e s F oot
n e .

r e mova l by t he smith .

N O W as th e s e h otes C an n o t PO SSt Ygrow down 03 A s an evidence of the sp o rt to be had in Te x ,

>

and be r e mov e d und e r thr e e shoeings it will b e as we give the following from t h e A ustin G a z ette
, , ,

fou n d that even with s e v en n ai ls the crust mus t a l We frequently hear of n e sport in b e a r hunt
,
va s have twenty-one o f these separations e xisti n g in in ou r upper vall e y Som e p an th e rs too and
y y g .
, ,

r
m 1t 9 t th e S ame tim e ; and as they are Often from leopards are occasionally kill e d Bu t th e last spe .

a e h C auses t en d e d into e a ch other they cim e n is relat e d by the L i berty G a z ette Th e cd .

,
n ece s s ml y k e el) it in a brittl e unhealthy S tate a n d i tor says in the last n u mb e r t hat B e n M G reen of
f : , . .
,

mater i ally inte rfe r e wi th the security O f the future that county killed in twelve consecutive morn ings ,
n ail h o ld

Uh heh h y the common r a ctic e under before dinn e r thirt ee n bears on e p an th e r o n e wild
P
'
, , ,

such C ircumstan ce s is to increase the n umb e r of cat a n d s e ve n deer N o wonder that a T ex an can ,
.

n ai ls W i t h the vi e w of en suri n g the security of the whip his weight in W ildcats

, .

 6 . NEW ENGLAN D FAR MER . 25

F or Engl and F m
liver by which health is not only destroyed b ut
the N ew ar er .
, ,

MICE A N D YOUN G the mental powers sadly

F R UI
a f fected a grape diet
T T REE S ,

7
is almost the only remedy resorte d to and ge n er
MR E D IT OR z Youn g orchards are l i able to be
,

ally success It is asser ted on reliable au

.

much inj ured by mice girdling the trees While the

with .
,

ori t y that those who labor i n the V i neyards an d

.

h
.

ground s covered with sno w and as I have noticed

i t , ,
,

some suggestions in the papers recently in regard who are accustomed to partake constantly and lib ,

t o this matter I will state if you please how I e rau o f the fr uit are n e v e r troubled wi th that
,
y , ,
,
to pre v l t th on n y O
a yfeg i:l)lem Other lace W here the
ee

f disease Those wh o are subj ect t o it in cities and

e is n ot cultivated on
.
,

ti P W

ty oi n ,

sh O s ; cut into irregular sized pieces from f i ve to t h e developmen t 0 f the S ymptoms O f the 00 m
p
"

ten inches square turned over a narrow strip o f pla i nt resort to the grape regions for the benet of
.

, ,

edge on two opposite sides so as t o lock together th e grape diet or grape cure an d where the

,

,

when bent ab out the tree in the form o f a hoop or disease has n ot become conr med and th e system
,

tube These are readi ly placed about the tree and

.
,
,

removed again in the S pring I t is immaterial

reduced beyond the power of remedies a radical ,

about the space inside between the tube and tree cure is Of teh the reSUI
.

t
, ,

or it may be well to ll with s aw-dust or earth I f Th e nutr i mental propert i es o f the r i pe grape are .

S lightly pressed do wn at t l e base 1Sh e t U b e W ill not

i considerable and it is sai d men may l ive and labor
,

an d W 111 e ff ec m
,
get 0h a h y Pro t G C t the
on it as an exclusive article o f food an d without
tree fro m m i ce during the winter at a rst cost ,

b ecommg exhausted for a much lo n ger Per ma ,

less than one cent per tree Th e tins will last for ,

than upon a diet of any other species of fr uit I

.

many years .
t .

Twe years ago I had some thrifty pear trees s e t is both stim ul ating and invigorating and by reta in ,

near the foot o f grass terraces Th e following ing the stomach in a healthy tone promotes the .

,
W i nter th ey were nearly all g i rdl ed by m i ce s o that
.

general health and energy of all the parts ,

I lost some thi rty trees Ireset ag ai n in the .

, .

Th e culture Of thi s truly valuable f rmt S hould be

sprin g an d last winter tried the tin tubes occasion
, ,

all y leavin g a tree wi t hout any protection N o t a eh cfurag e d It succeeds W ell on a lmOS t every .
'

tree with the tin about the base was touched by var i ety of so i l and will be ar lucrative crops with ,

mice while those without were destroyed same as very little care or manure m ore than may b e su
,
p
Pre Vioil s winter Ihave tried treading down snow p rl e d b y ever y kitchen A t presen t n
0 Pro d u c t 1
.

bn
and p i l i ng up earth about young trees but have .

m
,
l e l d s a more ll b e ral t T h e d eh ah d f or l i 111
found nothing e fectual as the tin tubes There
so f y P .
'

our markets i s much more hk e l

y t o i ncrease than
.

is no danger of inj u ry to th e tree b y using them .

M essrs C ushing Mack tin workers o f thi s diminish f or th e nex t half century I
.
, nsipid B lack .

city will furnis h any quantity o f these tubes t o Hamburghs grown in ho t-houses are n ow sel ling
, , , ,
our ne i ghbor i ng fru i t-growers at a tr i i ng expense
f or on e dollar a n d t we n ty-ve cents a pound a n d
, .

L owel l N ov 2 7 185 5 R ,
,
I
,
, .

sabellas though very f ew can be obtained for

.

more than half that sum .

TH E G R A PE N early all the grapes that are grown near B o s

.

I t M di i
s el P p t i I
c na
p th
ro Bl d er L iv es t on are ordered before they are fairly o ut o f blos
n ue n c e u on e oo e r,
K d y d th O g A pp i at d i V i g wi g
i ne s, an o er r a ns re c e n
,

B t G w i C i ti so m a n d at a pr i ce scarcely ever less than o n e (10 1

ne ro n
C t i
o un i It i y i Dy p p
es s e c ac n s e si a es ro n n es ,
M f L y i g~ P i g C tt i g P i
a n ure s or a &er n
lar a pound f or the Muscat of A lex andria an d
rti D n u n s r ce s : Co

Th e grape is a fruit held in high estimation G olden C hasselas an d seventy-ve cents perhaps , , ,

by those wh o have been accustomed to use it freely for the B lack Hamburghs . .

I t is not however generally known perhaps that

, , This de lightful fruit has th e advantage t oo of , , , ,

in addition to its other excellent quali ties it p os being more successfully raised in the city than in , ,

sesses me dicinal virtues which of themselves alone the country as the close stree ts and sunny sides of
, , ,

woul d seem to present a su f cient inducement f or buildi n gs or the well-protecte d yards a fford such :1 ,

its cultivation .
shelter as to e n sure the ripening of an annual c r0 p
In F rance and S pain and other v ine -growing of the I sabella C atawba C oncord D iana A mber
, , , , , ,

countries these me di cinal properties of the fruit and other varieties ; while the street-sweepings and
,

are well understood and appreciated experience the daily wash of the ki tc hen compose the pabu , ,

having demonstrated that a free use o f the grape lum of a ll others the best suited to their nourish
h a s a most salutary an d invi goratin g e ff ect u o n the meri t
p .

animal system ; tha t it dilutes the blood removes Thousands o f the li ttle squares composing the ,

obstr uctions particularly from the kidne y s liver front yards of the city though containing n o t more
, , , ,

spleen and other important organ s imparting a than three or four feet by six in length if dug o u t
, , ,

healthy tone an d a vigorous circulation and in and supplied wit h proper soil would sustain a vin e , ,

creasing the strength of the entire physical econ which might produce a bushel or two o f grapes
.

om annually I n such positions the vines would be

) .
,

In cases o f dyspepsia a disease which is the highly ornamental and exert a benecial in uence ,

found ation of many others an d all diseases o f the on he atmosphere the people are breathi ng I n .
 26 NE W ENGLAN D F AR ME R . JA N .

some cities this is extensively done I n R ochester way is to plant them p erpendic ul arly m aking the
.
,
,

a n d in B rooklyn N Y ourishing vi nes are found holes deep enough to have the upper bud half an
, . .
,

in every part o f the city in the most compact as inch below th e sur face o f the ground
, , .

well as the S parsely settled portions ; an d in late S uccess in grape cu l ture mainly depends upon
summer and autumn few o f the citizens are un getting a large healthy and vigorous root p en e trat
, ,

supplied with this cooling and invigorating fruit in g some on e o r two feet below the surface and .
,

We have prepared this article at thi s time to surrounded by numbers of brous roots These .

afford the opportunity o f suggesting a f e W things stretch away in every direction through th e mel ,

ia relation to planting pruning cuttings a n d layers low soil in search of the nourishment which they
, , ,

but particularly that pr uning ma not be t oo long requ ire in order to load the vine with fruit I
y n .

delayed .
order t o accomplish this it will n ot answer t o le t ,

Th e obj ect o f pru ning is to remove all sup eru the vine have its o wn way by throwing o ut numer ,

o u s woo d and thereby strengthen the vine so a s to o us branches

, and extending some of them t en , , ,

render it long-lived and capable o f bearing an d twenty or perhaps thirty feet in a season Thi s
, , ,

ripening the proper quantity of grapes

Th e course would ive a great cr 0 p o f wood and very
g
.
,

proper s eason is an y time after the fall o f the little fruit A fter the cuttin g has grown on e year
, .
,

leaves an d before the starting 0 i the map A S the it must be pruned back t o within three eyes or buds
,

grape vine is very sensitive of the solar inuences from t h e ground This must b e done t h e secon d , ,

a f eW warm days even in autumn 0 1 in F ebruary an d thir d year b ut leaving such side shoots as are

, , , ,

may sometimes s e t the sap in me ti e n ; early Pr un desir e d to extend horizontally PRIN C E says the .

ing is there fore b est certainly as early a s the rst same general rule is t o b e observed in pruning
,

o f March and earlier if convenient s ay in F e b ru grapes that prevai ls in pruning t re e s

, t o keep th e
, _
,

ary .
shoots suf ciently apart t o admit the sun an d air ,
N G G RAP E VI
L A YE R I NES
and n ot to cross and in terfere with each other We .
.

are in cli ned to think somethin g more is n e ces

sary an d as cuts will il lustrate much better ,

than words a lone we propose by-an d-by t o , , ,

take up the subj ect agai n and speak more ,

par ticularly o f the pruning required at the va

rio u s ages o f the vine .

We cannot close n ow however without , ,

earnestly recommending to all to make early

preparation t o P L AN T A G R AP E V IN E .

This very plainly illustrates th e mo de of lay

out
F the N w E g l d F rmer or e n an a .

in g down the shoots w hi ch sprin g o ut near the

ground an d from which valuable roots may be oh
,
A N E W W A S H F OR TR E E S .

t aine d .Th e branch sho uld be sunk some six or N oticing an allusion to th e washing o f trees with
lye by M r Underwood in the N E F a rme r of D e
'

eight inches below the s urface in a moist light and , .

, . . .
,

ce mb e r l st
, ,
I was remi n ded o f the propriety o f
rich soil and after the rst year half out off and again no ticin g a wash for apple trees which I have ,
, , ,

after the second entirely and then it is an inde used with satisfaction f or the past three years
, ,

pe ndent plant standin g upon its own roo ts

, Two years a go I incidenta lly spoke o f it in th is ,

j ournal and though out of season n o w I venture t o

PL AN TIN G C UTIIN G S , ,

again call attention to it h Oping that some on e else

.
,

may test it .

P rocure s oap -ston e dus t at the workers o f soap ,

s t one sift it t o get out the stones if you choose , , ,

mix it up to the consistence of pai nt with soap -suds , ,

an d add a very little slaked li me and if you wish ,

to give it an agreeable tint stir in a very little yel ,

l ow ochr e A pply this mixture wi th a brush t o .

your young apple trees in the early part o f the

summer and it will prevent the growth of m oss , ,

wil l keep the trun ks cool (which lye does n ot) and ,
P lanting cu t tin gs the Pieces bein g ee eh ab OU t
: will give them a handsome neat and healthy ap ,
t wenty i nches long is the eas i est most certain and ea ran ce
,
p , , .

bes t way of propagating t h e vine an d th e out an L ye is dangerous and requires m uch experience
, , .

n e xe d very well illustrates th e mann er of doing it L ime is too s tiff and ele ee e the Pore S 9 f the bark :

B ut the soap -stone dust i ncorporates Wi th t he bark

.

R e e men in his V ine D resser 8 Manual says

,
, ,

an d in the winter season presents a h andsome b uf f ,

the e ll ttm e Sh e l ld h e from healthy h es h e t color which cann ot be ru bbed of f There is not
a
o :
,

, .

m ore than ten n or less than three years old and of th e least danger Ithink in t h e us e o f this wash or , , , ,

the e arly spring s grow th of the previous year H is its incorporation into the bark as the soap -stone . ,
185 6 . N EW ENGLAN D F A RM E R . 27

dust is mostly composed o f clay and the lime and yielded by a sin gle sheep varies much with the
,

ochre found in some form in the soil Besides

, breed the cli mate the constitution the food and
, .
, , , , ,

my trees are heal t hy and this f act is better than , consequently with the soil on which t h e food is
theory . grown T he H ereford sheep which are k ept lean .
, ,

P erhaps thi s dust mixed with some other sub and give the nest wool yi eld only 1% lbs ; but a , .

stances would be found b en ecial for instance

, Merino o f ten gives a eece weighing 10 or 11 lbs , .
,
with g uan o for pe ar trees , D W L and sometimes as much as 12 lbs
. . . . .

W M ed/ord D ec 185 5 T he number of shee in G reat Britain and I

'

.
, , . re

land amounts to 30 mil ions and their yield of wool ,

to 1 11 milli ons of pounds or about 5 mil li ons of

0N F EE D IN G A NIM AL S
,

pounds of sulphur which is o f course all extracte d ,

E rrs cr or Lo na C o mma B xm H us m nr UP ON ra n
- f rom the soil
s ]; r n
Q U AL IT Y P R OD U CE 0 1
.

S ODAND
I f we suppose this sul hur to exist in and to be

p ,

And whence does the mother derive all this glu extracted f rom the soil i n the form of gypsum then , ,

ten and bone-earth by wh ich sh e can not only re the plants which the shee live u po n must take out
air the natural waste of her own fu l l-gro wn body from the soil to produce the wood alone 3 0 millions
,

put from which she can spare enough also to yield of pounds or
, , ,

tons of gypsum , .

so large a supply o f nourishi n g milk ? N ow thou h the p ro ortion of this gypsum l ost
p ,

h
S e must extract them from the vegetables on by any one s e e p farm i n a ye a r is comparati vely
wln ch she li v es and these agai n from the soil , small yet it is reasonable to believe that by the .
, ,

T he qu antity of solid matter thus yielded by the long growth o f wool on hilly land to which noth ,

cow in her milk is rea lly very large if we loo k at ing is ever added either by art or from natura l , ,

the produce of an entire year I f the average sources those grasses must gradually cease to grow
.
,

yield of mi lk be 3 000 quarts or 7 5 0 gallons in a in whi ch sulphur most largely abounds and which , , ,

year (every 10 gallons of whi ch contai n bone favor therefore the growth of wool I
, n other , , .

ea rth enough to form about 7 ounces of dry bone ) words the produce o f woo l is l ikely to di mini sh by , , ,

then by the mi lking of the cow alone we draw lapse of time where it has for centuries been year ,

f rom h er the earthy ingre di ents of 3 3 lbs of dry l carried o ff the land ; and ag a in this produce is
y .
, ,

bone in a year T hese are equal to 40 lbs of com hkely to be increased in amount when such land is
. .

mon bone-dust or 3 % lbs in a month And these dr essed with gyp sum or with other manure in
, . .
,

sh e draws necessarily from the soi l which sulphur natural ly exists O f co urse this .
.
,

I f this milk be consumed on the spot then a ll general conclusion will not a p ply to locali ties whi ch ,

returns agai n to the soil on the annual manuring derive from springs or other natural sources a sup
o f the l and L et it be carried for sale at a dis ply of su l phur e qual to that whi ch is yearly re
.

ta ce o l t it be converted into cheese and but ter moved

anp i in t}:8 iorm ex orte d there will then be earl
, , .
'

OF D I
d from thi s cause alone a uanz h
l

drawn from the larg

OF T E P h on on m m m F F E RE N T
g
f H

tity of the materials of bones whi ch can only be re F rom what has been stated in the preceding sec
a
g gggg gE
dl l
}?: tiglgs
l

t gg
n
tions it appears as the
'

result both of theory and of , ,

practice that di ff erent ki nds of food are not e q ual

t
bs
y gggg g g
l b
gh ia ig: g a c of gg only in the preparation of human food but also in
,
c tle y
* 1y nourishi ng T his fact is of g reat importance not .
,

husbandry a s much b on e earth as 18 contained in the rearing and f attening 0 f S tO Ck I t h a s there

_
,

5 0 lbs of bone-dus t or in 4 5 years every imperial

:

fore been made th e subj ect of experiment by many

.

t land W 111 lose what 18 e qmvale n t to a ton 0 f

.

x
,

E is practical
re suus :
a griculturists with the fol l owing general ,

After the lapse of centuries therefore we can 1 o mr on h a b t ken as the S tandard O f

easily understand how old past ure lands in cheese com ac on t
, ,

m e n to yl ef; ti 6 s ame amount 0 f H our

y -
'

and dairy countries should become poor in the ma iS h l I p .

,
l 0f ha m s on feed ng
i t
e t
t eria l s of bones and how in such districts as is n ow g g y '

found to be the case in C heshire the app lication of ma 9 y eren P ersons m erer
,
t C o un tn es , :

Eh at 3 W eight 0 f the other kinds 0 f f O O d must

,
sa
bone dust should entirely alter the character of the
- y '

gras ses and renovate the old p astures be g i ven which is represented by the numb e r o
p ,

site to each in the following ta ble

, .

o
p
Os wa s G a ownvs or W oo n A N D u s E r n crs UPON m s
S OIL C r ot (wh i t )
,
1
gt 10 M g o ld wu rt z l
H y 45 a ar s, e
Cl o r h y
.

35 ve a o an -
e
T he reari ng o f wool aff ords a nother beauti ful Gr l ov r 45 t 5 0 T u r i p 50 ee n c e o n s

ractl cal l ust ra tl on both o f t h e kmd food W h t t r w 4 0 t 5 0 C bb g 20 t 3 0

P o o f ea s a o a a e o
B r l y tr w d b
,
2 0 t 40 P 3 t 5 a e s a o ea s a n ea ns o
W hic h a mm a1S ire for p articul a r Purposes an d O t tr w 20 t 40 Wh
requ rl y
t 5 t 6 : a s a o ea o
o f the effect whi ch a p ecuh ar husbandry must slow li tr w
.

2
t 15
$ 3 g : 3
.
es s a o a e 0
l t t t
1y produce upor the SO L Id i or
o a oe s a s 0
} E Ol d p o t t o 40 ? 5 a es n an c n
W 0 01 and hai r are di stm ul sh e d from the eshy Ca rr o t ( d ) 25 t 3 0 Oi l -ca k
part s o f the ammal by the garge propor ti on of sul
2 t 4 s, re o e o

p hur they contain Perf ecy cl ean and dry wool ,

I t is found in p ractice as the above table shows , ,

that twenty stones o f potatoes or th r ee of oil -cak e

conta ins about 5 p er cent o f sul phur or every 100 .
,
, ,

W 111 n oun sh an ammal as much as ten stones of

lbs c on t ai nt 5 lbs
. .

T he quan mty as well as the quahty 0f the W 0 01 ha w ill and ve stones of c at s as much as ei ther

S oihe th in g however wil l depend u on the q ual i

.

, ,

I t h b e
as tim t d th t th p r o p o r ti o of b
e n es i th
e t y o f the sample of each kind o f foo used whi ch
a e n on e n e

Ho r 125 of th l i w i gh t we know var i es very much and W l th numerous 011 '

se e ve e
S h p ld (M ri o
. .
,
12 5 of l 20 of d d d and so me th m also upon the age and
cu ms t a nce s
ee O e n ane : ea o.
a
r ly f h d f t constitution of the animal and upon the wa and o.
.
7
,3
33 ne a o es an a
17 of (we 2 0 of d a d d o
. .

Pi g u fa tt d , n e , . . e y . ,
28 N EW ENGL AN D F AR ME R . J
AN .

f orm in which the food is administered Th e skil But large quantities of f at accumulate in the .

ful rearer feeder and fat t ener of sto c k knows als o bo di es of most animals only when they are in an
, , ,

the value of a change of food or of a mixture o f unnatural and perhaps in some measure an uh , , , ,

the different kinds of vegetable food he may have healthy condition I n a state of natur e there are .

at h is command a subj ect we hav e considered in a comparatively few animals upon which large accu
p revi ous sec tion . mul ation s o f fat tak e place A certain por t ion as .
,

2 T he generall nutriti v e value of diff erent we have seen is necessary to the healthy animal ;
ki nds of food has also been represented th eo re ti but it is an interestin g fact that as much as is nec
.
,

cally by supposing it to be very nearly in p ropor essary to supp ly this is present in most kinds of
,

tion to the quantity o f nitrogen or of gl uten vegetable food I n W heaten f lo ur it is associated

, , .

which vegetables contain T hough this cannot be wi t h the gluten and m ay b e extracted from it after .
,

consid ered as a correct principle yet as the ordin a the starch of the flour h as been separa t ed from the ,

ry k inds of food on which stock is fed contain in gluten by washin g with water as already described ,

general an ample supply o f carbon for respiration (pp 4 0 and I n s o far therefore as this com , .
, ,

with a comparatively small p roportion of ni trogen parative ly small necessary quantity of fatty matter ,

these t heore tical determina tions are by no means i s concerne d the proportion of nitro gen may also ,

without their value and they approach in many be taken W ithout the risk o f any seri ous error as
, , , ,

cases v ery closely to the prac tical values abo v e a prac t ical indi cation o f the abili t y of the food to
,

gi v en as deduced from actual trial T hus assu mi supply the natural waste of fat in an animal whi ch
, .

ing that 10 lbs o f hay yield a certain amount o f is ei ther growing in general siz e only or is onl y t o
.
,

nourishment then of the o t her vegetable substa nces be maintained in its existing condi tion
, .

it will be necessar y according to theory to gi v e the W hile therefore it appears from the study of
, , , ,

following quantit i es in order to produce the same the principles upon wh i ch the feedin g of animals
,

general e ff ect in feeding depends that a mix ture of v arious principles is ,

C rr o t ( d ) 35 necessary in a nutriti v e food it is interesti ng to nd

a s re ,

C l ov r h y that all the k i nds of vegeta ble food wh i ch are rai s

.

g
8
* bb g to 4
o o o o o o o t 3 e l th er art or natural growth are In l eal
e a a a e
ah
.

e a se a n ea ns 0
W h t tr w
ea s a 52 W h t 5 ea
B rl y tr w
a e s a B rl y 6 i ty such m i xtures of these se v eral substances
a e
O t tr w
a s a O t 5 more or less a s
all c on d l t l on s re
tr w o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

P ea s a 6 Ry 5 e
P o t to
a es 28 Id or 6 qui red fr om a n u tmtl ou s Ch et ac c ord m
n ian c g to the S tate
n :

o t to m of heal t h and growth in wh i ch the an i m al to b e f e d

p p
ld
3833- }; gmay h appen to b e
a es a
p
u rn i s 1 ca e.
Ma g o ld w u r t z l
n - 50 e . .

An importa nt practical lesson on this subj ect

If the feeder be G are th to supply hl s s toek W l th therefore is taught u s by the study of the wise pro
,
,

a t i X t ure or O ceaS iOh e l C hange O f fe e d and e s

h visions of nature N o t only does the milk of t h e

Pe el e hy W here necessary W l th 3 Proper Pro portmh mother con t ain all the elements of a n utri t i v e food
.

i ,

matter h e ma
o r f at t
y y V ery safely re g l h a t e by mixed up together a s t he egg does also for the , m

the numbere m the above tables: the q uan tl t) 0 f unhatched bird but in rich natural pastures the
an
y one W h l e h he ought to Sh hetl th t e for a
l eh
same mix t ure uni formly occurs H ence in cro p ,
W e l gh t 0 t a n y 0 f the O th e l e S mce the t h eore tl ca l
.

ping the mixed herbage the anima l introduces into

Pract i cal results d0 n Ot I
,
an d n general V ery greatly it
s stomach portions of various plants soui e
diff er '
a b oun din g more i n sta r ch or suga r some mo m i n
i

3 A s has been al ready sta ted however i t i s not gluten or albumen some more
.
, fa tty matter , _

S t et l
y e o rre C t that this 0 1 that kind Of V egetable whil e some are naturally ri c her in saline o t he r s in
(
'

15 more t ted to sus am 3 1111 1 3 1 h te Si m

,

t 3 ply beca us e
ear t hy const ituents ; and out of these v aried m ate :

0 h the large O O E h Oh 0 f mt ro e h 0 1 gluten 1t (39 11

PI I rials t he digesti v e o rgans sele c t a due proportio n o f

P g
'

tal s i h U t 1t 13 m s e l) Pro v ded t ha t along l t h each an d rej ect t he rest

,

h i ; Wherever a pas ture b e

th i s mtrog en all plan t s contai n a cer t ai n propor ti on comes usurped by one or two ra sse s e ith e r ani
, .

,
g
_

0 f S ta re h 0 1 S h al
g and 0 f 5 3 11119 and earthy ma t mals cease to t h ri v e upon i t or t hey must crop a
'
:

ter -all of wh i ch as we have seen are re qui red in much larger q uantit of foo d to supply from t his
,

,
y ,

t m u tur e W h l c h m e et e a Sh S h et a m an ah l ma l
.

f Y one grass th e natural waste of all t he parts of their

i n a healthy condi t i on ; so that the proporti on of bo di es
.

ni trogen 111 a eh h stah ce ma y he C PD S Id e re d as a I t m ay indeed be assumed as almost a genera l

rough pract i cal i ndex o f the proporti on of the more prin c iple that W hene v er animals are f e d on one
.

mporta e t sali ne and earthy Ingredi ents 3 13 0

,
I kind of vegetable only there is a waste of one or
4 I
,
t I d O Ub tl l however h O W far t h1 T0
S VGE
Y o t her of the necessary elements of ani mal food and

P
'
o
r ,
,

Po rt mh 0 f h }trog eh can be re ga rded as a n y md ex that the great lesson on this subject ta u ght us by
.

0 f the f at t e m property 0 f V egetable S ubstance ~ nature is t hat by a

p g j u di ci o us a dmi xture n ot onl y is
I
, ,
h the fat 1h t h e b e d h e Pre dh ce d fro h the 011 ood econ omis ed bu t the l a bor i m os ed u on the di
} t f p p
in the f ood i t i s certai n that the proport i on of this
. ,

g es tive org a n s is a ls o ma t e ria lly dimin is hed

, .

oil in v ege ta ble substances is by no means regulated J 0 hmton 8 E l 6 mm t3 o 0 h e mmtry an d G 9 0 l Ogy

r

by that of the gluten or other analogous substances f ,

containin g nitrogen T he stoc k farmer wh o wishes .

t o lay on fat only upon his animals must t herefore

one of the f ac
,

be regulated by another principle H e must s e to n es of Ma i ne recently the rO i i e tors reduced

p
'

p ,
lect those kln d s 0 f f oO d Sh oh as h h see d an d 0 11 t he wages whereupon there was a general de t ermi

C ake l n W h ieh fatty matters appear to aboun d 0 1

,

nation to strik e and as they were obli ged to gi v e a

'
,
:
mix as Ihave already said (p 3 5 42) a due p ropor month s no ti ce before qui t ti ng w ork t h ey li axe i n
, .
,

non 0 f fat or 0 11 W l th the O ther kl h de 0 f fe e d he

the mean time issued a circular to the W orld at l arge
employs '

in whi c h is the follo win g interesti ng paragraph

* Both ut i o we r c n .

W e are now workin g out our notic e and shall ,
 185 6 . N EW ENGLAN D F A R ME R . 29

s oon withou t e mploym en t ; can t urn our h an d t o

be s t ou t er an d th e co rn ea rli e r an d mor e soun d B u t
, .
,

mO St an y th in g ; don t lik e to be idl e- bu t d e t er

in d e p en d en tly of t hi s s ourc e of pro t from fowl s ,

mined n ot t o work f or n o t hi n g wh e r e folks can af ,
t h e di scussio n t o whi ch we re f e r a ff ord e d s a tis f ac .

f ord t o a W ho wants h el W e c an m ak e
puddi n gs p ig ; an d c ak e s p atch , , ,
t o ry proof t o us th at n o p roduc t o f th e fa rm yi e ld s
,

d arn knit ro as t s t e w an d fry make butt e r a n d

, , , ,
a b e tt er
F ront t h an l t s town "

ch ee s e milk cow s fe e d chick e n s h o e corn sw e e p

, , , ,

o ut th e kitch en pu t t h e p a rl or to righ t s m ak e b e ds
A P ES CA T C H C R A B S H OW
, , ,

s pli t wood ki n dl e r e s w a sh an d ir o n b e sid e s b e .

, , ,

in g r e m a rk ably fo n d of b abi e s ; in fa c t c an do a n y A t ra v e ll e r in J a v a re l at e s th e followin g a mu si n g

,

thin g th e mos t a ccomp li sh e d hous e wife is c a p abl e sc en e which h e witn e ss e d in t h e comp a n y of so me ,

o f n o t forg e tti n g th e scoldi n gs on Mon d a ys an d
, o f t h e n a tiv e s :
S a turd ays F or sp e c im en s of spirit will re fe r yo u
.
A ft e r w a lk i n g clos e up t o th e ol d c a mp aign t h e y
, ,
t o our ov e rs e e r Sp e ak quick Bl ack e ye s f a ir we re upon th e )oi n t o f t urn in g b a ck wh en a you n g
fe llow e m e rge d from th e thi ck e t an d s a id a f e w
. .
, ,
f or e h e a ds clus t e ri n g looks b ea u tiful as H eb e can
, , , ,
s i n g lik e a se r a ph an d smil e mo s t b e witchi n gly
, words to th e man door Th e l a t t e r t urn e d with a .
.

An eld e rly gen tle m an in wan t of a good hous e k e e p laugh t o F r an k and a sk e d him if h e h a d e v e r s een ,
e r or a ni c e man in w an t o f a w ife wil l i n g t o s us th e a p e s c a tch crabs F rank re li e d in th e n e g a
hi s S
, .

ta in e ith e r ch ar a cter ; in fa ct we are in th e mar tiv e an d th e man d oor , an d le d him gen t , ,

ke t ! W h o bids ? G o in g go n e go n e ! W ho s

ly an d c au tiously through th e d e s e rt e d vil la g e t o a ,
th e lucky ma n ?
spo t which th e you n g fe llow h a d poin te d out an d ,

wh ere th e old man h a d f orm e rly plan te d h e dges ,

r en d e rin g i t an ea sy t ask f or t h em t o a ppro a ch nu

H O ME MA D E GU A N O obs e rv e d .
.

I t is n ot p e rh aps g en er a lly k n ow n th a t th e d e A t l en g th t h e y r ea ch e d th e bou n d ary of th e f or

, ,

posi ts o f th e h e n -hous e wh en suff e r e d t o a ccu mu m e r s e t tl e m e n t a dry s an dy soil strip o f b ea ch , , ,

wh e r e all v e ge ta ti on c ea s e d an d o n ly a sin gl e ta ll
,

l a t e f or s e v e ral y e ars withou t e xposur e t o we t are p an d an us t r e e whos e roo t s w e r e t hickly in t e rl ac e d

, ,
,

,
v e ry n ea rly o f th e s am e n at ur e as the A fric an an d wi th cr ee pin g pl an ts form e d a s i t w ere t h e a dv an c e d ,

P e ruvi an g u an o o f w hich so much h as b ee n said pos t of th e v e g e t a bl e ki n g dom

, B e hin d this t h e y . .

I t is con c en tr at e d an d c a us t ic m an ur e an d should cr a wl e d a lon g an d c au t iously r ai sin g t h e i r h e ad s

,
, ,

th e y sa w s e v e r a l ap e s a n d a t a dis t an c e o f two or
n e v e r b e a ppli e d t o crops wi thou t b e i n g l a rg e ly di ,

th re e hun dr e d pa c e s wh o w e r e p ertly lookin g f or ,

lu te d wi th lo a m or som e oth e r subs ta n c e to r e duc e s om e thing as th e y w a lk e d u an d down th e b ea ch ,
p ,
its s t r en gth by di ffusio n a s it wi ll in v a ri ably prov e whil e oth e rs s t ood m o tio n l e s s
, .

d e trim en tal if n o t d e s tructiv e in its e ff e c t s If it I

,
t wa s th e lo n g t a il e d b r ow n v a rie ty an d F rank . , ,

w as b e gi n n i n t o r e gr e t t h a t h e h a d n ot his t e l e
b e t hrown i n t o a h e a p wi t h six t im e s its bulk o f g
scop e with hi m t o w a t ch t h e mot io n s of th ese
n ud or 0 f good lo a m an d mO i ten e d W it} w a t e r
,

i f1 ? s tran ge b e in s mor e clos e ly wh en on e of th e m a

I t W 1 1 b e fou n d nl gnly e fu en t l n Promonn g th e tr em en dous la rge fe llow b e an t o dra w n ear e r to
, , ,

g ,

grow th an d h ea lthy d e ve lopm en t of an y pl a n t th e m C are full y e x a minin g t h e groun d ov e r whi ch .

,

t o W hi ch it may b e a pp l i e d ; b ut it should never h e w en t with a ll f our s h e s t ood a t i n t e rva l s t o ,

s cra t ch hims e l f o r t o sna p a t som e mse c t t h a t

b e us e d in it s raw an d c aus t ic s ta t e A f ew .
,

bush e ls o f t hl S m an ur e prop e rly di lut e d an d pre buzz e d aroun d him .

He came so close t h at F rank f an ci e d tha t he

p a r e d wi ll b e foun d t o produc e th e r e sul ts s e cure d must sc e n t th e m an d W th e a larm t o th e oth er

,
,

by a v a stly l a rg e r a mou n t o f th e b e s t s tabl e or monk e ys wh e n sudden y passin g ov er a littl e e l e v a ,

b a m-yard m an ur e F or vi n e s an d g ard en v e g e ta tio n cov ere d with with e r e d r ee d y gr a ss h e h er e dis

. ,

cov e r e d a p a rt y o f cr abs p a ra di n g u a n d do wn on
bles i t is a ltog eth e r un surp a ss e d . p ,

t h e h o t s an d W i th a boun d h e was a mo n gst t h e m

I n a r e c en t discussio n upo n t h e pro t s o f
po u1 but n o t q uick en ough t o c at ch a s in gl e on e ; f or t h e
_
.
,

t ry e nde nce wa s a dduc e d by two or thr e e Pe rso n s cr a bs though a

,
ppa ran tly so clumsy d a rt e d lik e :
, ,

t hat th e m an ur e fr om th e h en -hous e p roduc e d be t 1i h tn ing into a quan ti ty o f sm a ll hol e s or c a vi ties .

t e r re sul t s on crops th an an y o th e r f e r t iliz e r u s e d W m a de th e groun d b elle re s e mbl e } s e lve an d ,

h e a e co u ld n o t t h rust h l S p a w s a ft er th e m f or
o n th e fa rm In on e i n s ta n c e
. wh e r e abou t on e t p ,
,

th e oric e was t oo n arrow

h n u dre d f0 W 18 w ere k e p t sa n d m ere g r a un 1M The man d oor n udge d F ran k g e n t ly t o dra w his
_
.

3
s an d was sc a tt e r e d pl e n t i fully on t h e oo r
,
an d a t t e n tio n an d th e y
saw t h e a e a ft e r cr a w lin g o n c e
p ,
, ,

upon which th e dropp in gs fe ll Two or t hr ee or t wic e up an d do wn the sm a ll strip of l an d an d .

,

tim e s a w e ek th e surf a c e o f this wa s c are fully sw e pt pe e pin g in t o t h e Va riou s 110 19 8 W ith his 110 89 01089 , ,

t o t h e grou n d s udd en ly s eat in g hims e lf v e ry gr a v e

g a th e rin g u p a por ti o n of th e s an d wi th th e drop
,

l b on e o f th e m which h e fan ci e d mos t sui ta bl e

Eie {
p l ugs a n d d e pos i t in g th e whol e l n b arr e ls I l
h en brough t roun d h is lo n g t ail t o th e f r o m
.
,
n th e .
.
,
S pri n g this W a s in t h e mO S t co n v e nien t form t o be thru st th e end o f t i n t o h e c a vi ty u n til h e met
i t ,

t a k e n t o t he e lds an d appli e d t o th e h ill s wh e r e wi th an obs tacl e an d sudd enl d m a d e a f a c e which

c or n wa s to b e pl an te d an d on a l a rg e e ld wh er e S O amused F r an k th a t h e W 0 yh ave l a ugh e d lon d
,

:
,
l h a d n o t t h e man d oo r r a is e d hi s n g e r wa rn i n gly

e xce u e n t h a m y a rd m an ur e was a ppli e d at th e ra t e

. y ,
an d d ire ct l th e a e dr ew out his e xtraordin ar
o f tw e n ty c x

a cr e
ca rt lo a ds or abou t e i gh t cords p e r line with a ei k A ?the en d O f it how ev e r h un
,
j
th e Portio n W h e r e a S i n gl e nan d f n 0 f t h e th e d e s ir e d boo ty a f at cr ab by on e o f its cla w s
,
,
.
, g
, ,

h om e -m a d e gu an o h a d b e en appli e d was a l t og e th e r an d swi n gi n g i t r oun d on the gr ou n d wi t h such vi

.
30 NEW ENGLAN D F A R ME R . J
AN .

ole n c e as t o m ak e i t loos e its hold h e t ook it in h is an d e xpos e d W e h av e fr e quen tly b e en surpris e d

,
.

l e f t Pew Pick e d U p a S to n e W ith th e O th e r an d an d shock e d by wh at a pp ea r t o be an u n m e rciful

, ,

a f ter ck in th e Sh e ll d e vour e d th e savo ry c on re ga rdl e ss n e ss o f th e comfor t n d h lth of t h e ir

g

a ea
ten ts with ev i d en t satisfa ction
d O me s tl c a mm a18partw1arly t h e you n g S t oe k
.

F our or ve h e thus c a ugh t in succ e ss io n on e a ch ,

occa sion wh en th e crab n ipp e d hi m m akin g a fa c e E ve ry corr e c t farm e r wi ll study th e comfor t o f ,

.

o f h e ro ic re si n a tio n an d a in but e a ch t i m e h e e v e ry a n im al un d e r his ca r e n o t o n ly from a co m

g ,

was succ e ssful a n d h e mus t av e foun d in t h e d a i n mo n rin ci l e o f hum an i t y which is O i should b e

p p
.
,
, , ,
ty dish an d t h e r e v en ge f o r th e n il) abu n d an t s at
in still e d i n t o him by th e g en tl e an d hum an iz i n g
'

, ,

isf action for th e s in h e en du r e d or e ls e h e would

no t have s e t t o l rk a g ain so soo n
ch ar a ct er o f 1 1 18 pursui ts but from a h e a lthy an d ,
.

Thus th en th e ap e qui te en gag e d wi th th e ort l a ud abl e r e ga rd f or his own i n te r e s t s A s a fa c e

an d withou t t a kin g h is e y e s off t h e grou n d h es pap tious write r on c e said mis ery n e v e r ye t fa tt en e d

.
,

, ,

re e eh e d t 0 W ithi n a h e n t t we n t y a c e s 0 f t h e p a rty a
P P n
y on e a n d cold a n d hun g e r are mis e r a bl e b e d ,
c on c e al e d b e hin d th e p an d an u s t r e e H e r e a gai n fe llows G ood b a r n s comfor ta bl e S h e ds C los e
.
, , 99

t h e rou n d was full o f hol e s an d looki n g o ut t h e

,
cot e s f o r S h e e p an d S W I n e to go t o wh e n th e y

on e 8 co n j e c t ur e d t o be t h e b e st h e t hr e w in h i s ,

lin e on c e an d p r ob ably fe l t th at th e r e was som e pl ea s e are amon g th e mos t e l e gan t emb e lh sh men t s
, ,

th in g aliv e withi n for h e a w a i te d th e r e sul t with of which a hom e ste a d in a rur a l di s tricts can possi
, ,

si n s o f t h e mos t e a ge r a t t e n t io n bl y bo a s t
g .
.

Th e a ff air how e v e r l a s te d lon g e r th an h e an tici

a t e d ; but b e i n a lr e a d w e ll ll e d b his p a st
Succ essful m a t . pu m a up his n ets laid h is GAR D EN S E E D S ,

af me O D th e m bo we d hi s h e a d an d h a lf closi n g Th e r e is a m atte r to which I wish t o c a ll th e at

P , ,

hl e e y e s h e e SS ume d S U C h a re sI
, g n e d an d ye t e x t e n tio n o f t h e public a n d e sp e ci a lly th a t por tio n o f
"

qmsne l y com i c a l fa c e a s o n ly an ap e l s c ap abl e 0 f it wh o d ea l in ga rd e n s e e ds ; a n d th at is t h e ba d

.

: ,
u t t in g 9 11 U h d e l th e s e C if eumS te n C e S qu a lity o f m a n y o f th e ki n ds th a t th e y s e n d rou n d

p
B ut hi s qu i e t was d e st in e d t o b e d i s turb e d i n a a mo n g us A t v e cents a p a p e r which on an av ,

ma nn e? as u n susp e c t e d as it wa s cru e l
, ,
mU S t e ra g e co n t ai n s e a ch n ot mor e th an a
.
spoo n .

h aVe dl ee e me d som e v e ry mte restmg Obj eC t m th e ful th e y c an w e ll a ff ord to furn ish us with t h e v e ry
. .

,
c l ouds f or h e was sta rin g u th e r e xe dlymh e n b e b e s t of n ew s e e ds in du e d with full a n d a ctiv e vit a l
,
,
ut t e re d a l O U d ye ll l e f t 110 1 Of h i s k n e e s , W l th B ut I a m sur e som e d o n o t an d I h a z a rd t h e
,
,
b oth h an ds f or h is ta il an d ma de a bou n d in t h e a ir r e m a rk th a t n o n e t ak e th e p a i n s th e y o ugh t to tak e
: , .

an if th e gro un d u n d e r him W 3 8 grow n g re d h o t Th e loss of 5

i 10 o r 15 c en ts is n o t much ; bu t ,
,
A t th e e n d 0 f hIS tal l h o we v er h un g l g g n t i c crab ; th a t is by n o m ean s t h e whol e loss

Th e r e is th e
f i a
, : .

t o rn W l th d e sp era t e e n e rgy h e m h l s h l dl ng Pl a c e loss o f t h e l a bor of pr e p a ri n g t h e grou n d of s ow

j : ,

e h d F r ank W h o C ould r e s trai n h i ms e lf n o lo n ge r in

; g th e s e e d of much of th e m a n ur e us e d a n d o f , , ,

t h en hm S t In to a l e n d l a h gh
'

th e e xp e ct e d c r0 ) A n d th e r e is t h e v e x a tio n
Th e man door a t rs t re tal n e d hi s gram 3 b ut wh ich in thi s wor ld which is s o full of v e x a tion s
g .
,

, , ,
Wh e n th e a pe a l arm e d b y th e str an g e S ou n d O Ok e d ou ht n o t to b e i n ict e d upo n us i f s e e d s e ll e rs can
, ,
,
1an d ne w men an d t h en bou n d e d o n a t hi ll S p e e d w e 1 h e lp it
: Th e compl ai n t do e s n o t proc e e d from : .

with his to rm e n tor s till dan glin g at th e en d of hi s on e o n ly b u t from m a n y , ,

ta il t h e Old man 30 l n o lo n g e r r e frain e ith e r eh l Th e r e is h a r d ly an y s e e d which do e s n ot los e a

:
f :

th e y h e th laugh ed tnl th e t e a rs ran down t h e " portio n o f its vi ta li ty ; som e los e a ll if k e pt ov e r

Ch e e k s .
mor e th an on e win t er I t is pr e tty w e ll k n own .

Th e e Pe in th e meeh W hh e e w a cross t h e h e r th a t s e e d s e ll e rs t ak e b a ck in th e fall th e s ee d um

, ,

-

row s tri p of s an d follow e d by a ll th e oth e rs to wa rds sold in t h e pr e c e di n g spri n a n d t h e suspicio n is

o , ,

a mom en t a ft e r n e t 3 S i n gl e rife a mo n g us th a t t h e s e ed t a k e n b a ck is o ffe r e d

g
7
th e J un gl e nd m
:

on e wa s W el bl e a g a i n an d p e rh a ps a third or fourth tim e Th e pa , .

p e rs b ear n o da t e o f t h e y ea r wh en th e s ee d was
ra is e d ; an d wh y do th e y n ot ?
WI N T E R S HE L T E R F OR A NIM AL S I fear th e s e e d-s e ll e rs do n ot t ak e suf ci en t c ar e
.

S olomo n s ays A righ te ous man re g ard e th th e t o put up on ly t h e b e s t s ee d I n a ll c a s e s w h e r e .

,

lif e o f h is b eas t I t is r e mar k abl e t h a t on a v e ry th e pl an t is bi en n i al th e y should use n on e b ut l a rg e

,

, ,

h e a lthy roots ; an d w h e n i t i s umbe h f e rou s hk e t h e

.

l ar g e m aj o rity of o ur f a rms f ar less a t t e n tio n is ,

,
p arsn i p o r bran chi n g lik e th e b e e t th e y should ,

p a i d t o th e comfort o f our dom e s ti c an i m a l s du ri n g

put up n o n e but such as is born e on t h e c e n tr al ,
, ,

th e lon g Peri O d 0 f th ei r co n n e m en t du rin g t h e umb e ls a n d th e pr in cip a l bran ch e s If th e y w e re .

win t e r mo n t hs t h an t h e w e ll -kn own hum an ity of to r e mov e th e i n fe rior umb e ls (th e umb e ls o n ly )
, , ,

t tt t an d t h e tops of th e i n fe rior br an ch e s a t t h e tim e

our f a rm e rs in o h
, e r m a e rs would se e m o in ,
,

sur e LIE B I G th e di s ti n guis he d G e rm an ch e mist of blossomi n g or b e for e t h e u mb e ls an d br an ch e s , ,

,
le ft w ould b e a r b e tte r s e e d ; an d thos e r e mov e d
sa ys th a t o ur C lothi n g 18 an eq mval en t f or fe e d ;
,

would prob ably if l e ft hav e borne on ly abor tiv e , ,

an d e v e ry disc e rn in g an d r e ec tin g p e rso n must seeds ,

h av e rece iv e d a v e ry s t riki n g an d impr e ssiv e corrob It h a s b e e n sa id th a t c abb a ge s e e d r ais e d from ,

ora tio n o f t h e truth o f th e obs e rva t io n in th e pla i n c abb a g e S ta lks t h e h ea d b e i n g r e mov e d s e ldom Pre

: :

f a c t tha t an a n im a l comfor tably Sh e lt e r e d an d p ro

duc e pl an ts th a t h e a d w e ll S o r e a so n t e a ch e s _
. .

A n d it h as b een s a id a lso th a t s uash a n d um

,

wa d e d W l t h l i tte r or b e dd i n g co n sum e s dur i n g wi n

t er 19 88 f o o d
,
,

n e arly o n e h a lf th an an a n im a l 0 f t o produc
'
kin seeds t ak en fr om th e S te m 3
e
,
n d a re m

S imi l a r to th e p ar en t th a n thos e ta
ea t , , g
th e sam e siz e and kin d will re quire if u n c a r e d f or ken fr om th e blossom en d It is w e ll worth whi l e .
 185 6 . N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . 31

to ascertain if this saying is correct R eection . manured be f ore th e superphosphate w as applied ,

would probably suggest a r e a son why it is s o . and had equal culture we give th e result of our ,

This spring more compl ain t has b e e n m ade of th e

, experiment G athering and husking th e row with
.

b a d quali ty of parsnip a n d onion s e e d s than of any out superphosphate w e found they weighed 3 6 ,

oth e r ; but th e beet b e d s show many vacancies . pounds n ot ten ears o f which were hard or perfect
, ,

D oubtless the f a il ure o f many s eeds is due to the having su ff ered from the frost some four weeks ago ,

ignorance or carelessness of the sower I t will take . while the n ext was perfectly matur ed an d the e ars
but a f e w lines to remark th a t in a dry season c ov , , weighed 6 0 pounds We are convinced that the .

ering the s e e d sown f or t hr ee or four days with a , , superphosphate saved our entire crop o f corn al ,

board or a piece of o ld carpet will sometimes cause ,

though we used only a table -spoonful in a hi ll .

it to vegetate wh en otherwise it might n ot

, . What will our neighbor of the N ew E ng l a nd F a r e

C an you Mr E ditor give a list o f t h e s e e ds

, .
,
mer which is on e of the best agricultural an d fam
,

which lose their vitality soonest a n d o f oth e r seeds ,

ily n e wspa pers in the worltl say to this P Chelsea ,

which retain their vitality longest ? Honest seed Tel eg ra ph .

raisers and all are hon e st for aught I kn ow wo ul d

, , ,

be g lad t o learn Your s &c S HA L E .

, .
, . . R E MA R Ks Your neighbor o f th e N E F a r
. . .

Kte n e, J
V H mer th inks the experiment a very f avorable one and ,

ad m t? X 1 0 u m e It xt ye ar n 9 9
i 3 f gg : $
3t e res t W e t 9 same 6 hav e r eused 8 a
5
0
w. a n, agree with our correspo n dent that ,
1
there is great n e e d of improvement in th e quality

'

tween fty an d S IX tY 1311311 9 15 0 f t 0 the acre

.

o f garden seeds W e have long been aware that if

. ,

th e r e is anything in which the public are hum this year where only a handful of superphosphate
,

bugg ed it 18 m garden seeds BM the cause

, was appli ed but th e land wa s heavily manured,
n o t be la i d to t he established seed dealers ; it b e
last y ear
longs wholly and exclusively to the purchasers .

They require cheap seeds and always buy of those

wh o sell the lowest and o f cours e they get them ; TH E YI E L D OF L E SS TH A N A N A CR E
,

, ,

f or no honest upright seedsman could supply pure

,
0F GR OUN D
f resh s e e ds at the unusually l o w pr i ces at which Isee going th e rounds of t h e papers the products

t hey are now sold .

o f a two acre farm
- amounting after nine years
,
Th e truth is the mass of th e people b uy garden preparation to the annual sum o f $ 13 3 20 and the
, ,
S eeds as they W O U I d 3 Pound 0 f sug a r 0 1 a b U S h e l 0 f writer concludes h e will have his reward if th e ao
'

,
c om ; the cheapest always nding the most custom count he gives will stimulate others to do the lik e ,
ers Th e standin of the seedsman is no consider o ut o f nothing To add a further stimulus I give

anon and the 889 gS Of an unkno wn dealer are just th e following account of the l ro ductio n s of a hous e
.
.

as readily ta ken as those from t h e merchant who is 10 t containi ng b ut 139 p erc il es an d 83 5 feet A t
,

W 9 11 knq wn and has a reputation to 10 89 Th e least on e -third of this is taken up by house and
,

compet i ti on among dea l ers and the eagerness t o se out bui ldings an d about o n e-third of th e balance
,
.

,
cure customers has lowered prices an d a s they are too steep for cultivating anything but grass an d
, ,

below what fresh seeds can be raised for they must trees I t came into my possession four years ago , ,
,
o f course h e adulterated t o afford a living Th e with the portion now cultivated stripped o f its soil .

S h on e S t seedsman if there are an

dI y w eb mus t P11 1 by grading to ll u p terrace walls There are three

, , .

su e this cours e 01 oh a se na -hazard an

u y seed of these 5 t o 8 feet high I t has produced during

P r
p , , , , .

o ff ered f o r sale of which there is always an abun th e past season ;

,

d an c e Wi thout kn owmg anythi ng about them 306 q t f S t wb i 20 t

, .
ua r s o ra e rr e s , c s. ,
P robably not on e in ten of those wh o buy seeds 60 b h A p g 5 t u nc es s a ra us , c s , .

are aware that the best seedsmen wh o c an be re lb

sggg b m
3
% t
,
200
i s
t
se e es c s
l i e d upon have the r s e e ds rais e l expressly f o r
,
i h 16 3 mm 6 t : l
96 c s .

them and often furn i sh t e stock or know that i t q t

3 1% t
t -
? t pb
, ua r s 83 5 , C s i
,

ure I t S th e ou y wa
I they can be certai n of
q i i ua r s as e rr e s c s.
10 b Rh b b
i s
p .
y r
h 6 t : 60 u nc es u ar c s.
the i r en ui n en e ss Th e only remedy i s th e r e fore
O
6 q t Ch i 10 t 60 ua r s e rr e s , c s. ,

to deal Wi th rs t ra te houses with men

.
> , ,

wh o are G p $2 ra es:
o
k nown and to be willin g t 0 Pay a f3 p n ce for a
o 10 b h l P h t $ 2
,
us e s ea c e s , e x ra ,
4; b h l P
5
h mm 50 t us e s eac es, co on , c s. ,
ure art i cle I f however they must be had at a G d
pow pr i ce purchasers must expect to have them 100 G b y t
p ra s s , se c on c ro
8 m
.
, , ,
47 0 P h t 1 3 " b d eac re e s ea u ' ne , c "
,
5 t oo se e rr re e s , c s. ,
m i xed Wi th old seeds ; for i t i s th e only wa y i n 1% b h l O i 75 t us e s n on s , c s. ,

wh i ch the dealero c ano compete witho th e o cheap seeds 8

H P 40 a 80
40
O SB s"

man O ur adv i ce I s to buy noth i ng i n the way of 12 gfgggt m 1 y

.
, 18
s
es, e a r,
seeds plants or trees because they are cheap
, , .

H ovey s M a g a z in e .
T tl o a

E very tree shr ub and plant has been se t by my ,

S UP E RPH O S P H A TE or LIME a s A F E RTIL IZ E R o wn hands excepting about one do z en and three .

W e w e r e induced last spring on the recomme n d a old peach trees within the four years an d had my
, , ,

tion o f a friend to use some superphosphate o f lime attention only before breakf ast a n d after supper
, .

upon some corn wh ich we were planting I n order I n addition to my o w n labor the whole lot has n ot .
,

t o make the experiment f airly we left o n e ro w of received more than 2 0 days work during the se a ,

corn without any of this fertiliz er Th e rows in s on perh aps less .

, .

which we placed the superphosphate came up the I f t h e N ew E ng la n d F a rmer or an y other can ,

rst grew the ran kest and looked the best all beat this let us hear from them R O BE RT A R
, , , .

through the season A week ago to-day we har TH UR S P itt T owns hip lleg ha ny C o P en n
.
, , .
, .

vested the cr0 p an d as all the piece wa s equally Wes tern g ri culturist P i tts burg
, , , .
32 N EW ENGLAN D F A R ME R . J
AN

J E R SE Y cow, F LOR A .

A mong th e made to intro d uce b e tt e r b o th for milk beef an d their adap tation to o ur ,

milch cows to our farms both for milk and for dai , climate and pastures I
, n the meantime we are .
,

ry purposes the l derney or J ers e cows have taken happy to express o ur obligations t o those wh o are
, y , ,

quite a prominent place ; but their possession h a s wil lin g to breed and t e st them .

n o t become general ; a few enterprising persons ,

Th e cow from w h ich the above engra v ing was
only having purchased them who can afford to ex
, ,
taken is the property of JO N A THA N F R EN C H E sq
, , .
,

pe rime n t and lose if such should be th e result

, , ,
of R oxbury who has furni sh ed us th e subj oined
,

without having the loss materially a ffect their other account of her .

operations I n many cases they have proved ex

. F lora the Jersey cow is four years old last S e p
, ,

ce lle n t hut n ot in all

, . tember an d weighs ni ne hun dr ed pounds Sh e
, .

Mr L awrence in his general treatise on cattle

.
, , was imported S eptember 185 4 direct from the
, , ,

gives as a general description of the cows that , Jersey I slands ; was then with calf whi ch was ,

they are li ght red yellow d un and fawn colored ;

, , ,
- dropped last Mar ch .

short wild horned deer -necked with a general re

,
-
, ,
Th e largest quantity of milk she has given in a n y
semblance to th a t animal ; thin hard and small , ,
on e day was thir teen quarts
, As much of the .

h oned irregular an d often very awkwardly shaped

, . milk as was requi red f or th e us e o f the family to
He thinks they are among the best milkers in the m ake up the deciency of another co w was reserved ,

world as t o qual ity He had been assur ed that an A l

, . and the balance made into butter givin g for sever , ,

d e rn e y cow that had strayed from her own er made a l weeks n in e t o ten pounds !
, Af ter cal ving she ,
,

n i n eteen pounds of butter a week each o f the three ,

was sick and did not produce the quantity or qual ,

weeks sh e w as kept by the nder ; and th e fact ity of milk whi ch may be expected from her when
,

was held so extraordinary as to be thought worth ,

fu lly acclimated .

a memorandum in the parish books This product .

G RE E N L A N D L consists of
AD Y s D R E ss Thi s
however has been equalled we believe by som e of .

, , ,
seal-skin stockin gs wi th the fur next to the foot ,
the common or native cows o f N e w E nglan d Th e
, .

and of such length as to reach above the knee .

reports in the transactions o f our country ag ric ul tu O ver these is drawn a pair of seal-skin boots with ,

ral societies have frequently shown a product of one the fur outside so that the boots are in truth a
,

pound of butter from f o u r quarts of milk

, .
seal-skin o f double thickness with the fur outside ,

B efore coming to a conclusio n of their true value

and inside too Th e pantaloons are o f seal-sk in
. ,
,
something in the form of old-fashi oned knee breech
we thin k they mus t become m ore common on our os . A jacket of seal-skin fur in side ts close to , ,
farms so as more generally to learn their qualities
, , the body Th e outer habili ment is a loose j urrah
.
185 6 . N EW ENGLAND F AR ME R . 33

CZ A R , CA L F OF TH E JE R SE Y COW , F L OR A .

A GE 8 MO N TH S . WE IG H T 5 00 L B S .

of ali co A roun d the neck is a ruff of dog s fur
c . poun d a dded and half an ounce of sal tpetre t o the , ,

b ut undernea th this is a wh ite o r black h an dke r ten pounds of salt al l boiled f or about fteen min ,

ch ief tied snug t o the neck Th e dre ss when orna utes and the froth s kimmed off ; it is then se t
.
,

me ri t ed is quite a handsome on e as it is the bes t o f

aside t o cool When cold the hams may be placed
, .
,

the bloomer style . in this pickle and left f or three weeks They sh ould .

then be li f ted hung up f or thre e or four days t o ,

drip an d are then t t o be smoked , .

H OW TO CUR E H A N S F o r family u se in stead o f smokin g th e hams a f

.
,

A s this is ab out t h e time when mos t farmers are t e r t hey are salted an d dripped if they are s imply ,

r u bbed over with black pepper an d hun g u p f o r a

prep a ring their hams beef tongues & c for future f ew days to dr the m ea t acquires a v ery n e na
, , .
,
y
.

,
u se a few suggestions on t h e subj ect will un doubt
,
v or A mild smoky ta ste may be given t o h am s .

e dly be acceptable without smoking them by simply smokin th e bar

g
.
,

We woul d n ot advi se the u se of saltpetre in rels in whi ch they are to be laid down i n pickle .

T h i s is a good pl a n because the t aste of the smoke

curing meat it is entir ely unn ecess ary and it is
,

s ome persons lik e is given t o the m eat

,
which
da ngerous Many of the other suggestions below without di scoloring it S ides of pork s hould be
.

are valuable : treated in th e same manner as hams laid in th e

P ORK H ams When the meat is perfectly cold pickle ; b ut f or home use d uring wi nter by merely , , ,

after being killed it is ready to be salted Th e r ubb ing th e sides with s alt every day f or a week or
, .

salt should be o f the best qua lity solar evap ora t ten days then hanging them in a moderately cool ,

ed ground ne is perhaps th e best kin d and to place t o dry f or use the meat is much sw ee ter th a n
, , , , ,

every pound o f it one ounce o f ne white sugar tha t laid down in pickle This i nformation we .

should be added Th e hams should be laid upon a have derived f rom one long en gag ed in curin g pork
. ,

table or bench and every part carefully rubbed wi th and we ha ve satis ed ourselves practically o f i ts
, , ,

thi s salt ; then they should be laid in a dry tub correctness Th e amoun t o f salt f or rubbing on .

un til the next day Th e same operation should be the meat does n e t rel P ire 30 b e st ated ; 110 Per?
.

r e peate d every d ay for four days taking care to c an go wrong by ruhbmg on t oo great a
t ur n the hams in the tub every time they are laid Th e sugar 15 used f or the Purpose Of n um
,
f ymg the
down A fter th is th e operation may be repeated b i tter taste o f the s a ltp e tre an d also that o f any
,
, ,

once every two days f or a week wh en it will be bl e H ulPh ate 0 f magn e sm 0 1 sulphate 0 f Be d e
.
'

found that the meat h as absorbe d suf cient salt to th e t may be in salt
pres erve it f o r family use A fter this it may be B E E F HA M S Th e nest beef hams are made by
.
.

slightly smoked or h ung up to dry Hams intend cuttin g o ut the entir e b o ne o f th e hind-quarter
, .
,

e d for sale should be once rubbed over with the then rubbing in the salt and sugar the same a s d e ,

salt as described then placed in a strong pickle scribed for pork hams turnin g them over and rub
, , .
,
This should be made o f t h e best salt 10 lbs t o the hin them every day for o n e week A fter this t hey
g . .

100 lb s o f pork with on e ounce o f sugar t o the are hung u to drip i n a coo l place f or three days
,
p
.
.
34 N EW ENGLAN D F AR M E R . J
AN .

Th e are down and rubbed all over on

n ow taken , an y method t o destroy the inch worm green and ,

a ta l e o r bench with some ne salt black pepper , , , black that eats up all th e foliage of the currant
,

an d cloves all ground together ,

A bout on e o unce . bushes ? They have eaten ours two seasons the
each of salt and pepper and half an ounce of , second season the bushes died ; th er e are my riad s
cloves are su f cient f or thir ty pounds of meat but
, , o f them .

t h e exact quantity cannot be given N o person . A lso a cur e for mildew on grape vines .

c an g o wrong if he rubs every part o f th e whole M PA VIL I O N HO USE . .

s ur f ace of the ham with some of this salt and e Mon tp eli er, N 185 5
per composition Th e ham is n ow t to be rolled
ov
p .
, .

. .

Th is is accomplished by rolling it into cylindrical

F or the N ew E ng l a n d F ar mer
f orm swilling it roun d f rom th e narrow to the
.

t hickest end and hanging it up t o dry f o r about ten

, F A RMIN G ON P OO R L A N D
days be f ore it is used I
.

t is cut in round slices f or

MR E D IT OR -I
.

f rying by commencin g at th e butt end A stout . h volume 10 N o 2 8 of th e , .

weekly F a rmer Igave you a statistical account of

.

cord is used to swill or tie such hams and it must ,

be looped or turned un der on both sides along the

, ,
the expenses and prots o f a piece of land which I
coils of the co rd so as to have every co il rmly had tilled for two years previous which left m e a ,

bound and held in place when the ham is being cut

in slices for daily use
,
n ett prot o f In ow send you the amoun t
o f another crop with the expense o f raising it to
Hams m ade in this m an ner .
, ,

a re the nest in the world a luxury .

show that farming does pa y even on the hard lands ,

o f o u r hi lly town
S moked beef is to be found in abundance in o ur .

markets but it is a poor eatable o f the meat kind 1 85 5 D r.

b
.
,

in comparison with beef prepared a s described Ma y 7 8 To. d a y s l a or w th b oy a n d o xe n t o i

p l o w a n d b a rro w,
.

We hope some of our farmers will make some such Ma y 8 b

To 1 us h e l wh e a t, s own ,
b
.

bee f hams this fall f or family use They will not .

Ma y 14 . To 1 d a y s l a or w th b oy a n d o xe n t o i
p l o w a n d b a rro w ,
keep in summ er weather so well a s smoked beef Ma y 14 b
To 2 us h e l s a rl e y s own , b
b
.

s o it is s ai d but o f t h is we a re not cert ai n Ma y 50

. 14 . To 4 u sh e l s c l ov e r se e d i n c h a ,
Ma y 14 To 6 q ts h e rd s g ra ss s e e d , 75
b
. .

Ma y 14 T o 3 0 l b s g u a n o a n d 2 u sh e l s a sh e s s o w n ,
b b
. .

F the N ew E n g l a nd F mer
A ug . 14 .

To 1 d a y s l a or mo w n g a rl e y a n d i
or ar .
i
c ra d l n g wh e a t ,

R E ME D Y F OR TH E O NI O N M A GG O T A ug 16 To 1 d a y s l a o r, b
in d n g wh e a t a n d g e t b i
b
. .

.
i
t ng in a rl e y ,

D EA Inoticed in the N e w E g l a nd
R SI
R n A ug . 21 . i
To g e t t n g i n 33 s took s wh e a t ,
ush e l s gra n a t l s p e r b i
50
Oc t 11 To t h re s h i n g 25
F a rme a question asking
What could be done to b
. .
.

r , , us h e l ,
get rid o f the on ion maggot ? Iwill give you

my experience S ome few years since Isho uld .

,
T o ta l e xp e n s e s i n 1855 .

think the second or third year o f th e potato rot 1 855 Gr

b b
.
, .

my gardener came to me and told me the onions B y 8 u sh e l s o f w h e a t a t p e r us h e l ,

w e r e being eaten up by mag gots at the root ; said

b
B y 1 7 u s h e l s a rl e y , a t b
c ts p e r u sh e l , b
To 1 t o n wh e a t s t ra w, a t $ 6 pe r t on ,
he had put ashes and also lime on them but they b
To 3 of t o n o f a rl e y s t ra w, a t $ 9 pe r to n ,

did no good Iwent to the garden and found as

, ,
A d d p ro t s on p re o us c ro p s , vi
.
,

he said the roots full of maggots Ithen exam

, . $55 5 9
in e d the sound ones an d found th e j oints full of ,
D e d uc t e x p e n se s

y-blows quite a number in each j oint close to th e

, L eavi gab l n i my f v f . a a n ce n a or, o

main stock ; they were then from six to eight inches

high Itold the gardener rst to water the plants Showing a fair remuneration for the u s e o f the land .

Ihad a small crop owing to the heavy rains dur

.

wi th the watering pot until quite wet and another ,

,

to sif t t h e ashes thickly over them ; he did s o and in g the month o f July the land being naturally we t ,
,

saved every one that wa s left standi ng Inever and heavy .

Iask you to publish the above to show t o our

.

ha d a better crop and have continued to grow them ,

o n the same groun d ever since and have never lost ,

brother farmers that farming does pay even ,

an y .
ordinary crops HA R VE Y B AR B E R
.
.

I had a be d of t op onions paralle d with th e Wa rwi ck N ov 185 5 , .

, .

others Ifound fly-blows on them and also where

, ,

t hey had ha t ched an d gnawed a circle round j ust

NU T RIMEN T IN TH E AP P L E
e nou gh to leave a white m ark but the onion tops
.

With us (says t h e edi tor of the lba ny J

,

were too hard for them t o penetrate I then '

. o u rn a l)

thou ght a s the potatoes were rotting Iwo ul d ex

, ,
the value of the apple as an article o f food i s far , ,

a mine them Ifound where the vines were decay

. underrated B eside s contain ing sugar mucilage
. ,

ed the roots were full of the same kind of mag

,
and other nutriment matter apples contain vegeta ,

go t s and wher e they were n o t decayed there were

, ,
ble acids aromatic qualities & c which act power
, , .
,

fu lly in th e capacity of refrigeran ts ton i cs an d a n

.

unmistakable marks wh e r e they had tried without , ,

s uccess t o gnaw into t h e heart of the vi ne

, . tis e ptics ; and when freely used at t h e s e ason o f
Inoticed that sprin g that there were vast swarms m e llow ripeness they prevent deb ili ty indigesti on , , ,

of slender black i e s in the ga rden an d have n o ,

and avert wi thout doubt many of the ills that
, ,

do ubt they blew the onions Th e c urrant bushes . flesh is heir to Th e operators of C ornwall E n g
.

,

W ere also b e dl handled b y them 0 1 some other land consider ripe apples nearly as nourishing as
O ne o f my neighbors soaked a paper o f

,
,

bread and far more so than potatoes I

,

i nsect . n the year .

,

on ion seeds and foun d 40 live maggots on the top which was a year of much scarcity apples
1801 ,

o f t h e water very small but discernible with the

, ,
inste ad o f be ing converted into cider were sold to ,

n aked e ye . the poor ; and the laborers asserted that they could
C an you or any o f yo ur corresponden t s tell of
, ,
stand their work on b ak ed apples without meat
, ,
185 6 . NE W ENGLAN D FAR M E R . 35

whereas a potato diet required m eat or some other as good a f armer as we have supposed he will dress ,

substantial nutriment Th e F rench and G ermans this land with not less than eight or ten cords per
.

u se apples extensively as do th e inhabitants of all acre to be renewed yearly or less of ten as his ex
, , , ,

E uropean nations Th e laborers depe n d upon them

.
pe rie n ce m ay deem best .

as an article o f food and fr equently m ake a dinner , L et us n ow ascertain the benet thi s c ompos t
o f sliced apples and bread There is no fruit cook thus m ade will do his meadow land We k n ow
. .
,

e d in as many di ff erent ways in o ur country as t h e to a moral certainty it wi ll give him t h e next sum ,

a ple nor is there any fruit whose value as an arti mer from tw o to three tons o f h ay t o the acre
c p of nutriment is as great and so l ittle a precia t
, ,

p,
while the same land not manured will only give a
,

e t o n ; n o on e doubts the wisdom o f hi s gettin g the

largest possible return from his acre consistent with ,

an economical outlay and he tells us that the haul ,

in g and mixing o f thi s compost h as been done at

S P E C I AL M ANURE S odd ob s and really cos t but little the question of
.
,

What scientic agric ul ture will ultimately do f or cost we will reserve for the present and inquir e ,

f armers time will show ; what it ha s done may be wh at h a s been the scientic result of his labor
, ,
.

se e n on the farms o f many o f the most inveterate Peat meadow (i e reclaimed meadow ) is com . .
,

opponents of the improved agri cultural movement posed of peat which ha s been drained o f its super .

L et any on e consider the amount o f meadow uou s water and t op dressed with more or less grav
mud muck and similar material daily u se d on N e w el Th e water scientically ooded the peat kep t
,
.
, , ,

E ngland farms and he wi ll nd that th e manurial o ut the air whi ch by means o f its o x ygen would
,
,

resources farmers have been more than doubled ;

o f have a ff ecte d the mineral matters in the m u d and ,

even those persons wh o leave their manure t o be woul d have so acted upon them chemically a s t o
dried by the sun and washed by th e rain n ow b e m ake them (technically) sweet an d ca pable of con ,
,

lieve they decidedly gain by such admixtures tributing towards a healthy ve e ta tion the grave l .

Thousands whilst they studi ously condemn all a g served to give greater strengt an d consistency t o
,

ricul tura l newspapers lectur es an d books mi x the th e mu d and in creased the dra ina e by t e admix
h
deposites from pond an d road-side with the cattle ture o f its stones and larger pa rticT
, ,
, ,
es and also f ur ,
,

droppings because n eigh bor A or B wh o do derive nish e d some lime potash and silica an d other in
, ,
,

in formation from such sources does so an d is ben gre dien ts to the active carbonic acid of th e peat it
,

e t e d .
sel f N ow what is the peat ? .

B ut even th is simple Operation is no t fu lly under I t is a body composed o f abo ut 85 per cen t o f .

stood in its scientic bearin gs I will n ot enter ih water 14 per cent of carbonic acid and ammonia
.
, . ,

to the detai led analyses o f peat and pond mud ; it and 1 per cent o f li me pota sh & c th e water an d .
, , .
,

is enough to know that it is largely composed of carbon i c acid being as we s e e in excess th e li me , , , ,

water and carbonaceous m atter a n d some valuable & c small the ammonia and phosphate of lime very , .
, ,

salts (mineral m atter ) in a crude state That so small in amount Th e gravel will aff ord a large . .

lo ng as it is submerged in water n o chang e c an amount o f silica a small portion o f lime di ffering , , ,

ta ke place in its constituent parts which will se t free in that res ect according to the l ocali t of the grav
th e harmless and valuable portions and render in e l and litt e o r n o ammo n ia or phosph ate of lime
, ,
.

n o xious the hurtfu l . N ow without entering into the discussion whether

We will suppose we have th e mud dug and t reat ammonia or phosphate o f lime is th e more impor ,

of the best method o f usin g it and some o f the re tant agent in vegeta ble growth let us assume they
, ,

s ul t s. When rst dug it is as soft as cheese an d are both necess a ry because both have been found , , ,

full of water ; to remove it then to the barn-yard in all carefull y tried experiments t o conduce t o th e ,

n ecessitates the removal o f a large quantity o f wa development of vegeta tion ; if we examine a num
ter ; do we need t his water ? N o because we b e r of analyses of plants we sha ll nd that in all ,

w anted th e peat t o be sponge -li ke to absorb the cases water and carbonic acid are th e largest con
surplus water of the man ure whi ch it can not d o i f tri butors to their structure and these we have to
, ,

already saturated . an inexhaustible amou n t in the peat ; but we n o

A win ter s frost or summer s sun se ttles that less surely nd that these t wo a gents alone c an , , ,

breaks it expands it and leaves it light an d dry ; never produce a vegetation able t o sust ain ani m al
, ,

n ow put it at the bottom o f the manure heap and lif e , .

we have an absorbent that will n ot only t ake up the Havin g this s tar ting point we see that by th e ,

refuse water but will hold it till wanted P ostp on same analyses plants in th e aggregate take a very
, .
,

in g the considerati on o f the chemical components large amount o f various minera l matters fr om the
o f the peat n o w saturate d let us consider h ow earth a t on of hay for insta nce 280 lb s of water
, , , .
,

most farmers will us e the pile of compost a ccumu 16 00 c arbonaceous matter 2 1 1-10 lbs lime 26 , .
,

l ated during the year ; the compost made of horse lbs pota sh 3 2 7 -10 lbs ammonia and phos hate
rh a s s o me night soil and t h e of lime ; and by comparing these amo unts wi thth e
, .
, .

c ow and pig foec e s e

p p , ,

be fore mentioned peat I n a section o f country contents o f an acre o f peat we se e that a few years
.
,

l ike this each farm will have some upland an d wo ul d exhaust the eat even if we could squeeze
,
p , ,

some reclaimed meado w all or a part o f whi ch will all out of it which i t contains an impossible pro
, ,

be in grass ; the socalled good farmer du ring the cess therefore we feel the necessity o f supplyin g , ,
f rozen weather will haul out his manur e an d leave these in gre di ents t o th e meadow land to ensur e a
,

it in piles on his grass land ready to be spread in large crop o f hay ; an d inasmuch as the farmer ge ts
,

th e spring as a t op-dressing He knows that so the large amount o f hay ye ar after ye ar it is e vi

.
,

piled and spread it will lose some of its val ue by dent to supercial reasoning that he must have sup
,

e vaporation but he knows such work can be pro p p lied th e s e mineral matters ; he would seem then
,

erly done at n o oth e r time from the tender state of t o have a cte d scien tically h a s he
, N o beca use ,

t h e ground an d too grea t h urry of work

,
If he is though he may h a ve supp lie d the in gre dien ts in .
36 N EW ENGLAN D F A R ME R . JAN .

w hole part he has n ot suppli e d them accord

or in F or the N ew E n g l a nd F ar mer .

in g to any denite system or with the greatest

,
To TH E PE A SA N T BA R B
e conomy ; his to -dressing could not have cost him
.

p
less than $ 2 5 per acr e and he got an increase o f H OW a t me nd 113 a ut u mn e a th e r
f f

, ;
I m S- k
.

1% tons o f hay o r $ 3 0 in return If we can show n SP gh t a s h gh te st f e a th e r

r
.
,
F rom M 19 3 of y e : W e ga th e
him that this end could have been gained for $ 9
?
:
,
T me
.

0 1 F u
h e would admit that he lost $ 17 by the Opera tion ,
A nd if , p e rc h a n c e , we me e t t o ge h e r, t
w hi ch the same sei en ti c reasomn g Wi ll show to be W e , h a v e a t ime
a most unscientic Operation
.

3W m i If bf
'
Ota i O-

dl i
If any one has been interest ed enou h to follo 0 y ou l g g n g
a
thus f ar it will be easy t o show the metg0 d of oper
,
c 5 0 5 Ch a b oo m
N m ly th M gol d e n S p oon ,
ation hereafter R M C a e ,
e use 5

A t whi c h f ol k s s ta re
L W N
g ton N ov. 25 180 5
O n e would n
t h a v e th ou gh t i t a h suc h
'
sh oon ,

t
A s h ou d o s t we a r

F or the N ew Englan d F ar meh More ov e r , wh a t d os t f e e d up on

E

u
W e do c on ure j th e e te l l us , ma n ;
A nd e ke , wh a t r
st e a m f rom H li e c on

F l ows d o wn th y gun
C an you Mr E d i tor i nform me whether or n ot
C

,
Th it
.
,
en , s w f e r th e n A hi ma a z ra n ,
an y of t h i s famous stock i s now to be h ad 9
0 I

F or
several years last past they have been trumpeted
.

Hw e s h a s te ou r sk il l e t.
,

abroad in every os sib l e form up to the time o f the B ut l a t e l y tw as, we ch a n ce d to se e

, ,

eat N ational how in your city an d since until A r Prod uc t i o n , Pe n n e d 1 y t h e e ;

a re
3
tg r
, , ,

e D evons of Middlesex had become in the minds A n d h e a rd R e d : re s p e c ti n g Ye :

n p l a i n se t
I
,
t e r ms ,
o f readers o f newsp apers as distin ct a class of an
ima l s as any other
,
H ve w
a e up i n th e h l l i c o u n t ry ,
If my recoll ection is right .
,
Mon Bu r ?
g s t u s 3. ns
t here has been a proposal to sell all these animals ,
md e e d we re
g g
by their proprietor that others may be beneted ul e gl a d W 0 h e
,
?
ig gzg f g zz
o

ul d
t hereby Whether o r not such sale has been made y e Sp r ar
.
,
T I w
I am n ot advised I have looke d in vai n f or an ao
.
ug e

L a d
q ag e 1

count of it I
.

e Sh e lf
f people believe what has been
.

Th u s i n tro d u c e , i n me th o d q u ee r,
a verred about thes e ani mals that a gallon of the i r
O u r h u m l e se l b f.

m i lk would produce a poun d of butter in the month ,

A s umme r l on g , h a v e
of O ctober an d a gallon and a half at all other sea
T h e W
W ,

aw
,

s ons of the year this being twi ce as well as may be

expecte d of other good stocki then it must be ay: 1 [
fr
pp mg mi n E
O ga ma ll mg .

t hat they wo uld sell for prices correspon ding
On e m n ee d s
.

8 sy s te a l i tt l e Oi l i n g,
I expected that i n di Vi dual an i mals would have run A ga i n st Th a n k s a i vi n g .

up to two thr ee and ve hundred dollars

, C ertain .

b m l mg th e
3 ?m p mE z
u
1y cows that wi ll give milk of this quality an d m ake 9W S 9

certai n that their Off sprin g will do the like woul d

,
1e g l a nd gw O er a n ee

b e worth these p u ces More than th i s he wh o

D ,
Th e s to rm -k i n . .

g s d ri vi n g f a st a n d f re e ,
.
,
Y o un g c h i l dh ood 8 wo n d e r
h as had the sagac i ty to di st i ngui sh an d grow up
,

A nd 0 mp rb .
oo a rd s mp ,
s f or a S p re e
s uch a stock sho ul d be wo rthy of distin nish ed re
, A
D oe s t ic k s
me mbran ce I am well satised o f the utter-ma
th
.

Fie me l a n c h ol y d a y s ,
king qualities o f the Jersey animals kept by Mr , .
on

l mB ry a n ? s mg s m s w e te S t
ose

Motley Mr R eed an d Mr Henshaw ; and that

, .

t hese ani mals Wi l l produce m i lk that W i ll yi eld t wo

.

o we v e r b ri g h t th e p oe tf b 8 a ys ,

01 .
no b ly w r o n
pounds of but ter a day when fed in the best man , Me th i n k s s uc h t im es d a pp l e g re y s
These are the best butter stock I have ngh ,

n er .
s e rve o ne s
a
tm n .

e ver seen Their looks show their ability B ut

.

t ha t the plump D evon can be made to do this I

.

W ve e c h a n te d in o ur Hr a ve st H o me ,
ma d e mon ths to c ome
,
A nd a ll s n u g f or 3
h ave yet to learn P ossibly under very peculiar .
,
A re re a d y f or th e f e a n d d rum,
cir cumstances milk can be stripped from them
, , Of i
soc a l ch a t
f our quarts o f which will yi eld a pound of butter .
Di sc us s o n s i L e c tu r es L y c e um,
B ut before Ic an fully credit such statements let , W e re
i n f or th a t .

t hem be backed by never so strong arguments my , an a: a: a: i: at: 4:

n ame Wi ll ce ase t o be TH O MAS . F a rewe l l 1 my b th ro e r of th e p l O W

N ov. 2 9 , 1 85 5 .
My bl i e ss n g , t a ke i ve v e n n ow ;
S uch we l c ome wo ul d I l ik e wi s e sh o w

To h e e t an d th i ne ,
THE VA L L E Y F A RM E R E . .A BB O TT , E sq , late .
As ma n n a we l c ome d wa s b y Je w ,

E ditor and Prop rie t or of the Va lley F a rmer, pub

a I
n a ul d l a n g sy n e . .

&k dg e
lish e d at S t L ouis has s old the establishment t o ,
n

N OR M AN JC OL M AN E sq Of t l at F l t)" Mr A bh o l t ll d ti l i n
i
'

A D t k B d t h u i n ous a r c e
D g ti k b
a o a
th N K g f zg E lig lk d
o s [

g z
. . .
r

t i tl d e v n s en e es c s n er
wh o h as long done good serv i ce i n th e ca use Wi ll
.

rem ai n as A ssociate E ditor Mr C olman announ

I
. .

W H Y B UTL E R I
S D EA R s t h e f0 um g f1 0 m
,

"
ce s tha t he shal l d evote hi s ti me t o the inter es t o f
a N e w York city paper true o r fabulous ?
th e F m me; an d S hall mtmduc e Importa nt 1I mprove
There is a ne pas tu r e all over th e country n o w

,
men ts in t o t h e Pap er and the price of butter ought to be down to a
.
185 6 . N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . 37

ling a pound W h y isn t it ? B ecause the women

.

of its rst attempts Ihave Often heard a similar .

an d girls don t know h ow to m ake it F or twenty . kind o f warbli n g from the B alt i more Ori ole .

years past the girls butter-m aking education h as Th e C hickadee i s on e of the most l i vely o f our
been sadly neglected They can play the piano .
, b i rds an d on account of hi s permanent res i dence
,

but cannot ch urn ; can dance but cannot skim , with us on e that would be sadly m i ssed if his race
,

milk can talk a little F rench but don t know h ow ,
were to become extinct Though n ot a song-bird .
,

to work out the buttermilk Th e women who made . he is a lively chatterer an d an agreeable companion
the butter in Westchester D utchess an d O range , an d as he never tarries long in on e place he n eve r ,

C ounties twenty years a go are passing a way an d , , tires on e either by hi s presence or hi s garrulity .

there are none to t ake their places That s w hy We associate h i m W i th all our pleasant Wi nter walks
.

.
,

butter is hig h .

in the orchard o r in th e woods in the gar den or , ,

our immediate enclosures We have seen him on .

still wi nter days i ttin g from tree to tree in the

,

F or the N ew E n g la n d F ar mer . garden and orchard with the most lively m otions
an d en g agin attitudes examining every t wi and
o o

POR TR A I
TS F R OM TH E FIE L D A N D
,

bran c h win din g over and under a n d in and c u t and

n

, ,

F A R M YA R D '
. then wi th a few rapid notes hopping to another ,

B Y W IL SON FL AG G .
tree t o go through the sam e pleasant evolutions .

N othin g can exceed either his cheerfulness or hi s

TH EICKA D E E R B A
CH AP T 0
USE
, L C K C TI M O .

industry Of which he might m ost truly be made

,
There are but f e w individuals wh o have spen t emblematical E ven those wh o are conned to t h e
.

their winters in the country who would n ot agree house are n o t excluded from a sight O f these l ittle
with m e that to the lively notes of the C hi ckadee
, birds I . n the country on e cannot open a w indow

o n a pleasant winter s morn Without a greeting by

we are indebted f o r a great part of the cheerfulness ,

that attends a W inter s walk Though he is not

. them from the nearest tree in the garden ?
reckoned among the s inging bir ds there is a varie , Th e frequent compan ions o f the C hickadee are
t y in his notes uttered at di ff erent times which if
, , , the common C reeper and the downy or speckled
repeated in uninterrupted succession would form , Woodpecker ; but the Woodpecker is a more rest
on e of t h e most agreeable of woodland melodies . less bir d and seldom gives the branches of the trees
,
Th e sounds from whi ch he has derived his name s o thorough an examination a s the C hickadee Th e .

seem to be a species of call-notes and are probably , former searches f or certain grubs that are conceale d
designed by nature t o enable these little bir ds , in the wood o f the tree ; b e ex amines those places
while scattered singly over the forest t o sig nalize , only in which they are likely to be found l istens ,

their presence to others O f their own tribe Hence . for their scratchings bores the wood to obtain ,

it may Often have been observed that when this call is , them an d then i es off B ut the C hickadee looks
,
.

rapidly repeated a multitude of these birds will

, for insects on or near the surface is never weary or ,

immedi ately assemble a round the on e that gave the satised of hi s examinations and does n ot conf i ne ,

alarm When no alarm is intended 00 be given , hi s search to the bran ches o f trees He examines .

the bird simply utters these notes occasionally as , the fences the under part of the eaves and the
,

he Passes from one tree to another He is proba clapboards o f all buildings for crysa lids and cocoons ,
bly accustomed to hearing a response and if on e is , and destroys in the course of his foraging many an ,

n o t soon heard he will reiterate his ca ll until it is

, embryo moth and buttery which would become ,

answered ; f o r as these birds do n ot forage the the parent of nox ious larv a Hence there is prob .

W oods in ocks this continual conversation or hai l

, ably no other A merican bird that destroys in the
in g is carried on betwee n them to satisfy their de course of th e year so large a quantity of insects as ,

s ir e f or one another s company . he continues hi s operations in the winter when ,
These call notes with whi ch every on e is famil
-
, there is but a small proportion of any other food t o
i ar are very lively in their expression with a mix
, , be obtained and he is obliged by necessity t o be
,
ture of querulousness in their tone that renders very diligent in hi s work .

them the more pleasing The C hickadee at other .

, Th e diff erent species above named often get as
t imes utters two very plain ti ve notes which un
,
, , sembled in large numbers upon on e tree and meet ,

lik e those O f the genera lity of bir ds are separated , ing with more company than is agreeable when
by a regular musical interval maki ng a f ourth o n , they are hungry they will Often on th ese occasions
,

the descending scale They sli f htly resemble those make the wood resoun d with their noisy d isputes
of the P ewee except that the latter are on the as
.
.

, They may perhaps have been gathered together by

c en din
g scale , and they are often supposed to come some accidental no te of alarm an d on nding n o ,
from some other bird so entirely different are they , particular cause for it the noise that follows re ,
from the common note of the C hickadee I have . minds one O f the extraordinary vocif eration with
never been able to ascertain the circums tances un whi ch young men and boys conclude a false alarm
der which the bird repeat s this plain tive strain ; but o f re in the early part of the night Th ese b i rds .
,
Ikn ow that it is uttered both in summer and winter though evidently social are n ot gregar i ous and ,
I
.
,
n the early part o f summer these birds are a d , seem never without vexation to endure th e presence
di cted to a very l ow but pleasant kind of warbling , , of more than on e or two companions Those sp e .

g reatly varied bu t in di stinctly enunciated and whi c h , cies most generally associate in ocks whose food is
W ants only a sufcient loudness and distin ctness to abundant i n particular spots an d those wh i ch per ,

e ntitle the bird to high merit as a songster This . form regular migrations B ut the C hickadees and .

wai blmg does not seem to be intended to cheer his

Woodpeckers can seldom obtain m ore than on e or

partner but rather as a sort of so lil oq uiz in for his two morsels from the same tree and n d it there
f such notes were uttere dby the
, , ,
o wn amusement I .
fore most conven ient to keep themselves separate
,
young o f a singing bird we might suppose it t o be , from t heir kindred .

taking lessons in music and that these w ere some ,

 38 N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . JA N .

N UTR I
ME N T IN VA R IOU S SUB paid is from 2 5 to 4 3 cents owing to the quali ces ,

STA N CE S
t y or condition it is in Mr Wm L ewis o f B erlin . . .
,

township sold in this place wool from this year s
.

, ,
A nimal food taki ng bulk for bul k is assumed as clip to the amount o f
, , He got over 40
being f ar more nutritious than vegetable B ut cents a pound while on e of his neighbors sold wool .
,

w hen weight is placed in j uxtaposition with weight equally as good as his for 3 8 cents after hauli ng it , ,

F a rmer
it is seen t o fall far below several farinaceous and down to the can al (H olmes 28th .
, .

leguminous substances Th e following tabular ex .

b ibit shows what chemical analysis has made a p F the N w E g l d F mer or e n an ar .

p arent ou thi s impor tan t topic A GR I CU L TUR E A N E X TE N SI VE A N D

1 00 l b wh t s. t i ea
'

85 l b
c on a n t i ti m tt PR OG R E SSI V E S CI
s. n u r E N CE
ou s a er. .

i r ce 90
B Y J O H N G OL D SBUR Y
ry e 80 .

b ly ar e 83
A griculture has been dened t o be the art or
b ea ns 89 t 92 o

p ea s 9 3 science of cultivating the earth tillage husband

,
m t e a , a ve ra
g 35
25
e
r
y In its widest acceptation it embraces all the .
,
p t t o a oe s
b t ee s 14 common and ordinary pursuits of the farmer ; n ay ,
t c a rro s I 4 all that belong to his pursuits ; such as the clear
g d t ip
re e n s a n 8 urn s
in g the land from trees bushes stumps and stones
,

b d re a 80 , ,

the examination o f diff erent kinds o f soil an d their

I
,
t hence appears that a pound of bread conta ins adaptation to di ff erent kinds o f rodn os the best
more than twice as much nutriment as a po und o f method of cultivating diff erent liin ds of soil the
meat an d that a pound Of peas or beans more mix ing making and compoun ding of m anures
, ,
,

than t wo and a half times as much as a poun d of the sow ing and planting of diff eren t kinds of g rai n
and seeds ; the cultivation o f the crops and the
meat S even pounds of potatoes are also it ap gathering and securing the same for future use
.
,

pears by this analysis equal in nutritive matter or the buildi ng of fences the draining of meadows
, , ,

t h e power o f sustaining life t o ve pounds of ani swamps and marshes the selecting and raising
,

mal food .
the best kinds and breeds of domestic ani mals ;

F ood taken into th e stomach is there digested
such as cattle horses sheep swi ne poultry &c , , , , , .
,

and the best means of fattenin g the sam e the

, ,

an d th e nutritive portions of it converted into blood

cultivation o f the different kinds of garden vegeta ,

whi ch is conveyed by the proper vessels to every bles such as beets carrots parsnips onions tur , , , , ,

part o f the system for its nourishment and sup nips tomatoes cucumbers squashes & c which b e , , , , .
,

por t . A n
y portion O f it whi ch from any cause
long to a di stinct branch
,
o f this science commonly
,
,

e scapes th e di gestive process and those parts o f it

denominated ho rti cu ltu re the cultivation o f the
different ki nds of choice fruit ; such as apples pears
,
, ,
which are not adapted to nourish the animal body peaches plums qui nces cherries grapes currants ,
, , , , ,
I
,

are cast O ff as excrementitious n eating re l e

p .

&c all which come under the head of p omolog y , .
,

t ion should always be avoided

Mos t o f t he which is regarded as another distinct branch of ag
.

chronical disease s the in rmi ties of ol d age an d ricul ture .

I
, ,
t will be seen then tha t the science of a gricul
th e short periods o f the lives Of E nglishmen says ture embraces a wide range Of subj ects suff icient , ,
,
,
D r . C H E Y N E

are owin g to over-t asking the di ges to call forth the energies and to task the utmost
,
,

ti on . faculties and powers of every farmer be his f a cul ,

Itel l you honestly said the celebrate d A B E R ties ever so various an d ever s o abundant I
,
t wi l l .

N E TH Y

what I thi n k is the cause of the compli be impossible for any one to arrive at perfection in
,
knowledge on all these various subj ects A fter
cat e d maladies of the human race it is their gor his utmost endeavors and his most successful e ff orts
.

,
man di z in g an d stuf ng and stimulating their diges he will still be ignorant o f many things which it
, ,

t ive organs t o excess thereby producing nervous would be for his advantage t o kno w There will be
, .

some new experiments to be made someth ing

disorders and irritation .

,

S HA KSPE A R E in on e o f his plays ,

A s you like still to be learned B ut this should not Operate to .
,

discourage any on e from makin further experiments

it has beautifully exempli ed the goo d e e cts o f and discoveries but it should stg
'

i mulate him to great ,
a bs t emiousness a n d abstinence
the only sure safe
er exertions F or the more any one knows the .
, ,

uards o f health against morbidity and di sease more skilf ul and successful he will become in his
g
T h gh I l k l d y t m I t g a d l u ty

ou oo o ,
calling K nowledge is essential to success in all
e a s ron n s .

F i my y
or n th I v d id p p l y
ou ne kinds of business More especially is this the case
er a .

H t o d b l l i l i q i my b l d
an re e ous in scientic agricultur e whi ch embraces such a wide
uo rs n oo ,

N d id
or t wi th b hf l f h d w o
no un as range Of subj ects on which so many experiments
u o re ea o
,

Th m e f w kea ns o d d b i l i ty
ea ness a n are to be made e .
.

Th f my g i a l ty wi t
e re ore , a e s
A t n o former period o f the world h a s the sci
us n er
,
F ty b ut k i d l y
ros , n .
ence o f agriculture assumed such importance an d ,

engaged the hands and hearts o f so man y virtuous

WO OL F or the last three weeks a very c on sid~ and intelligent farmers as at the present time I ts ,
.

e rabl e amount of wool has been sold in this place value utility and importance are too Obvious to , , ,

at fair prices Mr B rumbaugh informs us he has need illustration N o subj ect is better calculated
. . .

bought this season about

,
lbs Mr C herry to awak en and cherish that spirit of cm iosity and in
, . .

Holmes has also bought over lbs Th e pri qu iry which is so essential to improvement ; a nd
.
185 6 . N E W E N G L A N D F AR ME R .
39

none aff ords a better prospect o f leading to useful and in the second place in taki ng good care of what ,

an d important results Within the la st few years they had ; that is giving their trees wide deep and
.
, , , ,

numerous papers and periodi cals have sprung up mellow cultivation applying manure when n ece ssa , ,

devoted wholly or in part to this subj ect which ry and specially the li qui d manure from the cha m , ,

have given n e w importance to the science of agri h er and the wa sh t ub G reat pains taken wheth er e
. ,

cult ure o r rather have presented its claims to pub with fruit trees o r with chi ldr en scarcely ever f ai l
, , ,

l ic attention in a new and interesting light These to produce good results . .

works have each their respective pec ul iarities an d

excellences ; and are generally well calculated to
aid farmers in acquiring a competent knowledge of U S A GR I CU L TUR A L SO CI E TY . . .

thi s science N o t every thing h owever state d in Th e F ourth A nnual Meeting Of the UN ITE D
.
, ,

these periodicals is to be taken for granted as true S TATE S A G R IC UL TU RA L S O C IE TY wil l be held at

, , .

O n the contrary every sta tement should be exam WA SHIN G T O N D

,
on W E D N E S D A Y January 9 t h
in e d closely scrutinized an d brought t o the test of
, .
, ,
,
185 6 ,

experiment
.

B usiness o f importance Will come before the

.

A g riculture is in its very nature a cons t antly pro,

meeting R eports from its O f cers will be submit ,

g re ssive science It is founded upon experiments

.

ted and a n e w election be made in which it is de

a n d these experiments must be repeated in order
, ,

sirable that every S tate and Territory should be ,

to arrive at the truth F or instance because a per represented .

,

s on ha s once been successful in raising a large crO p

.

L ectures and interesting discussions are expec te d ,

o n a certai n kind o f soil by a pecu l iar kind o f cul

o n subj ects pertaining to the Objects o f the A ss o
,

t iv at ion it is not absolutely certain that he or

c ia tion by distinguished scientic an d pra cti cal A
, , ,

another person c an do the same again ; because riculturists Th e transactions Of 185 5 containin g a g ,
,

other causes which he kne w nothing o f may have ful l account of the late E xhi bition at B oston wi ll ,
.

, ,

contributed in that particular instance in producing be distributed t o such members as are present
, ,
,

the resul t I n order to come at the truth therefore

.

Th e various A gric ul tural S ocieties o f the country ,

.

it will be necessary to repeat the e xperiment several are respectfully requested t o send delegates t o thi s
t imes A n d if the experiment each time it is
.
,
meeting ; and all gentlemen wh o are interested in ,

repeated be attended wi th like s uccess we then the welf are o f A merican A griculture wh o woul d
, ,

have something that is tangible so methi ng that promote a more cordi al spirit of intercourse b e ,
,

c an be relied upon
tween the diff erent sections of our land an d wh o
.

There are two methods of cultivating the earth

,

would elevat e this most important p ursuit to a p o ,

whi ch di vide the agricultural community into sitiou of greater usefulness and honor are also in
classes the i mi ta tors and the exp erime n ters
,
vit e d t o be present on this occasion
.
,

i mi ta tors copy the example o f others They d o

.

MA R SH AL L P W IL DE R P resi den t .

whatever they see others do without once stopping W S KIN G S ecreta r

.
, .

to inquire whet er there may ot be a better a D ecember 185 5

h n
y . .
, .

, ,

shorter an easier and a more expeditious way , .

, ,

of doing the same thing They neither take counsel .

? G entlemen wh o are desirous to visit Wash

of their reason n or of their more scientic breth ,
(
13
ren N O matter how great the labor may be the in gt on will nd the time xed f or this ann ual mee t
.
,

disadvantag e under whi ch they labor or the ex ing as w ell as the occasion itself on e of great inter , , ,

pense o f time and money they still continue to e s t Th e C hristmas and N e w Year ho lidays wil l , .

do as they always have done and as they probably

,
b e over the House probably organ iz ed the ma
,

always w ill do as long as they live They imitate , .

, ,

others in everythin g except in the improvements chinery o f the governmen t in active motion and ,

o f the day A n d some Of these they acquire un strangers from every portion of our widely ex tend
.

c o n sious l
y without knowing it or intending it ed country and from nearly every por tion of the , .
,
Th e exp erimen ters pursue a di ff erent course They civili zed world will b e there lookin o n thi
g A ll s
.
, .

prove all things and hold fast that which is good

They seize with avidity upon every hint and upon

may ,
be seen du r ing the s ame visit which shall e n
.

every n e w idea an d endeavor to improve upon able them t o d o somethi ng f or the cause of A gri
,

t hem E very new experiment is to them a lesson culture in a t tending the s essions of th e Uni t ed
.
, , ,

o f i nstruct i on They inquire of themselves W h y is S ta t e s S ocie t y

.
, ,

it thus and so P What is the cause o f thi s i What

would be the e ff ect if the experiment were varied
a little ? C annot the same e ff ect h e produced by
A R T
,
O F M IL K I N G .

simpler means ? I n this way they go on from on e Th e art of milkin g well is not ta ught in a hurry
, , .

i nquiry to another and from o n e improvement t o I t requi res long practice to milk properly and
, ,

another till they arrive at important results O ne therefore all the young people on a farm ought to
, .

inquiry p aves the way to many more and in tro du be shown h ow the labor should be done I
t is , .

ces them into a wider eld of Observation in which q ui te important that this branch o f the dairy should ,

t hey give th e most unbounde d scop e t o a ll their be particularly attended to f or a good mi lker O b ,

p owers . tains at least a quart more from the same c ow than

a poor milker .

LU C K W ITH TR E E s W e h ave noticed that oer Th e r s t lesson t o be taug h t to young people is

.

t ai n men always have much ner peaches and pears gentleness and kindness t o the cows They never , ,
.

and plums than m ost of their neighbors and are need be treated harshly in case th e business is
, , ,

called lucky Their luck consisted in the rst place properly commenced C ows that have been ea
.
, ,
.

in doing every t h ing well takin g what their neigh resse d an d uniformly well treated are fond of hav
bors call foolish pains leaving no thing unnished ; in g the milk dra wn from the udder at the regular
40 N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . J
AN .

time of milki ng for it gives them relief from the , teen or twenty seconds in a m ile I f acceptable I .
,

di stention o f the milk ducts . may sa y somethi ng about shoeing foundered horse s
L et youn g people be put to mil king the farrow hereafter . D UX .

cows r st or such as are to be soon dr ied and then

, ,

the loss from bad mi lking wi ll be less inj urious ; the R EMA R KS ,
_
W9 shall b e glad t o hear from our
ml y f
& h z gijgig
h l
ig frhg :E
d he
if g gf fm ggg gulz g
t a s
n
correspondent on the subj ect wh i ch he suggests
n a e y
taught to milk as fast as possible More m ilk is above .
'

always obtained by a rapid milker than by a slow

CON C OR D F A R ME R S C L UB
,
on e. They s h ould therefore be taught to think of
nothi ng else while mil king and no conversation A t a recent meeting o f thi s C lub committe es
, ,

muSt be Permitted in the mk yard They S hould were appointed to report upon the followi ng s ub
'

S it u
P C lose to the cow and rest the left arm gently ects There are three persons on each committee
against her shank Then if sh e rai ses her foot o n . .

w e g l v e only the n ame s o f the eh w man o f e ae h

.

account o f pain occasioned by soreness of the teats ,

the nearer the milker sits to her an d the harder 1 0n J ll a n u res E lijah Wood Jr , .
, .

he presses hi s left arm against her leg the less risk 2 H oed C r ops A H Wheeler , . . . .

will he run o f being inj ured 3 R o ot C rop s Willard T F arrar

. . . .

C ows may be taught to give do wn their milk at L ive S to ck C harles Hubbard .

once and they m ay be taught to hold it a long 5 G ra ss C rop S imon B rown . .

wh ile and to be stripped indeni tely Th e best 6 G ra in C rop E dwin Wheeler

, . . .

way is to mi l k qui ck and n o t use the cow to a long 7 F a rm B ui l di ng s a n d F a r ms JD B rown . . . .

stripping or an after stripping N o rthern F a rmer 8 O r n a men ta l G a rde n i n g E I V Bu l l . . . . .

9 F a rmin g T o o l s F rancis A Wheeler . . .

10 F ru it a n d O rn a men ta l T rees JB M oore . . . .

F the N ew E g l d F me I1 P o utl ay J or ames B B rown n an ar r. . . .

12 Worki ng O r en Jacob B F arrar

OH SH O E I N G H O R SE S TH A T O V E R :
. . .

13 D ra in i n g Jo s e p h R eynolds _

R EA CH
. .

14 Mil k J ames P B rown .

. . .

MR E D IT OR - Iwas bred from my youth a 15 F eedi ng S to ck D aniel Tarbell

. . .

blacksmith and farmer and whether a natural me 16 Sp ec ia l M a n u res Jonathan Wheeler

, . .

c h an ic o r not I was always anxious to know the 17 Veg eta bl cs V Villiam D B ro wn

, . . .

whys and wherefores o f things or more properly 18 P r un i ng C W G oodnow , . . . .

spe aking the casualties and preventives

, Iwa s 19 G a rden S eeds Minot Pratt . . .

also fond of tryi ng experiments upon such thin gs as 20 F a rm H elp G ardner Wheeler . .

appeared favorable of improvements Iwas gener 2 1 H orses C harles B C lark . . . .

ally in the S hop with my father evenings rainy days , ,

and such other times as I co uld be s ared from the

farm and school B y being in the silop so much I
F th N w E l d Fa m or e e n ea a n r er

FI N E YI
.
,

Obtained the views of the farmers generally an d by E L D OF CA R R OTS ,

.

that was enabled to mak e many improvements on MR E D IT OR O n S aturday last Isaw a piece o f .
,
the farm I learned also that many farmers enter 15md in thi s town on which grew carrots the present
tamVery erroneous Views ab oU t blacksmithin g (a n d season under the care Of John P easley the propri
.
,
,

, ,

Imight a dd blaoksmith s t oo ?) S till they we re bo und etor one of our most industrious and successful cul
,

,
t O dictate accordi ng t 0 their Prej u cuee s ; 3 3 for i n tiv at ors He told me that the carrots had all been ,

.
,

S tance one says : , This horse IW e nt weighed at the town scales as they were h arvested

,
you to put the forward shoes as far forward as pos an d deli vered divested o f their top s which were ,
sible and set the hind shoes as far back or he will left on t h e groun d To-day Ilearned from Mr
, , .

Iwould sometimes try to re ason F Walker wh o h a s t h e ca re o f th e town scales

,

tear them off .

,
,
the case by saying the W ay to prevent a h orse from that he had weighed carrots for Mr Peasley the .
,

over-reaching is to augm ent the S peed Of the f 0 1 present season as foll ows a ll of whi ch gre w on les s
,

, ,
ward feet and retard th e motion of the hind ones than half an acre
, ,

but in order to accomplish that I shall have to re O t b 23 1 l d , 2 07 0 l b c o er oa s.

verse your di recti ons S ome wh o had httle or n o N mb 5 . 5 101 040 ov e er

mech amcal geni us woul d c ut short a ll argument ,

i ,

an d sa y fe llow my dir ections or else not S h oe the N v mb

,

I IIIIII o e er
horse .O f course a mechanic must Obey orders N v mb r 10

,
1 ,
o e e

i f he breaks ow ners so the horse woul d go out o f

19 l a d lb s o s .

the sh 0p ni cely fettered with hi s shoes cli nkin g at

, ,

every step ; while perhaps t h e man of in quiry B etter crops may have been grown b y others
,
I J
,

w ould desire a fu l explanati on My way is to

l but h aV e D O t seen them .
o W P
,
o

make the toe -corks very low and standin g a l ittle N 01% 13 185 5 ,
:

under and the shoes set a s far back as conveni ent

,

on t h e forward feet with hi gh heel corks so as to A F IN E E SSE X Hoo

,
ne i ghb or C H A RL E S ,
k
,

let them roll over as soon a s possible O n the hind B C L A RK E sq recently slaughtered a hog of th i s . .
, .
,

feet Ihave the heel -cork l ow an d the toe cork high breed whi ch weighed when dressed f ou r hund red
, ,
-
,
,
and proj ectin g forward thus keeping back the hi nd an d s event two oun ds H 9 h as plenty 0 f m f3
foot W hi le cof n s up O y P

ver a high toe -cork g i vin g

tile S O f th e S me r a c e W hieh Pf o mi s e lU S t as muoh
: ,

time for the forward foot to get out o f the way I f e , .

thus shod the horse will travel clean without a Ob eSItY as ne W hen they aTn Ve at mature h 0 g
.
O

, ,
,

cli nk and his speed w ill be increased on a trot f hood

, , .
185 6 . N E W E N G LA N D F AR ME R . 41

MA N UR E SH E D S
A BOUT the benet Of muck a s a material f or cheaply ih .

creasing his stock o f manure an d then we shal se e , .

When we s ee a reasonable scheme in successful a shed for tha t to be used as an absorbent o f the ,
Operation we feel more of its force it stirs us more liquid now something s tron er than rain -water
than anything we may only hear of it g , ,
S o and worth savi ng and c a rta ge .

thought a certain farmer or at least so acted h e His sheds are simple an d cheap
when he went to work the other day to build a C ro tched posts are se t f or the front the back is th e ,
ma n ure s hed He had often hear d it remarked barn-yard fence one shed is covered with board s
.

that manure kept under shelter was worth double the other with poles and straw We expect to hear .

that left exposed in the yard h e had Often noticed more o f their success or fai lure hereaf ter That .

the di ff erence in its smell texture an d appearance other improvements will follow is very sure ; f or
,
,
on his o wn premises b ut he had never tried the
a good example especially if a man sets it himself
,
, ,
two side by side on a fair experiment until the is certain t o inuence those wh o se e it R ura l
, , , .

resent year N ow he s a w the diff erenc e in value

pe believed what he had been told and he went to
.
,

work to build a manure shed so as t o reap more of ,

the benets n ow so evident .

It is not to be supposed that th e s t ory o f h is ex

e rime n t s will convince all wh o read it ; he had
p
read j ust as good long before he reall y began t o ,

show his faith in the onl y true way Of showing

it b y h is work B u t it is good enough to tell

.
,

for all that and we hope will n ot be with out its in

, ,

u en ce He has two good siz ed open sheds at

.
-

t ac h e d t o his barn -yard which hi s cows occupy for ,

shelter at will in stormy weather He keeps hi s .

oxen and horses in close stables an d these as well , ,

as t h e s h eds are kept well littered through the win

,

ter Th e m anure from the stables is thrown into

.

t h e yard ; t h at m ade under the sheds rem ains there ;

both have a suf cient mixture of straw to prevent
too active fermentation A n d both were they in the H O W E

S A.
D J U ST I B L E C A TT L E
,

same situation in regar d to shelter would be o f L EA D ER ,

,

equal value .
A N D C HE C K F OR F E N C E B RE A K E R S .

L ast S pring incited thereto by a remark in the

I
,

R ur a l b e determined to test the di ff erence as close

,
t has O f ten seemed to u s a somewh at cruel mat

l y as h e coul d without going into any minute g ur ter to pun ch o ut the cartilage of a bull s nose an d
, ,

in g or preparations f o r that is too small business in thrust in an iron ring an d keep it there as a per
, ,

h is eyes for on e with so much work to attend to

,
tual annoyan ce to the poor a nimal S till some .
e
S O on his corn and barley ground he took pains t o p .
,

draw the manure from the yard and fr om the sheds thing must be done t o aff ord a safe control o f them
,
.

in equal quantities though he said he did n ot think Th e device Of Mr J A HO W E o f this city as rep . . .
, ,

it was hardly fair for in the yard manure he had to resented above seems to be j ust the thin g Th e
, ,
.

cart O ff a large quantity Of water making if there thumb and nger being pressed immediately over the ,

were no other diff erence a sheltered load worth ends f this spring Open the balls on the other end
o ;
one third more th an an unsheltered o n e (This was
-
.
,

the rst idea that really hit him on the subj ect it is then s l ipped on to the cartilage o f the nose and
.
,

He sa w that he could save the cost of a simple shed the spring in the centre gently closes it Th e car ,
.

j ust in the expense of ca rta g e ) B oth kinds were tilage being thinner on the inside Of the nose th an .

treated in the same manner the crops were sowed it is near the end prevents the balls from slipping ,
,
and cultivated t he same ; but he di d n o t wait till
o ff s o that the harder the strain is on the cord
harvest t o decide that he would shelter his manure ,
, ,

hereafter .
the tighter becomes the balls Th e implement can .

Where the sheltered manure wa s applied the be applied or removed in a moment ,

, , .

corn and barley came up rst ; and they kept ahead I t is also intended for unruly cattle by a simple
all the seas on Th e cut-worm worked less in the process which is not ill ustrated in the above e n
.

corn and the barley seemed to escape all injury gravin g

,
.

from insects though that part to whi ch the yard

at en t h a s been app l ied f or and the impl e
,

m anure was appli ed su ffered from the Hessian y A p ,

to a small extent Th e di ff erence in the t wo was ment w ill soon be for sale
.
.

very plainly m arked and at harvest it wa s estima , ,

ted that the shed manur ed land gave a crop o n e A S TR A TUM or SA L T UN D E R N IA G A R A B A L L S .

third greates t .
E Merriam of B rooklyn wh o has exam i n ed the .
, ,

N o w our friend has erec ted two m anure sheds rocks underlying the limestone bed o f the N i agar a .

O ne covers the dung-heap fro m his horse stable river states that h e found a saline stratum under , ,

the other is intended to contain that from his c at them This stratum is the foundation of the great .

tle S talls a n d the maj or part o f the yard drop limestone walls whi ch for m the great cata ract of
:

ings gathered from day t o day

, S ome time we N iagara a frail structure it is and it is in thi s stra .
, , ,

ou bt not he will go into manure cellars and sta

, tum that the N iag ara has the whole o f its bed b e ,

bles for all his stock ; but this m ove is a credi table lo w the F alls and being soft the water which fall s , ,

one and in the right di rection He will also learn over t h e Horse Shoe an d over the A merican north
, . ,
 42 N EW ENGLAN D F AR ME R . JA N .

of G o at Isl an d h as h ad n o difculty in sinki n g cou n try H e told his fri e n ds th e r e th a t if i t w er e

, .
,

C h a sms 0 f "ast d e pth i n to W hich th e brOken TOCk possibl e to in troduc e largely th e tru e A m e ric an
,

o f t h e l im e s to n e walls which compos e t h e c at ar a ct

scyth e though a t gr eat mon e y outla y th e ga in t o
f a lls This str a tu m e xt e n d s ov e r a l a rge tr a ct o f
, ,

B ri t ai n would b e v e ry r e mu n e r a t i v e a n d tha t by i t s
.

cou n try w a te r e d by th e gre a t l ak e s which seem t o ,

h av e a subte rran ean communi c a tio n with th e v ol S up e rior E fCien c Y H e also t om h ls won d eri n g
, ,

c an oe s o f H e cl a in Ic e l a n d a n d thos e o f th e south frie n ds th a t on e man h e r e could out four acr e s of

, ,

e m p a rt of t h e E urop ean co n ti n e n t a s t h e dis turb

ba rl e y or o a ts in a day ! Th e write r S ta te s th at th e
,

a n c e c a us e d by t h e e a rthqu a k e a t L isbo n i n 17 7 5
r e a l sh a p e of th e scyth e could n o t b e a sc e r ta i n e d
c aus e d t h e a gita tion of th e w a t ers of L a k e O n ta rio
.

Is i t poss i bl e th a t th e A m e r i c an scyth e h a s n o t ye t
.

H e s a ys th a t an imm e n s e volum e of g a s a ris e s from

b s d us d i m y p rts of E gl d ? W e
t h e ch a sm i n t o which N i a ga r a plu n g e s from t h e lof e e n e e n a n e n a n a n an

ty pr e cipic e s which for m t h e Hors e Sho e o n t h e r e comm e n d to our fri en ds R u l e s N o urse Ma son
gg , , ,

A m e ric an f a n a n d might W ith Prop e r a pp a r a tus be

: C o to s e n d Mr ME C HI a c a s e of h a lf a doze n by .
.
,
i g n it e d a n d wh e n on re would e xc ee d in b ea u ty
th e n e xt s t ea m e r
t h e a m e s of th e g as a sc en din g from th e d e e p ra
.

vi n e s of t h e s a li n e s o f Kan h a wh a which iv e a co l H A R VE S T S I N E UR O PE
g
.
,

u mn o f a m e o f s e v e n ty fe e t in h e ight His con A F r en ch p a p e r th e C o ns titutio n n el s a ys th e r e is

.

, ,
c l usion ,from all his obs e rvatio n is th a t th e gr e a t a l arg e d e cit in th e crops of th a t cou n try an d th a t
, ,

f a ll s do n ot d a t e b e yo n d th e u n iv e rs a l d e luge
. .
,

th e y will be un d e r th e n e c e ssity of purch a si n g l arge

l y of oth e r cou n tri e s Th e y h a v e usu ally gon e t o
S PI RI T O F TH E A G R I
.

C UL T UR A L R ussi a an d t h e coun tri e s on t h e Bla ck S e a but thi s ,

PR E SS y e ar th e y say we sh a ll a ddr e ss our s elv e s t o th e
.
, ,
PE RU VI AN G UA N O
U n it e d S ta te s wh e r e th e h arv e st h a s b e en v e ry
.

,
P r of N A SH in his F a rmer says - Thi s is an e x a bu n d an t an d i t is e vid en t th at we ma
.
,

in
y p y
, a
,

c e ll e n t fe rti liz e r E v e ry fa rm e r should h a v e mor e produc e or dr a fts for a co n sid e rabl e p a r t o f th e corn
.

o r l e ss of i t a t comm an d for sp e ci a l a pp l ic a tio n s

[ wh ea t] which we purch a s e .
.

O n poor ou t-of th e-wa y soils wh e r e h ea vy m an ure s

,
-
, Th e crops o f wh ea t an d rye throughout th e whol e
c ann o t b e c arri e d without t oo much e xp e n s e i t may of N orth er n E uro e are l a m en tably d eci en t Th e
p , .

b e us e d with d e cid e d a dva nta g e for a lmost an y cr 0 p

M a rk L a m E xp res s (L on don ) s a ys .
33
O n l an ds o f a good qu ali ty w e ll situ a t e d f o r work we ll a s ours el v e s b e ga n t h is c e r e a l y ear with a n e x
,
in g an d m an uri n g g u a n o will n o l i n the lo ng run h st d s t ock whilst n t h e oth e r h an d th e o
, ,
an e ; o ,
p p ,

p a y a t p res en t ra tes us ed f or the o rdin a r

, y p ur ul a tion o f th e S ta t e s i n cr ea s e s e v en fa st e r th a n o ur
p oses of i n l a n d f a rming W h e n th e r e is b e for e o wn or an E urop e an Sta t e s o th a t con sumptio n
.

y ; ,
h an d a lmost a c e rt a i n ty of high pric e s for produc e k e e ps p a c e with produc tio n up to th e pr e s en t tim e ,
,
t h e i n l an d farm e r ma y do v e ry w e ll t o t ry it
wh at e v e r it ma y do h e r e a ft e r Th e y h a v e ho wev e r
.

.
, ,
W e h a v e r e c en tly co n v e rs e d with t wo g en tl e m en
ha d thi s y e a r an e xc e ll en t crop an d a l a rg e i n cr e a s e ,
bo t h pr ac tic a l me n an d o f critic a l obs e rv a tion
,
of l an d u n d e r wh ea t an d wil l prob ably be abl e to ,
who in forme d us t h at th e y n ow h a v e e lds in gra ss e xport a s much if n ot mor e th a n in 184 7 The ,
, .
,
an d yi e ldi n g good crops l a id do wn som e ve six ,
q ue stio n th e r e for e is wh at proportion of this sh all
,
,
an d s e v en y e a rs a o m an ur e d th en sol e ly with
g ,
g u we ob t ai n ?

an o an d r e c e ivi n g littl e or n o m an ur i n g si n c e If I n som e p a r t s of E ur op e how ev er th e h arve s t

, .

, ,
s uch we r e to b e th e g en e r a l r e sult we migh t bri n g
h as been good
,
I n A us t ria th e wh ea t crop was .
,
up our farms to a won d e rful d e gre e o f fe rti l ity b e
a bu n d an t an d s o in Prussi a a n d E gyp t , .

c aus e a thi rd or h al f of t h e till a g e l a n d laid t o gra ss

wi th gu an o an d producin g a fair crop f or s e v e r a l
,
SC A R C IT Y 0F H O RS E S I N E UR O PE .

y e ars in succ e ssion would en abl e us t o appropri a te A corr e spo n d en t o f th e N ew York Sp irit of the
,

a ll th e m a n ur e of t h e fa rm t o t h e ho e d crops Ti m33 W tin g fro m ParissaY3 3 .

I n L on d on la di e s
:

,

s ddl hors s n d c arri ag e hor s e s are n o t t o b e h a d

This ould llow v ery hig h m an urin g an d put
w a o f a e e a
,
.

th e l an d in such con ditio n a s to produc e h eav I th i t d ys se al c h I n o t n d a d e c en t

,

y g r a ss :
n r e en a :

crops withou t e f ur th e r a pplic a tio n o f gu an o

t h p ai r fo r s a l e a t an
y pr i c e If.
t h
.

i s war l a sts an oth e r .

B ut we n ee d fu r th e r e xp e rim e n ts an d t e s t t he u y ea r E uroBe an s W il l b e importin g hors e s fr ml

g , i
am, upo n its o wn m e rits by putti n g the l an d i n t o A m e r i c a ; an d i t would b e w ll worth
e t h e a tt e n ti o n
,

of f rm rs an d br ee d e rs to r a is e l a rg e hors e s t
g r ss wi t hou t a p ar ticl e o f an y oth e r m an ure
a o u r a e ,
.

to dra w a h ea vy c a rri a g e or c a rry a h e av y man

TH E A ME R I CAN SC Y THE
, .

a ddl e ho r s e s f or g en t l e m en are still to b e

.

A writ e r in on e of th e E n gli s h p a p e rs i n quir e s if

G ood s
a ny o f t h e ir a ricultur a l r e a d ers a re a cqu ain t e d with
fou n d by p a yi n
g for t h e m ; a rs t ra t e o n e stan ds
g
t h e A m e ric an scy th e its con structio n an d sup e rior
you $ 3 0 0 A U t i ca (N Y ) p ap e r st a t e s t h a t a
. . .

,
g e n t l e m an is n ow in t h at city purch a sin g carria g e
it y ov e r t hos e o f ordi na ry us e in th e British isl e s ?

an d s a ddl e ho rs e s f or t h e m ark e t
It a p pe ar s th a t a n ativ e of Yorkshir e E n gl an d on , ,
.

a vi si t to his n a tiv e l an d bro ught t h e subj e c t of our

,
H OG S AN D C O RN .

s c y t h e in t o comp a riso n wi t h t hos e in us e in t h a t G ood pork h as n o t b ee n so high fo r se v er a l y ears

 185 6 . N EW EN GLA N D F AR MER . 48

as it is i n d e e d pork in N e w E n gl an d h as
n ow ; , ca loric of the subsoil will r e move t h e frost n ot ,

b e en ra is e d a t a v ery sm a ll pro t if an y for six or withstan din g th e a tmosph e r e h a s n ot at an y tim e

e igh t y e a rs p a st Th e Ci n ci n n a ti P ri ces C urrent
ris e n much a bov e f r ee z i n g poin t Th e grou n d h ad .

b een froz en lik e a ston e b e for e th e s n ow fe ll upo n

.

s ys
a
W ithin t he l a s t t wo w e e ks th e r e h av e b e e n
it t he w ea th e r co n tin ui n g m an y w e e ks b e low f re ez ,
n um e rous co n tr a cts m a d e for n e w cor n a moun ti n g in g poi n t ; a n d ye t a ft e rw a rds o n r e movin g th e
,
,
in t h e a ggr e g a t e t o on e hu n dr e d an d fty t hou s n o w t h e gr oun d was f oun d th a we d o ut an d ea sily , ,

s an d bush e ls a t pric e s v a ryi n g from thir t y-on e to
,
lifte d with a shov e l O f cours e a boy s r ea so n was .
,

thir ty-ve all to b e d e liver e d in thi s city b e for e th e giv en for this circums ta n c e viz : th a t the s n ow was ,
,
wa rm a n d h ad th aw e d out th e grou n d i n stea d o f

rs t of n e xt J an u a ry Hold e rs u n d e r t h e i n u en c e
.
th e tru e on e th a t i t s n on-co n ducti n g prop er t i e s h a d
,
,

,
,

of t h e e xcit e d sta t e of t h e m a rk e t f or b re a ds tu s in te rc e p t e d th e ra dia tion of th e h e a t from t h e low ,

a n d a n ticip a tin g a l a rge for e i n d e m an d for co rn e r str a t a o f th e soil a n d t hi s a c tin g upo n th e upp e r
g , , ,

a re n o w v e ry rm an d co n tr a cts could n o t b e m a d e
,
stra tum had re mov e d t h e fr ost , .

A lpi n e pl an ts t h a t outli v e th e s ev e r e s t wi n t e rs o f
b e low thir ty-ve an d m an y are a skin g hi gh e r rate s ,
,
mou n ta i n distric t s b e c ause prote cte d by s n ow h a v e
.

Th e r e is ab e tte r fee li ng on the p a r t o f hog buy p e ri sh e d in th e comp a ra tiv e ly wa rm clim a t e o f E n g

,

e rs wi th an in cr e a s e d disposi tio n t o op e r at e
, C on la n d for w an t of such prot e ction W e h a d a good .
.

t ra c t s for two lots h a v e b ee n m a d e a t f or N o illus tratio n o f t h e ge ni a l in u en c e s o f sn ow in our

v e mb e r d e liv e ry a n d hold e r s a re n ow a ski n
own coun try l a s t win t e r The th e rmom e t e r w en t
g $7
.

a n d s ee m pr e tty sti ff a t t his r a t e
, ,
down t o a poin t un pr e c e d en te d in our hi story b e
F or D e c e mb e r ,
in g n o l e ss th a n t w en t y-two d e gr ee s b e low z e r o
.

d e li v e ry h a s b e e n p aid an d at this rat e t h e re

, Th at was a poin t o f d e p re ssio n in dic at e d f or th e
,

are p e rh a ps m or e buy e r s th an s e ll ers

, , rs t tim e in a r e cord of sixty-s e v en y e ars a n d f o r
.

,

h o w lo n g a p e riod pr e viously it is impossibl e t o ,

t e ll Of cours e th e p e ach crop wa s utte rly r ui n e d

A G RI C U L T UR A L B E N E F I
,
T S O F S N O W an d orch ar ds which w ere won t to yi e ld hun dr e ds
.
,
.
,

I t is with som e fe e lin gs of r e gr e t an d di scomfo r t o f bush e ls of spl en did frui t produc e d thi s y ea r , , ,
th a t farm e rs as w e ll a s oth e r men r e ga rd th e ap n othi n g but l eav e s
,
A t o ur horticultura l show
,
.
,

proach o f wi n te r Th a t duri n g s e v e ral mon ths how e v e r th e r e w e r e e xhibi t e d s e v er a l m agnic e n t

.
, ,

th e r e mus t co n tin u e an e xh austin g dr ain u pon t h e sp e cimen s o f p ea ch e s whi ch upon in quiry w er e , , ,

a ccumul a tio n s of t h e y ea r without an re pl e n ishin g fo un d in e v e ry i n sta n c e to h a v e b een produc e d u

y , p
s tr e a ms t o coun t e rb a l an c e its e ff e cts is a fa c t n o t o n li mbs th a t h a d by a fortu na t e accid en t b een
, , ,

l ea s an t to con t empl a te e sp e ci a lly i f an in di vidu al b en t down an d c o vere d with a s n ow-drift The

pappen s to be s traitene d in supply H en c e wh en te mp e ra ture i n th ei r pos i ti on di d n ot probably f all
, .
.

.
,

a storm o f s n ow occur s ea rly in t h e s ea so n a s o n e t o z e ro an d if th e y could h a v e l a id up o n t h e rou nd

,g , ,

did in this loc a lity on th e twen t y-f th ult th e in would b ar ely h a v e r e a ch e d fr e e zin g poin t Th e
, .
, .

qu iry n a tura lly aris e s of wh a t b en e t is s n ow ? ea rth at thi s s e v ere p er i od wa s m antl e d wi th a h e a vy

W e se e its e vil e ff e cts in th e wr e t ch e d s ta t e in whi ch fa ll an d we tre mbl e a t th e poss ibl e co n s e qu en c e s ,

it pl a c e s our ro ads ; in t h e s t r ain e d an d brok e n whi ch mi g ht h av e en su e d in c a s e t h e gr oun d h a d b een

'

m ann e r it l ea v e s our tr e es e sp e cia lly if it com e s a s e xpos e d an d dG mIde d A S I t W 3 8 th e frost did not
, ,
o
,

i n this in st an c e b e for e t h e y h a v e b e e n d e foli a t e d by p en e tr a t e t o an un u su a l d e pth an d t h e wh e a t e ld s

, ,

t h e win d an d frost ; in th e dow n c a st an d sorry look an d t h e m ea dows c a m e ou t in t h e sprin g f l e S h e 11d ,

'

i t giv e s to a ll an im a t e d na t ure man in clud e d gr e en fro m th eir lo n g wi n te r slumb e rs

, . .

It is n ot o ur purpos e to a ss e rt th e va lu e of an un S n ow has b een c all e d th e poor m a n s m an u r e ; bu t

t im e ly s n ow an y mor e th an th a t o f an un ti m e ly We a re n ot a ware th a t an alys i s shows it t o poss e ss

,

frost A n y on e o f th e ph e n om en a o f n atur e may an y f ructif y mg e l e m en t s n ot C e n ta me d m rain

.

be a tte n d e d wi th e vil co n s e qu en c e s how e v e r b en e ter Th e g ra du al m an n e r of I ts m e l t i ng a w a y e n

.

.
,

e ial a n d n e c e ss a ry in a g ene ra l way Too much abl e s th e soil t o absorb a gr eat e r portio n a n d thus
,
,

rain or t oo little t oo b ackw ard a s ea so n or t oo f or b e com e thoroughl y saturat e d at th e s eason W h en

,

w a rd ; an d a thousan d thi n gs ge n e r ally b en eci a l such a re sult is d e sirabl e Th e absorp tion o f c a lo r ,

.

may b e sp e ci a lly i njurious N a tur e works by g e n ic whi ch b ecom e s l a ten t in m e lti n g s n o w pr e v en ts

.
, ,

e r a l l a ws an d in th e ir impa r ti a l a dmi ni str a tio n a sudd en tr an siti o n f ro m th e c h ill of win t e r t o th e

, ,

do e s n ot s t op t o i n quir e wh e th e r or n o t this m an s wa rmth of sprin g If it w er e n o t f or this v e ge ta .
,

s e e d is sown o r th a t m an s h a r v e s t is s e cur e
,

tio n would st a r t t oo e a r ly an d all th e frui t s an d . ,

S n ow in l atitude s wh e r e th e t e mp e rat ur e is suf ten d e r plan t s would be n ipp e d b vern a l fros ts

cientl y low for it t o fa ll is o f vita l impo rta n c e to A s th e s e a so ns are n ow co n stitu t e d :the sun must
, , .

v e get abl e l ife Its p e culi arly porous s tructur e ren a t l e a s t cros s th e e qua tor an d th e l en gth of d a ys
.
,

d ers it an e xc ee di n gly b ad con duc t or o f c aloric ; e xc ee d th at of th e nigh t s b e for e th e s n ow m e l ts ,

a n d h en c e wh en cov e rin g an yth i n g e ith e r w arm or from t h e hill-sid e an d dis ap p ear s in t h e va l e

, It , .

cold an d grea tly di ff e ri n g in t e mp e r a tur e fr om th e has th en p e rforme d its miss i o n a g en tl e a n d a mer

, ,

sn ow i ts e lf o r from surrou n d in g obj e c t s i t r e qu ir e s cif ul on e wh a t e v e r may h a v e b een its c hill an d f or

, , ,

a lo n g p e riod o f t ime f or t h e e quil ibrium t o b e re biddin g a sp e ct in t h e early a u tum n

'

s t or e d . A loc a li ty t h a t e xp e rien c e s abu n d an t f a lls of s n ow ,

If the ear th b e com e s early cov e r e d with sn ow which cov e r th e groun d un i formly through th e win ,

an d b e for e t h e grou n d is froz en i t will r e m ain abov e te r will a dmi t o f t h e cultiva ti o n o f m a n y t hin g s
, ,

f r e e z in g p oi n t t h e en tire wi n t e r e v en though th e a t th a t c an n o t b e grown in oth e r pla c es with n o low e r

,

mosp h e ri c t e mp e ra tur e should go down m an y d e t e mp e r a tur e but d e stitut e of s n ow ; an d m an y cou n ,

r e e s b e low z e ro S o d e cid e d is its prot e c t io n th a t tri e s would b e without its pro te ct in in u e n c e s

g .
, , ,

i f t h e soil b e p e n e t ra t e d with frost to th e d e pth o f m e r e r e gio n s of wa st e an d d e sol at io n u r a l N ew .

s e v e ra l in ch e s b e fo re t h e fa ll of s n ow com e s o n t h e Yorker .
,
 44 N EW EN GLA N D FAR ME R . JA N .

b e for e m y day I
F or n o ur o wn Hom e s t e a d we us e d
the N ew E ng la n d F ar me r .
.
,

H OW TO KE E P YO UR HO U S E W A R M t o bur n four -foo t wood in th

e kitch en an d ou r s ,

s a mod e rn hous e buil t a bou t t h e y e a r on e of th e

IN TH E C OUN TRY w a
.
, ,

pr e s e n t c e n tury N o w a s t o th e comfor t o f t hi s
B Y HE N RY F F RE N CH . .
.

O p F ir p l
en e- rl y O b l t Ol d f h i d Kit h
a ces nea
s t yl e of
so e e
r e s e v e rybody k n o w s wh o e v e r l iv e d in
- as one c e ns
S l d d i g W d F r k l i St v d F r fr m H t d an old fa shion e d hous e in th e cou n try th at in a
e n oo an n o es a n i e- a es ea an
Fr h Ai
es N ri r, w ll L x ri H w m h i
e c e ss a es as e as u u es o uc a r a
, ,

Ma n u se s H w gr b l t br th th m A i- t h t h cold day ev e ryt hin g froz e e v en in t h e b ack p ar t

o a eea e o ea e e sa e r a as
j t b m d b y d th r l C l S t v C rb i o f th e room w ith th e big re bl azi n g an d th e
us ee use a oz e n o e s os e o es a on c
, ,

A id b y S l w C mb ti
c o P i o fr m d h t Ir V
us on o so n o re o on en , ,

t il ti
a Pri i p l
on , f nc es o .
ch a mb e rs wh e r e th e r e w e r e n o r e s s e e m e d con ,

D iscours e as pl e a s an tly a n d a s l ea rn e dly a s we sid erab ly cold e r th an out doors W h o th a t re -

.
,

may of t h e ch ee rful n e ss an d h e a lthful n e ss of a n old m e mb e rs h ow his br eath was frozen li k e s n ow u pon

,

f as hio ne d wood re on t h e h ea rthsto n e we c an n e v th e bl an k e t s (we should h a v e p e rish e d in sh ee t s ) , ,

er bri n g b a ck an
y mor e of t h a t a gr e eabl e id ea th a n at w a ki n g e v e r d e s ire s t o go b a ck to t h e old ,

th e pl ea s a n t m e mori e s of on e g e n e r a tio n w h ich h as way of k e e pi n g w a rm ?

j us t l iv e d t hro ugh it choos e t o fur n ish to poste rity ,
A n d t h en t h e l abor a n d e X pe n se ! To b e sur e .

W ood pil e s on th e h e a r th lik e wi gw a ms an d log t h e wood was r ecko n e d o f l ittl e v a lu e o n t h e l o t

, .

hous e s are a s th e cl e arin gs i n cr ea s e g e tti n g to b e But at my fa th e r s an d at e v e ry r e sp e c tabl e e s tab
, , , , ,

m tt rs o history Th y a e v e ry pl e s an t thi n gs
a e f e r . a l is h m en t i t wa s t h e wi n t e r s work for two men an d , ,

t o r e m e mb e r bu t on th e whol e wo ul d b e to o ur a t ea m of four ox e n an d a s m an y st e e rs to g up
, , ,

mor e cultiv a t e d s e n sibil iti e s in th e s e time s v e ry n u th e y ears s t ock o f fu e l Th e men a n d t ea ms w e r e

, , .

comfortabl e to d e p en d on for hous e warmi n g in a off by d ayligh t an d brought hom e th e wood sl e d

, , , ,

N e w E n gl an d wi n t e r . l e n gth loa d a ft e r lo a d an d rolle d it up in to hug e , ,

I t r ust I am n ot u n gr at e ful in wh a t I am sa yin g pil e s in t he door-ya rd a n d h e wa s co n sid e r e d a n .

,

Man y a pl ea san t e v e n i n g h a v e I d a n c e d with t h e u n commo n ly for e h an d e d fa rm e r who e v e r h a d a ,

boys an d girls of t h e vill ag e by th e li gh t of t h e stock o f s ea son e d wood on h an d A n d so th e y .

bl a zi n g re o n th e kitch e n h e a rth Man y a t im e t oil e d all summ e r t o r ais e cor n an d h a y an d pot a

.
,

h ave I s a t on a stool in th e chim n e y corn e r an d t o e s e n ough t o k e e p t h e me n an d t ea ms through , ,

look e d up an d s een th e star s t wi n kli n g through th e th e wi n t e r an d work e d al l win t e r lo n g ge t tin g up , ,

b ro a d ue W e ll do I r e m e mb e r t h e h i gh-b a ck e d wood to k ee p from fr e e zin g

.

s ettl e which was a s e ss e n t i a l th e n i n a ki tch e n as a

, W ood l e s on th e h ea rth are o ut o f t h e qu e s ,
, ,
_

s e fe is n e w t o th e Pe rl e r Th e r e ma y b e re a ders t io n Th e y cos t t oo much a n d th a t is d e cisiv e o f .

,
Of th e F a r me r S e ign or an t as n e t t o k n ow W h a t a th e m a tt e r N e xt in ord e r c a m e F ran kli n stove s .
, ,
s e ttl e is ! It is a high b ack e d wood e n b e n ch lo n g an d re f rame s an d p a te n t re pl a c e s of a ll de
-
, _
, ,
e n ough f o r f o ur 0 1 v e or e ee e S ie n e u
Y S ix 0 1 e ight scription s
'

, Th e old fa shio n e d p e opl e must s ee the : : .

boys an d girls to sit on bo ard e d clos e from t Op to re an d war was for a lo n g tim e w a ge d a gai n s t
, ,
, , ,
bottom on th e b e ek an d W ith a rms a t th e en ds clos e stov e s m ai n ly b e ca us e th e y shut t h e re from : ,

an d a b e ard Ov e rh ea d e
Pi e c e O f fur n iture d e ll b t sigh t I h a v e a lwa ys fan ci e d th at th e r ea so n wh y

.
,

l e ss d e sig n e d n o t on ly for a s ea t but for a scr ee n we lov e t o s ee th e re is b e c aus e we are usu a lly
, ,
,

t o b re ak t h e curr en t 0 f 00 1d a ir th a t a lw a ys W hi S cold wh e r e op e n re -pl a c e s a re us e d , I L e v er k n e w .

tl e d Pa st e v e ry (10 01 an d W i n dow t ow a rds t h e big a p e rso n wh o thought a bl a zi n g r e a v e ry b e a utiful

hre -Pl a c e to supply t h e tr e m e n dous dr a ught I obj e c t in dog-d a ys an d am i n c l in e d t o thi n k th a t a .

, ,

r e m e mb e r W e ll t oo t h e f un W e h ad ge ttin g in th e p e rson wh o is co mfor tably warm usu a lly thi nks

: : ,
,

W OO d f o r t h e e v e n in g r e s a t o n e Of o ur n e ighbors v e ry littl e of t h e pr e s en c e or a bs e n c e of t h e re
:

wh e r e th e o ld fa shion e d re pl ac e our ish e d in its th a t w arms him ; whil e it is v ery natura l for on e
-

puri ty Th e boys h ad a S l e d W ith a y e k e at th e who is oblig e d t o s tan d clos e by th e an di ron s a n d

.
:
,

en d 0 f th e to n gu e for t h e t wO l a rg e s t to 111 by t urn roun d lik e a goos e susp e n d e d by a stri n g to

, PI , ,

an d a rop e hitch e d forw a rd for t h e sm a ll e r o n e s ro a s t o n c e a min ut e t o k e e p from , is .

, ,

W e F il e d on th e W e e d f e ur f e e t l en gth to t h e v e ry n a tur a l for hi m t o lik e t h e looks of a wood

:

t o p of t h e s t ak e s about t hr e e f e e t high a n d th en at re
, s om e on e h as sugge st e d a s an e co n omic al , .
,

th e W e rd W i th t h e doors S e t Op e n in W e W e n t in t o subst itut e for t h e use o f thos e wh o w an t a re to

, , :

t h e kl toh e n S l e d an d al l an d e n le a d e d n ear t h e look a t t h a t th e y should w arm th eir hous e with a

, :
,

r e-pl a c e A ba ck-l og of an y S iz e n o t l e ss th a n a s t ov e an d h a v e a picture o f a good re p ai n t e d on

.
,

foo t an d a h a lf in di a m e te r a n d a f o re-s ti ck of h a lf th e re-bo ard , ,

th e s iz e w e r e e ss en t i a l t o e v e ry r e sp e ct abl e re an d
, The obj e ct io n s t o F r an kl in s t ov e s an d re-fr a m e s ,

a supply of p in e k n o t s for li ght i ni Sh e d t h e pr e p a w e r e foun d t o b e th at th e y smok e d b e c aus e in

ra tl on for th e ev emn
t ,
, ,

g s comf ort l n t h e W ay Of mod e rn t h e rooms w e r e t oo

, to S u p
an d h e a t Th e y say t h er e IS a hous e 111 Ch est er ply th e dra ught an d again th e y co n sum e d too much ,
,

wh e r e th e occup an ts a lw a ys h aul e d th e wood in to wood Th e y t o o are gon e lik e th e I n di an s an 0 0 ,

, ,

th e kitch en sl e d -l e n g th wi th a hors e bu t t h a t was cas ion a l str a ggl r o n ly re m ainin g an d we in N e w

,
e
, ,
, , ,
 185 6 . N EW E N GLAN D F A R ME R . 45

E n gl an d , in spi te of all sort s of w a rnin gs of all on c e d e struc tiv e of hum an life Such a r e is lik e , .

sorts o f fa ta l e ff e cts h av e pra c tical ly com e t o th e a p an of coa l ign i t e d in a room withou t a n y e sc ap e

,

choic e b e t w ee n stoves an d f u rn a ces L ea vi n g a ll f or t h e smok e or ga s a v e ry common m ean s o f .

o th e r qu e stio n s for thos e wh o b e li e v e th a t th e e arth committi n g suicid e .

go e s b ackwa r d som e tim e s l e t u s discuss for a li ttl e A third m e thod by which th e air is ren d e r e d im
,

s p a c e thi s qu e stio n b e t w e en s t ov e s an d fur n ac e s re

, pur e an d u n t for r e sp ir a tion is by com in g in c on , ,

memb erin g a lways th at we are sp eakin g o f hous e s ta c t with red ho t i ron

, Carbo n ic a cid is gen era t e d .

in th e cou n try Your brick blocks in t h e ci t y sh e l n o t o n ly from th e iro n its e lf b ut from th e p articl e s
.
, ,

t e re d on e v e ry sid e w a rm e d from c e ll ar to a ttic d ay o f dust o a ti n g in th e air which are co n sum e d a t

, ,

an d n igh t form a disti n c t cl a ss of whi ch we sa y o n c e by co n t a ct wi th t h e iro n Iron con t ain s a lso

, , . ,

n o t hi n g n ow e xc e p t th a t th e pri n cipl e s which gov

, usu all y t ra c e s of sulphur phosphorus an d som e , , ,

e rn t h e subj e cts of h e a t an d v en til a tio n are n ot lim tim e s a rs en ic a ll of which are giv en off by th e iro n ,

ite d in th e ir a pplic a tion t o th e rura l distric t s a t a re d h e a t . .

Two obj e c t s are to be k ep t dis t in c t ly in Vie w Th e s e thr e e m e thods of corr uptin g th e air n am e ,
,

h ea t an d fr e sh air Pe rh aps th e la t te r shoul d b e .

b y br e a thin g by S10 W combus t ion 0 f co al in , .

clud i g h ch rco l m d i i -tigh t wood stov e s

pu t rs t for w thout air a man will die in abou t
i ,
n t e
,
a a a e n a r ,

t hr e e mi n u te s whil e a t th e low e s t t e mp e ra tur e

,
a n d b y C o n t a c t W ith re d -h o t ir o n a re a lw a ys t o b e
,

k n own in this l a titud e h e would live much lon ge r k e p t in min d Th e r e m e die s t i e uSl Y are ven til a
,

t h an th a t e xpos e d n a k e d b e for e h e would fr e e z e to ti on or t h e in trc duCtiou 0 f f reSh air th e use Of

, ,
, ,

d ea th .
stov e s op en or with su fci en t dr a ugh t to c arry off th e ,

Th e r e is n o dj feulty in gen e ra tin g h eat e n e n gh u n h ea lthy fum e s an d th e disus e of all s t ov e s an d ,

a t a ch ea p r a t e A n ai r-tight stov e in a n air-tight fur n a c e s th a t r e quir e h eatin g t o r e d n e ss

.
,

r oom will do th a t but t h e d i fculty is n obody can ,

I h ay e room o n ly f or a f eW g en e ra l Sugge s ti on s
,

li v e in such a pl a c e thus h ea t e d A h e a lthy man as to v en tila tion Ve n til a tio n impli e s th e in troduc
, ,
.

mus t ha v e about a pin t of air at a br e a th an d h e tion o f a ir an d its e sc ap e ; for i t is obvi ous t h a t air , ,

bre a th e s a bout a thous an d tim e s in a n hour an d so c an n o t com e in t o a room u n l e ss a lik e qu an tit y a t , ,

h e re quir e s abou t f ty-s even lwg shea ds o f air in th e s a m e tim e e sc ap e s f or t h e room is at a l l t im es ,

t w en ty-four h ours ! A n d this air o n c e br ea th e d is full A ll stov e s t h at ha ve a f r e e dr a ugh t con s t an t

, ,
.

u n t for r e spir a tion un til ch e mica lly ch an ge d Th e ly c a rry air out o f th e room t hroug h th e i r smok e
, .

p in t of a ir which p a ss e s from th e l un gs do e s n o t re pip e s ,

.

m a i n in on e lump by its e lf in som e cor n e r o f the If you r r oom w er e p e rfe c t ly t igh t th e re mus t
, ,

room s o th a t a fr e sh qu an ti ty is t ak e n in a t t h e o o u t o r sm o k e by th e air comi n g dow n t h e chim

, g , ,

n e x t br ea th A sin gl e whif o f cigar smok e will per n e y in Pa rt You v en til at e SUCh rooms b y PrO Vid
.
, .

v a d e the whol e room in a f e w mom en ts an d an old in g an op e nin g for th e air t o e n te r th e room an d , :

pip e z e a lously work e d by some v a gabon d will p ol t his may h e oft en don e by i n troducin g fr e sh air by ,

lute th e a tmosph e r e o f a whol e str e e t a s you f ollow 3 Pip e or b ox through th e c e ll a r an d a dmittin g it , :

b e hin d him A n d s o d e lic a te l a di e s an d gen tl e m en by a r e gis t e r un d er t h e St ov e 5 0 t h at i t may b e

.
, , , :

so fa stidious th at th e y would fa i n t a t t h e id ea o f warm e d a s it en t ers

dri nkin g from th e gl ass whi ch an oth e r h a d us e d sit If th e h e a t com e s from a furn a c e th e f re Sh air , ,

p en t up in an u n v e n til a te d roo m an d bre a th e wh at ? b e i n g suppli e d b eloW an d h ea t e d mus t h av e S p a c e

, ; ,

R ea lly it is t oo dis a gr eea bl e a t opic t o pursu e s o in t h e room which is t o b e h e a t e d or i t c an n ot en

, .
,

mi n ute ly . te r Th e room is t h e r e for e t o be v e n til a t e d by .

Th e ai r is as we h a v e s ee n pollu t e d in oth e r pro v idi n g an Op en in g fo r th e e sc a p e of t he a ir f rom

'

, ,

words it is d e prive d o f i t s oxyg en an d r e c e iv e s in it an d this is don e b e s t by a r e gis te r n ea r th e t op

, , ,

r e turn ca rbo n ic a ci d an d vapor by p assi n g through 0 f th e r oom ; f or a lthough as W e h av e s e en th e

, : , :

t h e lu n gs in br e a thi n g air whi ch h a s b e e n r e n d er e d imp u r e by br ea thi n g

. ,

This s am e poiso n ous c arbon ic a cid is g en er at e d is at t h e sa me t e mp e ra tur e h ee de r th a n b e for e , , :

a lso in l arg e qu an titi e s in t h e combustio n of co a l ye t i t is w arm e d in t h e s a m e Pre e e S S 0 f br e a thi n g

, , ,

o f all ki n ds It is h ea vi e r a t th e s a m e t emp e ra an d so ren d e r e d ligh t e r an d a t rs t a sc e n ds as you

, ,
, ,

tu r e than common air an d can t h e r e for e o n ly a s may S e e Your br eat h d o in an y C l e a r 00 1d mor n ing
, ,
: :

e en d through t h e S t ov e pip e o r chim n e y by b e i n g

,
In t h e c a s e o f clos,
e s t ov e s o r ai r-tights th e r e is n o
,
, ,

h ea t e d an d so e xp an d e d as t o b e com e ligh te r t han C h a n g e Of t h e e l m h e t e n d en cy 0 f t h e a ir t o e n t e r

common air ,
o r e sc ap e Th e room soo n b e com e s lik e a cork e d .

I n t h e a irtigh t co a l s t ov e s wh er e th e eomb us up bo t tl e of th e w a te r of th e D ea d S ea u n l e ss ar
,
,
,

t io n is v e ry slow an d a ll the hea t is s a ved th e e ar ticia l m ean s are pro vi d e d for th e a dmission an d es
, ,
.

bo nic a cid is s a v e d a lso an d i n st ea d o f goi n g u c a p e 0 f air A re gist e r un d er th e S tov e bri n gi n g

p ,

th e chim n e y r olls o ut i n to t h e room , I t som e fr e sh ai r in from withou t a n d a r egist e r a t som e , ,

t im es tak e s t h e for m o f c a rbo n ic oxi d e g as or as di s tan t Poin t a t th e top 0 f th e room for i t s e sc a p e , ,

: ,

th e mi n e rs c a ll it co a l as whi ch is wh e n pur e a t are Pe rh a ps t h e be et m e an s 0 f Veh t ila tle h

g , , , ,
o
46 NEW E N G LA N D F A R ME R . J
AN .

my space for thi s number is already con

B ut ,
used in propelling a lmost all the machinery of
,
n ow
'

sumed and the question o f stoves or furnaces the world ; when in their day every thing was done ,
,

by ma n u a l labor an d at a very slow rate a n d in a

whi ch I had intended to discuss must res t for
, ,

very inferior m anner I t then took as many d a ys

,
.

th e present upon the general principles already

, to do the same work as it n ow does ho urs a n d , ,

suggested perhaps to be f urther considered in the

, without doing it half so well What would they .

future .
have said at witnessing the more astonishing effec ts
of the electri c tel eg raph by means of which in t el li ,

F the N ew E g l d F me gence is now transm i tted with the speed of li g h t

or n an ar r. ,

ning from one end of the Unite d S tates to the oth

ME AN S OF I MPR OV E ME N T er ; when in their day it would have ta k en several .

B Y J O HN G OL D SB UR Y months if n ot years t o have done the same We .

, ,

Th e facili ties for acquiring and diff using i n forma se e then that the spirit o f improvement has been , ,

tion are immeasurably greater than they ever have abroad in the land and has wrought out important ,

been at any former period of the world Th e results ; an d that if we do not keep up with the .
,

g reat improvements in the arts a n d sciences the spirit and improvement of the times we shall soon , ,

general progress of the age in civili zation and re n d the world ahead of u s and that all o ur ideas ,

n emen t an d the spirit o f unwonted enterprise an d associations belong to a past generation

, .

pervading all classes in the communi ty are the I t is true that most of th e improvements o f our , ,

sur est harbingers of a better day They have a l day great and astonishing as they have been have .
, ,

ready done much to break down the barriers b e been made in the mechanic arts in the us e of ma ,

tween di fferent classes of men and t o introduce to chinery and in the means an d facilities of intercom
, ,

e ach the knowledge and the business o f all mun ica tion S ome improvements have been m ade . .

This is as it should be Man was not m ade for in the tools and implements employed in a gricul
.

himself alone but for society in whi ch there is a ture but few improvements have been made in
, ,

community o f interest and in some measure o f the science o f agriculture itsel f A n d even these
, , , .

fee ling which becomes a bond uniting all together improved tools and implements are not generally
, ,

as one common family ; so that whatever interests used b y farmers Too many still use the o ld and .

and deeply aff ects an y on e class o f the commun ity worn-out implements of a by gone age They still ,
-
.

wil l in some measure interest and aff ect the whole continue to plow an d harrow to plant an d sow and
, , .
, ,

We live in an inquiring and observing age E very to dig and cultivate the ground in the same man .
,

improvement in agriculture or the mechanic arts ner with the same implem ents a n d wi th the same
, , ,

is now chronicled by the public press and sent results as di d their fathers grandf athers and g reat , , ,

abroad on the wings of the wind to be read by all grandfathers before them They never once sto , .

cl asses o f men in every part of the world Th e f a to take counsel o f their reason or to consult wit .

cility an d rapidity o f communication between dif their neighbors upon the best means and methods ,

f e re n t and dista nt laces are am ong the proudest of doing the same things Th e consequence is
triumphs o f human knowledge and wi ll do much to they have fallen behi nd the age in which they live
, .
,

, ,

correct publi c Opinion an d to di rect it to its le g iti a n d are living in the age of high -heeled boots an d
,

mate obj ects There are none so high and none so peaked toed shoes when people used to go to mill
.
,
-
,

l ow as n o t t o b e beneted b y the means of in t e l li with a bag thrown across the back o f a h orse hav ,

gence Th e thoughts and experiments of one in in g the grain in one end of it an d a larg e stone in
.
,

dividual are now communicated with electric speed the other , .

t o quicken the thoughts and experiments o f anoth S till in proportion as knowledge has increased ,

er ; an d in this wa y all are beneted B esides among the people and industrious habits have been
, , .
, ,

much is to be e ffected through the agency and in formed in the same ratio have th e means of im ,

strumen t ality of o ur common schools These l ittle provement increased E very on e must h ave no . .

primary institutions in which the children of t h e ti ced the greater productions of the educated an d
,

rich an d the poor enj oy equal privileges and a dv a n skilf ul laborer over the ignorant day laborer wh o
tages and receive the same instruction are the pla kno ws just enough to do what he is told to do
, , .

c es in which to so w the seeds o f knowledge A n d E very one must h ave witnesse d the increased skil l .
,

if these seeds be sown with care they will spring and power of the scientic laborer and the greater , ,

u
p an d produce an abundant harvest Here then prots whi ch come from forethought order and .
, , , ,

we have a lever power by means of which w e m ay system as they preside over all our farms in all
, , ,

be enabled to elevate and educate all classes in t h e our workshops a n d in all t h e labors of our house ,

community ; to qualify them f or entering the great holds the care that mends a fence and saves a
eld of labor an d of usefulness with skill dexterity corneld ; the prudence that cuts the coat accord
, ,

an d enterprise . ing to t h e cloth that lays up somet hing for a rainy ,

O ur progress in agricultural knowledge is ou day and that saves all its earnings ; and the wisdom
, , ,

ward ; it is slow but sure We have not yet that leads the farmer to avail himself of all the
, .

reache d the extreme point o f improvement B efore means o f improvement within his reach Progress . .

that is reached many a proj ect will have been pro improvement should be the motto of eve ry
,

posed and rej ected ; many an experiment tried a n d farmer .

f a iled . S till the spirit of investigation an d e xp e ri

ment is abroad dangerous only to those wh o are in TH E W A Y IN WH I C H TOA D S S H E D TH E I R S K I N S
, .

error and wh o are afraid o f improvement I

, t is I have a small house under my care for g ro wmg .

highly prob able that many of the inventions and cucumbers There is a bed in the middle of it and .
,

i mprovements o f our day would have been regard the soil is about 3 feet high from the ground (i e . .
,

ed by our early pious ancestors as little better than to the to 3 of the hills where the plants are in ) A .

damnable heresy an d Wi tchcraft What would they person t e re f ore standing in the house can exam .
, ,

have said at beholdi ng the e ff ects o f s tea m w hich is ine an obj ect placed on the hi ll with ease L ast , .
 185 6 . NEW ENGL AN D F AR ME R . 47

S aturday, about seven o clock A M I uncovered . .
,
ch us e tt s A t an y rate it will well pay any lover
.

,

the house and went to se e that all wa s right when

, , o f trees the expense o f a f e w miles ride to se e it , .

t o my surprise Isa w my pet c omp anio n a ne toad , , It sta nds on a f arm formerly kno wn as the P erley
.

a pparently in the agonies o f d eath It was seated . Morse farm 3 ; o r 4 mh e s south-westerly from

,

at the end o f the ridge or bill of soil ; its mouth , , L awrence and a mile or t wo more than that dis
,

o r rather under j a w Openi n g every f e w seconds (the tance fro m L owell in a north-easterly di rection or , ,

t o p jaw did not move ) the eyes shut and the body , ,
less than a mile from the B artlett farm I t I s one .

violently convulsed each ti me the jaw opened and , of the greatest natural curiosities that Iever saw I n
with e ach convulsion of the body the ri ht fore foot the shape or form o f a tree B F C UTTE R . . . .

w as raised to the head Iplaced myse f in front o f . P elha m, O ct , 185 5 . .

it and perceived that it was d rawing something into

,

its mouth each time the j aw moved ; at that instant

F or the N ew E ng la n d F ar mer
the right eye Opened it then inated the body on
.

the left side and drew in the right placing at the

, , MI L K .

same time the left fore foot on the head behind the The componen t parts of mil k are the same in
eye and drawing it down to the mouth ; it then a p all animals Th e only di ff erence in the milk O f dif
.

p e are d to hold it s fore foot in the mouth f or about fe re n t animals is in the diff erent proportions of its
a second when it drew it out and Idistinctly saw
, , component elements These elements are caseine
,

the three points of the ski n that came Off its toes ,
or cheese butter sugar sali ne matter an d water
, , , .

o utside its lips till the next ope n ing of the jaw when ,
S ometimes however substances are found in mil k
, , ,
they were dra wn into the mouth When it drew .
derived from the food which render it medicinal ,
its foot over its left eye (which before wa s shut ) it ,
and even poisonous Th e following table exhibits .

broke out as bright as ever S ome folds o f the .

the composition of the milk of di ff erent animals ao .

s kin adhered to the left eg but by two or three l

, cording to Professors Henry and C hevalier :
m otions of the j aw they were gone and in about ,

a . 0 . 0 . O . I 0 OO . 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

had eaten its o wn skin a n d there it stood Wi th Its , B ut t e r

n e w covering as bright as i f it had been fresh varn
S uga r
Sa li ne ma tte r
18h e d o Ie l l d e aVO Ie d t 0 t o n e h 1t t0 f6 9 1 if 1t was W
. .

, a te r
clammy but the creature gave a Vi gorous j ump and
. .

, ,

the soil adhered to its legs Ilooke d at It an hour .

afterwards ; it had then begun to resume its propor ti on o f butter and cheese in the Th e
brown C olo l Th e time I t took to get O ff its head

.
o f the cow is well kno wn to depend u on her food ,
d ress wa s only a few minutes I t appeared t o H e
and the distance o f time from the birt of the cal f
.
.

that each time its j a w opened it drew the skin f or Th e milk several months after this period contain s , ,
ward W hile 1t distended the body 0 11 the S ide to be
, much more b utte r th an soon after the calf is dropped , .

uncovere d Turn er Mi lk when viewed by the naked eye appears t o be

.
, ,

a h omo e n e o u s white uid ; but when vi e wed through

g
F the N w E g l d F m er a microscope it exhibits an innite number o f min
or e n an a , ,

ute globules These consist of an Oily substa nce

A SI ,
.

N G U L A R TR E E and when collected together they constitute butter ;

.
,

MR E D ITOR S everal times within two years I When mi lk is set at rest in a cool place t hese 0 i
.
, ,

have been asked whether I had ever seen or heard particles being li ghter than the other parts gradu ,

o f a certain curious or singular evergreen tree in ally rise t o the surface and form cream When , .

the to wn O f M ethuen in E ssex C ounty Mass and milk is exposed to the atmosphere the sugar it c on
, , .
,

being engaged in raising forest or ornamental trees tains is converted into an acid ca lled lactic acid , .

I thi s day took the trouble to go a short distance The warmer the atmosphere to which it is exposed ,

o ut o f my way to se e it and pro ose to give you a the more rapidly does this change occur This aci d
p , .

short but not botanical descript i on o f it viz ;

, causes the casein e t o coagulate and thus forms
, , .
,

I should describe it as a white pine tree 3 5 feet curds an d prevents the separation of the cream , .

in height 18 inches diameter 3 feet from the Hence whe n milk is se t t o allow the cream t o rise
, , ,

ground straight and smooth like an old growth it should be kept a s cool as possible in order to re
, ,

swamp pine up to about 14 feet high ; it then tard the formation of this acid and thus allow a ll ,

branches o ut very thick forming a head 2 5 feet in the particles o f butter to rise to the surface A s
, .

diameter o f very regular cone shape so thick as to this acid is usually formed before all the bu t ter has
, ,

b e entirely impenetrable f or the entrance o f b irds separated the curd retains a portion o f it some , ,

on the wing Th e limbs are so thi ck that it would times nearly or quite half of the butter is retained
.

be almost i mpossible for a man to climb through it in the curd Th e longer we can keep milk sweet . . ,

Te n seed -cones that I foun d under it measured less the m ore cream rises Th e milk O f di ff erent cows .

than three inches in length (the comm on pine aver di ff ers in this respect F rom some the cream sepa
, .
,

a ging over six ) the leaves being very much thicker rates more rapidly than from that of others P erhaps
, .

t h an the common pine and the j oints on whorls Of this is owing to the different proportions of cas e ine
,

limbs Th e tree stands in open cultivated ground they contain F rom forty-eigh t to seventy-two
.
, , .

an d is perf ectly thrifty S everal young trees that hours are requi re d to separate the cream
. When .

have been transplanted and cultivated by Mr J ER this separation is completed the milk loses its .
,

E MI A H B A RK E R are 2 &feet high and the diameter white color and assumes the bluish hue by w hich
, , , ,

o r spread of li mbs from 2 ft 9 in to 4 f t in all skimmed milk is rea di ly distingui shed from m i lk
. . .
,

cases showing a greater diameter than height containing the cream . .

F rom its general appearance seed-cones & c I sup When cr eam is taken from milk a ortion of
pose it may be a new variety of the white pine n ot milk still adheres to the cream Th e p
, , .
, ,

actic acid .

described by Mr E merson in his Trees of Massa contained in this adhering portion causes the cream

.
48 NE W ENGL AN D F A R ME R . J
AN .

to sour V arious methods have been resorted t o

. goat Whi le I protest against the s ta rvin g system , .
,

to prevent the sourin g of milk the chief o f whi ch it would seem hardly necessary to caution f armers
,

are the addition of some a lkali dissolved in water against the Opposite extreme t o o high feeding , , ,

an d added to the milk when rst se t in the d a iry which is also detrimen tal t o the health and long li fe .

C arbonate o f soda carbonate of magnesia and liquid , of the animal While preparing sheep for the .

a mmonia have been used for this purpose B ut butcher high fee din g is necessary an d proper b ut .
, ,

neither will answer the p urpose e ff ectually unless for store sheep and breedin g ewes an over am ount , ,

a dd e d in pretty large quantity When they are of fat produced by high keeping is decidedly in
.
, ,

a dded in sufcient quantity to preven t the souring jurions an d aside from the attending e xpense to , ,

a portion of th e alkali will combine with the parti produce this state of things it has a tende n cy to ,

ci es of butter an d form a species of soap which

, shorten the li ves o f the sheep an d enfeeble the o ff ,

rising with the cream injures the quali ty of the but spring Th e forcing system of feeding brings an i
, .

ter The only e ff ectual method appears to be to

. mals to maturity early but is productive of prema , ,

keep the milk as cool as possible without f re e z ture death .

ing and to churn the crea m soon after I

, t is taken Th e proper and the most protable mode of feed
f rom the milk . R ing f or breeding an d store sheep is that which will .
, ,

C o n cord N ov 2 0 , . . develop in them the highest degree of bodily vi g or .

S heep fed in this manner would endure the fatigue

O f a long ourn e y while those hi g h fed would fail
WI N TE R M A N A G E MEN T OF SH E E R
from excess of fat and the scantily fed from mus
,

I
, ,
n the P atent O fce R e ort f 0 1 185 4 t h e re is a c ular debility E very wool grower will fi nd it for
p

,
-
.

valua ble arti cle on the H i stor y and Manag ement his interest t o provide wa rm capacious a n d well

, ,
Of the Merino S h eep by G E O C e M PBE L L E sq 0 f ventilated sheds for his ocks with a convenient
,

, ,
West W estmmste r V t from W t h we extract the access to ure water Th e feeding r a cks should be
.

, .

f ollowing remarks on the winter management o f ma d e wit good tight bottoms in order that the ,
s heep which will be read with interest :
, cha ff and seed the m ost valuable part of the hay , ,

Much of the success of the wo ol grower de ends may not be lost S uch racks will also answer for - .

U pon the winter management of his ock heep feeding out roots and grain and wi ll avoid the . ,

are animals which pay their owners better for o o d necessity of ha ving an extra l o t of troughs for that
care and keeping than an y other stock usuallyi e pt purpose .

on a farm ; but if fed with a stingy hand or n e Th e di fferent ages and classes o f sheep should be ,

gleeted if suitable conveniences are wanting they properly assorted This classication however
, ,
.
, ,

p ay perhaps as poorly as an y Th e annual loss to must be left to the j u d gment of the breeder Th e
. .

the United S tates resulting from a want of suita si z e of his ock and his conveniences for keeping
, ,

ble sheds and other conveniences for the wi nter will determine the e xtent O f the classication I t .

a ccommoda tion of sheep is immense Th e prom pt will be necessary in all ocks of considerable si z e
, . , ,

ings of self-interest would seem su ffi cient to induce to place the strong and feeble in separate ocks , .

our farmers to adopt a better system of winter Th e breeding ewes should constitute another divis

management N O intel ligent f armer at this day ion and so on with the lambs k e epi n g each class
.
, , ,

will attempt to deny the principle that warm e n c lo and age by themselves .

sures are eq uivalent to a certain extent for food ; I ,

n regard to the question how Often should sheep , ,

a variety o f well-conducted experiments have con be fed ? a difference of Opinion among g ood mana
elusively dem onstrated the fact A large propor gers exists While one believes that twice a day
.
v
.

tion o f food con sume d in winter is required for is suff icient another thinks it desirable to feed three ,

keeping up the animal heat a n d consequently in or four times but the most importa nt point I ah
, , ,

proportion as the apartments are war m within cer prehend is to feed re gularly whether t W ice three , , , ,

tain limits the less amount of food will be required or four times a day Th e writer feeds at present
, . .
, ,

Th e other extreme too close apartments would be hay twice one day the next hay in the m orni n g
, , , ,

obj ectionable from the impurity of the air and and straw at night an d so on givi ng hay an d straw , , ,

should be avoided S heep have very little reason alternately instead of hay ; and beside a feed of
.
, ,

t o fear inj ury from this cause Th e m aj ority of roots and grain is allowed at mid -day allowing a
. ,

those in our S tate su ffer for the want of shelter ha lf bushel of corn and co b or oatmeal mi xe d with , ,

an d a suitable quantity and variety in their winter two bushels o f roots to the one hundred head As , .

food Many ocks are brought to their winter sheep are fond Of a variety of food it is desirable to
.
,

quarters in fair con di tion but are fed so sp a ringly mak e as many changes as pr acticable I
,
f allowed .

that the growth of their wool is almost wholly ar constant access to pine or hemlock boughs through
rested during the winter season the fodder given the winter it will be conducive to their health , , .

them being only s uff icient to sustain the vital func S alt is equally as essential in winter as in summer ,

ti ons Under such circumstances the food c on and should be kept constantl y by them
. R ock -salt .
,

sumed by them is in fact nearly lost Th e owner whic h is imported in large lumps weighing from . ,

h as received n o return in the increase o f wool n or 20 to 5 0 pounds each is the cheapest a n d best ,
.

in bodily weight ; and he will su ffer further from a S heep are not liable to eat it in su ffi cient quantities
large per cent of actual deaths before the time o f as to ever inj ure them as they can only get it by
.
,

shearing . licking .

With such a course of m anagement the prots

o f wool -growing will necessarily be small If n ei TH E N E W J E R S E Y F A RME R is a n e w A gricul tu . .

ther self-interest n or the feelings of humanity will ral monthly published at F reehold N J b y Pharo , , . .
,

induce the farmer t o provide properly for his de B e n tle s o n It is in book form and promises .
, ,

ock he will nd it for his advantage to by its well-ll e d pages to be an e fcient a g ent in
peendent
, ,

1 e
p some other domestic animal an d I know o f the work o f agricultural progress I t is edited by
, .

nothi ng more suita ble for such men than a har dy O RRIN PHA RO E sq , .
 185 6 . N EW ENGLAN D F A R ME R . 49

TH E W I LL I A M S A PPL E .

This apple is calle d Wi lli a ms F a vorite and Wi l ,

sa the middle o f A ugust Th e stal k or s t em is
y .

l i a ms E a rly R ed It originated in R oxbury . , nearly an inch long but sometimes very short and ,

near B oston and was introduced by A D Wil

, . . eshy at the base this latter is an invariable fea
1i ams E sq hence its name
, .
, C O L E describes it . tur e a n d together wi th th e eshy n ob where the
, ,

as large Oblong-ovate ; bright red

,
dark red in th e S tem is se t in al ways di s tinguish it from
,
h e 8op t

su n ; little pale ye llow in the shade ; stalk slender ,

s a ViD e It is Of a l ieh win ey avor and generally
o
'

t wo-thirds o f an inch long in a narrow basin ; esh ,

With n e veins o f red runnin g through the whi te
yello wi sh w h ite ne mild pleasant and excellent
, , , .
and d e licate d esh e

R ipe during A ugust M oderate grower good .

,

bearer R equires a s trong moist soil and high c ul

.
, F or the N ew E n g l an d F mer
ar .

t ure to bring the fruit to perfection an d then it is ,

CA R R OTS F OR H O R SE S .

splen did and the most salable apple o f its time in

,
MR E D IT OR F
Wi nters p as t I have fed
.

or two
the B OS ton market .

my two horses upon carrots and hay commencing

'

with N ovember and ending about th erst of A pril

Th e app e from W t h the above Sketch W as t a
l

.
,
ken grew l n the garden 0 i W M W W H E I
, L D ON e
; D uring this length o f time I gave very little other ,

E sq of C oncord wh o no t only Ob ligingly furn ished

, ,
grain for carrots I consider grain and fully equal
, ,

t h e fruit b ut t h e following description to c at s My horses are in constant servi ce on the

.
,
o
Th e above desc ri pt i on by C ole Of th i s favor i te
road ; and under this treatment t h ey usually come ,
,
out a t the e n d of the

pile lookin g better than

summer apple (admitted to be the best we yet

, when they commenced My dose 13 two quarts . , ,

have among the early kinds ) will hardly enable , morning noon and at night fo ur to each horse ;
, ,

an
y on e not familiar with the fruit to recogni z e it .
they have as mueh g0 0 d sweet E nglish h a y as they ,

W l l l eat and out whether fed t o them dry or other

The form v a rie s considerably but the t ru e type re
.

_ , ,
,
w se 1a t t e r I have alwa s prac tl ce d ever
' ' '

Th l
S is c e I b as h e manag e me lo f h orse s
sembles the P orter i n shape ; and others o f them .

a had { and
c a n h ardl
y b e dist ng uished in 00 101 o r feature from
i I am satised that it is the cheapest and best way
'

, ,
th e S ops a v m e w hi ch is ripe about the same ti me in which it can be given to the hors e There is n o
o

, , .
50 NEW ENGLAN D F AR ME R . J
AN .

was t e and horses eat it better and have more time

, , birds mice o r squirrels it is best to plant them in
, ,

t o rest which is qui te an important consideration

, , the fall as that is the time d esign ed by nature ;
,

where the horse is liable t o be taken from the s ta and a moist shady place is much the best especial
, ,

ble at any moment I am satised there is n o bet . ly if they are to be transplanted Th e arbor vitae .
,

t er way o f fee di ng horses nor is there any che aper , w hite cedar larch spruce an d hemlock will sel dom
, ,

on e that I have ever tried than the on e here vegetate unless they are sown in wet a nd shady
mentioned I f there is will n ot some person wh o
.
, places .

kn ows please report ? I always cut the m quite ne , A ll seed trees need but a thin covering Of earth ,

before using C arrots are most excellent f or horses

. if the oun d is moist ; but if the ground is d ry ,

whose wind is any way aff ected such as the heaves , there 5 ould be allowance made and the seed c o v
&c . Those wh o have tried them for this pur pose , ered a little deeper as the gro und is drier O ne of .

will I think agree with m e in this ; if not j ust try

, , , the best rules than c a n be given is to follow N atur e
t h e experiment an d be satised They are usually . as near as possible in the t i me an d manner Of plant ,

cheap compared with other articles o f feed o f equal

, in g and also in the selection of lands A ll the light .

nutritiousness L ast year I paid nine dollars per . er kinds of seeds that are scattered by the wind , ,

t o n this year eleven and at the latter price I pre

, ,
need but very slight covering and generally succeed ,

fer them to oats measure for measure . without anything more than the rains will do .

P atent O fce report : A bushel of carrots well

,
I t is a very good plan -and is the practice in the ,

out up by a proper root -cutter is as good as a bush , O ld countries to s ow several kinds together as the ,

e l of oats for a workin g horse I have tried the ex . oak and pine or the pine a n d white birch as they
, ,

p e rime n t (so have IMr E ditor ) fully and sat is fac , .

, , protect each other and one may come up if the oth ,

t orily I have fed twelve quarts of sliced carrots

. er fails .

instead o f twelve quarts o f oats to a horse the , , Th e red cedar mountain ash and the thorn ripen ,

whole winter and found no difference in the results

, . their seeds in the autumn and require two years to ,

I gave hay with the carrots as w e do with the oats .

vegetate they should be gathered and kept in
It is calculated that 2 7 6 pounds o f carrots are , some shady place under ground on e year previous
equal to 100 pounds of good hay an d that 5 2 , to planting .

ounds of m eal or corn is equal to 100 pounds of A ll the oaks n ut-beari n g trees maples bass & c
pay F rom these estimate s and I will venture to
, , , , .
,

. require warm moist soil while the evergreens , ,

say they will be found pretty nearly correct any

, white birch & c will generally succeed on the
, .
,

person so disposed can easily satisfy himself wh eth

, , , lightest soil Th e whi te pine probably adapts it
.

er my method o f fee ding horses dur ing the winter self to all kinds o f land better than any other tree ,

months is not as cheap as any Where horses are . growing equally well from the quagmire of our
worked and kept in good condition at th e same swamps to the top of the highest h ills .

time if not the bes t that is gene rally the best

, If the trees are to be transplanted from the f or
w hich does its work the best and cheapest . est care should be taken to select good strong
, , ,

E a s t Wey mouth N ov 185 5 N Q , .

, . . . growing young trees from places where they have
not been too much shaded should be taken up
carefully and set out as soon afterwards as possible .

V A TI
CUL TI ON A N D PR E SE R V A TI
ON Th ey m ay be set at rst from 3 to 6 feet apart and ,

0F F O R E STS .
the trees may be O f any size from 1 to 12 feet hi gh
or more according to th e taste an dcare should be ,
TTE R E SQ BY B . F . CU , .
,

taken n ot to have them se t much deeper in the

Th e f irst thing to be taken into consideration in ground than they formerly grew in the woods .

th e cultivation of fores ts is the means by which they A growth of wood could probably be obtained in
are propagated whether fr om seed or by trans , this w a y sooner than by sowing the seed ; but the
p lanting young trees Ipropose rst to notice the . first cost would be much the most I f seedling trees .

propagation from the seed . from the seed bed were to be transplan ted Ish o ul d ,

Th e seeds Of all the oak s hickories butternut , , ,

recommend to transplant them when much smaller
black wahi ut beech chestnut bass hornbeam an d , , , , sa
y from l t o 3 feet high .

nettle tree are ripe and may be gathered at the

, , Th e protection of our forests might be all summed
rst ha rd frosts O f O ctober and all requi re the same ,
up in a very few words v i z keep out the cattle , ,

treatment viz : they may be planted directly after

, re and the speculators and let the birds live e s , ,

ripeni ng o r m ay be kept in some moist place until e cia lly the wood -peckers
, p .

spring and then planted I t inj ures all O f the above
k i nds to dry them
Th e scarlet and s ilver maples ca noe an d river
b irches and elms ripen their seeds early in June
, ,
an d should be planted imme di ately without drying
In good land they will grow from three inches to
three feet the rst ye ar They may also be dried
a n d kept . worth an d yet it is frequently the case
. E very man knows what would be the consequence
. if the re should run through h is wood -lot ; but it
,
is n o t every m an that is aware of the damage his
,
cattle do t o his lot by being allowed to run in it ;
. and any o n e would hardly be able to make him b e
lieve that a herd of cows would destroy more young
. wood in a few days or weeks than they were a ll
,
.

Th e sugar maple white pine hemlock spruce , , , , It is probably not of much consequence to sa y
arbor vite white cedar larch black an d yellow
a , , ,
anything at this time about the destruction of our
birches ripen their seeds in A ugust and S eptember
, ,
old growth as it is nearly all gone in this region
, ,

and m ay either be so wn directly or dried and kept but do our best to save the young growth th at is
till spri n g before plan ting . left and let the speculators g o for the present
,
.

Th e pitch pine and w hite birch ripen from N O In regard to birds it is well known that all kinds , ,

ve mb e r to M arch and o f course sh o uld vb e planted , that live in the woods subsist at times almost , ,

in the spring . wholly on insects and it is also very well known by ,

When seeds are n ot liable to be destroyed by natur alists and oth ers that all insec ts are inj urious ,
185 6 . NEW ENGLAN D F A R ME R . 51

to trees hence it should be the duty o f every man to come from ? and the answer will and must be
, ,

to do all in his power to save the birds from let your wood-l ots sta nd longer an d prune an d con ,

harm Ihave never kno wn but o n e kind of bird t in ue to thin o ut an d you will soon have lumber
.
,

t hat ever injures a tree that on e is the s ap-sucker enough

, , .

a species of woodpecker which sometimes eats the I , n conclusion it may not be out of place here t o ,

tender bark ; and he probably does ten times more g ive a few instances of the growth of some trees
, ,

good than mischief . on my own land to show at what age of the tree ,

It is thought by v e many of our farmers that we may expect a good sized lumber I have two .

the forest does best if e t alone and not pruned an d white pines on e Of which w a s trimmed about 5 0 , ,

as the work has generally been don e t his is the best years ago to the heigh t Of 2 5 feet and a man wh o
, , ,

w a y ; but from twenty years experience in the busi was present at the time said that it wa s j ust the ,

ness Ihave come t o a different conclusion I know right size t o hew for a six inch square stick Th e
, . .

o f no g ood reason that can be given wh y a wood other wa s pruned 5 years later an d was just about ,

lot may not be as much beneted by pruning as an the same si z e ; they stan d in thick woods and are
orchard E very good cultivator o f fruit knows 100 feet high an d girt 4 feet from the ground 8
.
, , ,

that it inj ures his orchard very much to let an in feet 3 inches each and are estimated by good ,

experienced man prune it with an axe as people j u dges to contain more than 1200 feet each Of mer ,

generally have done their wood-lots and the same ch antable lumber A nother lot o f six trees where
, .
,

r ule applies as well to the on e as to the other the O l d growth has more of it been c ut out meas .
, , ,

Th e method Ishould recommend to be pursue d ure 7 feet 7 inches at four feet from the ground , ,

would be to thin out all trees that are dead o r are not so tall a s the others but g row much faster
, , ,

show signs of decay and also others where they are as I can remember the time that I could carry off
, ,

s o thick as to interfere with each other too much on my back the whole o f a tree an d my age is 5 2 , , , .

an d to trim o ff with a pruning-s a w all dead and de A nother lot whi ch came from seeds of the rs t
c a yin g limbs where they interfere I very much mentioned tree an d cannot be more than 40 years
.
,

doubt th e propriety of cutting O ff good thrifty o l d are n ow 6 0 feet o r m ore lon g and from 6 to , , , , , ,

growing limbs unless they interfere badly with oth 10 inches square F rom the ab ove it will be see n
, .

er trees or li mbs o f the same tree that the trees gain in quantity much fas ter after
.

I t is frequently s aid that it does not pay to trim they are 4 0 years Of age than they d o before .

them I . t may be s o in some instances ; but when Th e study of nature as seen in the growing ,

wood sells from four to nine dollars per cord in our est is a very protable and pleasing on e to me and , ,

markets it does n o t take b ut a small pil e to pay it seems strange that th ere are not more who pur
,

for a day s work I know o f many places near by sue and enj oy it G ra n ite F a rmer
.
, . .

where a man may turn out from t wo to thee d ol

lar s worth per day and still leave the lot in a better
conditio n to grow for ten years more than if n ot CUL TI V A TI ON 0F CR A N BE R R I
, ES .

pruned
A t the N e w Hampshire S tate F air R ichard Hall
.

In order to have a
growth o f trees sta rt in g oo d o f A uburn exhibited some cu ltivated cranberrie s
,

sh a e it is necessary to have them very much raised in a un n ot very wet but bordering upon ,
,
r
thie er at rst than they c an grow when they be the high land His process of cultivation he sta ted ,

come larger and most farmers argue that they will .

t o be this to remove the surface o f the ground

,

die ou t a n d thin themselves best if let alone and some three inches in depth which in this case was
, ,

refer you to the old growth a nd talk o f the clear carted the pig-st he then took sand from the ,

to y;
lumber they make where the limbs have rotted off ; shore f a pond and spread it plentifully upon the
o
but they do not consider that o ur climate is very ground and t his vines two feet apart the second ,

se ;
different from what it was when the whole face of year after this he had a plentiful crop This was ,

the land was covered with wood and that those Old done three years ago .

an d the vines n o w cover the

,

trees that made the clear lu mber had been 200 ,

years in growing from 1 to 2 feet in diameter ; n or ground completely n o grass o r weeds be in g presen t ,
.

that the dry winds now sweep through and between He h as done nothing to the vines since a n d say s ,

o ur scattered wood lots - and have a tendency to that the average yield will be the present year t wo , ,

bushels
,
o f c ranber ries to every t en feet square He
preserve the dead limbs from decay s o that they .

remain o n the tree in a dry state and m ake what esteems this the most protable
,
crop he can culti

vate H e has ve acres o f this land which he in

t h e carpenters call pin knots s o that the only way
- .

by whic h we can have clear lumber is to prune the tends ,

to appropriate to this u se .

li mbs off when the trees are small I t is well

When i t 18 considered that fruit is n ow sold at
,

not less than two dollars a bushel in ou r markets

.

known to ever y Observing man that the lu mber o f ,

o ur second
this may be considere d as farming t o some pur pose
g rowth grows much faster and comes and prot There are thousands o f acres in N ew
,

to maturity in much less time than it took f or the .

E ngland which should under 0 the same treatmen t

,

B y such a course a great deado f wealth would b e

original growth and that there is a vast die re n ce
,
' .

in t h e value of lumber some of it being more val

u ab l e an d some of it less the ash and white pine
,
added t o the community annually from the invest
ment o f a small amount o f capital M r Hall also
,

for instance the former be ing more val uable and t h e immedi ate vic in
. .

the latter less stated that some cranberries in

I
.

n regard to the leng th O f time that a lot o f

ity growing naturally had been destroyed b y t he , ,

w ood should b e left to grow people di ff er very

frosts while those cultivate d were n o t a ffected in
,

the 1east ,
M a i n e F a rme r
much ; but where wood is for the re and dollars . .

and cents are the only obj ects in view from 26 to ,

3 0 years is long enough B ut if t his process were . F OOD F OR M I

, L C H C ows I t is said that a large
follo wed o ut t h e questio n would b e asked where milking establishment at the N orth of E ngland
, ,

is our lumber for b uil di ng and mechani cal purposes the cows are fed in the fo l lo w ing manner viz : , .
 52 NE W ENGLAN D F AR ME R . J
AN .

ninety-on e pounds of clover hay cut or chopped , the lame and laz y the halt and b lind the aged and , ,

on e Pound 0 i salt ; on e hundred and SiX t Ye igh t '

inf ant s and all graduations between were there .

, ,

pounds of brewer s grain ; t welve pounds o f ground Many a madam galloped th a t n igh t th at hadn t

axse e d These in g redie n ts are mixed together ,
even trotted f or years before and many an Old 3 0 1
.

and equally divi ded as the foo d of twelve cows Th e ,

di e l Sh OU I
.

hay after being cut is put into the mash -tub and
, ,

d e l e d his C rutch

scalded With boiling water Th e other articles .

A nd sh o we d h ow e ld s we re won .

re then mi d witl It is a ssert e d hat the

aaverage y l e f 0 f m1ll:18 four teen quar t8p or a p e
I n the midst of their festivity the great b o11 told
the h our Of ni ne when u p went three rousin g
rio d of eight months in succession m Veteri n a
o
,
. .

7y J ou rn a l .
cheers for the i r cons i derate guardi an and I n ve ,

m i nutes more the gay wassa i lers were dream i ng of

,

FUE L
UN SE A SON A BL E ,
E lysium on the advent of another Tha n ksgiving .

A few calculations relative to the comparative

value o f green an d seasoned wood for fuel may serve H O ME PI CTUR E .

t o remind those interested of the importance O f a t B Y MR S P D G AGE . . . .

,

S H E R h a d n i sh e d h i s h a rd d a y s work

t ention to the subj ect . BEN FI ,

E verybody knows tha t green wood is poor stu ff An d he sa t a t h is c ot a ge t d o or ;

t o kindle a re thou g h some contend that it will ,

H i s g o od w f e , i K A TE , s a t b y h is s id e,

keep up as well as seasoned if applied constantly A nd th e mo on l i gh t d a nc e d on th e oor

mo o n l i gh t d a n c e d
,

n o t su f fering the heat to go down That is if you

,
Th e on th e c o t t a ge o or ,

have a good re to season it in you can burn green

.
,
H er b ea ms we re cl e a r a nd b i gh t
r ,

wood as well as dry B ut to the calculations :

,
A s wh e n h e a nd K AT Et we l v e y e a rs b e f ore
.

T a l ke d lo v e in h er me l l ow l gh t i
A green stick of wood weighing 100 lbs when
.

Rh
.
,

seasoned weighs only 6 6 lbs or such is about the

, .
,
BEN F I
S HE ad ne v p p e of
er a i clay ,

average of wood commonly used for fuel I n a

A nd ne ver a d ra m d ra n k h e
i i t
.

S o h e l o ve d at h o me w th hi s w f e t o s ay ,
seas oned stick yo u have all the wood all that will i me rr ily
A nd th e y c h a t te d r gh t
support combustion you have only got rid of 3 4 lbs .

R i gh t m i l y e rr c h a tte d th e y on , th e wh l e i
o f water .

N o w water wi ll not burn an d if present in fuel

He r bb a e s l e p t on her b re a s t

, , , Wh il e a ch u bby ro g u e w th i ro s y s mi l e
it h as to be converted into steam at the e x pense Of , O n h i s f a th e rs k n e e f o un d re s t .

t hat fuel and it will take ve times as much heat

,

to m ake steam of water as it wil l simply to bring B E N to l d h e r h o w f a s t th e p ot a oe s gre w, t

A n d th e c orn i n th e l o we r e ld ,
, ,

it to a boiling point Here is seen at once the poor .

, A n d th e wh e a t on i
th e h ll w a s gr own t o se ed ,
economy o f burning green wood .
A nd p ro m i se d a i ld
gl or o u s y i e :

We have shown that about two thir ds of the -

A gl or o u s i yi ti m
e l d i n h a rv e s t e,

weight of gr e en wood is water now how many , A n d hi s orc h d w d i g f i ;

ar as o n a r

b arrels o f water is there in a cord of wood ? There Hi s sh e e p an d t k w i t h i r p ri m

s oc e re n e e,

are 12 8 cubic feet in a cord which allowing two ,

Hi s f a rm a ll i g d p i
n oo re a r.

f th s for vacant space between the sticks leaves 7 7 K id h l k d b ti f l

g d
, ea u u
A TE sa er ar en oo e ,
f eet of solid wood one-thir d of which is water , H e r f ow l s a nd he r c a l ve s we re f a t ;
equal to over six barrels o f water in every cord of Th at th e b utte r th a t T OMMY th at morn i n g ch urn e d
green wood Th e heat required to evaporate th is
.
W oul d b uy h i m a S u n d a y h a t
water would bring thirty barrels to the boiling
, Th a t JE N N Y f or Pa a n e w sh rt i h ad ma d e ,
point A n d this is n ot the only expense I
. f the . A n d t wa s d o n e , t oo , b y t h e rul e
wood was cut properly p iled and seasoned in the ,
T Y
h a t N E D D th e g a rd e n c oul d n c e l y i sp a d e ,

woods the cost of drawing it would be nearly on e

,
A n d A N N wa s a h e a d a t s c h o ol .

third less A n y way you can look at it the econ

.
BEN s l o wl y ra s e d i i
h is t o l -worn h a n d ,
y of bur ning green w ood is more than question Th i b
n
o ro u g h h is l oc k s of
gre y sh ro wn
at ie.

Ite ll y ou , A TE , K I i
wh a t th n k , sa d h e , i
E very farm er should look at and determine t o ,

W
e re th e h a p p e s t f olk s i n t ow n

i .

keep a stock of wood on hand su ff i cient to last one I k n ow , sa d a te ,

i K
th a t we a l l work h a rd !

year at least A n d he may t ake another look at

,
W ork a n dh e a l th g o t o ge th e r, I
ve f o un d
,
B LL
E d oe s n ot work a t a l l ,
.

F or th e re
s Mrs
t h e d i ff erence between woo d seasoned j ust enough .

and under cover and that which has l ain o ut doors

,
A nd sh e s s c k
i th e wh ol e y e a r ro un d .
,

un ti l all the sa -wood has become rotten a n d one

p ,
Th e y re
worth th i e r th ou sa n d s , so p e op l e say ,

h alf its value been lost by expos ure to the weather .

B ut I ne e
r se e th e m h a p p y y e t

g . Er .
T
wo ul d n ot be me th a t wo ul d t a ke th e ir g ol d ,
A nd l i ve in a c on s a n t t f re t .

b
My h um l e h o me h a s a l ig h t wi thi n ,
A THA N K S G IVIN G D IN N E R W e have a family Mrs B e l l s go ld c o u l d n ot b uy
.

i n this S tate wh o all di ned under on e roof on

, S ix h e a l th y c h i l d re n , a me rry h e a rt ,
Thanksgiving D a y whose d inner consisted of ten ,
A nd a h us b a nd s
l o e -li t e v
ye .

bus hels o f potatoes eig ht hun d red p oun ds o f fr esh ,

If a nc e d ai t e a r wa s i n B e n
s eye ,

pork roasted ve ba rrels of pudding together wi th Th e moo n sh one b i gh t r er a nd cl e a r e r,

, , ,
I c oul d n o t t l l wh y th m
e e a n sh o ul d c ry
,
plenty Of good bread an d pure cold water ! B ut h e hit h d p
c e K u to AT E st il l n e a re r ;
I n the evening th e great hall wa s cleare d a , ,
H e l e a n e d h is h e a d on h e r s h o ul d e r th e re ,
A nd h e t oo k h e r h a n d i n h i s
couple of ddlers were found among the number ,
Ig ue ss th ough Il ook e d a t th e moon j us t th e n
an d the w hole par ty assembled f or a ollicati on ;
j Th at he lef t on he r l p s i a k i s s.
 1 85 6 . N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . 53

E XTR A CTS A N D R E PL I
ES . of considerable importance as it can be done in ,

less than half the time where no long l itt r is in it

SW I
NE SHE EP C UT F OD D E R _ C OR N _ R YE _
e
.
_ _

Q UA S H E S S . 5 Th e white and yellow at southern l s gener

.

MR E DIT OR ; Ias a subscriber of th e N E

,
_
, . .
ally sown f or fodder ; some say sweet corn is b et
F a rmer wish to have the fo llo wing questions an
, ter We h ave no experience with the latter
. .

swere d through the columns o f that paper .

6 M illet . It is exceedin gly di f cult to dr y the
.

l st Whic h o f the three following bree ds

.
co m
swine are the most desirable for the farmer the ,
8 Th e marrow squash
the lead an d the t akes
S uffolk E ssex or B erksh ire ? ,
.

2d What breed of sheep are most protable

,
C anada crook neck comes next There are other -
.

f or our N e w E ngland soil ; havi ng in view the o h n e squashes as the C ustard and A corn bu t they , ,

j ec t 0f raisin g both lambs and W 0 0 1 for the mar

are not usually raised extensively for market .

ket ? 9 C arrots C abbages are v a luable a n d answer

What is the best kind of rain to feed t o ,
. .

3d
sheep in win ter an d h ow much S h fuld each receive
.

a good purpose f or late fall feed i ng but they can ,

,

per day ? not be stored away in su fcient quantity where

4 th Is it economy for farmers to cut their hay
. they will keep well to be used t hrough the winter , .

and mix W ith me e kf e r an th eir a ttl e ? C arrots are nutritious clean may b e compactly
, , ,

What van ety 0 f com l s best t o plant for

$2
5
f0d 1
1 ?
kept and commend themselves in every respect
, .

6 th Which is most protable to raise f or win

.

ter fodder fodder corn o r millet ? H O W T O F ILL BL A K S IN C ORN F IEL D S N

.

7 th Is it economy to so w rye in the fall for

.

Many fa rm e rs W hil e hoeing com c arry a p ocket

ewes and lambs to run on in the spring ? o f beans to dro p i n Ma n k hi ll s wHre h s e Mom get
,
o
,

8th 7 hat v an e ty of eq ua sh e s 18 most prota ripe before frost I tried an e x periment with u n
'
,

t r
ble t o raise for marketin g 111 th e f a n? 1p s this season whi ch did well Th e worms having
.

x
l e to r e use f or
.

f gagggggg
,
h h
f
s to rr gs
g
s

f e ed
'

destroyed nearly o n e -t h ird o f an acre of corn I ,

D , sowed broadcast half a pound of turnip seed (at
Yours truly JO HN D IM ON
E nglish ) the last time h oeing t o be washed in by
, ,

Wa keeldR I" 0 d 28 185 5 ,

'

the rst rai n Th e result was 2 10 bushels o f large

.
,
R E MA RK S 1 Th e S uf fo l k is a hearty qui et and ni ce urnips
. .

t , .

thrifty breed ; they grow rapidly are docile c on Thl s land wa s b re k en uP 13 3 i Sprmg 3 another
, ,

tente d and g oo dq ookin g They are we lLf orme d piece in close proximity to the rst o f the same ,

soil but plowed in the fall manuring an d after

.
,

compact S h on 1egged hardy ammal s equal In treatment the same in both cases did not have one
.
,

,
,

point o f value Youatt says to the best o f the E s hil l injured by the worm
, , AL EX PR IN GL E . . .

sex and superior in constitution and consequently R yeg a te Vt N ov- 1 85 5

, , , y

better adapted f or general keep .

Th e E ssex is a breed hi ghly esteemed by some A B O U T BE E S

the best breeds are entirely black and they will I wish to inqu ire through the columns o f your ,

sometimes att ain the weight of nearly 5 00 pounds invaluable Pap er as t o the management 0 f b 9 9 8 the . : ,

S ome prize them for the ir rapid growth and apti kin d O f hive best adapted to their W ant and the
md e t O 1ay on es h as we l l as for Its e xce ne n c e best t i me to purchase bees fall or spr i ng } .

, .

I / udl ow Vt 1 85 5 S U BS C R I B E R '

. .

Th e B erkshire is al so a ne breed with some

R E MA RK S I t would re qulre a long S tory t o an
,

thin g of the general shape of the S uffolk and E s

S all your m q u me s Th e best thi ng you c an do

sex but qui te di fferent in color and the length and wer
,

18 t o purchase L a n s troth s book O n the H i ve a n d

.

app eai an c e O f t h 6 ha ir Th e 5 km 0 f the B erk g

the H o n ey B ee and there you will nd every dire c
sh ire i s thi n the esh rm and well av ore d and
.
,
-
,
non you need Th e pr i c e s one do uar a l d m ay
,

the bacon very superior Th e B erkshire an d Suf i ? i

.

be made to a nswer for a ne i ghborhood i f i t I S de

.

folk have been favorably m i xed ,

Si rabl e
.

We should not hes i tate to propagate from either

of the t h ree mentioned ; we are n ot aware that P O I S O N IVY .

there is an y decide d C h Oice in them A neighbor R G B recently inquir ed for an e ffectual method . . .

of ours CH A RL E S B C L AR K E sq o f C oncord has

, . .
e stro in
,
y g poison ivy I
. have
, done it by sprink , .

some o f the n est E ssex in the co untry l ing salt upon the ivy the cattle an d sheep in the ir .
,

2 some of o ur correspondents better a c uahm eagerness for the salt completely destroyed 1t so
q
. , ,
,

ed with sheep husban d ry than we are ma be k ind that it never again made its appearance .

y Iwish to state another fact in regard to poison ,

enough to answer the second thi rd an d seventh ivy which i f more generally known would pre ,
, , ,

q ue s tie n S vent much suff ering and save valuable time in the ,

4 There is no doubt among many of our b est haying season

. It is this that the leaf 0 f the
farmers that it is protable to cut a ll the hay their Whi te Pine is a Perfect a tid otw an
y ers on wh o
,

stock consumes especially n ow that we have cutters has been exposed to t e po l son m
y CE a few
,
leaves of the w h ite p ine swa llowin the j uice an d
capable o f d omg i t s o rap i dly Th e savmg m over it will destroy the e ffects of the pogon
.
,

.
,

haulin g the manure -heap in the spring is an item M cI ndo es F a lls Vi 185 5 J H C UR RIER , , .
, . . . .
54 N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . JA N .

G RE A T Y IE L D OF P O TA T O E S not P if n ot the wives o f your neighbors do and .

,

ME SSRS E D IT ORS Ihave noticed m u ch has the y understa nd this matter full better than any
. ,

been said in some o f the papers of late in regard E di tor b e they never so experienced
,
.

to large potatoes raised in various parts of Massa , R EM A R K s S peaking o f

o ur wife Mr S tar .
,

.
,
c h u se t ts the present season ,
reminds us o f a remark of hers quite recently upon
.

A lthou g h not living in so productive a portion of

reading a statement in some agricultural paper sim
Massachusetts as concerns agricultural interests as , ,

many yet we can raise and do many potatoes and il ar to the o n e you have quoted above S aid sh e
, , , ,
. ,

some large heavy ones even here amongst the hills Ihave made a good deal o f butter with the milk ,

and stones o f western Massa c h se tts o f excellent cows and my experience is that dou
.

,
L et me give you the weight of thirteen potatoes ble the quantity stated is required as a general
of the Jenny L ind or C alifornia variety raised

,

,

by Mr A lvan C ross o f this town ; weig ht of the

.
rule ,
E xtravagant assertions l ike the o n e quoted .

thi rteen 18 lbs These thirteen are but a fair by our correspondent either act as discouragements
, . ,

specimen of many bushels raised by him These to the farmer or ll his mind with doubts as to the .
,

may b e considered whoppers but Mr F riend utility of agricultural papers We do not beli eve ,

.
.

K nowlto n h as raised thi rteen tha t weig h 2 1 l bs that stock exists the cows of wh i ch will yield
W hat may those be considered ? an
y ,

sheld N ov 19 185 5 JO SE P H BL A KE milk that will produce a pound of butter from four
quarts or even six quarts as a general thing I
, .
, . .

f , ,
.

N E W S TYL E C A RR IA G E these products are only occasional then they should . ,

MR E D IT OR -Ihave a n e w pattern for an ex be stated as exceptions to the general rule This

.
.

tension family carriage either on wheels or run is on e of those agricultural a ms which bring dis
,

ners a n d as Ipresume there are many o f your credit upon the exertions of all wh o are laborin g
,

readers like myself in want of an extension car to advance its interests

, ,

ria e Ibeg leave to g ive them a short description

.

g ,

o f it through your columns .

Th e perches are screws an d on turning these P O I S O,

N IV Y ON W E T L AN D .

s crews by means of a crank the body an d wheels

,
MR F A R ME n z I f you c a n tell me o f any e f
,
.

are extended so as to form a two-seated carriage f ec t ua l method of destroying poison ivy on land .

When it is retracted it is so constructed that one that is too we t to low you will much oblige
, , ,

seat ts exactly into the other forming a short car cworth J V O ct 15 185 5
,
R G B , . .
, . . . .

ria e occupying the space of only one seat Nu

g ,
R E MA RK S Who knows h ow it should be done .

,
me rous competent j udges have examine d this pat
an d will inform us ?
tern an d pronounce it the most convenient family
,

carriage ever o ff ered to the publi c A n y persons .

in want of a convenient carriage are requested to F th N w E g l d F mer or e e n an ar .

examine for themselves

H O W TO G ET F R UI T TR E E S TO YOUR
.

P atented by the subscriber in A ugust last

I I
.

B W GAY L K N G . . .
.

N ew L on don J V H N ov 19 185 5 , . MR E D IT OR I
.
, n t h e fa l l O ctober or N ove m
.
, . .
,

ber take a branch of an a ple or pear tree such as

suits your taste t ake off gown to the third year s
, ,

R USS E T S W E E T A P PL E . ,

MR B RO W N Isend you two kinds of apples

growth cut it smooth a n d rub it on a red hot iron
-
,

s o as to scorch and shut the pores of the wood

.

are they either of them worthy of cultivation Th e ?

red ones Icall the A frican Prince is that the true thoroughly ; then bury in the ground all but the
name ? Th e russets are seedl ings that came up last year
s growth If placed in good ground and . ,

spontaneously We think them excellent especial well ta ken care o f you will have fruit in ve or six ,

years I have sometimes d i pped the lower e n d in

.
,

ly for baking
.
.

melted rosin but think burn i ng preferable I have

Weston 185 5 G N C H EN E Y
.
,

a tree near my door that is nine feet high and well

.
, . . .

R E MA R Ks Th e russet sent is an excellent a p proportioned that I took from a graft four years
.
,

ple worthy o f cultivation on every farm I

, t is ago ; to this rosin was applied and whatever sprouts . ,

known by several names the russet sweet the York sprung up the next summer were bent down and, ,

russet and the golden russet We prefer R usset er this became roots We can get fr uit considerably quick .

wa y than from seeds and we know what we

.

,
S weet Th e red apples we d o n o t know
. There have growing an d when gro wn the whole tree is of .
,

is nothi ng in their avor to recommend them the same kind and whatever sprouts come from the .
,

roots in after years can be transplanted without

MIL K A N D BU TTE R gra f ting I n case of a dr ought the rst year they .
.

F our quarts o f milk in O ctober and six quarts
should be watered ,
.

in June and July will m ake a pound of butter in TO M A KE M IN C E P IE S W ITH O UT MEA T .

, ,

case you procure the right kind o f stock In ca s e Prepare your pie-crust and apples in the usual .

ou
y p r o c u re the ki nd
qf s tock here is the rule way : when seasoned and in the pie -pans ll to .
, ,

We remember t o have been told when young that the top o f the apples with custard prepared the , ,

it was easy to catch pigeons when yo u could lay same as for custard pie ; then put on the top crust ,

salt u pon their tails and make it stick there We and bake ; you will have a good imitation of mince
, .

suspect this rule about making butter is somethin g pie in appe arance but in avor far preferable al , ,

of the like c h aracter What think you Mr E d thou gh t h e ta ste is s imilar .

, . .

it or your wife mak es butter sometimes does sh e

, S ta te L i n e N ov 6 J A S O N BE C K WITH , , . . .
185 6 . N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . 55

STA L L -F E E D I
N G OF SH E E P . a southern eastern exposure C attle are stabled
or .

h l hts l d ost l stormy days Sh e eP 0 Q ut

i n at tlfe i r p feas ure pure aque dn ot wa

TH E P RO F ITS or S A L L T FEE D IN G ME R IN O S A N D SAx g l r y 3
ON S F O R THE BU TC HE R er i n ,

yard with a box of S t Ubes salt constantly supplied
.

ML J W
, . ,
C e lbum e 0 f S prmg h e ld v V ermont :

which Iconsider quite as essential in winter a s
W rites to the editor o f T he C ou n try G en tlema n , at summer ; yards a n d sheds kept dry by straw and
A lbany , N e w York , that h e : being S thm hat e d by other coarse litter A large sta ble connected with
W hat he had re a d h th at Paper Of W hat on e Of h is
.

my S heep yard enables me to shut them o ff when

-

n e ig hbors had done i n the wa y of stall feed i ng had , putting h ay into their racks or grai n into their ,
tried his hand at it this Past W inter and had kept an : troughs so that they all go to their feed together
,
account o f the re sults .
and share as equally as possible Icommenced this
I
.

n rea di ng the e ms 0 f the cost 0 f the feed l ve h ock o f wethers with twenty quarts of corn per day
g ,
by Mr C o l burn e to h i s sh e ep it will be seen that
.

.
, an d fro m time to time increased gradually as they
he recke h s the C OS t 0 f hl s h a y at $ 10 Pe r t e n an d
.

: would bear it wi thout producin g the scours until

, ,
his corn at nearly double what it is wort h in this they would take 7 0 quar ts per d ay with as much ,
S ta te under ordinary circumstances But we regard .
good h ay as they would eat without waste I t will ,

the fe et e f f h ese h e we e l e d sheep b el h g hre h gh t

not pay th e cost and trouble to grind any kind o f

to market i n such ne condit i on as pro vmg that , grain f or sheep though it always should b e done
,
they may be h ePt W ith Pre t he r their mutt e n as f or cattle or hogs N o whole grain p asses the stom .

well as for the n wool an d sh ow mg that there IS not , ae h o f a sheep undigested Th e ewes belonging to .

the least excuse for any farmer in this S tate to raise thi s ock o f wethers (those o f t h e same year s

a poor coarse-wooled sheep u nless he is so careless , growth ) were sold when two years old to g o t o
and unamb i ti ous that he i s Wi lli ng to let every body
.

Western N e w York where 1 have no doub t they ,

else ge t ahead of hi m .
will contribute to the improvement in ne wo ol
Th i s in telli gent V ermont farmer says Icull ed
.

o ne co w fro m my limited number o f four dried her

l s t S epte mber ; fed with p umpkins and short gras s
,
F ORT Y D O L L A R PE A R TR E E Mr C A N ealey . . . .

until 2 0t h N ovember ; t h en with corn-stalks hay , ,

formerly a resident o f th i s town but n o w a farmer ,

a n d corn in the ear ground until the 22 d o f M arch

E d di ngton in P enobscot C ounty hauled into the
( ) ,
,

village last Tuesday morning forty bushels of pears

,

when I sold her t o g o to B righton market with the ,

, ,

f ollowing resul ts
V l f w l t S p t mb
a ue o
and in one hour reta iled all o f them from his wag
on a t two dollars a bushel Th e pears were o f a
co on s e e er
s u e rl or q uah ty an d bought expressly for makmg
.

G $ 2 th
ra s s t l d p p ki $2
re e c a r - o a s uni ns , p !

preserves Mr N mforme d us that he gathered

,

d th r g h t h wi t
,

H ya d th an f o e r c o a rs e ee ou e n er . . .

C orn W t h th i
p f y i g th
e ex mi l t mi l l 24 00
e nse o c a rr n re e es o .
, twenty bushels o f th e lo t from on e tree W e S hould _

T t l t f w wh f tt d o a c os o co en a e think that the farmers in this region might take the

E stimated to weigh lbs ; sale on foot at the
hint it costs but a t rie t o grow the tree s E lls
worth merica n
.

barn $ 7 2 prots 382 2

, , .
.

Her blood was th ree-fourths N ative , on e-fourth

D urham S he wa s large and very fat ; worth at
Brighton
.

per 100 lbs which left $ 3 for

,
,
B O YS D E P AR TM E N T .

.
,

d rift by railroad just a fair compensation

, .

Ialso sta ll-fed 12 3 wethers all of my own rais ,

L A W S A N D R ULE S
g four years o l d last Ma y an d June a cross b e
.

in ,

tween the full blood S panish Merino and S axony ;

-
[A few weeks since we gave notice a little of

very ne quali ty of e ece a race which a ll wool 3 2 mo book A P ub l ic S choo l Teacher s L etter t o
,

growers know never attain to a large size I was .

a Pupil Th e following remarks in this letter on
.

,
o ff ere d $ 2 per head for them in N ovember and my ,
the subj ect o f rul es and laws we commend t o the
n eighbors considered it a very generous o ff er : it was
,

all they could have brought at that time Icom .

attention of our young readers
men c e d feedin g them with corn unground on the N o w young fri end in order that the school may
, ,
2 4th 0 f N ovember a n d to ne wed it W ithout C hange , be thus pleasant and useful there are various duties ,

(except in q uan tity) un til th e 29 th 0 f Mareh W hen , for you t o perform I will mention two or three o f .

they went to C ambr i dge market w ith the followin g

.

, the more important ones A n d .

results : 1 Yo u must c a ref ully reg a rd a n d cheerf ully

.

o bey a l l the rul es of the s cho ol

S
a le 123 h ad a t
pe r he a d
r
a l ue o f s l e e p 1D p
o ve mh e r
You kn ow there are m every fam i ly Sch O O I
.

i
2 0 t o n s E n g l s h b a y of g o o d ua l t y q i
b
2 00 ush e l s o f c orn a t 800 (th e ma rk e t p r i ce ) 16 0, 00
. society town S tate an d nation certain rules a n d
, , ,
ti
C os t of g e t n g th e m to ma rke t b y laws t o regulate the conduct o f the members .

There c an be n o happy f amily school or communi ,

Pro t ty without such rules and regulations A n d these
i
.
,
01
a f ra c t
h d
p on ov e r er ea .

rules must be strictly obeyed to be of any ser vice .

It is a satisfaction t o the g rower to be enabled to To secure this obedi e nce there are always certai n ,

say that these sheep considering the superiority o f

, , penalties or p uni shments connected with disobedi
blood f or wool-growing purposes only the nene ss , ence .

in texture of eece and the number r aised and fat , We h ave certain regulations an d rules in o ur
ted in on e ock were deemed by the sheep dealers , school which must be cheerfully compli e d with or
, ,

at C ambridge equal if n o t superior to any ever ta

, the school can be neither pleasant nor useful They .

ken to t hat market from any on e ock in V ermont , . are regarded as essential to the prosperity o f the
A n d now a word as to the manner o f feeding . school They are all designed f o r the good of each
.

My sheep and cattle yards have open sheds wit h ,

scholar and the w hole school They w ere adopted .
 56 NE W EN G LAN D F AR M ER . J
AN .

for your good as much as the good of any scholar ding it is excellent f or childr e n as a plain d e ssert , ,

They leave each one to e nj oy just a s much liberty o r f o r supper S ome add a seasoning of ginge r or .

and freedom as will not interfe re with the inter e s t s grated nutmeg before sending it to the table .

o f the whole G ood laws were never des i gned to

I N D IAN MUF F I A pint and a half o f yellow
.

NS _

g 3 a f i
O

iw

y ar g 1: ag te:t g oggize v
or a e o
ar e 1 p Indian meal sifted A handf u l o f wh e at our A . .

o
q uarter o f a pound o f fr e sh butter
qu i res Th e y a i e mte n d e d to protect the r i ght and milk F our fresh e ggs A q u art 0 f
s
.

A very small teaspoon

.
.

happiness of all These laws and penalties are a l f ul o f salt Pu t the m i lk i nto a sauce ) an Cut the
.
. .

ways f ri en ds to the good an d Obed i ent but a t e r butter into it Set it ov e r the re an dwarm it n u . .

ror to t he lawless and wicked .

as i Ws
.

is n o c re epin g school only s o

s s t s ga 1r 1 wei
y-
far as it is necessary to maintain the rules of the i t away to cool Beat four eggs very l i ght an d 1 :a 1
,

;
f
gg
h
2
l
.

w
2: 5; ,ga1 gf g gg ggy ggg:33n nth the meal a hcold
e ag g
S
when t h e milk is stir them into it ,

t tl e at a tl me 0 f e f ch t
.

9
are all complied wi t h there will never be any such salt Beat the whole v ery hard aft er ilt i s all m i xed

thing among us as punishment

.
.

Fh e n butter some mufn -rmg s on the i ns i de

we u my son sal d a gentleman to a my SIX or them in a hot oven o r on a h eate d griddle pour
,
.

Set .

seven years old do you go to school ? ,

some of the batter i nto each and bake the mu f ns

,

Ye sS l rI h a v e been three days an d I haven t

S end them hot to table continuing to bake

w ell

been punish e d once .

wh i le a fresh supp l y 18 wanted Pull them open

.
,

A nd he looke d as thou gh he had accompl is hed a with your ngers and eat them with butter t o .

feat that was worthy of his boasting A nd why W h l ch ou may add "1 0 13 5 39 3 or b one .
, ,

sho uld h e be punish e d ? That is no o bj ect o f g oi ng y

to 8011 00 1 a n y more than being ned 0 r S ent to H ow TO M A K E N O-M A TT E R S This is an article
, .

prison is an obj e ct of being a farmer o r a s t orek e ep of food which h as for many y e ars been conned to
er What W ould you think to hear a b oy say h e the d e sc e ndants of a single family o f this town
.
, .

had been on a farm or in a store t hree d ays and Its exc e llence will commend it to the attention o f
had n ot been arr e sted by an Ofcer Once ? If he those hous e wiv e s who wish to make a good display
has not been breaking any of the laws of t h e co m of c ulinar y skill upon their tables at th e same t ime ,

m unity wh y S hould he be arrested ? A n d i f h e having a due regard to economy Th e lady wh o

, .

should br e ak any of those la ws and be punish e d the furnishes the recipe has giv e n frequent opportuni ,

punishment wo uld n o t b e for working on t h e farm ti e s of tasting th e ir delicious avor ; and if any are
o r in the store but for cri me , A nd so p unishmen t inquisi tive perhaps sh e might be ind uced to inform
.
,

in school is for crime for the violation of rules them how t h e cak e s obtain e d their hom e ly name .

n o t for going to school To thre e tea cupfuls of buttermilk add three

.

Yo u S ho u ld r e member young friend that w e table S poonfuls of rich cream and a small q u antity
, ,
-
,

must a lwa ys be under laws laws that will protect of s ugar S tir in ou r until it is of a consistency ,

u s from inj ury and inj u stice and that wi ll also pre o f paste for doughnuts R oll out size of a large
, .

vent us fro m doing injury o r any inj us t ice to others breakfast plate and fry in lard to a rich bro wn col .
,

I f you learn to comply cheerfully wi t h the rules of or .

80110 0 1 Yo u W ill nd it easy h e reaft er t 0 comply A s each cake comes from the re cov e r with

: ,

W i t h t h e laws O f the socie t y under which you mus t apple sauce made from tart appl e s swe e tened to
,
-

ever live . taste an d spiced wi t h n utmeg or cinnamon and , ,

The laws of the land and th e r ules of school are contin u e the process till the plate is well heaped .

much li k e the fences that enclose the public ways 0 :z:f ord D emo cra t . .

I f there is a good road you never nd any in con v e

U R S E RY PUDD IN G Slice some white bread
,

n ien ce from t he fe nces t hat enclose it Yo u never N .

,

le t i t
.

complain of them as abridging your l ib e rty and in without cr u st ; po u r scald in g milk on it ;

t e rf e rin g wi t h yo u r righ t s and wish them out o f

stand un ,
t il well soaked then beat it well wi,
t h fo ur ,

the way When you drive t he C O W S to pasture you

.
eggs a h t t l e sug a r an d grated nutm e g Bake,
in ,
.

nd these same fences of great service saving you S mall C u ps half ne d

,

many a run after yo ur straying drove and als o pre US E OF S A L T I N CO O K I N G V E G E TA BL E S Here is

, .

venting other creatures from coming in from the something everybody ought to have known long
elds to annoy you . ago and that everybody sho uld n ow read and re ,

member :
If one l o rt ion o f v eg etables b e boiled in )ure

distilled oi rain water an d another in watel to

w hich a li t t l e salt has been added a decid e d diff er ,

ence is perceptible in t he tendern e ss of the t wo

D OM E S T I C R E C I PE S
.

V egetables boil e d in pure water are vastly inf erior

'
.

B U C K W HE A T PoR R ID G E Take a quart of rich This inferiority may go s o far in the case of onions
.
, ,

milk an d af ter b 0 11ing it hard stir in as much b u ck that they are almost entirely destitut e of ei t h e r
, ,

wh e at meal as w ill m ake it of the consistency of taste or color thou gh whe n cooked in salted water
t mh mU Sh ad di ng on e teaspoonful o f salt a n d a in addi t ion to the pleasant salt taste a peculi ar
, ,

, ,

tables poonful o f fr e sh butter In ve mi n utes after swe e tness and a strong aroma They also contain
. .

1t i s th i ck e nough to take from th e re If the milk is more soluble matter than when cook e d in pur e w a
.

boiling hard and continues to boil while the meal is ter Water which contains 1-42 0t h of its weight .

be i n g st i rr e d l n very li t tle more cooking will be of salt is far better for cooking v e getabl e s than
,

requ i red : It should be placed on the table ho t an d pure water b e cau se the salt hinders the soluti on , ,
eaten W l th bui ter and sugar or with molasses and and evaporation of the sol ubl e and avoring princi
,

butter Th i s i s sometimes c al led a ve minute pud ples of the vegetable s S ci en tic merica n
. .
 D E V O TE D TO A G R IC U L TU R E A N D I
TS KI
N D R E D A R TS A N D SC I
E N CE S .

V OL V I
II . . BOSTON , F E BR UA R Y , 185 6 .

J OE L N OURS E PR RI R OP E TO
I M ON D IT O R HOLBROOK
F R E D K A s s oc u rn
HA L L .
S BR OW N , E
H EN RY F F RE N C H :
. E D TO I R S.

HO W TO B E C OM E A TRU E F A RM E R . than the shadow ; a n d second by experien ce and , ,

OR TUN A TE L Y f or th e practice in those matters to which the rudimen t s ,

Itiva tor 0 f t h 8
cu ap ply and of which they are the index It is this
, .

soil th e demands o f ,
last department which makes the s uperstructure ,

t h e win ter months completes th e edi ce o f education It is this which .

a re l e ss exacting forms a professional ed u cation which mere ru d i ,

u
p o n h i m than ,
menta ry knowledge is wholly inadequ ate to do t .

thos e of othe r portions is this consequently which is necessary to mak e a

, ,

of t h e year H e h a s ,
scientic farmer Rudiments will n ot do it A fter
. .

t h e long evenin g an d , ,
passing fteen years in preparato ry and professional
if disposed c an give 3 ,
stu dies from the earli e st school lessons to the close
,

portion of th e day time of the legal course half o f which is given to coll e ge
,

to s tudy an d reading without ,

an d professional studies the youn g lawyer has done ,

d etriment to his a ff airs so .

,
little more than lay a fou ndation f or his know
while this se ason of rest an d ledge of the science of jurisprudence It is the j u .

privilege is passing we gladly ,

d icia l learni ng o f the ca s es developed in practice
present the topic of t h e ti tle that must give completeness to the fabric .

above an d ask for it t h e can

, F rom the above view imperfectly expressed th e , ,

did attention of all , inference would seem to be conclusive that the

The whole subj e ct of educa young farmer is n o t to receive his professional e d u
tion is one that perhaps c an n ot be, ,
cation a s some speakers and write rs have imagin e d
, ,

t horoughly di scussed except by o n e , in the common schools There is another c on sid

.

wh o h as devot e d h is years of manhood eratio n which presents an obj ection equally formi

a n d maturity to the ta sk o f instruction It requires . dabl e against this plan o f education A t th e age .

a closen e ss a n d comprehensiveness only to b e , when the b oy is at school his mind is not s uf cien t ,

gained by years of labor an d experience L ike a . 1y mature even to comprehend much less to ap ,

question in law or the ology or politics i t is on e on

, , , p re cia t e an d digest the prin ciples o f the vegetable
,

which every head may have an opinion and every , physiology n ot so easily seized an d appropriated
,

tongue its sa y The edu ca tion of thef a rmer is n o t

.
by the mental fac ul ties a s those o f the animal phy
s o compr e hensive as the general subj ect of educa siol o gy from the less obvious operations o f t h e de
,

tion ; b ut it is no less di fcult and de lica te and is , lica t e functions of the vege table kingdom N e ither .
,

by no means a business to be planned and aecom if t he mind were mature enough could it as a rst , ,

pli sh e d wi t hout much and considerate reection . exercise receive this knowledge without a we ll
, ,
.

E ducat ion consists of two p arts or d e partments ; , laid f oundation in other parts of knowl e dge which ,

the education 0 f the bo y which is rudi mentary ou

, it is the obj ect of a common-school education to im
I y and g o e s to the layi n g of a foundatio n f or the
, part It is manif est if the above idea is correc t
.
, ,

superstr ucture afterwards to be raised upon it . that the education of a farmer cannot be obtained at
This is the obj ec t of school education The other . a commo n school an y more than that o f a lawyer o r
,

dep artm e nt of education is that o f the man which , physician ; an d it is equally plain tha t a good
C OU S iS tS in the d e Ve l O me n t expansion and a common-school educat ion is in disp en s a ble to hi m as
P ,
ppli ,

cati on of t he rudiments Th is is e ffec ted rst by

.
, ,
preli minary t o h is profe ssional education I t might .

a more in t imate research into the bo d y o f kno w be added t hat th e whol e time Whiah a farmer s so n
'

l e dge o f which t hose rudiments were li t tle more

, usu a lly passes at s chool w o u ld no t b e su f cient for
,
58 NEW ENGLAND F AR M ER . F EB .

th e ttainment o f professional education un tion than sh ould justly t o be done by egraggera

a , ,

l ess at least t o a mature and quick min d already tion or over-statement o f the am ount and extent
, , , ,

well-disciplined and stor e d by a course o f prepara o f knowledge th at is t o b e included in such educa

tory studies . tion O n the contrary we have not undertaken t o .
,

I t is worth y of consideration how e ver what enumerate all the studies that should be included
, ,

st u di es would be most use fully pursued at the c om in a full course o f instruction It will occur t o .

mon schools by a b oy who was designed for the every on e wh o considers the s u bj ect th at a study
, ,

busines s o f agric ulture and having refer e nce t o h is o f the laws o f m echanics f or in stance is in dispe n
, , ,

greater accomplishme nt and skilfulness in that sci sable t o making an accomplished cultur ist as it is
ence To this e n d arith m
,

. etic and the common math to the plan o f a n y complete e ducation

, .

em atics geometry and surveying are particu

, , The plan o f an agricultural school or col lege
, ,

larly adapted t o be o f the gr e atest u s e A ri th me which has also i t s advocates off e rs more promise o f
.
,

t ic t o make him expert a t accounts an d in all th ose usefulness t o the stu dent in agricultural science
, , .

cal cula tions which are essential in a well considered There can hardly indeed be a questi on that a , , ,

plan of f ar ming operations ; as well as in the c on professional school establish ed for t ea ching th e sci~ ,

tracts which may be necessary for the improvement en ces that have relation t o the art o f a gricul ture ,

o f his farm by b uildings or otherwise ; in the esti

, simil ar to the schools of theology law or m e dicine , , ,

m ate of prots or losses in his expenditure or in may be o f great advantag e in t ting a man f o r the
, ,

h is comm on contracts of sale o r purchase The skilful and well-directed practice of h us ba ndry . .

u se f um ess O f a kn 0 W 19 d89 0 f surveying is O b ViO US A t such a school the req uisit e s f or e n t ra n ce bei n g
'
, ,

in th e purch as e or sale o f land settling boundaries 3 previous good co mme mseh ool educ ation fu e l s
, ,

with his neighbor or estimating the contents of his din g esp e cially a good knowledge o f arithmetic
, ,

tillage 0 1 mOW in g G eometry is no 19 35 5 0 in the (and to make it o f t h e best de gre e o f usefulness ge

'

: ,

s u e rcia l or the solid measures o f the m aterial in ome n- an d surveying also the student mig h t be
p y )
u se by h i m 0 1 m a tt e rs coming under his care B U t in i tia ted into that extensive eld o f science wh ich
'

the m athematics an d geometry have a more im makes up the sum of the knowledge of agriculture '
.

portant a n d general use fuln e ss i n training his mind VVh atever study is to be under taken in cours e an d , ,

giving t o it th at habit 0 f e xac me ss Which is 0 f by the metho di cal an d systematic instruction of the
mO St especial benet and essential t o the right school must be done a t such an institution a s this
,
, ,

Q ualications O f a farmer more than Perhaps 0 f a n y especially designed for the pursuit o f professional
:

other except a lawyer N o oth e r study has such studies an d instilled into a mind matur e d by age
,
.
, ,

e ff ect in producing this habit as that of ma th e mat an d expanded an d disciplined by a course o f pre
,

ics or geom e try These studies of the common paratory l e arning The mind is a thing of g radual
.
.

school or academy we hold t o be indispensabl e in growth n o l e ss th an the animal body or the trunk
, , ,

t h e f oun dation work o f a thorough farmer s educa and branches of the tree
-
It is m ore gradual than .

tion A nd these stu dies are not only indispensabl e e ither And the mind of the child is le ss able to
. , .

b ut they are enough for a b o y of com mon intellect receive the high er parts o f knowledge than h is
and c ommon industry to master in the usual term body is to take th e amount o f sti mulus o r endure
,
,

o f a common school education To o ur mind it t he degree o f labor of which a man is capable

- .
, .

would be as sensible for a man to undertak e to rear Such a school might be either connected with a
a magnicent edi c e o n the same day that i t s foun university o r separate The schools for law physio .
, ,

dation is laid to perform th e whole work in both and di vi nity are sometimes connecte d with a univer
,

departments of the building in on e day as t o per sity and in other cases separa te ; The course of ,
,

for m the whole work of an education so compre study at even such a sch ool as this c ould n ot how , ,

h e n siv e as that involved in the sciences pertaining ever b e supposed t o

n ish a scientic education ,

to ag cuuul e at a common S ch O OL Where W in for the farm only a s the studie s of the law school

:
,

the time be found for S toring the min d W i t h only are said to complete a law edu cation It does in .
,

the Prill eipl e e 0 f chemistry g e OI O Y botany V e e

g g each cas e complete the systematic pursuit o f the
, : ,
'

t i ble Ph ysiOlogy an d anatomy to sa y nothing 0 f study which is intended for an ini tiation into the
,

that body of knowledge in details which it is the business by a knowle dge of its principles B ut ,
, .

p ar t of a thorough knowledge o f agriculture to a t th e school a n d th e only thorou gh o n e is busines , ,

s
,

t ail ! 3 W e mean S Cie n t ic knowledg e W hieh is entire and the time is the whole of li fe after the fac ulties
.

l y independent of that understanding of the manual have attained their maturity ,

o r mechanical O perations IS learned

pra c S ome persons look with much favor on m anual .

09 0 1113 a n d W h i h C omprises the handicraft 0 f labor schools S o far as practice c an be brought

f

5 .

hU Sb an dU I n th i s reference t o the S tu d l e s W hich to illustrate the studies o f the school it is undoubt

,

sho uld en te r in to the plan o f education o f a farmer e dl

y of t h e rst importance I
n t h e form o f in , .

W e are far e n ough fr om Presenting the C ase m ore struction by lectur e s especially upon a n
y subj ect , ,

unfavorably to the i dea o f a common school educa illustration by material obj ects or n atur al or me
l
 N EW EN G L AN D F ARM ER . 59

c h a nic al oper a tion i s o f the greatest auxiliary ,

u s e g e o lo
gy will sho w h im th a t knowledge ; that it is
l
But if th e manual labor is i n te n d e d a s the mea n s of impor tant t o know th e p e cul i ar comb i nat i ons an d
i ns tm ction in t h e handicraft o f the farm it would proportions o f thos e cons t i tuents l n the v e g e ta ble
'

s ee m t o b e a di s rO ortion a t e m eans to the object

world and in a n
y p a rticular kind o f pl ant and
p p , ,

t o be attaine d I t is paying a large price f o r a th a t he must r e sort to books o f ch e m i stry t o give

.

sm all acquisition .
him this knowl e dge ; and th at th e knowledge d e
W e rep eat that the place f or the study t h at com rived from b oth these sciences would be g reatly in
,

prises t h e education o f th e ma n and compl e tes it creased to him 9 farm e r If he kne w t h e S truc , , :

In the case of the lawyer it is ture o f the plant its principles of grow
,

i s not th e scho ol .
th th e op e r , , ,

t h e o f ce and th e court-house In t h a t o f the ation of its functions in appropriating th e alime n t

.

physician it is t he stu d y and the sick chamber In within r e ach in conveying th a t aliment to its se v
,
. ,

t he case o f the farmer it must b e t h e res id e and eral parts and converting it t o its desti ned use
,
,

the fa rm A nd th e time is th e interval o f labor in th e Vegetable economy ; an d he W il l understand

.

t hrough life If a man designs t o g o thoroughly that f or this knowledge he must study vegetable
.

in to the study of any particular science to make anatomy an d physiology Hi s next step in the ,
.

h imself a maste r o f it he makes th a t particular progress will b e t o Obtain the bes t b O OkS and to
,

s tudy his busi n ess f or life or until he has a e com pursue those studies at his reside making the illus
,
,

lis h e d it Such is the mode and only mode in t ration s o f the doctrine contained in them fro m
p .
, ,

an d by which a man masters any science ,

S o L in th e daily works and matters that come under hi s .

ur e ns made himself and was n ot made by the care This is the mode in which the farmer mus t .

school th e greatest botanist in th e world ; so H e r be educated .

schel N ewton L a Place master e d the kno wledge of

, ,
If it is n o t already su f ci e ntly stated le t it be ,

the stars and sounded the depths o f mathematic al again repeated that n o edu ca ti on eithe r schola stic
, , ,
:

science ; an d so di d that son of Massachusetts B ow or professional is s ui ci en t t o give him th e who le ,

,

ditch in the same departmen t o f knowledge make of this learning There cannot be fro m t h e n ature
, ,
.
,

hi mself at once f amiliar wi t h the heavens and a of the case an y school that c an tho roug hl y e duc a te ,
, :

l ight to guide the seamen on the deep The knowl a ma n in any science Th e instruction thiere obs . , .

edge such as these men obtained comprises th e e d tain e d must be rudi menta ry and limite d Th e re is
, ,
.

ucat ion of the ma n and is attained and must b e n o institution in whi ch L inn mus N ew ton Herschel
, , r ,
, ,

by the ma n h ims elf and canno t be imparted by t h e and L a Place could have pursued th e ir studi e s to
, ,

school or college Th e full knowledge of an y o n e the extent to which they pursue d t hem n or c an
. ,

or m ore o f t he sciences is t o be gai ned in the same there be n o r in which a complet e educati o n in an
, y
way and in that way alone A nd so is the knowl science can b e obtained ; n or t o such extent l e ss
, .

edge which may be necessary or useful in the busi than that to which m any pe rsons would desire t o ,

ne s s o f life t o be acquired in th e same wa y

,
pursue the studies necessary t o the science of a gri .

The par t icular means of attain ing such a knowl culture D avy and Ch aptal an d L iebig and J oh n .
, , ,

edge as is desir e d by the farmer are books agricul son the teachers in this science learn ed it in th e , , , ,

tural papers a n d lectures If th e di culty arises h ow

f way here pointed o u t th ere being n o ins titutio n s
.
,

he shall know without direction of some person of capable o f carrying in s truc tion t o the point t o which
,

better knowledge what scie nces he shall study o r they atta ined The educ a tion o f the ma n is be
, ,
.

what books are the best exponents o f the m we yond the capacity o f the school or college They , .
.

ans wer that in this age o f printing and lecturing can educate t he you th the ma n mus t educa te
, ,

the least inquisitive mind may nd the proper dire c himself in whatever science or pursui t in whatever ,

tion if it seeks i t It is n ot e a sy to imagine any se department o f k n owledge he may choose This c d

. . .

rion s di f culty in the case beca use a man wil l be uca tion consists both in th e prac tical application o f
,

qualied t o be his own guide as soon as hi s o wn the rudiments le arned in a co urse of study an d in
, ,

min d is su fciently prepared by cultivation f or the an accumulation o f a body o f knowledge in de tai l

, , \

study Such studies by a mind unprepared would neither o f which c an b e ta ught in a school
.
, ,
.

b e atte nded with results similar t o th e planting o f

W H OOPI N G C O U G H The Springeld R e ubli ca n
cor n in a rocky and hard soil without any o f th e , p .

eleme nts of productiveness rst being given to it b y says whooping cough has prevailed in this city this ,

the applicati on o f the proper dress ng and culture

i season t o a considerable extent A v e ry great re~
.
.

It would be a barren harvest T h e re ading of t he l ief w e are ass ure d upon practical kno wl e dge is ob
.
, ,

t a in e d by wearing about the n e c k a fres h tarred

farmin g papers an d hearing o f lectures would pre ,

pare his mind f or th e high e r studi e s o f the sciences rope of the size o f a bed -cord covered wi th a t hi n , ,

and cre ate in it the desire for that knowledge He ribbon The arom a o f the tar ha s a wonde rful e f
.
.

e e t in q u ieting the cough

will soon nd fr o m this reading that a knowl f and pr e v e n ting th e ,

spasms t wo very essen tia l items in the ma ag

e dge o f the constitu e nts o f the soil and of t h e diffe r n e .

en t kinds o f soil is desira ble an d that the scien ce o f

m e nt o rthe di sorder
, ,
 NE W EN G LAND F AR M E R . F EB .

repute with many of our farmers W e speak of th e

F or th e N ew E n g la n d F mer
ar .
.

OH H A R V E S T ING C O RN common crow Perhaps we are too par t ial to them .

. .

We o n ce reared one of these birds and a more cu

MR E D ITO R A writer who signs himself J rions or c unning creature we never sa w H e h e
. .
,

U nde rwood whose article appears in your paper cam e a most incorrigibl e thief an d wa s n e ver so gay
.

,

h e arin g da t e Sept 15 has disclosed h is views o f har as wh e n he could get hold of a silver spoon or some
,
.
,

vesting corn an d I beg leav e to di ff er from him valuable article We u sed to call him Jack a name
, .

.
,
He app ears to be pr ej udiced in favor of the old which h e unders t ood and responded to as q ui ckly
way w hich if prac t iced will be much loss t o t h e as any child
, , ,
H e had a high contempt of hawks
farm e r I t is twice the work 0 harv e st corn by and when he saw on e sai ling along he wo u ld pursue
.
,
.

rst c u tting the stalks for it is less work to c ut up him and rising high in air com e do wn upon him
,
,
corn with the tops on than after they are cut off ; with terrible vengeance Some t imes in these ex
,
,

s o you save the time spent in cutti n g bin d ing an d

.

c ursio n s w e would sing out Jack ! and though high ,

drawin g and then you only save on e -third o f the up he would wh e el around an d come sailing do wn
,

f odder while the other t wo-thirds is o f li t t le val u e

,
,
through the air in th e most graceful m anner and
if it stands to dry off and take the hard frosts alight upon our sho ulder I n haying time h e a l
.
.
,

Then again it sh rinks the corn when out at the ways acco mpa nied us into the eld and am u sed him
usual time o f c u tting stalks as experiment has self in h u n t ing gr asshoppers ; and the n u mber he ,
,

shown one -eleventh part in an acre from what it ate wa s surprising A fterwards he wo uld go an d
,
.
,
would to let the corn remain in its natu ral state a s sit on a haycock an d allow them to settle wh e n ,


,

t h e wis e Creator ha s formed it ; s o t hat there is

he again renewed the war upon this ins e ct trib e .

n ot only a loss in the fodder but also in the corn

In a year or two Jack d isappeared havin g been
, .

I f we were wholly s e cur e from frosts th e larg e st killed w e suppos e through the e nmity of some o f ,
, ,
,

amount of corn wo u ld be obtained to let th e corn our neighbors t o the crow kind -
.

remain undisturbed t ill dry enough to husk and put The great obj ection to crows is that they some ,
up .
times inj ure young corn b ut this may be easily
But th e safest and best way is to cut up corn pr e vent e d at a trii ng exp e nse and the good they
when t h e husks be gin to turn whi t e and cl e av e do is in our opinion innitely greater than t he in , ,
,

,
open ; say on e-fourth or o n e -third of it There will ury .

j .

be but a small portion o f shrink a ge and there a re ,

many advantages ; th e corn is much better flavored NEW YORK S T A T E A GR I C U L TUR AL ,

a n d ha s a rich sweet taste ; it is as m u ch better as

,
,

wheat rye or b arle y which all admit is be tt e r to ,

S O C IE TY ,
.

harvest when t h e s t raw is gr e en The prop e r time We have before us the fourteenth volu me of the . ,

is wh e n the stra w is a bright y e llow ; in like man transactions o f this S ociety It is a noble c o llec .

n e r corn should b e cut up and s e t u

, p wh e n t he tion and raises still higher th e reputation of the
kernel is rst yellow at which ti m e the fodder is ,

mostly gre en un l e ss frost has lit on i t The time v a association

,
and o f its talented secretary ,
.

f
t
.

ries as to when corn should b e c ut u p ; some years T h e volume comme n ces wi h a d e sc ri ption of t h e

it will do in A ugust by the 2 8t h and so on t ill the n ew G eological Hall which the lib e rali t y of t h e , ,

10th of S e pt e mb e r This year it is later here in State is e rectin g for t h e promotion of a gricul ture
.

the highlands of V e rmon t wh ere the water r uns both in all its various departments When completed
,

north and sou t h Men are inclined to go upon the

.
,

will b e 5 monument to th e intelligence

'
.

extrem e s some out their corn q uite too soon th e r e this Hall
and public spi it o f the S ta te o f which its ci t izens
is all o s s in so doing unl e ss to save it from fro sts it r ,

should n ot be c ut until it is all turned and t h e ear may j ustly be proud The n follows the act passed
p

.
,

l iest t for housing I think there is a saving if by t he last legislature to facilitate t he formation o f
.
, ,

th e corn is of larg e grow t h o f t he val u e of from ve A g ic ltural and Hor t icultural S ocie t ies in the
,
r u
t o ten dol lars to t he acre over the o ld wa y o f cut

ti n g rst the stalks and then af t er the fodder is dry

S ta te the constitution of the S tate Soci e t y and a
,
, ,
,

an d dead cut u that My practice is to let t h e list o f the l ife members from its organization
p
.
.

corn st and abou t on e week longer before cutting up The report of the secreta ry B P J O HN S ON E sq , . .
, .
,

t han thos e do who c ut o ff the t op to the legislature is a model for such documents .
,
.

R o xbury Vt S ep t 18 185 5 A SUB SC R IB E R

, .
,
Brief in its details clear in its a rran gements it
.
, . .

, ,

bri n gs o ut in bold re l ief the leading points that

IN J URY TO TR E E s The Hartford Times says o f the society duri ng
have occupied the attention
.

the thick coating of ice upon the cherry pear an d ,

peach trees has served to protect the m from the th e current year D rainage an d i rrigation the ef . ,

f rost and at the same time has acted in the capac f ec ts o f drought the rav ages of th e weevil o r wheat
, ,

ity of a burning glass by concentrating an d ints u midge the study of the insects injuri ous t o v e g e
,
,
sif in
y g the rays from the s un until t h e u n sea s ona
tation special manur es the location o f the S ta te
,

ble warmth thus imparted h as had the e ffect o f , ,

s ta rting t he f low o f sap an d developing the buds

F air the n e w building for the S ociety and an a c
.
, ,
,

It is feare d t he damage is very seriou s count o f the F air held at the city o f N e w York are .
,

t he principal topics discussed in the report W e .

S PA RE TH E B u ms W e used to suppose that should be glad t o present the whole of it t o our

c rows might be regarded as an exception but we readers did our space permit B ut we must b e , .
,
see that this begins to be doubted The A meri ca n satised wi th a few brief extracts r e marking by .

, ,
g ri cu lturis t says
.

Ther e is a no ther valuable bird not mentioned by the way that it w i ll be a fund from which we may ,
,

o ur corre spondent wh ch h as fallen into great dis ,

hereafter dra
i w valu a ble an d s u gge tive t houghts s .
185 6 . NE W ENGL A N D F AR M ER . 61

Th e xp e ri e nce of the past season h as proved most mol ogis t ; an d when we learn that the destr u c tion
e

satisfac t ori ly that thorough draining is the m ost of wheat in the S tate was estimat e d a t $ 9 4 03 012 85 , , ,

effe ct ual protectio n that w e k n ow against the e f d uring the last year we may well beli e ve tha t we ,

fe e ts of drought By furnishing far more food to need to know more o f the insects inj urio us to v eg e
.

plants i t enabl e s th e m to strike their roots de ep er ta tion and that li beral appropriations which tend
, , ,

into th e soil and by incr e ased vigor to r e sist m u ch to in creas e this knowledge and our s e cur ity against
, , ,

long e r the in ue nce of th e drought This fac t in their ravages will b e t he t ruest economy We
.

, , .

addi t ion to df t e n the d e monstrat e d tr u t h that it hope that the incoming legislature of o ur own S ta te ,

changes swamps that have hitherto been a nui W i l l n ot fail to make an appropri ation to reprin t
,

sance upon a farm to most valuable and pro Harris s work o n thi s subj ect with s u ch alterations
, , ,

d uc tiv e por t ions proves abund a ntly its importa nce colored ill ustrations and other additions a s he may

, , ,

a s a mean s o f agricultural improvement be call ed on t o prepare for it . .

Irrigation als o is a means o f improvement

, , W e will occupy no space with the State F air as , ,

which we are happy t o know is e ngaging the atten we did this to some extent at t he time o f its o c , ,

tion of Massachusetts as well a s N e w York farm currenc e , .

e rs. S ays one N ew Y ork farm er

it is n ow about In th e Horticultur al r e port a page is approp ri
, ,

fo ur years since I turned a stream of water over at e d to th e Concord grape an d t h e su perin t endent ,

ab out thirty acres o f m y farm that were c on v en i of the exhibition say s

A ll ca ndid men will agre e
en t ly situated f or the purpose an d the consequence in sayin g that it is a most valuable addition to our
,

has been that the yield o f my grass an d hay crops native grapes Mr Bull has rendered h orticul . .

has been more than doubled and much o f it u p on ture a good service by the introduction of this n e
,

the grav e l soil four times told more than ever b e grape and I hope he will be encouraged to contin
, ,

n o his exp e rim e nts in ra isig vines from th e seeds

fore .

.

R e ports respectin g th e u se o f special manures The various scientic tr e atises prize essays reports , ,

should always exhibit n ot only the results o f th e o f th e several county societies addresses and dis
, ,

prod uce raised by these means but the actual cost CuS SiOIIS in the State House an d a t annual meet
, ,

o f the manure used S uppose a piece o f ground ings descrip t ions of farm implements an d mechan
. ,

produces 2000 pounds o f hay ; by th e addition o f ical labor-saving machines an d reports o f indi vidu ,

400 pounds o f guano yo u get 4 000 pounds o f hay a l stock-rais e rs and farmers cont ain matter of very
, , ,

o u have doubled your crop B u t if t h e h a i great interest and show a rapid development of
y y s . ,

worth but per ton wln ch is the cas e in large the resources 0 f the E mpire State
'

.
,

sections of the interior an d the guano costs $ 10 A n d although there is S O methin g C On Side rahle
, , ,

does it pay ? This is th e re al ques t ion a fter all even which we think may well have be e n omi t ted , ,
,

upon which the question o f the use of special yet we shall o f ten recur t o t his volume with th e
m anur e s must turn .
cert ainty of deriving from it pleasure and in strucr
We learn from the report t hat the L egislature tion .

appropriate d f o r the e rection o f a building

a t A lb any for the u s e of t h e S ociety
, In th e mu .

seum o f this bui lding it is designed to preserve ,

R E D CE D AR .

farm implements n ow in use in th e State a n d in F EN R I D BR OW N z Tu rid i ng both by rail -

road ,

an d co u nty-road my observation has b e en directed

the cou ntry and which may hereafter be in tro duc ,
,
to t h e rapid increase o f this tree I n Medford the y
ed and a complete collection of grass e s and seeds seem t o be covering the past ures an d th e roadsid es
.

, .

,
The insects also which are comm on wil l be cor are lin ed with them In many towns near the s ea
, , , .

re c tly arranged and n amed with the plants leaves shor e , I think their number is ve times what it , ,

and twigs upon w h ich their depredations are most was ten years a go If this be correct it shows th a t . ,

th e climate favors th e ir increase They do n ot a

com monly com mit t ed Ch oice an d rare plants will .
p .

pear t o be conned to any particular soil They .

also be preserved and their method of culture ex row on rocky hills and pine plains on dr and
,
g y , ,

hibit e d S uc h a mu se um must be of immense and moist rich a n d poor lands But wherev e r t hey are
.
.
,

constantly increasin g value n ot only t o the S tate the land is enriched by them Their timber is val
, .

by whose liberali ty it is establi shed but t o the uable for fe nce posts an d rail road ti e s and bo th ,
, ,

country at large limbs an d bo u ghs are excellent ov e n wood either : ,

gr en dry The r branches a re n u mero u s and

.

e o r i ,
F rom the treasurer s report it appears that the small exten ng but a short dis t ance fro m the body
.

di ,
income 0 h the S O Cie tY f or the Ye ar was $ 22 5 46 an d of th e tree and producing a large amount of se e d 2 ,
,
.

its expenditure Thi s munic en t sum in A lthough I hav e been acquainted with this tree
the hands o f the public spirite d an d energetic men more than sixty years I have n o recollection o f s e e ,

wh o have the control o f it has enabl e d th e m to

ing a branch broken by the win d o r a tre e blo wn ,

down or on e of a n y bigness bent by the sno w ;

,

p rod u ce the results which this vol u m e exhi bits th e re fore it is a very safe tr e e to cul t iva t e o n the
,
.

O n e t housand dollars was appropriated t o sus t ain [in e o f railroads

the lab ors of A SA F IT C H M D the State E nto ,

My obj ect in writing the above is that rail ro ad
. .
, , ,
62 N EW ENGLAND F A R ME R . F EB .

s to ck-holders may think for themselves wh e ther We have quite enough agricultural papers per , ,

it would n o t be well for them to let their repair haps t o o many A s a ge n eral thing they are n ot
.
,

men gather some seed a n d sow it on the line of

well sup orte d ,With their limited means they .
,

their railroads thus raising their own o s ts and t ies

, cannot 0 all that for the benet o f the farmer .
,

F ar mers c an yo u n o t make a saving y sowing this

, which with enlarged means might be done Typ e , , , .

where v er you wish f o r a fence o n pasture land ? settin g a leading item in t h e expense o f p ublica ,

D epend o n it your cows will n o t eat it up G ard

, tion costs n o more f or ten thousand readers than .
,

ne r s have you a garden that needs a northern pro

, f o r on e Hence the more numerous the readers .
, ,

t e ctio n ? C an you raise a cheaper h andsomer or the more value ca n the publisher g ive for the sam e

, ,

more durable hedge than red cedar ? money F ewer agricultural publications an d bet
, .
,

A G S H E L D ON ter are the want of the age We want condensa . . .

, .

Wil mi ng ton D ec 2 4 185 5 tion rather than expansion Th e N ew E ng la n d '

, .
, . . .

F a rme r has sw a llowed up the Va lley F a rmer .

Th e latter h as lost its name by the Operation but

F th N w E g l d F mer no matter ; ladies lose their names when they get
or e e n an ar .

TO TH E R E A D E R S OF TH E F A R ME R
m arried bu t are not a lw a ys sorry for it I f it , .

should swallow t w o or three more small papers and ,

LA T E 0 F A MH E R S T N OT D E C EA SE D
gro w by what it feeds on it would only hasten
, .

,

,

We mee t again S hall we g o o n longer t o the supply of a real want o f the farming interest

. .

gether ? S o asks the quondam editor and pub I t need n o t change its name in consequence of the
lie b er of the F a rmer a j ournal al ways upward in its union for that is j ust right as it is ; nor its man
, ,

aims and still aspiring to a hi g her broader more ners for these have always been good ; nor woul d
, , , ,

useful l ife He must n ow do ff the p ru ra lis excel it be quite m odest for the writer to promise t hat it
.
,

len tia e must n o longer say w e and must gossip a shall become more prolic of good things f or the
, ,

little less freely in the presence o f a n ew and larger farmer He c an only promise t o represent the .

circle o f readers but may yet rej oice to meet hi s C onnecticut valley in it as well as it can be re pre
, ,

o ld readers once more at least to tender them the sented by such sort o f timber , an d t o co n tribute
, ,

cozy adulations o f the season and to ask them a lon e his mite towards making it what its leading con , ,

( other readers having full permission to jump this d u c t o rs are always striving to make it a sound ,

item ) shall we go on together another y ear ?

, tr uthfu l reliable j ournal ever co ns erv a tive and yet , , ,

I f s o please retain this N o an d its successors p rog res S ive O CC Q SiOD aHY whipping U P the loitering
, .
, ,

wi ll follow in course I f other wise be s o ki nd as on the one hand and often checking the visionary
.
, ,

to return it to the o fce in B oston and its return on the other , .

sha l l b e deeme d a refusal as politely given as has To former readers o f the F a rmer W h o W ill re
, ,

been the invitation ; only be sure and get enough ceive the N ew E ng l a n d F a r mer in its stead may ,

out o f it to pay you for the postage o ut and leave it prove a pleasant and useful visitant f o r the ye ar ,

the publisher to take care O f the postage back to come a n d as much longer as they se e t to re . ,

Th e return postage need not be prepaid I f any of c e iv e it adding something to their happiness and . , ,

you pre fer the weekly j ust say in a brief note to somethi n g to their wealth as their reception o f it
, ,

the pub lisher with name and ost-oice distinctly will a ff ord a high gratication to the writer
written P lease send th e wee k
.
,

, ly instead o f the JA N ,
. . o

monthl y an d your wish will be attended to I

,

f you .

will take neither still a happy n e w year to you ; , ,

F the N w E g l d F m or e n an ar er.

go ahead ; improve your farming ; get a better TR A N SI E N T BOLT

journal than the N cw E ng l a n d F a rmer if you ca n
.

H O W T O S T O P IT S N O I S E
, ,

but dout t try to get along without some good ag .

ric ul tu ral paper its no saving b u t muc h lost Passing my neighbor G oodman s yard t o-day I , , ,

remember that .
s aw hi m at work o n a wagon and in a few word ,

A few edi tors in announcing the present course he told me how h e stops the jingle of the transient
,

0 f the F a rmer have S poken 0 f it as dead a S light bolt on his ligh t four-wheeled vehicles
, , .

mistake but no matter and some have imputed to He cuts a p eic e O f india rubber from an old fash
,

farmers in its vicinity a lack of interest in its we l ion e d shoe that will just go round the bolt a n d
, , , ,
fare This is a greater mistake and must be c or then placing it ni cely down i nto the hole through
.
, , .

rec t e d .F armers in the neighborhood have done the rocker iron and bed-piece enters the bolt and , ,

nobly 3 00 2 00 100 and 5 0 subscribers in a town has the wagon together a gai n
, , .

is n o t to be faulted A few remote towns have He says the rubber will last a number of years
.
.

done t h e l i ke B ut farmers at a distance seem [ have noticed that his vehicles run noiseless ex
.
,

g enerally to have reasoned that an agricultural cept the proper squeak of the axles , T hey get th e .

W D B
.

paper from some i mportant business centre would best of oil and ta lk s ome , . . . .

a nswer their purposes better They certa inly had C o ncord N ov 28th 185 5 .
. .
, ,

a right t o choose ; and n o inference should be

drawn un favorable to their intelligence or gener
TH E O L D F A R ME R S A L M A N A C K E stabli sh ed in
osity . L ong since the f armers of the C onnecticut ,
.

valley had xed upon B oston as the pl ace whence 17 9 3 by R O B E R T B T H O MA S

,
Those wh o try t o
,
, . .

a gricultural papers best adapted t o their wants keep house in this enlightened age wi thout a copy
, ,

s hould come It wa s har d to tur n them o ut o f a of this o ld res id e co m a n i o n must expe c t t o ha ve

.

p ,
beaten track and perhaps the e ff ort should not have their ork shrink in the pot an d their b eans gro w
,

been m ade Those o f them south o f the C on n e c t i p

e cook mus t have it an d s o
.

c ut line have n o w an excellent pa er at Hart f or d

hard by boiling T h
,
,

in their o wn S tate and they wil l 0 w ell t o give it must everybody H o w could we tell when the sun
,
.

a generous suppor t rises or the moon , or anybody else without the Old
.
, ,
 185 6 . N E W E N G L A N D F A R ME R . 63

l ma n a clt

F a rm er s How should we kn Ow when . free use of the geological an d other cabinets there ,

it rai n s o r whe n the plants n eed watering or when

, ,
is to be we unders t and during the coming term a
, , ,

t o ge t t h e s l eigh o u t or to hang the s hirts o ut t o ,

ver y full and complete course o f chemical le ctur es
d ry i f t h a t j olly o l d b rick in the titlepage a p
,

,
by Professor C L A RK I n chemist ry a s ta ught by .
,

pi ng his wings an d was tin g a ll th e water in his jug , experimental lectures wi th apparatus a mple f o r il ,

didn t te l l us 9 lustrating an d m aking plain its difcult points we ,

Th e n to li ve l ik e a n ybody go to Hick l ing S wan

, , ,
have lon g thought is the key t o many o f the f ar ,


B ro wn s B ost on an d purchase it
, , .
mer s most ea rn e st inquiries ; an d we should think
'

that this course o f lectures alone would be wo rth

I
ME S F OR THE TI
more to a young farmer or on e wishing to becom e
CR ME S .
,

L LI
BY W I A M L YL E .
a farmer than the expenses o f the whole t erm
, .

Be no t j e a l o us ov e r- muc h , We shall wonder if many o f our young men wh o , , ,

B ut h o p e a n d t me w l l ma ke y ou i i b e tte r ; desire to be intel ligent f armers do not avail them ,

Th e re i s a f a i th ca re ca n n ot to uc h , selves o f the pri vi leges o ff ered by A mherst C ollege

W h ic h l ea v es th e s o ul i
w th o ut a. f e tte r
for we do n o t beli eve that fourteen week s and ten
.

0 i t i s b ut a. so rry c re e d

To l oo k f or n o th n g i b ut d e ce ii v ng
i
dollars f or tuition lectures use o f cabinets an d oth , ,

To me e t a. ki d n ness i n y o ur need ,
e r mea ns f or a cquiring knowledge could be bet t e r
ib
,
W h it a s mi l e o f m s e li e vi ng

Th e t id e of ill i s n o t so s t ro n g
employ ed by th e young farmer o r the you n g man ,
;
Ma n l ove s n o t a l wa y s wra th a nd wron g . wh o is looking t o the farm for the employment of
I
t c a n no t b e th a t e v e ry h ea rt his future industry and skill .

I
s s te e l e d s o muc h a a i ns t i ts
g ne igh b or ;
Let e a ch w thi
p l a y hi s p a rt,
re a s o n
C H E A P O IL F O R KI TCH E N L A MPS
i i i b
A nd f ru t w l l s p r n g f ro m o u t th e l a o r ;
.

i i i j
P ro gre s s n g s t l l l f e
s o urne y th ro u gh
,
We nd the followi n g in an o ld alman a c an d ,

j i
B e us t a n d k n d to wa rd s y o ur f e l l o w,
think that if it will operate as stated it would be
R b i e me m e r n g wh a te e r y ou d o ,
o f some consequence in ou r domestic e conomy
, , ,

T h a t d u ty s p re a d s th e s moo t h e s t p il l ow
.

A nd n e i i
e r t h e h a n d o f f r e n d sh
p S p urn ,
To keep a goo d light at the present high price of ,

i
B ut trus t , a n d ma n w ll t rus t i n t urn oil is quite a n ite m of expense an d an y suggestio n .
, ,
\

S m m th o b wh d m i t g d
e en e re that will put us in the way of reducing that expense
e o ee oo ,

It d t n hra b t e o ove rre a c

and o f obta ini ng a good light a t the same time is
a ro h e r
,
A d m wh w ld n so t th e gh th y ul d
o ou no , ou e co

Up i h d t h lp ra s e a. th an
worth o
y of consideration
e a no
O il that could
er
be pur ,
.

;
T h y d m t th gh e ee l i wid
no ,
chas e d ve years ago f or
ou c on v u s o n s cents per gallon n o w e ,

M y h w th ath b y d s
g o h k e ea r sells at $ 2 and the dirty whale oil that was the n
an er s a en ,
,
T h t til l f h t j t th gh p id
a s o e a r s u n us
considered un t for the most common use is sell
ro u r e,
,
A d k a d t ar t i t k n rue a cc o u n s a en

Ki gd m m y q k in n o w at eighty or n inety cents an d e ven on e

n o d th s m y f ll
a ua g e an ron e s a a ,
,

B t G d i lo ki g u o ll s o n dollar a gall on
ove r a . .

0 j i t th th t if
o n no f m en

L e t all scraps of f a t (including even whateve r
e s r es o en ,
B t h l y h w b y w xi g k i d
u o ur s o bits are left on the dinner-plates) and all drippings
a n n e r, ,

Th t y h v ah d th m m t wh
e a e re a c be s e t in a cold place When the crock is full
e e o en en .
,
R m i g wi g b l i d
e a son n o ! o re transfer the f at t o an iro n pot llin g it half-way
s ro n n er
,
A d th gh y h p th t t i m ld y i l d
p wi th fat and pour in su f cient cold water t o
n ou h e o
u
e a e s ou e

h b
,
A h g f c i g h t d ti
an e or e a c
reach the t op S e t it over the re an d boil an d
en e na on ,
,
wi d
.

S k t t t ld
T i g th
ee no a rs so
skim it till the impurities are removed N ext pour
e a e

f m ti
.
,
d o f n e se e s o re o r a

B t w th m t i h t at h m
; the melted fat into a large broad pan o f cold water
on
,

I
u so e rs n ear s o e,
an d se t it away t o cool t will harden into a c a ke
T h t t i G d d f ui t wil l m
en ru s n o an r co e.
. .

M kL ea - e
T he
,
n ta ke o ut the cake and put it away in a cool
ar an r sa.
,

place When wanted for us e c ut o ff a su f cient .

,

quantity melt by the re till it becomes liquid an d

I N STR UC TI ON I N A GR I
, ,

CU L TUR E then ll the lamp with it as wi t h lard I t will give . , .

It appears by a recent catalogue o f A mh e rst C o l a clear bright light quite equal to that of lard and , , ,

lege that the W inter ter m o f that I nstitutio n will better th an whale oil a n d it costs nothing b ut the ,

h ighly recom
,
trouble o f preparing the fat We
commence on the 9 th of January an d is to con tinue mend this piece o f economy
.

,
.

f ou rtee n weeks O f the l arge and increasing num .

b e r o f s tudents several we are glad to se e are de ,

F IN E A PP L E S W e have b efore us on e of MOR ,

voting themselves to the study o f A griculture un RIS O N S incomparable R e d S eedling apples an d on e , ,

d e r the directio n o f Pro f N A S H ; and there c an be of the R e d R usset which Mr C ole said seems t o
.
.
,

0 d O U b t th at young men h a V in
g an e ye to the be a cross between the B aldwin and R o xbu ry R us
'

f ar m as their eld o f future action c an acquire b y se t

, I t has patches of carmine similar t o those on , , .

a tri ing expense 0 f time an d mom

h n O W le dg e the Hun t R usset an d we know o f n o other appl e , ,

whi ch will b e of essential servi ce t o them through which has them B oth these apples are a s ne in ,

life B esides instru ction in Practic al A griculture avor as in appearance Mr Morrison is n ow tes t
.
, . .

in conn ecti o n with a li ber a l co urse o f r ea d ing and a their keeping qualities , .
 64 N E W E N G L A N D F A R ME R . F EB .

TH E TYS ON PE A R .

L ast summer we saw a n e tree and nely loaded , I ndia rubber shoes are very comfortable and val ua
with fruit o f this excellent variety o f the pear in
, ,
ble for C OVerl ng the feet dur i ng we t sloppy we a th ,
'

er but they should never be worn on any other o c

~
t h e garden o f His E x cellency G ov G ardner a t ,

c a smn ; their sole u se should be to keep o ut water

.
, .

I8 t er m th 9 season 9 were fm sh 9 d
.

D o n h esten '
They should therefore be put o ff whenever the wear
W ith an ample b a Sk e t 0 f the ripened fruit W hiCh W 9 : er enters a house an d be worn as little as possible
, ,

f ound delicious and from one among the number we

, because they are air tight an d both retain and re,

have had th e illustration here given sketched .

strain the perspiration o f the feet Th e air cannot .

Th i s pe ar l s n Ot large perhaps a h i i le below m e

t
be exclude d from them or from an y other portion
,

of the body for an y length of time without sensi

diu m S ize it has the S trikin g Pe ar b n is light , ,

} f f
yellow Wi th russet patches and re d dl sh l n the sun
bly a ff ectin g the health I t is our Opinio n that n o
.
,

, , .
habit tends more t o good health than clean feet and
S tem medial len gt h and se t on a p i ut ; basin broad r clean dry stockings so as to allow the free pe rspi
, ,

an d shallow esh wh ite melting very juicy sweet

, , , ,
ration 0 f the nether extremities ~
with a delicious aromatic a vor I t is t f or eating
.

in th e latter part o f A ugust or rs t of S ept e mber C UR I O SITI E S OF W A TE R N or is the hailstone

less soluble in earth than in air P laced under a
.

B y most am ate urs it is n o t r a nked hi g h among the

.

bell glass with twice its weight o f lime it gradually ,

good pears but is worthy a place in any considera
, melts and disappe ars ; a n d th ere remain four parts ,

ble garden Th e original tre e stood in J enkin stown

.
, i nstead of three o f perfectly dry earth under the
,

Pa an d the t ree on which the frui t grew o f which

.
,
glass O f a plaster o f Paris statue weighi n g ve
.
,

we have been spe aking we have understood to have

,
po unds m ore than on e good pound is solidied w a
,

ter E ven the preciou s Opal is but a mass o f int

s prung from the rst scion cut from the old tree
.

, ,
and water combined in the proportion of n i ne
,
which was se t in this S tate .

g rains of the earthy ingre di ent to o n e o f th e uid .

O f an acre o f clay land a foot deep weighing about ,

W H EN T O W E A R I N D I A R UB BE R S W e have . , one thousand t wo hundred tons at least four hun ,

not iced th a t many persons in our city wear india d red tons are water ; a n d even o f the reat moun
,

rubber overshoes in cold dry weather to keep their

, ,
tain chain s with whi ch the g lobe is ri bed man y ,

feet warm This is an injur ious an d evil practice

. . millions of tons are water soli died into earth .
 N E W E N G L A N D F A R ME R

185 6 . . 65

Water indeed e xists around us t o an extent a n d

,
water in the tank is forced into thi s pipe by a steam
under conditions which escape the notice of cursory power ; men in the di ff erent elds with a gutta ,

observers When the dyer buys of the dry salter

. percha hose some eighty feet in length attached , ,

o n e hundred pounds each o f alum carbonate of soda t o a hydrant direct a stream o f the d ilute l iqui d
, , ,

and soap he obtains in exchan ge for his m oney n o

,
manur e hi g h into the air frequently fty feet or , ,

less than forty-v e pounds of water in the rst lot more whence it falls like rain upon the growing , , , ,

sixty-four pounds in the second and a variable crops n o t beating them down as it would if throw n , , , ,

quantity sometimes amounting to seventy-three

,
i n a solid stream horizontall y upon them This is .

a n d a half pounds in the third E ven the trans ,
an imi tation of Heaven s way of fertilizi n g t h e
.

parent air we breathe contains in ordin ary weather earth by means of rain each drop of rain water
, , ,

about ve grains o f water di ff used through each containin g as this manure does a few imp urities of , , ,

cubic foot o f its bulk and thus raried water n o which it has cleansed the atmosphere in passing
, ,

more wets the air than the solidi ed water wets the,
throu g h it the impurities in both cases being im , , ,

lime or opal in which it is absorbed parted to the soil as the water passes down war d . ,

through that .

Th e foregoing will give a pretty good idea of

F the N w E g l d F rmer
liqui d m anuring as ra c tic e d by the gentleme n
or e n an a .

n amed on a lib
,

LI QU I D MA N UR E before eral scale an d at g reat ex

.
, ,

pense for the outset b ut with v e ry little f or the

B Y P ROF J A N A SH subse q uent application o f the manure S omething
. . . .
,

.
,

Liqui d manurin g as rst pract i ced by Mr lik e $ 7 5 an acre is requisite for under-drain ing
, .

Mechi in the nei g hborhood of L ondon an d Mr the ground procurin g an d laying the iron pipes
,

, , , ,

L it tl e dal e near L iverpool n o w beginning t

, constructing the tank purchasing the engine an d
, ,

imitated by other distinguished far mers in hose and getting the whole into full Operation ; ,

country and perhaps by some in thi s is e ff ected by but when this is done the liquid manure can be
, , ,

the following means distributed on any part of the farm remote as well ,

A n immense tan k is constructed in the yar d as near for only a few mills per t o n L et it be kept , , .

into which the soli d excrements from the barn sty in mind that this li q uid m anure bein g g reatly di , , , ,

fold & c are thrown I

, .
, nto the same tank are di luted little diff ering from rain water sli ghtly roiled
.
, ,

re c t e d all the liquid excrements o f the premises distribute s its insol uble parts evenly over the sur .

Whatever about the building can add t o the fertil face where under the action of s un and air they , , ,

ity o f the elds is added ; an d if purchased fertil soon become soluble an d t food for plants thus
, ,

iz ers whether in the shape o f dead animals from givin

, an advantage with regard to them over b e , ,

the city o r of phosphates guano poudrette & c in g p owed un d er where they might remain a lon g
, , , , .
, ,

are to be used o n the f arm they are all thrown time inert ; while the soluble parts are imparted t o
,

together in to thi s tan k I t becomes an o mn i um the soil at some depth below the surface a s the wa
.
,

g a theru m . ter penetrates downwards varying according to th e ,

A considerable stream o f water a small brook qu antity appli ed at once I f applied often and .
,

in some cases in others a collection of drainage little at a time the effect terminat es near the surface ;
, ,

waters from the higher grounds ; or a copious but if appli ed in very large quantities it extends ,

S pring if there be on e near is there dir ected upon f arther do wnward

, Mr Mechi says he wants his . .
,

t h em .Water is supplied in such abundance as t o soil m anured a ll the wa y from the surface to three ,

completely neu tralize the foul odors that would feet b elow ; that the roots o f crops wi ll go a s low 3

otherwise b e generated Water it should be nu as there is p rep a red food for t hem an d that l iquid
.
,

d e rst o o d is in all cases a su f cient deodorizer manuring is the only means o f tempting the roots
, ,

provided enough o f it be used Th e great quan downward among inexhaustible supplies of earth .

tity o f the water in the tank holds the soluble m at food f or plants We are n ot to infer from this . ,

ters o f the vari ous manures there gathered in solu that he would advocate the plowing in o f manur es
tion ; an d when agitated as it should be before its very deeply That is a di fferent matter I
, f you . .

application to the land holds in suspension the were to bury soli d m anure three feet under ground
, ,

ner soluble portions of the manures so that it a p you might about as w ell sink it three miles ; for in ,

p ears slightly colored by the soluble parts o f the either case it would be excluded from air would

manure and a very little roily by reason of the in not ferment but would remain i n a condition un
, , ,

soluble .

A n y o n e will se e tha t by thi s time the quantity

, ,

o f water has become too great to be remove d by

any ordi nary means of transportation A smart .

shower lasting an hour o r two an d gi v ing one

, ,

inch of water in depth gives about 1 15 tons t o the ,

acre Such manure requires to be supplied in like coil from their o wn appropriate food if too stro n g
.
, ,

quantity every few days as well while the crops are when they will drink it in like topers i f dissolved
, ,

growing as in preparing the ground before hand an d w ell diluted We often speak o f the food o f
, , .

in order to produce the best results I t is man ifest plants ; an d yet plants do n o t e a t ; they only d r mk ;
.
,

therefore that unless some very cheap mode of and it mus t be admitted that they are n o t fond of
,

transportation c an be devised such manure would stro n g d rink , .

n o t be worth applyi ng To obviate this di f cul ty Th e advanta g es o f liquid manur i n g se em t o be

.
, ,

an iron pipe some t wo inches in di ameter is laid that it is capable o f providing pab ulum for crops
, , ,

from the tank below the frost and below the pos in the right state that of a weak solution ; at the
,

s ibili t
y o f being struck by the plow branch i ng to right tim just when the requires it ; an d m
all parts o f the farm To this pipe hydrants are the best manner as re gar (pslant
e ,

. the d epth it is to pen

attached on e to every ten or twelve acres Th e e trate the soil and it g i ves the farmer great powe r
, .
66 N E W E N G L A N D F A R ME R . F EB .

Over soils and crops enabling him to adapt the

his , Without doubt crude opinion s are sometime s a d ,

O n e to the other t o supply deciencies when they

.

, v e nced an d real experien ces sometimes s o imper

,

become manifest and to step in at any time an d ,

f e c t ly understood a n d related that th ey do n o t ,

correct mistakes which he may have made at seed teach the t ruth A l l thi s occurs also amon g th os e
.

ti me Th e disadvantages are the expensiveness o f

.
, wh o are n ot farmers amon g those wh o are by ,

the preparation and a want o f capital T0 pre , . themselves and others con sidered wis e an d l ea rn ed , .

pare 80 acres f or this m ode of manuring if Mr , . But the habit o f closer observ ation whic h is is s t im ,

Me chi s exa mple o f doing everything in the most ul a t e d by the ex ectation o f being ca l l ed u p on t o
p
thorough durable way were fo llowed would cost , , ,
relate our exper i enc e s ; th e habit o f keen ly scru
$ 6 000 I f Yankee ingenuity could e ffect the same
. tin iz in g a n d sifting the th eories an d pra ctices of
object at hal f the cos t a thing more than proba ourselves a n d other s with entire fre e dom ca nn ot , ,

ble and if half the remaining cost could be avoid

, but aid us in the endeavor a fter improvem en t i f
ed by selecting lan d s o porous a s to requ ire n o
, in no other W il y b y giving to 0 111 minds a n in crea se
,
'

underdraining as with more than half of all the 0 f vigor and acti vi ty A man wh o is t h us q u ick .

land in N e w E ngland still the expense would be ,

ened must make a more intellige n t farmer a W i ser
, ,

beyond the means Of the maj ority o f farmers ; an d and a happier man JO N A TH A N S H OR T . .

there is n o use in advising farmers to do what they E lm L odg e D ec o 20 185 5 : : '

cannot do I f some retired merchant who is try

.
,

in g his hand at farmin g would be willing to draw ,

F or the N ew E ng l a n d F ar mer
s omething fro m his easily gotten treasures for the
.

sake o f tryin g a brilliant experiment and being K E E P YOUR H OUSE W A R M , HOW TO

applauded or lau g hed at as the result might re IN TH E C OUN TR Y , .

quire it would be well That miserably poor

,
BY HE N RY F
.

F RE N C H
la nds as were Mr Mechi s originally can in this
. .

,
b l W i d w C ld A i
.
, , ,
B k Pl t i g D t lw y P r
way be made to produce ast onishingly is already
,
Ai F St t h t i th q ti F f ,
ac a s er n ou e n o s o r no a a s u e

settled I
r u rn a c e s o r o ve s , a s e ue s on u rn a c e s or
t remains to be decided whether this
.
W d A i T i ght t i ly F t l P i m y S h l oo r- s no n e c e ssa r a a r ar c oo

mode o f elicitin g great crops c an be made prota R m i E t P ti l O bj ti t F V til oo n xe e r ra c ca ec on s o urn a c e s en

ti th M i P i t a on e a n o n
ble and the man wh o decides it will do a good
,
.

I
,

thing for a g riculture and whether laughed at or n my former article on this subject Iomitted , ,
, ,

praised will be sure to gain notoriety Who will

, to allude t o on e idea which is all important I t is .
, .

try it ? Th e writer O f this believes he could g ive
the requisite information how t o begin and how
t o proceed having examined Mr Mech i s and Mr
this if yo u would keep your house warm make it , ,
tight I n buildi ng s ee that air as well as water i s
, , ,
.

. .

L it tl e dal e s works under the most favorable circum excluded except through proper openings Th e , .

stances B ut it might be well for the man wh o

.
cheapest and best m ode of rendering the walls o f a
would try the experiment to run over to E ngland woode n house tight is by back plastering plas
, , ,

and se e for himsel f I t would be worth an A tlan tering between the studs before the usual lathing is
.

ti c tri p to converse W i th those men a n d to Wi tness Th i s S hou mbe done by fu mi ng o ut sa y

pm o n
,

their high intelli gence and noble e n th usiam in b e

an inch f r ! the boarding an d l e t ing so as to

half of agriculture They are men wh o love O ld
E ngland but the y love A merica also e n th us ia s ti
y .
t
l ea V e an a i r S pace bet ween the board i ng and back
,

, ,

ca lly as well they m ay f o r it is their trade with

, plastering and there will be another air space b e
, ,

t h s country that has e h hh le d th h m to fa rm in

i tween this and the common plastering which will ,

Pu n cely S tyle and that only for the amusement be a far better protection from col d than soli d
.

,
,

walls o f the same thickness of any material , .

F th N w E g l d F mer N ext to make your house tight put on d ouble

or e e n an ar . , ,

wi nd ows upon the rooms usua lly occupied They

F A R ME R S C L UBS
,
.

should be made whole and screwed upon the out ,

M R E D IT OR
Th e F armers C lub is an in st itu
.

ti o n whic h is destined Ibelieve to work a great

side rabbeted into t h e window frames or otherwise , ,
, ,

m
i proveme t not only in the f a rms o f N e w E n g
n ,
nicely a djuste d with on e or more panes in each ,

l an d b ut a l so in the f a rme rs A n d herein perhaps room hung on hinges for ventilation unless better
, .
, , , ,

l ie s i ts chi ef v alue that it will inevitably call o ut means are provided Then by opening the ins ide .

a n d exerci s e the i ntellect of the members develop

sas h and th sing l e pane of the outer sash a ir may , e ,
i t make it more ac ti ve and g ive the m the habit o f
,
,

t hi n king more upo n the various topics connected

be admitted a s occasion requi res
,
.

with the ir occupation I t is a school a school of

T hese sugg stions
.
will Of course be met by ,
e , , ,

th e rig ht so rt where the pupils are obliged to look those wh o do not think much on the subj ect bu t
, ,

s har ly an d wi th their o wn eyes at the various only think they are thinkin g with th e obj ection

p , , ,

p rob lem s se t for t h e m t o work o ut Without that our houses are too tight now for health an d .

c l ai mi ng
,

per f ectio n f or a l l the theories o r Opinions that the very diffi culty is that we have not fresh ai r
a d v anced in thes e cl ubs it is safe t o say that much ,

o f good so u n d practical common sense is spoken

,
enough A ll this is Very true as to h Ot h aVih g
, ,
,

a n d many valuable f ac ts in the experience of t h e fresh air enough b ut fur nishes n o : eason for admit ,

mfi mhe l s is ( e ve lO pe d and brought to light that ting the winds of Heaven t r ough all sorts o f
l h

mi ght O ther W i se have p ssed mto the chaos of for

-
a cracks in unlimited quantitie s w ere one to a d
A man s o wn exper i ence Wi ll be O f
.

g otte n thi ngs o

,

V l s e us because water 18 essent i a 1 to h ea 1t h a n d

.

muc h more value t o hi msel f even when he is , ,

,

o bliged to analy z e it an d think upon i t an d put i t comfort i n o u r houses to leave le ak holes all over , , ,

in t o shape that it may be s een i n all its asp ects it to admit a proper supply none of us w o uld be
, . , ,
 185 6 .
N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . 67

l ikely to adopt that mode in pre f erence t o aqueduct supplied abundantly with fresh air from without ,

pipes which w e can control as we please S ome

,
. and with water to counteract the drying te n dency
what akin t o this absurdity is the idea that b e , , ,
of the heatin g process is un e xce ption able A very ,
i .

cause fresh air is e ssentia l we should allow it to ,

large opening from the Open air n ot from the c el ,

blow through our houses without obstruction . lar as Often arranged is necessary for the supply o f
, ,

B ut there is a nother consideration which mus t ,
ai r and corresponding Openi n gs by way o f ventila
,

n ot be forgotte n as t o double windows ,

A lthough . tors t o allow its free c irculation and escape are
, ,

glas s is comparatively a n on con ducter yet a sin

, , ,
also essential F or a furnace designed t o warm
.

gle thickness of an eighth o f an inch between the

, ,
ve or six rooms o f ordinary si z e the Opening f or ,

t emperature of zero without and seventy degrees ,

admission of air should be n o t a mere stove pipe ,

within is an insu fcient protection Th e glass b e

, . but a box eighteen or twenty inches square or .
,

comes cold so cold that ice o r frost a s we term it

, , , perhaps better two boxes of that size opening t o
, ,

s ometimes forms on the inside of it even in a room ,

wards diff erent points t o be used according as th e ,

comfortably warm near the re and the air of the ,

wi nd m ay blow and constructed with gates or ,

room is continually cooled by conta c t with the valves to be Opene d and closed by means o f cord s
,

glass without the admission of any fresh air f or no

, , or rods from within the house
, .

air passes through the glass though the heat con

.
,
N o w an air-tight s t ove though perhaps more in ,

use than an
s ta n t l y escapes through it Th e distinction b e .
y other beca use it f urnishes the m ost ,

tween co ld air and f res h air must n ot be forgotten , . heat at least expense o f fuel is generally regarded
, ,

Th e cold that comes through the glass if we may , as the very worst enemy whi ch we take to our
u s e an expression n o t quite philosophical does n o t , homes and resid es and as generally man a ged is , ,

p urify the air o f the room We are apt to asso . bad enough to deserve universal condemnation ,

ciate the idea o f bad air with that o f warm air bu t ,

but with proper attention to ventilation is perhap s ,

a man would die just as soon bottled up in a glass , as unobj ectionable as m ost furnaces .

j ar f o r wan t o f fresh air in a cold as in a warm

, , , Th e Primary S chool House here in E xeter a , ,

place .
plan a n d description o f whi ch may be seen in v ol
What we need most to provi de f or is n o t cold , , ume ve o f the monthly N E F a rmer a ff ord s .
'
. .
,

air but air that h as n o t been vitiate d by breathing

, .
the best ill ustration of my idea of the b est us e of
I n other words we req ui re a change o f air in o ur
, air-tight stoves I t is in ful l view from my window
. ,

rooms and this not by acciden ta l cracks le f t by

, , as I wri te an d m y children attend the school there
,
.

the unski lfulness of carpenters and masons but by , Th e school -room is t we nty-fi ve feet square an d ,

some systematic arrangement for its admission and thirteen in height I t has ve large windows n ot
. ,

esca pe Th e Old idea th at ght as manfully a s

.
, , double exposed on th ree sides and accommodate s
, ,

we may against the admission o f air enough will

, , sixty-two children an d it is warmed by a single air ,

som ehow get in must be given up We c an an d , .

, tight sheet iron stove of common size an d c on
,
-
,

f or ec ono my ought t o m ake o u r houses tight and , , struction wh ich sta nds within about six feet o f t h e
,

a s we u sually bui ld i n these days they are with , chimne y at the east side of the room with funne l
, ,

stoves in them t oo close for health , .

enough to go up about eight feet an d thence to th e ,

A n d now as t o the question o f f u r na ces or s toves

, chimney Under the stove is a large regi ster
.

f o r houses in the country Thi s question does n ot .

which admits the air d irectly from the out doo r
depend upon the comparative cost o f wood and world A t the west side o f the room th ere is a
.
,

coal because furnaces are much in u se in some

, , ventilator in the ceiling Opening into th e a ttic , ,

parts of N e w E ngland heated by wood They are , .

which again is relieved of its vitia ted air by a cop
f requentl y co n structed o f a common cast iron stove , per ventilator On the roof This simple an d cheap .

f rom t wo t o four feet long with a sheet iron drum , a rrangement gives su fcient heat in the cold e st of
o n t op all enclosed in a brick chamber from which
, , N ew Hampshir e weather an d the air of th e r oom , ,

t h e hot a ir is take n directly by the usual pipes , . though constantly d rawn u pon by som e sixty l ittl e
Thi s cheap and simple mode o f heating is li able to pairs of lungs for vitali zing their young blood is so
, ,

t h e Obj ection that usually the stove is heated red

, constantly changing as t o give n o such indicati on ,

h o t and s o the air is vitiated before it reaches the

, o f impurity a s occurs t o you on entering a c o m
,

p ersons wh o a re t o breathe it A l l furn aces are . mon air-tight room inhabited by a single o ld b a ch ,

o b n oxious t o the same obj ection in some degree , e l o r and his close stove Th e who l e secret of th e .
,

so far as I know thoug h Idare say science has in

, , matter is this : ab undance of fresh air ente rs under
,

t heory at le a st db viated the di f culty and every

, , , the stove an d becomes w a rm as it is dra wn up
,

patente e o f a furnace in the land will a ssure yo u ,

around it The v entilator in the ceiling at the oth
.

t ha t hi s invention rather improves than corrupts er e n d is n o t a mere show pipe such as we se e in

, ,

t h e ai r pas sing through it Th e theory o f a fur . p arlors a mere little ornam ental pre tence but a ,

n ace which shall never be red hot where it comes

, , trap -door abo ut eighteen inches by twenty-four on ,

in conta ct with the ai r th at p asse s to the rooms , hinges , m anage d by a co rd an d pulleys Th e air .
 N EW EN G LA N D FAR ME R . B .

warmed by the stove passes over the heads of the pronounced not against riches but against trustin g
, , ,

children is di ffused through the room and goes out in riches and so I thin k it may be against those
, , ,

at the top to mak e room for more

,
who trust in furnac es alone for warmth in our .
,

T his is the bes t t hat can be done with an air-tight chan gin g climate .

stove I .f the heat be su f cient as it usually is I After all the point chiey to be regarded is , , ,

suppose in a wood stove to carry off the carbonic Ven til a tion Yankee ingenui ty has already furnish ed
, , .

acid generated by combustion I se e no obj ection abundant facilities for heating our houses at little
, ,

whatever to this mode of warmin g 3 room My cost and whenever the importance of F resh A ir is .
,

friend Professor H oyt deserves the credit o f this fully appreciated the demand for the means o f in
, , ,

simple but scientic arrangement as he insisted up troducing this luxury which is unthought of b e , ,

on trying it against my solemn protest that no cause so common will soon be met by an abundant
, , ,

such stove could be in any way induced to warm supp l y .

so large a room T he teacher i nforms me that sh e

d F mer
.

F the N w E gl or e n an ar
usually keeps the register an d ventila tor both open
.

and that she is told by t he committee that her roo m TH I N GS I N N E W H A M P S HI RE .

requires much less fuel than either of the ve other MR E DITO} H avin g recently visited se v eral . :

school-rooms in the district of t he c oun tie: in the G ran ite S ta t e Iforward

.
.

you some
And by the way a visit to this model schoo l may dispose of them of my
pencillings by the way that you ,

, ,
a s you se e t J a ffrey in ,
.
,
taught by a model teacher in a room as neat as a the eastern part of C heshire C ounty is a pleasant
,
,

lady s parlor W ill compensate any of our friends for to wn ha v ing the bald Monadnock on t he w est and
,
"

, ,

the trouble of a call as they pass through our vil t he P eterboro mountains on the east T here are .

l age .
two villages the east and the w est ; in t he former , ,

on the C on tocook whic h rises in R indge are two

T o furnaces for common houses in the country cot t on mills in successful opera tion s d to be the , ,

ai
, ,
,
t here are se v eral practical obj ections which most only mills of the kind in C heshire C ounty , T here .

of us can appreciate I n the rst place the heat is is also a school -house said to be t he most perfect
.
, ,

n ot e q ually di f fused T he vertical pipes or those of i t s kind in t he S tate T he struc ture is of b rick
.
,
.
,

containing belo w t w school -rooms wi t h modern

nearly so take all the heat at the l oss of those
,
o
,
, ,

an d most-appro v ed xtures Abo v e a spacious

which run horizontally I f in a cold day you keep
commodious and beau t iful hall I
.

t speaks well o f ,
.
, ,

your register consta ntly o p en so as to be very com t he wisdom li berality and correct taste o f the peo
.

f ortab le the family in the parlor are probably shi v ple

, H ow can money better be expended than in .

ering with cold and you feel as guilty as if you providing am p le facili ties for the education of the
, ,

had appropriated the coats and cloaks of the house young ?

I n t he west vi llage i s an academ y well sustained
hold for a ride or p ulled off their bed clothing and a large building for many years occupied a s a ,
-
,
,

while they were asleep and so kept yourself warm mee ting-h o use ; bu t n o w as a t o wn-hall T he fr ame
, .

at their expense Again in the moderate and was being r ai sed on the day of the Bunker H ill bat
.
,

changeable weather of spring th e furnace supplies tle ; when the news of t he battle came so many of
, ,
,

on p leasant d ays q uite too much heat whi le in the men lef t for the scene of t he conict that t hree ,
,
days were occupied in putting toge t her t he frame ,

the se v erest cold of winter if enough is generated A short dis t ance west ward the mountain rises
, ,
,

,
it cannot be equally d iffused wi t h p eculiar maj esty I .
t stands an isolated peak . ,

S o far as Ican learn warming by a furnace is u pon an extensi v e plain rising 3 100 feet abo v e the
,

far more expensive than by stoves T here is e vi ocean s le v el O n t he nor t h and north .
-w est the sur .
,

fa ce gi v es unmistakeable e v idence of ha ving been

d e ntl y a great loss o f heat by generating it in the
s wep t o v er by some current removing all loose
,

cel lar an d conducting it in pipes through the rocks and lea v ing deep traces of i ts course T he
,
,
,

house W e thus warm a great many bricks and a second week in O ctober Ifound blueberries near
.
, ,

good dea l of machinery the warmth from which the summit in goo d condi tion also dwa r f cr a n
, , ,

n ever bene ts us D oubtless this may b e in some

.
berries ,
.

T he lover o f the bold and the beautiful in nature

meas ur e compensated by the philosophical arrange will be wel l paid for t he labor of clambering to
ment of the best furnaces My own house is kept Monadnock s height .
.

comfortable by means o f a close coal sto v e in the T he land in this region has been valued mainly
,

hal l an O pen coal stove in the parlor and wood for its past urage Bu t a blight h as come o v er it
, ,
.
,

stoves in all the other rooms except the kitchen in the shape of the J une grass or w hi t e grass T he , .

e v il is a most serious one

,

W hen Ibuilt i t in 185 0 Iarranged it so t hat if sion of the soil to the exclusion of all o t hers it T his g r ass takes posses
.

, , , ,
; ,
my notions should change a furnace might be put shoots up v ery early in the seas on matures an d Yi
,
,
in.
pens in J une and the early part of J uly W hen , .

Ihave no insuperable obj ection to furn aces but green ca tt le do not li ke it 3 dried it is not only of , , ,

am con vinced that no man wh o in the country re

,
fensi v e but very inj urious to t hem
,
F rom th e rst , .

o f August the pas t ur es look a s t hough a se v ere

lies on a furnace a lone to warm h is house will long drough t had passed o v er them and animals are ,
,
be satised H e will nd that stoves or replaces compelled to resort t o the swamps cane brakes and
.
, ,
,

at cert ain seasons are stil l necessary T he wo e was forests for sus t enance H ow to remove the evil is
, . .
185 6 . N EW EN G L AN D F AR ME R . 69

a serious question C ould the land be tilled the be rst diluted say one gallon of the acid to one
.
, ,

di fcul t y might be ob v iated B ut not an acre in an d a half gallons of water an d sprinkled o v er the
.

,
t wenty i s susce pti ble of culti v ation T he same dif manure heaps or oors where ani mals are conned .

cul t y is exper i enced in Massachusetts espe c ially

, ,

i n portions of F ran klin H ampshire and W orcester

every morning
,
U rine in it s fresh state does not
,
,
.
, ,

C ounties Will you M r E ditor or some of yo ur e v ol v e ammonia ; it is only when in the putrifying
.
, .
,

correspondents suggest a remedy O r must these or fermenting p roc e ss th at this gas is gi v en out or
, ,
'

lands be abandoned and the possessors go W est in eli minated P ulve r ized charcoal and a solu tion of
, .
,
search of better ? copperas are also v aluable used for this purpose
T he tide of emigration west ward is making
.
, ,
, ,

heavy drafts pon the graz ing districts of N ew E g

u n
By attendi n g to thi s m atter the farmer may eas

land T he late census shows that the increase is ily sav e a l arge amount of his richest fe r tilizers in
.

conned to the cities and manufacturing districts a single season H is lands will be all the richer for , .

while the hill country h as been m aking a decid it and repay hi m liberal ly for all the trouble and

e dly do wn hil l movement W hereas formerly V e r ,

mont and N e w H ampshire suppli ed our cities and expense involved

.
, ,
.

m anufacturing to wn s wi th but t er and cheese and ,

our mills wi t h wool they now do but li t tle toward F rthe N ew E g l d F rme o n an a r.
,

it I. n al most every part of the S tate I found a

FEE D I N G S T O CK ,

N e w Y or k cheese ; and to see a sheep it was n e c e s

.

sary for me to go as far out of m y way as J ohn [E x t t f r m th R d f th C o o r d F me r

Cl ub ] rac o e ec or s o e nc ar s .

R andolph was willi ng to tra v el for the privilege of E W ood Jr asked the opinion of dif .
, .
,
ki cki n g one .
f e re n t members as to how much hay i t would take ,
Agricult ural papers and fairs ha v e done much to to keep a c ow in good c ondi t ion for the winter sea
awaken interes t and di ffuse in formation t o uchin g son of 2 6 weeks ?
t he bes t modes of tilling the soil T he aggregate E W Bull thought it would require from 2 3} t o .
. .

p r oducts of cul ti v ated land in N e w E ngl an d have 3 tons .

been v ery considerably in creased T he same is true C W G oodno w sai d he had fed to his cow about.
. .

o f the o r chard B ut for the hill-side the summer 2% tons commencing before the middle of O ctober
.
,
, ,
pasture I have yet to learn that any thing effectual and ending early in May ; but thought he might
,

has been done T his latter embraces about one have was t ed some by h is mode of feeding
.

third of all the producti v e land in N e w E ngland I

.

s J ames P Brown thought 1% to 2 tons would be .

.

there no way to renovate it to save it from utter su fcient .

wor t hlessness ? R B H J ames A Barrett said h is father once fed a cer . . .

.

tai n q uanti t y of hay to ft een co w s and they aver ,

UR A T E aged 2 2 pounds a day e q ual to 3 9 6 0 pounds in six

.
,

T his fertilizer has not been very extensive l y used mon t hs ; and they had at the same time three quarts ,
, ,

as yet in our country and few are aware of i ts na

o f meal or shor t s or two quarts of s h orts an d one ,
,
quart of oil meal each daily
,

ture or the process by which i t is formed E v ery E W ood J r said a cow ivi ng milk would eat
.
,
, .

g .
, .
,
one must have noticed on entering a stabl e or o the r as much as an ox D i fferen t farmers in town had , .

place where horses are conned a very pecu liar told him that co ws would gi v e a s much milk if fed ,

and pungent odor o ften a ffecting the eyes and on

,
m ea d o w hay as on E nglish hay an d h e was
,
,

sometimes the t hroat an d creating nausea T his now t ryi n g the experimen t o f feeding his cows with

meadow ,
hay and oil meal D urin g the past week
.

o ff ensi v e principle is ammonia one o f the most pow he had weighed the hay c onsumed by ft een co ws
.

e rf ul and contemplated in an agricultural point

, in v e days T he h a y was cut and m ixed with the .

of view most valuable of a ll the gaseous p roducts oil meal The cows a v eraged pounds of h ay .
,

of vegetable decom p osition N ow if we sprinkle and 4 pounds of oil meal daily R eckoning the
. , .

hay at $ 13 a ton and the oil meal at $ 43 t he

common g ypsum or pul v erized plaster of paris we ,
, ,

weekly cost amounted to about for each cow ,

shall economize this volatile substance an d bring it These 15 cows ga v e in the ve days o f tr ial 9 7
.

,
, ,
to a condi tion read ily available as a substance for quart cans o f mi lk ; or about 8 quarts ea c h , ,

pl ants I n its fertili zing character and properties daily

. T he whole cost of feed was for the v e ,
.
, ,

it is si milar to ura te but not strictly the same days ,

9 0 cans of m ilk at 3 0 cents are $ 2 7 ; .
,

It is asserted by manufacturers that from three

nearly $ 1 3 more than t he cost of feed H e mixed .

4 quar t s of oil meal with 3 1 pounds o f hay and

to fo ur hundred weigh t of urate form an ample he thought the co ws w ould eat it better t han if ,

dressing for an acre of wheat ; but how much bet mixed wi t h 12 qu arts o f I n dian meal I t takes 5 .

ter would i t be for the farmer to economiz e the li p ails o f water to moisten the 3 1 pounds o f hay and
m
,

quid voidings of his domestic ani als in the man 4 qu arts o f oil meal H e thought one quart o f oil .

a s 2 q uarts o f I
,
meal was as good ndian meal to pro ~
ner here described and apply i t to his crops of hay
duce q u a n ti ty o f mil k But if he kept only one
, ,

grain and roots as his necessities or wants may re cow for his fam ily use he w ould i ve I
.

,
g ndia n in ,
quire All urin e is rich in t he food of plants ; t he stead o f oil meal H e believes cu t feed is the
.
.

urea and sal s are all highly valuable and no one cheapest wa
t y of fee di n g any stock H e
,
uses G ale s .
\

who rightly reects upon the subject will willingly cu t ter ; cuts up his corn bu t ts moistens an d ,
, ,

sue r it to be lost
mi x es oil meal with them an d the cows eat nearly
H e wo ul d cut them if the cattle did not eat
.

a ll .

Another article of much value in economi z ing the t hem better on account of the great er con v eni ence ,

liquid voidin gs of an ima l s is sulph uric acid It should in f o r kin g o v er th e ma n u r e i n sp ri n g .

.
 70 N E W E N G L AN D F AR M E R . F EB .

E . W Bull said if cows are supplied with warm

.
, to gro w and the wood w h ich they make b e son ,

water and foo d t hey will m ake more mil k H e rec comes better matured an d prepared to endure the .

commen d ed frequent changes of food F e d on well cold of the ensuing winter .

.

cured c orn fodder cows wil l gi v e more milk than if I

, n such soils fall sowing is often practised to ,
fed on t he bes t of E nglish hay advantage O nions beets and let t uce are sowed in
.
.
,
James A B arrett said a neighbor O f his thought S eptember and co v ered with salt hay rock weed or
. ,

when feedin g his cows on gr e en corn fodder that meadow h a y ; the mulching is remo v ed early in
,

they ga v e more milk but not so much b utter March and the ground be tween the ro ws s t i r red
, .

,
At t he next meeting E W Bull said that sin ce and onions and beets are thus obtained for the mar
,
.
, .
,

the las t meeting he had fed his co ws p a rtly wi t h ket in J une or e arly in J uly V egetables a t t his , .

meado w hay H e got as much milk but it wa s season command nearly double the price that they
.
,
'

not so good-a vore d T he un pleasant a v or wa s do 1ater in t h e season T hree crops are oft en oh
.
, .

ho we v er easily remo v ed by scal di ng the mil k t ain e d from the same ground A portion of groun d
, .
.

131 an impor t ant q ue s tion remained W hi ch C O U ld is plo w ed a s soon as t he fr ost is out and a heavy :

not be ans wered W i t hout a long-con tmue d tri al dressing o f horse m an ur e is plo wed in E arly peas
,

will t he meadow hay sustain the cow in g ood esh are planted in ro w s perhaps v e feet apart ; then
.

a s well or nea r ly a s well a s E nglish hay ?

, radishes are so w ed broadcas t and raked in T he , .

J ames P Bro wn had also since the last meeting radishes a r e pulled before the peas are all pick ed
.
, , .

fe d his milch C OW S W ith meadow h ill Ont and Between the rows o f peas are plante d a t proper

mixed with shorts and oil meal H l s C O W S did times s q u ash e s melons 0 1 c u c mb 9 1 s b y t h 8 t Ime . '

;
n ot gi v e s o much milk as when they had E ngli sh
the v ines begin to run the radishes and peas are
,
,
hay and the same q uantity o f meal in s wi ll remo v ed fro m the gro und and the whole surface is .
,

left in possession of the v ines E arly pota t oes are .

taken off in J uly and the early part of August and

For th N w E gl d F rm a full crop of turnips is made to follo w O r after
e e n an a er.
.
,

GA R D EN S OI LS peas and potatoes onions and beets are sowed for ,

t he spring market Aft er lettuce and r adishes cab

.

A good garden may be m ade by skilfu l m anage bages are se t for fall u se Many su ch gardeners
.
,

ment upon almost any soil But the results will start v egetables in hot-beds under glass thus they
, .

d iffer somewhat a c cording to the nature of the obtain potatoes tomatoes cabbages and cucumbers , ,
soil ; where the soil is a moist heav y loam resting some t wo or three w eeks earlier than by O pen cul, ,

upon a clayey subsoil crops cannot be obtained a s ture and the increased )ri c e amply repays them for
,

e a r ly as upon a di ff erent soil But by tillage t he ou t lay of capi t al an dlabor .

,

adapted to t he nat ure of the soil large hea v y cr e ps S tra wber ries succeed d mirabl on such soils ,

may be obtai n ed for fall and winter use U pon such a es ,

e cia ll y if in addi t ion to high cu ture irrigation is

.

soils only one crop c an generally be obtained p ,

employed S ome o f the

in a seaso n S uch soils should be well drained and v cini t y of Baltimore co n sisting of from ten to one strawberry gardens in the ,
.

i
.
,

c ul tivated in beds or rid g es so t hat the surfa c e wa hundred acres are made o f worn-out sandy land
,
,

ter may be cond ucted off and not be permitted to which , ,

h a s been redeemed by cul t iva tion O n e gar

,

inj ure land already su fcien t ly moist H orse man .

d en e r in the neighbo r hood of B oston recei v es more

.

ure is the best d r essing for such soils when cul ti v a than three thousand dollars annually for t h e v e e ,
,

ted as a garden and should be libe r ally supp lie d t bles and fruit gro w n upon t wen t y-six acres go f
, ,

and well plo wed in S uch land is apt to bake and such land H is proximi t y t o a ready market and
.
a

be c ome hard ; conse q uen t ly it requires to be f re to an abundant supply o f manure are c rcums tances .
,

i
q uen t l y s t irred during the grow t h o f the plants whi h contribute greatly to his success B ut high .
,

S uch a soi l is well adapted to the growth of pears culture and a skilful arrangemen t of successi v e
c .

a n d quinces
,
.

crops are the essential con

W hen i t is an obj e c t to obtain early crops as in I do not believe he would make a s muc h money in ditions of h is prosperity .

the c ul ti v a tion of ma r ket gardens a ligh t sandy p r oportion to

h is outlay in the culti v ation of a
, ,

loam is preferable W hen such a soil is made ri c h ,

h ea v y loam al t hough the soil is in itself much more

. .

by high c ul t iv ation the crops are ear lier more sure fer tile E arly crops cou d not be obtained on s ch ,
,
,
l u
a n d t h e soil is more easily worked Many o f the .

a soil and t hese are a ch i ef source of prot Apples

.

m ost prod ucti v e gardens in the neighborhood 0 f ,

.

would not succeed as well a s on a ligh t er and more

B osto n are made upon light sandy plains that were sandy soil
F rom four P orter apple t rees on su c h
previously exhausted by cul ti v ation without m an soil apples have be en sold to the amount of more .

a
ure and t hat ha v e been redeemed by j udicious than a hundred dollars in a year T his to be sure
,
,

manage me n t T he plow is put in a s deep as it c an is an extraordinary product and was owin g to the
.
.

be made t o run and t he whole of this dep t h is superior quality of the fruit but under su c h cul t ure
,
,

;
made fat by libe ral suppl ies of warm stim ul ating
manu res I t is an important obj ect wi t h market
on a sandy soil Baldwins G reenings an d R ussets ,
, ,
.

gardeners to get early c ro ps and t hey are ab I s to

will yield from four to v e barrels to a tree worth ,

fro m two t o four dollars

,

get t he m in such a soil two t hree and four weeks peaches and plums th r ive better than on any o ther a barrel O n such a soil .

, ,

earlier than in a heavy loam T his gi v es them a and bear full cr ps in four o r ve years from the .
,

l on g e r season and by a s kilful management of suc stone

,
e

ce ssiv e crops they get two or t hree crops in one

.

s eason .

,

Apple trees succeed well on such soils L et no m an say he cannot have a good garden ,
,

W hen the g r o und is enric hed by high manuring because he has only a piece of poor sandy land O n .

an d the c u l t i v ation of hoed crops the trees grow 5 11 0 h land he can ha v e earl i er crops ,
than his neigh ,

rapidly and come in t o bearing some years sooner

,
13 01 W h o h a s a deep rich moist loam ; and if he
, ,

tha n in a c older and hea v ier soil T hey s t art ear does not ha v e s o heav y a crop he c an have t w o to ,

lier in t he spring an d of cour se have a l onger sea his neighbor s one Plow early an d deep and p ut
.

. ,
, , ,
185 6 . N E W E N G LAN D F AR M E R . 71

on manure wi th a liberal hand and you shall ha v e W e thin k no t S O far from the market being o v er ,
.

a luxuriant garden where yo u have now an un pro supplied t here are very many people wh o have
, ,

d ucti ve and barren patch R ne v er e v en tasted O f some of our nest l l tl e s of

. . \ d e

fr uit T hey are not as yet produced i n su fcient .

quantities to get into the market a t all T his is .

A GR I ETI
C U L T UR A L S O C I ES tru e of even our staple fruit the apple .
, .

T ra ns a ctions f
o the Worcester N o rt h, f or the
r 185 5 well printed pamphlet o f 84 pagesA

Bh t it may h e s aid that a m on g the mhh e h s e h
yea . .

trees that have been set w ithin the last ve or t en

Before not i c i ng i t s contents we call the attent i on ,
years but a small number ha v e as yet p a e , n
,
o f the O i ce rs O f the S ociety to what we conside r
, ,

, frui t in any q uantity and th a t un til the m ajority of ,

as an i mportant omissio n i n the account O f the them began to bear crops the e ff ect upon the mar ,

transactions for the year -and t hat is the entire ket will of course be hardly felt W e are not
, , .
,

abs ence of any account W hatever of their F a ir or howe v er of that class who i ndulge fears O f h i s n a
,

o , ,
ture Ve are unable to belie v e that the better
E h bl tl o n I ndeed 1 0 m t H i story Of the i r .

x h l s


quali ties O f fruits will ever be purchased unless as , ,
Tmh saet h s W e do n e t lear n t h at they had a n y
i

an occasional exception at prices which wil l fail to ,

a nnu al exhibition or that the farmers wi t h their , , handsomely remunerate the intelligent producer for
p roducts assembled a t any time during the year ,
his q ut l ay a l c t IO U hl e i
f l we are s t rengthened

n th i s con vi ct i on wh i le tak i ng a survey and learn

,

f o r any purpose ! D id the members o f the i

i ng the history O f a large portion of the trees
, ,

s oc i ety d i ne together a n d i f so where and who , , ,

wh ich have been se t W i t hin ten years past .

w ere the ir i n v ited guests a: a a a: a: s

N e w in all these associations it is not so much

,

W e might estimate in merely an approxim a , te ,

f o r the p ublic to learn that twenty members took way the value O f the ann ual growth of a tree , ,

premiums for o rchards and for plowing and as something as follows 1 ,

map ) more for Bou nt y and butter an d C h ol E e f rmt

F i r t o t 3 5 ts s
s c s c
Fi r t y r gr o wth v l u d t
.

10 s ea s a e a

as i t i s to learn through what part i cular sk i ll they S h od d y r

. .

ec n ea s
,
T r y r 30 i ea s
gai ned them and what e ffect the operat i ons of the F ou r th
o ,

S oci ety have had upon the i r practi ces i n husband S i th y F i f th y r ea s

x ea

t y and upo n their i ndustr i al cond i t i on

T he whole gzg gg
g g
s n

, .

s p rit O f the thing should be summed up in the

i N ih th y r
ea s

f e w rst pages o f what purports to be a h i story O f

1 th y r '
en ea 3

el o oo
the transactions for the year .
i

T here are several excell ent reports in this

B Y this estimate the value O f a tree in t en ,

ea rs from S i t ting W h l d amount 50

W hich
pamphlet on S t ock F ruits and F lowers G rains , ,
,
for an apple or pear cannot be considered a s t oo
,
,
R oot C rops O rchards Manures & c , high B ecause at this age such trees well cared
, , .
.

Th e f one W ih g extracts are t ak en from the report for are generally in a condi t ion to produce a crop , ,

ent i tled F ruits and F lowers tho u gh the ow the a v erage annual value of whi c h is su fcient to
,

e rs after diligent search cannot be fo und W e Pay th e in t erest on a mueh larger sum il l f a ct Often
, ,

i i W
.
,

are g 1ad howe v er th a t the i de a o f o wers was on

to ten t mes th s amount hat more protable .

O peration then can the farmer pursue than t o bring

,

the mmd o f the c o mml t te e even 1f they have t e a portion O f his lands into orc hard E ven if he is '
'

Ported h e thhg O f them W e have O ften expressed a man that looks at the present entirely the annua l ,

our own O pinion O f the notio n that too much fruit increase in value of his farm in conse quence o f
is now under cultivation and now introduce this the accumd a tio n 0 f h U it trees W malways ce m
,


:
,

co mmittee with their exce ll ent report to con rm l and a P rice more t han enough to cover the t
gp
e
, ,
x en s e .
us .
T o every man th e n we say p lant fruit trees

I
, , ,

t has been e stl mat e d by one W 9 11 q uahe d to but what is o f more importan c e cultivate a n d car e
,
,

l h dge t hh t the sales 0 f trees through oh t our U nion for them with the same zeal that you bestow on
. : ,

amounts i n value to upwards of a m i lli on o f doll ars any other crop an d you w ill be sure o f a re turn ,
annual l y ; an d th e amount increases W ith every that will ll you heart wi t h satisf a cti en and yo ur
season N urse ri es ha v e been dra i ned of every purse with something useful
.
,

thing worth cultivation and very much O f that

0 N G RAI N C R OP S
,

whi ch wa s worthless S o great indeed has been .

, ,
'

and still is the mania for tree planting that well T he C ommittee tak e great pleasure in n oticing
, ,

informed persons have expressed fears that the the increasin g interest felt by many of the farme rs
whole matter o f raising fruit with the view of pro O f this socie t y in the cultivation of grain more , ,

t wo uld be run i n to the ground

,

T hat fruit par ticularly wheat and corn I

t is O ft en said that . .

would become so common that the markets would wheat is an uncer tain crop but for a few years past , ,

be glutted and that as a speculation in the hands the co ff ee -wheat so called wi t h good cul ti v a tion
, , , ,

Of the producer it would prove an entire failure has never failed of gi v in g a good crop T here may
, . .

L et us consider for a moment how the case be other kinds as good and when we can raise i t
, , ,

stands at the present time Are we really in dan for one dollar per bushel or less we think it ought . , ,

ger Of becoming surfeited with an over-abundance to be more generally c ulti v ated I t cannot b e said .

of good fruit ? H as our experience during the Of I ndian corn a s of wheat that it is an uncertain ,

pas t few years been such as to j us tify thi s conclusion ? crop for wi t h g ood cultiva tion we are s ure nin e , ,
72 NE W EN G LAN D F AR M ER . F EB .

teen o ut o f tw en ty y e ars of a boun t ifu l harvest O ur exa mina t ion of th e ir s e v e ral orchards has
, .

O n this grain the farmer mainly d e p e n ds t o fa tt e n convinced us t hat potash as a wash for t rees should , ,

his b e ef and pork and t o giv e str e n gth to his ani b e used wit h more cau t ion than is ge n e rally u s e d
,
.

mals for labor ; an d what could th e farm e r hims e lf The orchard of Mr f orks was injured we t hin k .
, ,

do wi t hout a good supply of Indian bread an d very much by th e potash wi th wh ich h e washed his
pudding t o giv e h im s t rength for t h e labor of the tr e es an d Mr Works agre e s with t h e com mi t tee , .

farm ? It is oft e n said th a t we c an n o t r a is e corn in that opinion .
7

on o ur rough farms f or less th an one dollar p e r

In speakin g of the orchard of Mr E noch Cald
b ushel which w e think is n ot t ru e The a v e r a g e
.

,
w e ll o f Prin ceton the committee sa
.

cost of th e corn o ff ered in thi s society f or pre mium y , ,

this y ear is n o t far from fty dents p e r bushel an d

, When the committee were on this lot the ques ,

,

we thi n k tha t with t h e use of labor-saving impl e tion came up as to th e value of s u ch tr ee s and it ,

ments and a bountiful application of manure i t c an was t he unanimo u s opinion t hat $ 2 5 each Wa s not ,

be raised at from fty to seventy ve cents per above their value Is n o t this an inducement in a -
.
,

bushel generally which at the resent prices leaves pecuniary point o f view to plant good trees well
,

a good profi t f or its cultivation p ,

a n d o n good ground well located and after , culti

.
,
,

,
,

Ja bez F ishe r s S ta temen t The acre of corn

vate well 9
i

which I ent e r f or t h e society s premium ; wa s plant We regret that in this statement they did n ot
e d u pon a mod e rate ly strong loam resting upon a give us the age of t h e trees , .

clayey bottom Its slope wa s toward t h e sout h and

.

east Cultivated last year f or swe e t an d fodd e r

.

corn Plowed twice d u ring the third w e e k in

.

M y t e n to twelve inches deep Manured broad

a
, .

c ast previous to plowing with 14 loads containin g

, , ,

4 ; cords o f the following compost

, O f t he clear .

droppings solid and liqui d o f 1 horse and 7 head

, ,

o f neat stock 4 parts wool was t e 1 part , Corn of , .

t h e K ing Philip variety w as sown May 2 6 th in ,

drills 3 fee t 8 inches apart ; the stalks at gathering ,

averaging 7 5% inches distant from each oth e r in t he

ro w Manured in t h e drill with h e n manur e work
.
,

ed ne wi t h loam Ho e d twic e with the horse hoe .

,

followed by the hand hoe Culture entirely flat . .

S talks were cut u p whole Sept 2 4th a n d s tooked .

,

o n t h e eld Husked t h e last w e ek in O c t ober

.
,

and yielded 6 6 40 po unds of ears or 4 1% pounds to ,

the square rod Th e whole amount of soft corn .

was less than a bushel o f which I make n o acco unt , .

O ne acre o f land in account wi t h J ab e z F isher ,

Ca
b
.

B y 9 2 2 -9 u sh e s , l 72 p ou n d s e a c h , of s o un d c or n
at
F odd e r
U ne x p e n de d m a n ure 2 -5 o f S C OTT S G R A I
th e wh o N M I LL l e

.

This is a small mil l with bolt an d w e are assur ed

F i t t dt
or n e re s an a xe s
, ,

Pl wi g t wi o n ce will grind from 4 to 10 bushels o f co rn rye wh e a t & c , .

C lti ti g d f wi g , , ,
u va n an urro n
per hour according to the power appl i ed A c on si d
C mp t m o os a n u re ,
.

H m en a n ure
e ra bl e number of them have b e en sold by t h e B oston
C ti g d p di g
ar n an S re a n

Pl t g d d an in an agents ; and we understand that in every instance

se e

F t H i g i rs oe n
S dH i g ec o n oe n they have given entire satisfaction .

C tt i g d t k i g
u n an s oo
S amuel n
Coop er E sq and W P Parrott E sq
S t i g d h ki g or n an us n
, .
, . .
, .
,

B l b g t p t p
a a nc e , ei n o f this city examined it when it was in operation
ne ro e r a c re
,

at G ore Block during the exhibition in O ctober ,

C t f p d ti f
os o pro u c on o and th e y
c orn s a
y that th
e r a c ree y
fe el safe in r e comme n di n g

p b h l f 72 p d 45
it to all
er
t hose
us
r
e
e qui ring a ch e
o
ap ando un
e f cient mills

Pr t p
o b hl er us e 6 7%
.

The highest premium wa s given t o it at th e

W e wish t he report o n G a rden s had been more
fully considered and detailed above -named exhibition The mills are complet e . ,

ready to attach a belt and cos t 385 5 Th ey are

.

ON O R C HA RD S
.
,

sold in this city by M e ssrs Parker Whi te G an

.

The committee ha y ,
.

nett
Mr B ro oks trees (J OH N BR OO K S E sq o f
.

.
, .
,

Princ e t on ) have b e en injured by th e borer an d we TH E A M E RI CAN F AR ME R K alamazoo Michi , .

,

think by t h e potash wa t er H e h as how e ver

gan E P O RTE R LITTLE p ublisher This is a we ek
.
, ,

ta ken the b e s t me th od known to eradi ca te t he rst

.
, . ,

evil and wit h a good will and has resolve d to y l paper in common n e wspaper form well print ed , ,

make his liq u or a li tt le we ak e r if h e do e s n o t ab wi t h handsom e typ e Our western frien d s seem ,

.

stain from th e cri tt e r a ltogeth er

d e termin e d to progress a s fast as th e r e st c f th e
.

w orld in a ll t he s u bs t an t ia l of li fe
I
O a Q 9 )
1
s
.
185 6 . NE W ENGLAND F AR M E R . 73

S TOR ING ROOT A N D OTH E R C ROP S Parsnips may be preserved in the manner named
F OR WIN T E R for turnips ; but it is onl y necessary f o r the purpose .

of keeping them clean an d free from rains

Since the increased cul t ure o f root crops their freezing does n o inj ure this root indeed they are as ,
,
t ;
modes o f preservation have become important as not t for use until they have been frozen Mar ,
,

many crops bear higher prices later in t he season ke t gardeners usually leave part o f their parsn ips .

than in D ecem ber while others i f badly stored in the ground for t heir early spring sales an d those
, , ,

are rendered o f comparatively little value The t hat hav e been thus exposed all winter are sweete r .
,

strap-leaf re d-top an d other kinds of white turnips an d better than thos e d u in the fall The prop
, ,
,

are amon g those requiring th e greatest care for if e rt of the soil for extracting g .

y
stored in t oo large bulk wi t hout prO pe r ven t ilation that a shy d uck buried in it over night may be odors is s o great
,
,
, ,

they become pi t hy in a short time Many methods cook e d next day an d w ill be found t o b e free from .

are appealed to but th e on e which w e have found

,
,
this obj ec t ionable fl avor
successful is to place a ridge o f turni ps on the s ur ameliora t ed in avor by such treatment Indeed D ry co d-sh is oft en .

face o f the ground three feet wide at t h e base o f t he clothes of t hose wh o have die d of t he pla gue
, ,
.
,

any r e quired length an d forming a point at the top may b e worn by others without the fear o f c o m
,

like the letter A This should be covered with soil mun icat in disease afte r t h e y have been buried in
.
,

d ug from the sides s o as to leave a at fourteen g ,

the ,
soil a f e w hours Worki ng F a rmer
inches wider than t he heap an d surrounding it thus , ,
. .

leaving a ditch around the pile to prevent the a d

mission of moisture to th e base on which the turn F the N w E g l d F rmer or e n an a
ips are placed The rst covering should n ot be
.

more than four inches in thickness O n top th e E SS E X A GR I C U L TUR AL S O C IE TY .

.

heap at distances n o t greater th a n ve feet tufts o f

, T R AN S A C I O S F OR r n Y A R 1 85 5 , T N a E .

s traw should be placed which will leave holes for This n n u a l is again before the publi c in a
,

ventilation suff ering the escaping m oistur e to pass n e a t ly printed pamphl e t of ab out on e hundred and
,
,

o ff during the swea t ing o f t h e turni s When t he fty pages from the press of Messrs Huse C o
p .

weather becomes m ore severe more dirt may b e N e wburyport F rom a cursory gl a nce at its con ,
, . .
,

thrown on un t i l the whole t hickness is twelve tents I think it will b e found n ot less interes t ing
,
.

inches which will prove entirely suffi cient for t h e than thos e which have preceded it and I know
,
,

severest weather If the turnips are slightly

o f no publication th a t is perused with more in s truc
.

sweated in this heap before being covered and are tion It emanat e s from the people and conta ins ,

permi t te d to dry off be fore covering they will keep intelligence of a practical charac t er If the farm ,
.
,

sound until required for us e The end of t h e h e ap ers o f the county had been as mindful o f their own
.
.

may be Opened and this should have a southern or interests as the o ff icers of this society are f or t hem
,

sou t h-western exposure A s t he turnips are re they would long ago have improved t heir kno wl
.
, ,

moved t he exposed portions should be covered with edge o f their honorable occupation The tru t h is
,

straw Carro t s beets an d ruta-bagas may a ll be farmers are slow to engage in n e w th ings Their
.
, , ,
.
,

preserved in this way fathers have gone along through

.

t h e world tol e r
.

In soils that are very dry an d sandy and t h o ably well an d t hey think they c an get through by ,

roughly underdrained pi t s may be d ug so a s to following in th e same tracks no t withstanding it

,
,

place t he roots below the surface o f the ground may go r un d t h swamp and n ot a cross it .

o e
They may also be kept in cell ars covere d wi t h dry F armers are n o t fond o f railroad speed and light , .

sand and properly ventilated Carrots should be ning cond uctors t hey hold that the sure way is.

compac tly sto we d with a small amount o f earth t he safest in the end They may be righ t in this
,

betw e en t hem Where roots can be pl a ce d under b ut such is n ot the order o f the day in oth e r
.
.

sheds a coverin g of dry charcoal dust will be found things and on e m ay as well be out of the world
,

su fcient for their preservation although th e side as o ut of the fashion ,

o f t h e shed may be Open to t h e weather

.

G r e at credi t is due to the secretary for looking

.

To preserve apples they should h e placed in ,

up prepari ng and putting forth such papers and

,

heaps and covered wi t h planks o r straw to induce , ,

,
only such as will be
swea ting ; this coverin g should th e n be re move d astoni shes most is that notwithstanding found wor th re adi n g What .

so much
,

a n d the air su ffered t o pass freely among them

,

has been said and writt e n on the c ulture of t he soil

.

They will lose eight per cent of t heir weight wi t h ,

o ut shrinking in size In about six weeks the s ec

there is al ways something n ew to come
.

E ssex is .

n ot a stock-growing coun t y an d cannot be made

.

o n d sweating will occ ur ; and if the atmosphere

,

shoul d th en n ot be as lo w as the freezing poin t t he such a n y wa

y you can x it We have n o large , .

herds o f D e v ons o r Jerseys o r A ysh ire s o r D ur

,

second drying will prepare them f or being kept in hams here or interested edi t ors to u t hem A , ,

,

safety by any of the ordinary m ethods Indeed if p , ,

.

few independent
shipped immediately aft er t he rst sweatin g pro mals for t heir own gentlemen keep a f e w fancy a n i
.
,

u se but t h e mass o f t h e ani mals

,

vi d e d the apples b e n ot bruised they will keep f o r

, ,

like
a voyage of ve weeks and on t h e six t h week the N evertheless their owners are of the,
hom e spun order ,
.

we have seen as good bu tter in E ssex

,

sweating will again commence and if not properly as any where else notwiths t and i ng i t takes two,
,

aerate d decay will rapidly follow The object ,

a llons o r more of milk t o produce a pound

, .

should be to keep them as near the freezing point g .

a s possible but always above it D elicatel y avor E SS EX .

, .

e d apples should never come in contact directly , ,

P O ats ta ke from an acre of land ninety -six
wi th the soil f or if it contains much clay or c ar {S ,

bon it will abstra c t the aroma of t h e apple an d

,
pounds o f silica o r sand twen t y -t wo of phosphoric
,

,
, ,

render i t comparative ly avorless ; indeed it will acid si x o f sulphuric acid twelve o f lime nine of
, , ,

oft en impart a ground like smell and taste to fr uits

- magnesia thir t y -six of potash four o f soda and six
,
, , ,

o f common sal t
.

The roo t crops are n ot so inj ured .

.
74 NE W ENGLAND F AR M E R . F EB .

F The weather o f t he southern climes Operates up

or the N e w E n g la n d F ar mer .

on the natives like an anodyne and by its debili

s

C L I M AT E M A K E S TH E PE O PL E
,

tating e ffects unnerves them from undertakin g mer

o r warlike expeditions in foreign lands
ME ssns E D IT O R S
.
In passing thro u gh o n e o f c an t il e ,

sl ese h e e d People 9 f th e
o

l l ke t h e rO VI
o ur A merican citi e s especially the m ore southern h e e e
g T g
'

: a

w
,
N h W h e r e t h e C h mat e has tted th e m i th a n
ones the traveller will be s t ruck with t he great v a O I
Z t ;

rie t
,

o f feat u res he meets with in t h e streets ; h e

i nst i nc t f or rambl i ng en t erpr i ses and a cur i os 1ty t o
.

,
y
e lu n d oms 0 f th e W e l d and t e lory 0f
will se e every hue o f complexi o n from the ebony eee t h
,s f h
m
g
to the palli d whi t e as well as eve ry degree of u g
them The c h m a t e makes a d i ff erence t h e pe o
.

ness in featur e s and form up to ne symmetry and P ,

l e Of o u r O W H w h e n ) We h e a r 0 f t he h a rdy

beauty ; on inquiry h e will n d th at ev e ry nation sons of Ma i ne enter i ng the forests of the South and
,

o n the globe has i t s re re sen tit iv e s among the busy

s e l ee t m g and f e lhn g t h e better C ak e for nav e l Pur

p
3 th en tran sp ortmg th e m h e m e to b e h l ed
throng which rushi ng through the streets pass P 0 5 9
ee :

I 50 Ph e O mg me l
, , ,
nto h th e n c e se n t h e e k a a i n 1
e a ch o ther unnoticed ; also he will nd the darkest S l P S
g :

owners of the forests to trans ort e i r ri c e and cot

.

colored ones are A fricans or d e scen d an ts of A fri t h

cans from the hottest c l imate in the world where t e n to Ihe rke t W h y n e t pmmth e Vessels at
.

, .

, ,
expense ? The w an t o r
the white race cannot propagate and the others ,
SO
much
m e C li mate re d ue e s languor and a
,

from climates correspondi ng to their compl xions l t lt t h

e e as i e Y P .

energy C Om h S h W eb W ork h
:

The A fricans show t he effects the torrid c l imate w t f t l e

P e "
e n 0 o a
F P E
ple f so thern l ati t u d e s can boast o f the i r hero i c
they occupy has upon them b y their d ark kins S o u

and frizzled h air which grows from their heated e p x l m t

,
s m W ar Wi th n a t10 n 8 8nf e eble d b y p h mat e

l i e themselves but how g enerally 13 t h e

,

skulls They like the inhabita nts of all warm cli k ,

. ,
renow ed V a lor and g h t hre g U t to C h e ek
mate s natu rally feel that languor and lassitude
,
n
a n
g P
b a nat i on from the b rac mg sk i es of the N orth
whi ch produces a dread o f labor a d like sav ages y
n , ,
.

li ve on the sponta neous productions of the e arth l h u s we S ee t h e People Of t h e N orth t e r e h e rd )

h
'

S m ore { e dus me us
,
laborers mor o we rf h l W e m OI

and what chance throws i n their way The in b ah e

P : ,

e h t rPn S mg e r
.

farmers a n d me ch e h l ee more
itan ts o f the south o f E urope the warmer parts of e K

1f h e thmg
,
C hants ah d certa i nly equal i ty
,

N orth and South A merica Syria and many other o n an : . .

e mot ers and S t at es me m

, ,

p ortions o f the globe from t he same cause lack mor e a e h t ere r

y C h ,

tha t energy which is necessary to excel in a g c r i u l

,
W i lm i n ton Mai -
g 9 3 18 5 5
,
S I L A S BR OW N ,

ture n d if we may credit trav llers they are ar

behinEthe e oI
,

1e in tem l e rat e e
atitudes in all t at
,

{j
pertains to iieatii e ss c on v e men ce improvements in , ,
TH E OL D OX EN
a griculture and g ardening and rather than stren
, A yoke of oxen nearly 20 years ol d were
, , , ,

u o usl y assert the i r rights tam e ly submit to the dic slau h t e re d by Madi son Tuck
, o f Ha llowell o on , ,

tation and Oppression o f the most odi ous tyrants We dnesday the 14 th inst (N ov ) an account of .
, .
, .

The tendency o f warm climates upon the c on s titu which m ay n ot be uninteresting as they have been ,

tion of man is to lessen the energy o f the physical noticed by the press several times heretofore
, .

facul ties and produc e a sensitive irascibi lity espec

, Th e y were raised and kept on the same farm ,

iall y among the people o f the Un ited S tates which during their lif e time and were in course the prop , , , ,

is n ot alwa s kept under th at prudent control erty o f three successive generations They were .

which wo ul give the greater lus t re to the char originally owned by D ea Joseph F rench o f Ches .
,

a cter o f the gentleman The true determinate spir terville himself on e o f the pioneers of th at region ;
.
,

it o f liberty never can be extinguished in the minds were nearly 6 years o l d at the time of his death ,

o f the people o f the tempera t e climates wh o have and o u tlived hi m fourteen years F rom him they .

once enj oyed it History tells us o f the struggle descended to his s on Isaac F rench by whom in
.
, ,

between t his an d the mo t her country of a like peo~ co n nection with hi s s on E R F rench th e y w e re . .
,

ple which laste d for years and subjugation was own ed til l the time they were driven to the mar
, ,

abandoned in despair . ket .

N o w let us view the contendi ng nations of E u The latter when a boy of eight years old used , ,

rope in a war b e tween p e ople o f a like climate o f to yoke the th e n year old calves hi tch them to hi s
, , ,

li ke knowledge and a like determination of charac hand-sled and drive about the barn-yard and up
, , ,

ter and purpose a n d who can help shu ddering at and down the road and has driven them more or
, ,

consequences that has not b e en familiar wi t h atro o less ever since

, .

ities The struggle between such people bodes They were calved the 7 th an d 14th of F ebru ary
.
,

nothing short of a prolonged disastrous war ; 1836 and consequently were 19 years and 9 months ,

where reason t o restrain is o ut of the u e stion ol d at t h e time they were ki l led They were wh at

.
,

and the unbridled passions o f such people e t loose is called high stru n g high-mettled steers hard t o ,
-
, ,

upon e ach other what have we reason to expect break but when once broken tractable and ki nd to
, , ,

but consequ ences o f the most fe arful kin d ? Here labor qui ck in their movem e nts an d rea d y in an , ,
'

are people equally yoked contendin g ; n o t the instant when the word was given They were b e
, , .

white m an wi t h the crouching black m odi ed by low t h e medium size not gir ting 7 feet t ill some 12 , ,

climate t o become the supple slave but people by or 15 years old yet strong ; t h e nigh on e in partie , ,

reputation hi ghly civili zed and advanced i n the im ular never failing when put to it to either Open h is , ,

provement in every art relating t o peace or war yoke or break hi s h ow if the load did n o t go ; thus ,

an d u nl ess the spirit of the G o d of peace shall o breaki g 6 yokes and several bows in 3 consecutive
p n
crate upon the minds of the people o f those nations years , .

t o in duce them t o stay the improved diaboli cal mis The amount o f labor they performe d was im
siles o f destruction the present winter death and mense They have been from Chester ville to the
, , .

carnage wi ll clai m their victims in unprecedented K ennebec wi th masts spars o r other ship timber , , ,

slaughter . 3 45 times averaging 5 0 miles to a t rip besides , ,

 85 6 .
NE W ENGLAN D F A R ME R .
75

about half as much other teaming in the same li ne but little m ore th an wi th out the carrots an d the ,

of business to o t her pla ces m aking in all at least

.

, , extra trouble of th i nn i ng out well paid by 16 0

miles that they have travelled on the road bushels o f good-S i zed carrots The rows were .

sin ce they were 5 years old Their labor on the . about 8 rods in length and averaged 4 bushels per ,

farm logging & c was equal to more th an t wiee

. , .
,
ro d .

the above amount ; so that it may safely be sa i d In add i t i on to the d i rect prot from the carro ts ,

they have travelled in the yoke miles enough to 1 consider the diggi g necessary to harvesting th e m
n ,

measure th e c ircumference o f t h e earth at least o f considerable serv i ce t o the next year s ro wth of
3 times .
willows Where carrots would n ot do we turni ps
.

The nigh on e retaine d his vigor to the last an d , , might be s e t in place of the m .

t o all appearances wa s a s active and t to labor a s ,

D ea Parker t h e owner of th e successful Wi llow
. ,

ten years ag o The o ff on e failed rapidly after he

.
plantation at Waterbury V t assures me that good , .
,

was 18 years old at whi ch t ime h e was lamed by ,

care pays as well upon t h e willo w as upon cor n or ,

som e means in h is hip and for a y e ar past has , , , potatoes Hop i ng t o hear from others on this sub
.

be en unt to perform any great amount o f work .
j e c t I leave t h e
,

twig p a tch for the present .

Had he been as active a s his mate they would hav e ,

R a n dol
p h, Vi .
, D ec .
, 185 5 . G . F . iv .

been kept some y e ars longer .

I n their appearance t hey resembled I n mor e re '

ep c ots than o n e the ol d people whom we notice ,

,
ST ATE B OA R D O F A G R I C U L TU R E ,

among us ; comporting themselves Wi t h a ki nd of S ta te H ouse, D ec

. 5 185 5 .

(118t a n d l e fty h e ari n g among the O t h e r a n imals

'

Th e meet ing wa s calle d t o order in on e of th e

o f the farm that betokened th e ir age
n e w r o o ms m the W eet n 0 f th e b ul l dm b
.
,

Their average girth at the time they were slaugh g y

t e re d was 7 feet 2 inches and their weight in roun d
, ,
H is Exce l lency the G O VBID OI Present t Me s BrS ,

o .

n umbers was 8 and 10 hundred respectively ; and

, , Tower F rench Sprague Phillips Chandler L ewis
, , , , , ,

this too they attaine d the past season without b e

, ,
.

Brooks Page Parkhurst Hubbard Clap p

mg stall f e d D rew s R ura l I
, , , , ,

n tell i
g en cer .

l e ttWilder N ash an d Brown , .

The rst business was reading the proc e edings of

F or the N ew E ng l a nd F ar mer . the last meetin g by the Secretary and then came ,

WI LL O W C U L TUR E .
the reports of the several stan ding committees and ,

rst in order was t h at o f the committee on C ro ps

F r o m W h a t we h ave re a d i n the v an 0 11s agri cu1
.
I ,

tural papers an d heard from miscellaneous sources by I ts Chamn an M A R S H ALL P W I L DE R The

, ,

the idea has become quite prevalent in this vicinity cr e ps experimented upon W e? e Pea s Pe te te ee 00m , : :

that the willow may be se t in any wet place and omon s carrots , beets parsmps cabbages turnips , , , , ,

left to the mercy 0 f the ee ds grass W ithout '

, oats bromu s millet rye O n these crops all the

, , , .

ca re 0 1 culture and S ti ll do W ell

'
U ndoubtedly
, ;
fertili zers usually resorted t o were employed ; c om
it will live and g row U pon such fare but is it n o t
reasonable to suppose that like all other plants the
,
mon b am manure Sup erph 0 8p h a t e 0 f Hme me me t 9 :
, ,

better the cultivation the b ett er the growth an d 0 f lime guano Pe taSh lea eh e d ash e s coa l ash e s
: : : : r
,

the more the p rots if any ? Why n ot leave poudrette The time o f app l ication the amount of
.
,

otato e s 0 1 corn W ith O Ut hoein g b e c aus e they W ill each the kind of soil and sta te of th e weather were
pVe W h en 5 0 n egleete d ?

,
. ,

a ll noted by the Superintendent of th e f arm

In passing many n e w plantations of wi llow dur
.

l e manures w e r e apph e d m e X aC t values If

(

in g the past au tumn I noticed that the weeds and ,

'

grass had wholly covered the pr e cious thing from t w e lv e de h e rs W or th O f ba r n y ar d m an ur e W e e aP '

the eye an d even on a microscopic inspection the

, , pli ed so the s ame value in guano or any thin g
, ,
fa r fe tch e d G e t t in g can only he foun d t o h ave
'

else was applied and the v arious fertilizers were
, ,
m m
ii ii gi g
Ie f 1 l
;I zij $ 323 gf
ea 3
g
v s s 1 i cl;
given upon di ff erent portions o f the same eld ,

W h ef e t h e r e W as h e Particular di ff ere n c e in th e
'

again , and it will be a wonder if they do t event no

ua l ly pronounce th e thing a perfect humbug They . qual i ty of the la nd .

wi ll denounce every thing f or th e common f armer , The gentlem en t o whom was assigned the duty o f
b ut the 0 ld hh e e h a n d Pe tatoe eand if agn "

experimenting with m anures were C ol WIL DE R

en d m
, .

cultur al papers an d books are n ot f avored with a

wholesale curse they may feel content f or they N A S H at mten a le 0 f some W e eks der
'

, ,

must walk out o f my house an d atone f or their ,

the gIOW th 0 f the C rops sprin ging from the
'

want of common sense . manur es which they appli ed they visited them an d , ,

In s t ea d Of every man W h o commences a fter careful observati on n o t e d their appearance .

this n e w business do it thoroughly and take th e , ,

W h en the crops w ere gat h e r e d th e y w e r e bo t h
same care in ki nd though less in degree that he
,

would of a young a ppl e nursery L et th e ground

,

.
,
measure d and weighed so that the amount o f land ,

h e in order and kept clean from weeds at least

, ,
th ey w er e grown upon b e ing known th e e xac t Val :

during the rst year Commencing such an en . n o o f the manures used and the quant i ty of crop ,

t el Pl l se last sprmg the thou ght occurred t o 1119

obtain ed it would seem that some f acts o f great

, , ,
W h y not h a v e somethin g to Pay for all t his c ar e the
prac ti cal value t o the farmer should have bee n ob
rst seaso n ? A ccordingly the rows of willows
were set 2 % feet ap art and a row o f c arro t s s e wed tai n e d But such does n ot appear to be th e case
. .

between each row of will ows an d while hoeing th e ,

F o r instance The s a me l a n d that produced on e
willows the c arrots were also hoed The work was
, . hundred an d t wenty bushels of po tatoes l ast year ,
 76 N EW EN GLA N D F AR ME R . F EB .

u po n a c e r ta in a mou n t of gu an o thi s y ea r with th e c en ts or e igh t c en t s a n d t w en t y-on e hun dr e d th s

, , ,

sa m e dr e ssi n g fe ll th ir t y bush e ls short !

, W h o can th e ga llo n of t en poun ds .

a ccou n t for thi s e sp e ci a lly wh en w e ta k e i n t o c on Av r g mb r f w mil k d d i l y e a e nu e o co s e a

g w f mil k d i l y
, .

sid e r a tio n t h a t t h e fa rm wa s m or e highly fa vor e d

A p ds v e ra e o o a ou n
r g mb r f p d f mil k giv b y
.

A ve a e nu e o ou n s o en

wit h s e a so n abl e rai n s in th e sum m e r o f 1 85 5 t h an h w d i l y th r gh t th t w h d r d ea c co a ou ou e o un e

d i xty d y p u ds
,
an s a s o n
mb r f d y f g ivi g mi l k f t r
.

in th e summ e r of 1 85 4 it b ein g g en e r a lly c on A v g , e ra e nu e o a s o n a e

l i g ca v n
c e d e d t h a t gu an o a c t s mor e b en e ci all y in wet t han
R e por t s w e re a lso m a d e fro m th e commi tt e e s t o
in dry summ e rs
whom w e r e a ssign e d th e subj e cts o f P erma n en t
Th e r e sul t s in a ll th e s e c a r e fully con duc t e d ex
I
,
mp rovemen ts L a bo r an d from t h e d e l e ga t e s s en t

p erime n t s wi t h m an ur e s we r e gr e t to sa y h av e
, ,
, ,
to t h e s e v e r a l cou n t y soci e t i e s A ll th e s e re ports
b e en n ot on l y u n sa tisfa c t ory bu t con tr a dic t ory , ,
.

w e r e subj e c t e d to a pr e tt y t horough discuss ion

e n d in g thus f ar in co n fusio n an d u n c e rt a i n ty r a th
,
, , ,

e r tha n l e a di n g t o an
which in som e c a s e s d e m an d e d an a n a lysis o r sy
y w e ll s et tl e d pr in cipl e s
,
Th e
n o sis of th e m an d s e v e r a l w e r e r e commit t e d fo r
.

r por ts
e o f th e s e g en tl e m en are n ot ye t compl e te d p , ,

e m en d a t io n e n l a rg e m e n t or e x pl an a tio n
,

80 th a t we can n ot s t a t e t h e ir pr e cis e t e rms or dr a w

, , .

I n t h e a ft er n oo n of t h e s e con d d a
,

y a mos t in
in fe r en c e s from th e m th a t would be of a n y v a lu e ,

te re s tin g discussion a ros e upo n th e propri e t y of th e

.

W h en th e y are publish e d if n ot earli e r we h 0 p e , ,

to giv e t h e i n quiri ng r e a d er a b ette r vi e w of th e m in troductio n o f t h e tro t tin g cours e in to t h e sho w

grou n ds an d i t s i n u e n c e upo n t h e g en e r a l pros

.

Th e g e n tl e m en wh o h a d t h e ch a rg e o f e x e ri ,
p
erity of th e soci e t an d on th e mor a ls of th e p e opl e
m en ts with S tock w er e Me ssrs BR OOK S o f Prin c e ,
p .
y ,
, .

Th e a rgum e nt s pr e s en t e d w e r e v ari e d i n g e n ious

t on an d N E W E LL of W e s t N ewbur
y I
,
, , n
pro se cut .

an d e a r n e st bu t pr e sse d with th a t cour t e sy an d di g

in g th e ir t ri a l of cows through a p e riod of six ,

n it
y which h as e v e r ch a r a c t e riz e d t h e p roc ee din gs
mon ths th e a n im als w e r e w e igh e d m or n in g an d
, ,

e v e ni n g a t th e e xpir a tio n o f e a ch t w e n ty d a ys ;
of t h e Bo ar d .

,
Th e followi n g are th e p ri n cip a l crops ra is e d the
t h eir food was a lso w eigh e d th e kin d n o t e d an d , ,
p a s t summ e r :
th e a v e ra g e qu an t ity giv e n which wa s co n sum e d
P 15 % b h l s ,
ea s us e
1 6 47 b h l
.

d ai ly dur i n g th e tw en ty d a ys A t abl e S i m i l ar to P t t 12 r o a oes us e s on a c e s.

9 82 b
, .
,

t h e on e b e low W as m a d e out f or e a ch o f th e erl o d s

C h l 21 r orn us e s on a c e s.

p O t 2 86 b h l 10 r a s us e s on a c e s.
B 60 bu h l 2 1
co t i d
n a n e i n t h e t w ty d ays Th i s i s gi ven t o show C rr t 6 2 t
en .

243 0 b h l 5 r
e a ns
a o s, on s
* s
us
e s on
e s on
a c re s .
a c e s.

t h 8 resu1t s obta i n e d a s w e n a s th e SyS te mauc mod e R y 16 0 b h l 10 r e us e s on a c e s.

T r ip 1000 b h l 25 r u n s us e s on a c e s.
of proc e e d in g by t h e comm i t t e e
. .

H y . t a on s
46 1 b h l
.

I a cr s
]
O I
S t m t of m i lk a d food & c of cows from P r i p B t &
ta e en
D OD S us e s on 4 e .

n
.

, .
, , a sn s, ee s, cn m

F eb 1 t o F eb 2 0 bo th ni c l uswe 2 0 d a ys 185 5 c bb g
% {3 3
. .
,
40 a a es 1 9 '

, , .

follo wi n g proposi t io ns
Th e
w e r e submitt e d by Mr F REN C H .
,

from t h e N orfolk S oci e ty an d ,

s g 3 s ev e r ally a dOpt e d :
Kmd s of F ood a nd a rera
g e q ua n 3 g

N A ME S .
My con s u me d d a rly an 2 0 d a ys o
'

3 Vo ted Th a t th e S e cr e ta ry b e
t
,
s 0
r e qu e ste d to in vite such farm ers
in this Commo n w e a lth a s h e
O
w
a s}.
S tra w
a: 6 .
GO
bu may d e e m prop e r to furni sh t o
3
,
00 1
Lb
, 8
. 100 Mea l ,
g s, q this B o ard t h e m an n e r of th e ir
C h mb rl i
a e n,
5 OO 153
fee d of cows th eir weight e x , ,

D li
e a , 5 00 72 p e n s e an d yi e ld o f milk for a
G tl
en e,
5 00 1 23
,

giv en tim e ; a lso th e fee d o f o x

F a nn y 70
5 00
Fl r
o a,
,

5 00 59 en th e ir w eight e xp en s e a n d
, ,
R o se a , 53 work at th e tim e ; a lso th e fe e d
H yw d
a oo
5 00
69
o f hors e s t h e e xp en s e th e ir
Sp t
, 5 00
o , ,
1 22
Rd k 5 00
,
e nec , 5 00 2 61 w e ight an d work at t h e tim e ,
K d ll
en a , d ry an d a lso t h e br e e d of ea ch
D l ly
o
. .

St r Voted Th a t Me ssrs F R E N C H
,
a , ,
.
,
B oq n
Wh t f
ty , 11 00 112 S P RA G U E an d BR OO K S b e a , ,

2 9 6 '6 4
i e a ce , 5 t7 5
R d h if
e e e r,
21 37 committ ee to co n sid e r a n d re
d ry
G tl 2d
en e,
.

port to this Bo a rd wh a t d ispo

C h rry
e
,

sit ion of t h e rooms n ow gra n t

S wy r
a e
,
,

e d for th e ir us e should b e m a d e
,
L dy 9
a 9V ,
5 00 13 17 0
, ,
Je n ny L D d a with a vi e w to b e st s e rv e t h e
5 00 32 5 0
c aus e o f A gr icultur e .

es srs F RE N C H BR OO K S L E W IS
. , , ,
 6 . N EW EN G LA N D F AR ME R . 77

p e rform an c e of a h ay-f e d hors e an d on e f e d on

W H Y THE CA T D ON T S W E A T
g r ai n an d wh e n we comp ar e th e s e t wo it e ms wi t h
.

P a d o e s t h e ca t e v e r s w e a t ?

th e compositio n o f e sh we a re l e d to co n clud e

, ,

N 0 my S O IL th at hors e s could n ev e r be brought t o fe e d on b e e f

,

W hy p a ,
an d th a t we must put t h e esh-eat i n g hor s e s o f
Tru e e n ough t hough t I why ? Th e c a rn ivorous mythology in t h e s a m e sta ll wi th c en t aurs
, , .

a n im al ? ha v e n o Perelmat e ry Pe r e s as it is said ? But on t h e oth e r h an d if a hors e is f e d high

'

:
, , ,
bU t o nly h e lps e v e r t h e ret W h y an d W e a re an d is co n n e d in cold w e a th e r an d t h e c arbon o f ,
,
st e pp e d agam by t h e n e x t on e If It h ad b e en n e his food is us e d to k e e p him warm th e n itrogen
e e esery for th e m to sw ea t G o d W OU I
, ,
d h av e gl ve n will a ccumulat e som e wh e r e : H e will g e t t h e gou t .

t h e m 3 aRPe re fus a s h e h as giv e n t o hors e s a n d f rom high livi n L e t him h a v e e x e rcis e e v e ry

I
:

cows i n th ei r sk i n s
,

.
d a y if it is o n l y 1y ru n n i n g in t h e ya rd
1 t h mk S end I
.
,
S b e c aus e th e y e at so much
.

I t I
Th e hors e sw ea ts b e c a us e th e r e is so much s t a rch
l e s i me a ,

gtran ge 18 It may S e em an amma1S th at perspl re be c a us e th e re is so littl e in h e rs Th e starch gum

O gum an d su g ar in his food ; whil e th e c a t do e s n o t
,

g e t i n to a Sw e t to k e e p C OO L wh en all ou n c e Of an d sug a r i n th e gra ss go to m ak e f a t with gra ss

.
,

e
W a l e r l s c o m erte d mto v a por wh e h er I t h as b e en
f
rmkl e d e n t h e oor o n a S um me r S d a or put on
e a ti n g a n im a ls ; t h e ca t g e ts but littl e f a t i n h er

:E3 re m a gr ee? f orestmko r W e e d on th e sur th e m a ll summ e r to k ee p h e r warm C ountry

y food an d so G od ga v e h e r furs an d l e ts h er w e a r
'
, ,

fac e o f t h e e a r th i n a d e w o r e xi sts i n th e form o f G en t l e man

.

p e rspir a tio n s o n o ur bodi e s or e xh al e s i n visibl e ,

from o ur sk in or com e s o ut o f our lun gs in br ea th

MI L K B R E A D A N D BUTT E R TR E E S
, ,

t h a t ou n c e o f w a te r a ppropri a t e s to its e lf an d d e ,
,
.

Bu oys for a n e th e r
Purpos e s a C e rt a i n a mou n t 0 f W e h ad h e a rd s e v e r a l w e eks b e for e o f a tr ee th e
: ,
h e a t If an im a ls sw ea t to g et rid o f e xc e ss o f sap o f which is a n ourishi n g milk I
.
t is c a ll e d th e .

wa rmth is th ere a n y con n e ction b e twe en this pro co w tr e e an d we w e r e a ssur e d th a t th e n e gro es o f

,
,

09 83 an d t h e Ch a r a ct e r 0 f th e ir f oO d ? th e f arm who dri n k pl e n tif ully of this v e g e ta bl e ,

If we d e sig n a t e t h e surplus c arbo n a c e ou s ma tte r milk con sid e r it a whol e som e a lim en t A ll th e ,
.

in t h e food h e a t a n d th e n itroge n iz e d m a t t e r mo~ milky j uic e s o f pl a n ts b e in g a crid bitt e r an d more

, , , , ,

ti o n we should h av e in b e e f 1 lb m o tio n t o 3 lbs or l e ss poiso n ous this a ccou n t a pp e ar e d to us v ery

, , . .
.
,
h ea t ; in o a ts 1 lb motio n t o 15 lbs h e at ; in h a y e xtra or din a ry ; but we foun d by e xp e r i e n c e dur ing
, . .
, ,
1 l b mo ti o n to 18 lbs h eat
.
our st a y a t B a rbul a
.
tha t th e virtu e s of this t ree
.
,
N ow obs e rva tio n shows th a t an im a ls c a nn o t us e h a d n o t b e en e x a gg era t e d
, This n e tr e e ris e s li k e .

of t h e o n e of th e s e e l e m e n ts w ithou t d isposi n g in
t h e bro a d-l e a v e d st a r -appl e I ts oblon g an d ome
y o f a corr e spon di n g a mou n t of t h e o th e r c d l e a v e s rough a n d a lt e rn a t e are ma rk e d by p
, , .

s om e w a , at e r .
,
S ta ge hors e s ha rd d riv en if th e w ea th e r b e w a rm a l ribs promi n en t a t t h e low e r surfa c e an d p a r a ll e l
,

, , .
,
row poor in commo n t e rms th e y sw ea t off th e ir
g Som e of th e m are te n i n ch e s lon g W e did n o t
, .

fat . It is e qua lly t ru e t oo th a t an im als in low e sh see t h e ow e r ; t h e fruit is som e wh a t e shy an d

, , ,
are w eak .
co n tai n s on e an d som e tim e s t wo n uts W h en in .

A s t h e food of h e rb i vo r ou s an i m a ls co n ta in s v e cision s are m a d e in t h e trun k o f this tr ee i t y i e ld s ,

Six tim es t h e a mou n t 0 f h ea t re due in m e te abu n d an c e of gluti n ous mil k tol e r ably thic k d e void
'
0
3 P g

, ,
ma l e S ta rc h gum a n d su ga r th a t e xists in an im a l o f all a cridity a n d o f a n a gr e e abl e a n d b a lmy sm e ll ,
.

h e sh 80 th a t class a re m or e sluggish in th e ir h ab It w a s o ff e r e d to u s in th e sh e ll of a c a l a b a sh
, We
.

i t s t h an ea rn lv e l o us an im a l s L io n s a n d tige rs dran k co n sid e r abl e qu an titie s o f it in t he e v eni n g

.
,

though th e y h a v e b e en co n sign e d t o a w a rm l a ti be for e we w en t to be d an d v ery ea rly in t h e mom ,

.

h i d e an d cov e r e d in furs b y a kin d P re l id e h e e in without fe e li n g t h e l e a s t i njurious e ff e ct Th e

,
g : .

mus t r e a m to k e e p W a rm I
,
t is f o r t h e s e n a tu r a l visco c it o f this milk a lon e r e n d e rs i t a littl e dis
y
r ea so n s t h at th e y c ann ot b r ook th e co n dition of cap a gr e e abl e Th e n e gro es an d th e fr ee p e opl e wh o ,

tivity P o e try h as n othi n g t o d o wi th th e ir re st work on t h e pl an ta tio n s d ri n k it dipp i n g in t o it

.
,
l e ss h ab its W h e n in c ag e s ; th e y a re chilly from t h e th e ir br ea d of m ai z e o f c a ss a v a Th e ov e rs ee r of .

in a c ti o n of the dom e s ti c con dition t h e fa rm told us th a t t h e n e gro e s grow s e n sibly f at .

D ogs an d c at s a re v e ry s e n si tiv e to cold H ow t er durin g th e s e a so n wh en th e p a lo d e v ac a f ur

C a rlo shiv e rs wh en h e com e s out o f hi s hous e on a ni sh e s th e m wi th m ost milk This j ui c e e xpo se d .

,

cold mor n i n g ; an d whi n e s a t th e door ; an d puss to t h e air pr e s e n ts at i t s surfa c e (p e rh a ps in conse , ,

n o t withs t an di n g h e r full d r e ss n e v e r li e s dow n t o ue n ce o f th e a bsorptio n o f t h e a tmosph e r i c oxy

q ,

n a p in a cold pl a c e N e ith e r o f th e m c an k e e p g e n ) m e mbran e s o f a stro n gly an im a li z e d subs ta n c e

. ,

st ill in t h e cold If th e y w e r e to be s tabl e d li k e y e llo w som e wh a t re s e mbli n g ch ee se Th e s e mem

.
,
.

c att l e an d could be k e p t a s s till i t would kill t h e m br an e s s e p ar a t e d from th e re s t o f t h e mor e a qu e

, , ,

in a f e w d a ys . ous liquid a re e l a stic a lmos t li k e c a outchouc ; but , ,

A lthough th e hors e wh e n f e d o n h ay h as bu t th e y u n d e rgo t h e s a m e ph e n om e n a of putr e fa c ti on

, ,

on e pou n d o f motio n to disp en s e of f o r e v e ry e igh a s g e l a ti n e Th e p e opl e c a ll t h e co agulum th a t . ,

t e en poun ds o f h ea t h e must work th a t off in or s e p a r a te s by th e co n ta c t of t h e ai r ch ee s e Th e

.

.
, ,

d e r t o e nj oy w a rmth A fte r drin kin g on a wi n t e r co a gulum grows sour in th e sp ac e of v e o r Si x

.

morn i n g wh en h e n ds hi ms e lf shi ve ri n g h e pr an d a ys A mids t t h e gr e a t n umb e r o f cur i ous ph e

, , .

c e s a n d kicks fo r t h e f un o f t h e thi n g a n d by d is n o me n a which I h a v e obs e rv e d in t h e cour s e of my ,

posin g o f a li ttl e m otio n is e n abl e d s o t o sp e ak to tr a v e ls I co n fe ss th e r e are f e w t h a t h a v e m a d e so

, , , ,
.

u se e ight een t im e s its w e igh t o f h ea t H o w h e powe rful an impr e ssio n on me as th e a sp e ct of th e .

sn or t s t h e bl a sts o ut o f his fur n a c e s ! co w tr e e W h a t e v e r r e l a te s t o milk or to corn in . ,

W h e n we n otic e th e sligh t di ff e r en c e t h a t is spir e s a n in t e r e s t which is n o t m e r e ly t h at o f th e

sho wn in thi s t abl e b e t we e n t h e a n a lysi s of h a an d p hysic a l k n o w l e dg e o f thin gs but is co n n e ct e d W i th
y ,

oa t s a n d wh en we re e c t on th e diff ere n c e in t h e a n oth e r ord er o f id e a s an d s e n tim e n ts

, W e c an .
78 N E W E N G L AN D F A R ME R . F EB .

c c ly co n c e iv e how th e hum an ra c e could e xis t

s ar e v r wh o is much sm all e r in ca s ti n g off hi s pup a
e e , ,

wi thou t fa ri n a c e ous subs tan c e s an d wi thout t h a t , skin ob ta in s pr e tty l a rge wi n gs an d w e ll d e v elop e d

, ,

n ourishi n g juic e whi ch t h e br e a s t o f t h e mo t h e r limbs a rm e d with a si n gl e cl a w a n d hi s mou th b e

, ,

co n t a i n s a n d which is a ppropri a t e d t o th e lo n g f ee
, com e s obsol e te ; h e th en s alli e s forth in s e arch o f
bl e n ess o f t h e i nf an t Th e a myl a c e ous m at t e r o f . his p artn e r o f wh ich h e s ee s n othin g but th e pup a
,

co m t h e obj e c t o f r e li gious v e n e r a tio n a mo n so en v e lop e Th e fe m a l e a ft e rw a rds b e com e s dist e n d

man y n a tion s an ci en t an d mod e rn is diuse d in
, .

e d with e ggs S h e t h en gr a du a lly dri e s u p l e a v

, , .
,

th e s ee ds an d d e posi t e d in th e root s of v e g e t a bl e s
, in g th e sh e ll o f h er body for a cov e ri n g to t h e n e w
mi lk which s e rv e s as an a lim en t a pp e a rs to u s e x , l y h a tch e d youn g o f which th e r e are two broods i n
,

e lusiv e ly t h e produc e o f an im a l organ iz a t io n Such . a y ea r .

a re t h e impr e ssio n s we h a v e re c e iv e d in o u r e a rli R V

P E E N IE T V H a rris in his
Tr e atis e on I n ,
e s t in fan cy such is a lso th e sourc e of t h at a s t on ish s e c t s i njurious t o V e g e ta tion r ecomm en ds th e ,

men t cr eat e d by th e a sp e c t o f th e tr e e j ust d e followi n g as a pr e v e n tiv e : To two p arts o f soft

scrib e d I
t is n o t h e r e t he sol e m n sh a d e s o f for
.
soa p a d d e ight of w a t e r
,
an d mix a s much l im e ,
e s t s t h e m aj e s t ic cours e of riv e rs
, th e mou n t ai n s , with it a s w ill m ak e a sti d white-wa sh a n d a pply ,
wr a pp e d in e t e rn al sn ow th at e xcite our e motion , .
with a brush to t h e tru n k an d br an ch e s of th e in
A f e w drops o f v e g e ta bl e juic e r e c a ll to o ur min ds f ec te d tr ee s in t h e mo n th of J un e wh en th e youn g ,
al l th e pow e rful n e ss o f t h e fe cu n dity o f n a tur e .
in s e cts are n e wly h a tch e d K . .

0 u t h e b a rr e n a n k o f a ro ck grows a tr e e with
R E MA R Ks This is a c a pi t a l d e scrip tio n of th e
co ria c e ous an d dry l e a v e s I ts l a rge woody roots
.

a ppl e sc a l e by on e of t h e most promisi n g e n tomol

.

can sc a rc e ly p e n e tr a t e i n to t h e sto n e F or s e v e r a l
,

o ists in O hi o O hi o F a rmer
.

mo n ths o f t h e y e ar n ot a si n gl e show e r moist e n s its g .

folia ge Its br an ch e s a pp ea r d e a d an d dri e d ; b ut

.

wh en t h e trun k is pi e rc e d th e r e o ws from it a ,
F or the N ew E n g la nd F ar mer .

sw e e t an d n ourishi n g milk It is a t th e risi n g o f A PPLE S

.

th e sun tha t this v e g e tabl e fou n tain is mos t a bu n

.

d a n t ; th e n e gro es a n d n a tive s are th en s ee n h ast T RE E S E VE RA L KI N D S I

N ON E .

en in
g from a l l qu a rt e rs fur ni sh e d with l a rg e bo w ls I n gr a ft i n g l a rg e tr e e s s e v e r a l v a ri e ti e s o f scio n s
, ,

to re c e iv e t h e milk whi ch grows y e llow a n d t hick ,

a re fr e qu e n tly e mploy e d in formi n g o n e n e w top
,

en s a t it s surfa c e Som e e mpty th eir bowls un d e r

. th e r e are s e v e r a l obj e ctio n s t o this pr a ctic e .

t h e tr ee its e lf oth e rs c arry th e j ui c e hom e t o th e ir

,
E v e ry on e at a ll fa mili a r wi th fruit tr e e s mus t ,

chil dr e n H umbo ldt s T ra vels in the E q uin octia l
. hav e obs e rve d th a t ea ch v a ri e ty h as a mod e of grow th
R eg i ons of meri ca .
p eculiar to i ts e lf an d thos e wh o h a v e h ad much e x ,

e rie n ce ca n oft en a sc e rt a i n t h e ki n d wh en n o t i n
p ,

fruit b y this circums tan c e a lon e S om e v ar i e ti e s

TH E S C A LE I N S E C T O F TH E A PPL E
.
,

are vigorous a n d o f r a pid gro wth oth e rs are slow

.
, ,

N e arl y e v e ry p e rso n wh o grows an a ppl e t r ee an d u n thri fty an d oth e rs o f shor t dura tio n an d sub , ,

ha s obs e rv e d th a t t h e b ra n ch e s o f th e old e r a n d j ee t d e c a y e a rly A tr e e combi n in g th e s e d is ,

.

s t e ms of t h e you n g e r tr ee s a re fr e qu e n tly cov e r e d C ord a n t e l e m e n ts c an poss e ss h tt le 0 f symm e try 0 1

with a min ute s ca l e sho wi n g in ge n era l n o a pp ear b e a uty an d t h e most judicious prunin g c an n ot rem
, ,

an c e o f li fe an d r e s e mbli n g n o thi n g so much as a e d y th e e v il

,
F or i n st a n c e a tr e e may b e graf t e d .
,

min i a tur e oyst e r sh e ll This l ittl e sc al e is how e v e r with th e N orth e r n Spy which is of r e m a rk a bl e u p
.
, ,
,

a n i n s e ct an d on e of t h e m an y e n e mi e s o f t h e a right growth t h e R oxbury R uss e t whi ch 18 hori

, p ,

l e b e lo n gi n g to a fa mily th a t co n tai n s mor e a n z on ta l or spr e a di n g a n d t h e Spitz e n burg whos e

p , , , ,

omal o u s forms th a n an y oth e r It is t h e H omop br an ch e s are droopi n g o r p en d an t I .

n a f e w y e a rs , .

tern of Ma cl a y
. A ll this fa mily are suppli e d with th e scio n s cl a sh an d e n ta n gl e a n d i t wil l b e i mpo s
. ,

a suc t or ia l mouth a risi n g so f ar b ack on t h e un d e r sibl e to giv e th e m th e prop e r form o r dir e c ti o n

,
,

sid e of t h e h ea d a s a pp a r e n tly to come from t h e a n d wh e n t h e tr e e com e s i n to b e ari n g t h e d e fe c t

b rea st in som e sp e ci e s Th e pr e s en t i n s e c t is in cl u will b e still mor e app ar en t Th e r e is a n oth e r oh

.
.

d e d in t h e g e n us C o cc us a n d h a s for its n e a r r e l a lee tion 30 h ai ng m e r e th an o n e varl e ty m a tre e ;

, _

tion s som e tha t h a v e b e e n us e fu l to me n from t h e i t cr e a te s con q i on i n ga th e r i n g th e frui t an d wh er e

, ,

ti m e o f th e a n ci en ts produci n g v a lu a bl e dy e s t h e t h e k md s som e wh a t r e s e mbl e ea ch oth e r th e y are

, ,
,

cochin e a l b e in g on e of th e m ; a n d it is c a lcula te d h abl e t o ge t ml xe d causmg di ssatIS faetl en am ong

.

t h a t in o n e pou n d o f th is d ye th e r e a re o f th e purch a s e rs W h e r e a p erson h as bu t l i ttl e l an d . ,

th e s e littl e in s e cts I t fee d s upo n t h e c a c t us

.
a n d a f e w l a rg e tr e e s h l eh h e 13 d e sn e u s t e gra ft
f .
'

O ur appl e sc a l e h as ho we v e r n o qu a litie s t o ren te O th e r V a l l e tl es f o r h i s o wn u s e an d W h o 13 1 1

'

,
, ,

mg 00 di sp en s e W l th a go e d f O I

me d t op It may b e
.

d e r it us e ful ; an d a short a ccou n t of its life an d 1 Z ,

h a bits will be a ll tha t is n e c e ss ary W h e n rst J ut S e v e r a l l n ds In t o t h e 5 3 me tr e e

.

us t l e bl e t e
P e .

h a tch e d from t h e e gg it p oss e ss e s co n sid e r abl e a m but i n e xt en s i v e orch a rds i t shoul d b e a vo i d e d

o .

b ul a t ory po we rs an d c an cr a w l a ll ov e r a tr e e an d
,
L eo meneter D ee 1855 0 V H IL LS i : ;

se l e c t a s itu a tio n It th en i n s e rts its rostru m i n to

.

th e t en d e r b a rk an d dr a ws th e sa p an d such a co n R E MA RK S W e c a ll e sp e ci a l a t t en t io n t o thi s
,
.

st a n t dr a i n by t h e cou n tl e ss n umb e rs foun d upo n a a rt icl e

, By obs e rvin g i ts sugge stion s a gr e a t m an y .
,

t r ee mus t b e v e ry inj urious

, Th e i n s e ct r e m a in s e rrors in t h e n a m e of frui ts a s w e ll a s a gr ea t ve x
.

,
in this positio n un til d e a th in t h e fe m a l e u n d e rgo
a t io n in t h e cul tiv a tio n of th e m ma b a void e d
,
y e
in g its tran sform a ti on s whi ch i n st e a d o f produci n g
.
,
, ,

a h igh e r st at e of d e v e lopm e n t as in most oth e r ,

f orms h a s a co n tra ry e ff e ct it b e comin g in fa ct a

, L UXURY or TH E A N CIE N T S 1N R ose s To e nj oy
, , ,

m er e i n e rt e shy m a ss in som e a lli e d sp e ci e s lo s th e sc en t of ros e s at m e als an a bu n d an c e o f ros e

, , ,
in g e v e n t h e rudi m e n ts of limbs a n d a ll a pp e a ran c e l e a v e s was sh ak e n upon t h e ta bl e so th a t t h e dish e s
o f a r ti cul at io n Th e m a l e o n th e co n tr a ry h ow w ere comp l et e ly su rroun d e d
.
, By a n ar tici a l c on , .
185 6 . N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . 79

t riv an ce ,roses during meals descended on the, , and devoted friend He labored wi thout ceasing .

guests from above H e ligoab alus in his folly caused .

, , through good and evil report never falterin g or ,

violets and roses t o be showered down upon hi s hesita tin g where any service was to be performed .

g uests in such quantities that a number o f them , I t is n o small honor for Mr Howes to have been , .
,

being unable to ext ricate themselves were suoca ,

designated by the discriminating mind of TIM O THY
ted in owers D ur ing meal times they reclined
.
,
PI C KE R IN G as mo st worthy to succeed hi m in the
u pon cushions stue d with rose leaves o r made a ,
Presidential C hair Th e manner in which he di s .

couch o f the leaves themselves Th e oor t oo was .

, , charge d the duties of this station f or several years , ,

s trewed with roses and l n this custom great luxury , until he voluntarily withdrew is well remembered ,

was displayed C leopatra at an enormous expense

.
, , by some still here with locks bleached with much ,

procured roses for a feast which sh e gave to A n th o service To say that he l l ed the p la ce that ha d
.

n
y h a d them laid t wo cubic s thick o n the oor of the
, been occupied b y his distingui she d predecessor f or ,

banquet room an d then cause d nets to be sprea d

, ten yea rs p revi ous is what n o son of E ssex will ever ,

over the owers in order t o render the footing elas , presume to say P ri mus i n ter p a res will ever sta nd
.
,
*

tic. He liogabalus caused not only the banque t the name of PI C KE RIN G the friend and condant of ,

rooms but also the c ol on a de s that led t o them to

, , WA S HIN G T O N B ut t o say that he discharged all
.
,

be covered with roses intersperse d with li li es v io , , the duties that devolve d u pon him with delity and ,

lets hyacinths and narcissi and wal ked about on

, , , care is certainly tru e Th e lessons of instruction
, .

thi s owery platf orm . communi ca ted by him will be found on the pages ,

o f o ur j ournals ; and will continue t o be referred t o

mer
with increasing respect .

F the N ew E ng la nd F
Mr P resident I have said enough perhaps more
or ar .

. , ,

THE L A TE F R E D E R I C H OW E S, E sq , .
than enough to impress upon the minds of all the
, ,

or SA L E M
propriety of the act in which we are n o w engaged .

i rty-s even yea rs an d more have passed away

.

B E F ORE THE B O A RD OF T RUS T E E S D E C 185 5

, ,
,
.
,
.

since the organization of this S ociety A few of .

MR P RE S IDE N T S in ce the last meeting of this

. the founders only remain to tell the story A f e w .

B oard one o f the oldest and most distinguished o f

, years more very f e w in deed and all will be gone
, , .

our number on e wh o was pro minent at the start

, ,
and the places that knew them will know them n o
and has enj oyed the highest honors o f the associa more forever When thus admonished it becomes
.

,

ti on h as passed that bourne whence no traveller us to pause f or a m oment to consider what shad

, , ,

returns I t is t in conformity with established

.

, o ws we are and what shadows we pursue
,
On .

us age it is t in consideration o f the merits of the

, the same day and about the same hour that I , ,

de cease d th a t a re sp ec tf ul an d truthful notice should

, heard o f the death o f my venerated teacher and
be inscribed to hi s memory . friend I was called to part with o n e t o m e most
, ,

F R E D E R I C HO W E S was born in the town o f D en dea r in my own household A ll nature proclaims

,
.

n is C ounty o f B arnstable 17 82
, and di ed at S alem ,
aloud that we must die N o o n e c an more fully .

appreciate this truth than the intelligent reecting

'

C o unty o f E ssex 185 5 ; aged 7 3 years When , .

, ,

young he removed with his father to A sh e ld

, ,
farmer A man m ay pass through l ife in splendor
.

C ounty o f Worcester where he learnt his rst les , a n d al ue n ce ; but when death comes there is n o ,

sons in farming and imbibed that ta ste for the cul ,

distinction between the laborer an d the lord of the
ture of the soil which was uppermost in his thoughts
,
manor Here all are on the same level however
. ,

through li fe Mr Howes possesse d a sound dis

. .
,
they may have b e en born Here it is that fame .

crimi nating mind -an ardent desire f or knowledge ,

and renown cannot assist ; that even the d evotio n
and a perseverance of e ffort that would not allow ,
and sympathy of friends cannot save Here it is .

an y subj ect to whi ch hi s attention wa s directed to

, ,
that the relations of the creature to the C reator ,

pass imperfectly understood He examin ed closely .

,
are irre sis tiblyf orc ed upon our consideration Hap .

and was n o t satised with supercial observation .

py are those who meet the closing scene o f life

His Opinions therefore when formed were entitled

, , ,
with that cal m an d c on din g trust in the mercy of
to respect He pursued his studies at Harvard Un i
. G o d which characteriz ed the last hour s o f o ur de
,

versity but unf ortunately (in the year 1807 when , , parted friend .

many o f the young men there though t they knew In vie w of these considerations I respectfully ask ,

better than their m asters ) he did no t receive a de , o f the B oard t o lay aside the cares of the world
,

g ree on leaving the institution N o t that a deg ree .

, for a m oment ; and t o adopt the following R esolu
i n itself is of an
y value but because the depriva
, , tions .

t ion o f it is oftenti mes a source o f uneasiness a n d

1 R es olved Tha t the members of this B oard
mortication an d s o in after life he often felt it
.
,

to be notwithstanding he ever felt that the author have heard with deep emotion o f the death o f F red
ities of the C ollege made a mist ake in pur suing
,
e ric Howes E sq the oldest survivin g honorary
, .
,

the course they then did .

,
member o f the B oard .

Mr Howes was educated to the profession of

.
2 R es o lved That the amiable vir tues devotion
.
, ,

the law in th e C ounty of Middlesex ; and entered t o duty and sound learning th at so eminently
, ,
,

u pon the practice at S alem in the C ounty o f E ssex , ,

characterized the deceased present a model to all ,

at the same time having his h o me in the adj oining worthy o f imitati on .

town of D anvers S uch was his reputation among .

3 R es olved Tha t the S ecretary be inst ructed t o
.
,

those wh o knew him best that he was re eatedly comm unicate to the widow and family o f the d e
chosen to represent them in the G enerapC ourt
,

, .
ceased a copy of this expression of the feelings of
,

B y nature dii d e n t and unassumin g he wa s n o t ,

the Trustees and that the same be publi shed in the
,

the man t o crowd himself where he was n ot tte d Tra n sac tI O H S f or the ye ar .

to be He was on e of the earliest founders and o f

.

cers o f this S ociety ; an d at all times its constant , Th e rst a mon g hi s e q ua l s .

80 N EW ENGL AN D F A R ME R . F EB .

H O ME S F OR TH E P E O P L E
a view into whi ch can be ob tained from th e
.
N o . 9,
proj ecting bay in the p a rlor .

A s proposed some ti me smee we n o w g i ve on e

C onnected W i th the conservatory I S an entry
,
,
houses vhwh thi n W 111 N o 10 which communicates with the domestic of
:
s e e ra l p lan s

; g l
0
.
,
a or many v aln a e SU gge S tIons t 0 0 88 w 0 are c es and is also a means o f exit to the garden
, .

about to build A n d those contemplatin g b ui ldin g N o 1 1 is a passage connecting dining room an d

.

.
,

should study N o on e IS safe i n erect i ng expens i ve kitchen provided wi th S helves an d other c onv eni
.

, ,
b u dmg s un l es s he h s con gl e m l e

g 3 n
1 011

i
e mees that permit it t o be use d a s a se rvin g-room
r

an e x am i nat i on to t e su j e c t e s o n 1 re er during meal times

o

to books converse with those wh o have experience

,
N O 12 is the store an d C hin a C loset con n ected ,

an d make P ree n al m m e f b udm s t h t

come some w at n ear t a t w IC h 9 pl oposes f0 tention connecting with the kitche n having a
i i ?:
g with the dini ng room and 13 is o n e of similar in -
,

, ,
9 19 % I n th e way he W ill be able t o prevent an sliding door between them for passing the contents
,
'

noying and expensive alterations and n d his house on e from the other A ll these useful features for .

constructed upon correc t principles and a ffor d]ng domestic conveniences are of ample siz e ,
.

the conven i ences at once that he des i res .

S o far as expense is concerned it is as un ,

wise to erect a house without careful study

and deliberation as to construct a ship upon ,

the rst model that chances to lie in the wa y .

Want of original design will give a dwelling ,

without architectural taste or skill with awk ,

ward and contradictory roofs and gables ,

w ith sm okin g chimneys and bli nd passages ,

leading the unwary headlong down the cellar

stairs with doors opening against each other
,

an d battering them selves lik e a pair o f young

I

rams with basements mo uldy and dank and

, ,

the general appearance of the whole estab

lish me n t indicating that it was thro w n tog eth
er rather than cons tructed upon any well s e t
,

t l e d principles .

S uch a dwelling would sta nd as a perpetual

reproach to its proprietor a never-ceasing an ,

noyance to the family doomed to occupy it ,

an d the nursery o f ill-hu mor an d d isconten t .

Th e plan presented belo is from

w
H o me?

f or the P eop le by G E RVA SE W H E E L E R E sq

, , .
,

A rchitect N Y a n d pub l ishe d by C harles

, . .
,

S cribner o f that city

P L A N OF P RIN C I P AL F L O OR
.
,
.

Th is plan represents a building somewhat irreg

ular in form yet compelling to no waste o rspace in N o
, is the ki tchen convenien tly near the .

i ts internal arrangements Th e principal e n tran ce main o f the house and yet s o shut o ff
.
me ans l
, ,
'

is made by means of an open porch marked upon o f double entries an d other separation as to be no ,

the plan N o 1 which protects the hall door open--annoyance Thi s room is sixteen by fourteen
, .
,
I
. .

ing into an entry N o 2 between which and the F rom it leads the servant s stairway to the oor
, .
, ,

inner hall N o 3 is a screen lled with glass an d ab ove under which is also a igh t leading to the
, .
, ,

double doors This hall is nine feet wide O n on e ce llar below

. .
.

s ide is a large drawing ro om N o 4 which is about

-
N o 15 is the laundry and scullery ; connecte d
, .
, .

thi rty feet long an d sixteen W ide W ith proj ecting therewith is a store closet and next t o it (Opening
, ,

bay-windows in the front and upon on e side into the kitchen ) on e for use o f the cook I n the . .

Upon the other side o f the hall are a din ing laundry is an outside door leadin g to the yard and
room N o 5 and famil y parlor or li brary N o 6 stables which may be planne d and a s much roo m
, .
, , . .
, ,

This latter room has a peculiar f eature in the deeply given as the wants o f the fam ily require , .

imba ye d window or rather wing N o 7 which is , Underneath the whole o f this oor is a cellar
, .
,

s u fciently lar g e to m ake a pleasant little retreat seven feet hi gh in the clear contai ni ng vegetable , ,

f o r quiet rea di ng or writing Its Wi ndo w o n one milk and store-rooms as also receptacles for coals
.
, ,

s ide Opens upon a covered terrace N o 8 the end and space f or the furnace , .
, .

o f w hi c h is termi n a t ed by a small c on se rvato ry l Th e d is tribution o f the space upon the chamber ,

185 6 . NEW ENGLA ND F AR ME R . 81

oor is thus m ade N o 1 is the upp er

. .

hall lighted by a dom e overhead which

, ,

is inserted in the attic oor and illumi ,

h at e d by glass level with the roof in ,

s uch a manner as n o t to be observed

from outside the building .

O n on e side are large chambers 2 ,

an d 3 over the drawing-room ; N o 2

, .

being designed f or famil y use a n d hav ,

in g co n nected with it a large closet .

I n fron t is a smaller room No 4 , .

,

over the entrance porch N o 5 is over . .

th e family sitting-room and N o 6 is , .

ab ove the dining-room E ach o f these

.

rooms has abundant closet provi sion as ,

t h e plan will show . F RON T EL E VA TI O N .

I n the wing of the building a s t airway N o 7 , , .

,
upon th e chamber o or, a re ni ne f ee t hi gh in th e
leads to an attic overhead the par tition inclosing
,
clear .

which proj ects into the chamber N o 6 and to , .

,
Th e eleva tion of th e pr incipal front consi sts of a
conform to which on the other side o f its window
, ,
gabled proj ec ting portion forming the mai n m ass ,
a closet o f similar siz e is framed by whi ch means
o f th e buil di 1
g an d which is higher than th e rest
,
,
the symmetry of the chamber is preserved .

of th e edice This contain s h e f amily-roo m,

. t

N o 8 is a chamber o f li beral size connected with ,

di ning-room & c and h a s an attic above its ch am
, .
,
which is a large closet beside the stairway to the
,
ber oor li ghted in fron t by a circular-headed win
,
a ttic
.
d o w in the gable -end and by a similar win d o v in
N o 9 is a corridor leading from th e head of the
, , .
.
,
th e rear C os t about $ 4000
private sta irway to a bathing-room N o 10
. .

a L .
,

s erva nt s sleeping -room N o 11 , . .
F or the N ew E ng la nd F ar mer .

O P EN QUE STI
ON S A M O N G F A R M
ER S .

Probably ,
in n o human pursuit are t her e s o ,

m any unsettled and contradictory usag es as ,

a mong the ag ricul turists O ther profession s .

have their thoroughly-settled principles an d ,

t hese are reg arded as axiomatic truths as

the ba s is of further advancement an d of de ,

n ite practical results R ichard C ecil t ells

, .

u s t h a t when he had once thoroughly examined

any question in theology or m orals and ha d ,

made u p his mature o pmion upon it he p ut ,

tha t q ues tio n on the s he lf a s on e never t o be ,

Opened again A n d the law e rs have the ir .

res a d u d ic a ta or princip es which h a v e

j

,

been adj udicated an d f orever se ttled B ut .

h o w few are the mode s o f f armi n g among us

"
which have been placed upon the s helf

.

How f e w o f our farmers have their res a diw

di c a ta their well-settled un iform practices

.
,

L et us see h o w this m atter stands I t is .

ye t an open question among farmers whether ,

the yrs hi re or the D evons o r the D urha ms , , ,

o r the H er ords or even the n a tives are th e

ef , ,

bes t cows f or milking purposes .

I t is an open question among them wh e th ,

er the S u olks o r the E ssex or a mi xture of

, ,

breeds m ake the most protable swine

,
.

C H A MBE R FL O OR .
It is an open q uestion what kind o f potat oe s it
is bes t t o cultivate an d whether the seed should b e
I
,
n t hi s portion o f the building th e walls are
large or small and whether it should be cut or nu
,
eight feet high to the top o f th e plate th e ceilings out , .

following up the rake of the rafters so far a s to I t is an open question whe the r corn sho uld be
,

permit a s traight ceiling of about ten f ee t or even topped o r cut u p b y the roots ,
.

more in the highest part of the room I t is an Open question whe ther common pl ow m
,
g , ,

or d eep plowing is o n the w hole the best

, .

Th e rooms in the ma in par t of t his b ui l ding

.
, , ,
,
I t is an ope n q ue sti on w hethe r s w ar d lan d in , ,
82 N EW ENGLAN D F A R ME R . F EB .

te nded f or corn the ex t year should be plowed in and tenders in the shops coal bearers wood saw
n ,
;

, ,

t h e fall or n ot, o r whether it shoul d be plowed yers livery sta bles &c Imuch doubt wheth e r on e , , .

t wice in the spring in twenty of such laborers who leave the city in the
.

It is a n Open question whe ther corn s talks should sp ring to seek work an d get a hundred miles in
, ,

b e ta ken into the barn before the juices are enti rely land go b ack t o the city again to winter unless they , ,

e vaporated or whether they should remain in the have parents or relatives to receive them
, Th e .

eld exposed to all the rains of a utumn till they truth is these hordes of lazy beggars that infes t the
, , ,

are

done up brown
city at all s easons o f the year never go into the
.
,

It is an Open question whe ther p o tat oes liable t o country at all t o an y ex t ent unless they are car ,

di sease should be dug early or late in the fall ried there by main force This fac t is plain to us . .
,

It is an open question whether m anure sho uld when it is known that such people very seldom beg
,

be kept under cover that its ammonia may be re when in the country at any season of the year but
, ,

tain e d o r thrown out to the action o f th e s un and they look around for something to do to earn
,

rain tha t those po werful di s in f ectants may deprive enough a t least to keep soul and body together till
, , ,

it o f its o en sive odors the warm season opens again Th e great obj ect o f
. .

It is an open question whe ther it is bes t to have this class is to l ive to day and let t o morrow tak e
, ,
-

a drain runni ng from the h a m-yard into the road care of itsel f . .

I is an Open question whether gr een or dry B ut the Tri bu n e says if a farmer cannot a ff ord
t ,

,

w ood mak es the best re ; but when the mercury is to pay wages in the win ter h e can a ff ord to feed ,

ten degrees below zero in the morning there is lit hi s summer laborers and he should do s o instead , ,

t le doubt in the mind o f the hired girl wh o is o f d isch a rging them and sending them back upon
,

compelle d t o m ake it wh ich sh e had rather have the city I , t is a mistaken notion that a farmer .

provided . cann ot nd employment for laborers in winter I n .

It is an open question whether it will pay to dig thi s latitude on e-half the d ays o f the winter months
, ,

an d cart meadow mu d an d compost it w i th stable are good working days a n d wi th very slight e x ce p
, ,

man ure f o r the crops next sprin g tions there should be n o lost time N o w what
.
, .

,

It is an open question whether gu ano or arti cial are the facts in regard to farm labor during winter ?
,

manures at their present high prices can be prot M any farmers know well that in a latitude b etween
, ,

a bly used in N e w E ngland 40 an d 5 0 N orth that very li ttle or n o practical

.
,

A n d nally it is an Open question with m any o f farm labor c an be done between the rst of D ecem
, ,

th e tillers of the soil whether they ought to take h er and the rst of A pril There will be years when
, .

th e N e w E n l a n d F a rme r and with some w ho n ow mild weather will hold o ut till the 15 th or the 2 0th
,

t ake it whet er they ought t o p a y f o r it

, o f D ecember but they ar e only exceptions and n o t . , ,

Here Messrs E ditors endeth the present com rules I

, . n 183 5 -6 or twenty years a o this season
, g .
, , ,

munica tion f or I have not the time n or you the winter se t in the 2 0th o f N ovemb er with a snow
, ,

s pace this week to cons ider what c an be done to and ice storm and that snow did n ot go off till the
, , ,

s ettle these and m any other questions which are next A pril There w as in this section o f country ,
.

en among the farmers of our co unt ry over a hundred days sleighing that winter an d more . ,

ltha m D ec 185 5 , D C
.
, still at the N orth Ihad a eld o f turnips caught
. . . .

under the snow in N ovember that season and I lost ,

F th N ew E g l d F me : them other farmers were

or
caught
e
with crops o ut
n an
.

In 1839 I
ar r
worked at farm fences from Th an ksgiv
F A R M W OR K F OR W I
,
N TE R in g ti l l about the 15 th of D ecember Th e weather .
.

MR E D IT OR I
. n the N ew York T ri bun e o f th e was as mild as it has b een the past season from the

24th ul t there is an article on this subj ect and as 1st to the 20th o f N ovember O n or ab ou t th e 15 th
.
, ,
.

it is ad dressed to the farm ers o f the country I o f D ecember that year a north-east snow storm se t , ,

propose to examine the ideas advanced I n the rst in on S aturday evening which continued till late .
,

place they asser t that farmers in the co untry are in M onday afternoon following There was n o frost
, .

t h e habit of hiring help o f b oth sexes in large n um in the gro und and the snow lay from two an d a ,

bers from the city t hrough the busy season payin g half to three feet deep on a level My sheep I
, ,
.

t hem only such wages as will sustai n them for the found after the storm on a neighborin g farm so me , , ,

time an d then turning them adrif t on the approach under the fence some u n der bushes and others n u
, , ,

of winter and they make their way back again to der the snow -banks an d my woo d pile was standing
, ,

th e city t o star ve or li ve on soup at pub l ic ex up in the woods not a very comfortable sati sfaction

,

p ense and charity till spring to thi nk o f either Had Ispent the rst t wo weeks
. .

N ow that there are many laborers that go into in D ecember in hauling a wood -pile together in
th e country from the city in the spring se ason is stead o f fence -making it would have been time and , ,

p roba bly t ru e ; an d that many of these laborers labor better laid out Th at snow did n o t show bare .

s eek work among the farmers is also true ; but that ground again till the last of F ebruary .

th e great maj ority of such help is just the poorest Iname these two cases to show what our winters
help the farmer c an have is more true still B ut often are and that generall y speaking winter f arm . , ,

owi ng t o the extrem e scarcity of Yankee help the ing in this climate is just n o labor at all on the ,

f armer is obli ed t o hire thi s foreign help whi ch farm N ovember is a good month to nish o ff farm
g , ,
.

in some cases 18 good ; in the maj ority of cases it is work C r O p s with t h e exception of turnips .

unskilled and awkward in the extrem e B ut that should be secured in O ctober an d as early in N 0 . ,

such help invariably make their wa back to the v e mb e r as convenient D uring N ovember trees
y .
,

city ag ain at the close of the busy season to winter may be transplanted and late fall plowing may be , ,

I want more proof of S o f ar as my knowledge done S tones may be dug up in the elds an d large
. . ,

g oes when these lab orers are di scharged from the rocks blaste d out wi th powder
, If a light snow .

f arm they generally seek employment in the man should fall lar g e stone and rocks may be removed
, ,

uf acturing vi llages and towns t o w ork as waiters on a stone sled or dra g t o a good adv a n ta ge t o t h e , ,
,
185 6 . N E W E N G L A N D F A R MER . 83

f ence line B ut then n o dependence c an be placed cann ot be had a cistern sh ould be dug in th e yard ;
.
,

on this labor in such constantly varying weather one that will hold one hundred barrels or mor e .

A fter winter sets in with frost n o wall-laying or should be pro vi ded and then all the water falling
, ,

f ence -b uildi ng ca n be done to any advanta ge as it on th e farm -buildings should be conducted into th e ,

requires the ground clear of frost for such busin ess cistern C isterns are much preferable in some . .

Th e writer in the Tribu n e says ag ain Most of yards t o wells or pumps of an y description ; and

th e fence buil di ng should be done in the winter the cisterns sho uld be built large enough to hold ,

yet it is a ki nd of work that is much ne g lected b e out through a m onth or a week s drought with an , ,

cause unnecessary to restrain cattle We contend occasional shower to replenish it A good cistern . .

that n o barn shoul d ever be bui lt without a cellar is also indispensable for the kitchen unless you can , ,

yet ninety-nine of every hundred are s o built To have soft running water . .

remedy this g o t o work in w inter and dig an d wall

, It will b e seen then to sum up that the amoun t , , ,

y our barn -cellars A s soon as this is done g o to o f farm labor proper that c an be done in the win
.
, ,

the nearest muck bed and dig a cellar in that an d ter is very small in this cold climate Where the , , .

haul a portion o f it to your new barn-cellar to c om weather is mild an d the ground bare someth in g ,

post with your man ur e heap Hauling manure is may be d one at cutting bushes and trimmin g up
.

another part o f winter work but m ind and n ot drop woodlands B ut of course n o dependence c an be
,
.
,

i t in l ittle heaps to bleach and soak through sno w placed on the weather ; you m ay have on e or t wo
an d rain Pile it up as much as possible to shed days in a month f or this business and you may
.
,

r ain in some convenient spot to haul u pon the eld have none at all I
, f yo u have a swam p o f woo d .

W here you want it .

and brush that you wish to cut over it may be done ,

G enerally speaking barn -cellars should be made after the swamp is well shut up with frost
, Wood .

under barns t hough there will be exceptions to t his f o r the winter and coming summer may an d should
,

ru le
. A gentle elevation o r knoll o f gravel where be c ut and carted or sledded hom e when there is ,

it ca n be had should be dug out for a barn-cellar snow A lso rail and fence timber may be c ut an d
, . .
,

This will m ake the cellar dry and airy le a ving the delivered on the lines o f fences where it is wanted ,

mouth of the cellar to face the south t h bottom f or spring work S aw logs an d heav y timber may , . .

o f the cellar t o s e t o n or near the le vel with the be c u t and delivered t o the mill when there is a
surface below I f the situation o f the land f or the good body o f snow on the ground
. A lso where .
,

bui lding is on or near a level and the soil incli ned farmers cut an d deliver wood f or market a load of
, ,

t o we t and dampness then the barn -cellar should wood may be carried t o the town o r villag e and a
, ,

be pretty much above ground B ut then instead load of manure brought back which ca n be put in
. . ,

o f digging and stoning barn -cellars an d building the hog-pen barn -yard or barn -cellar a s may be , , .

barns in the winter season the time to do this is V ery few farmers w ill have work for the sam e
,

in early su mmer after the spring hurry of work is number o f hands in winter that they can employ in
,

over having the buildings ready for the hay and summer in this climate yet on e or two hands may
, , ,

harvest crops Th e ti mber should be prepared and often be employed t o good ad vanta ge B etwee n
. .

hauled the previous winter and other materials latitude 40 and south o f that or the southern
,

,

s hould be
g ot together a s much as c an be D ig parts of P ennsylvani a an d N e w Jersey with D ela .
,

ging o ut muck in the win ter season is a work at ware and Maryland this same work through win , ,

which little c an be done but it may and sh ould be ter may be car ried out in part while down in S outh
, ,

attended to in the fall pre vious t o winter setting in em Virginia and south o f that it may be carried
, .
, ,

Where draining is done in the dry season the out in full making leeway f o r stormy weather , , .

refuse muck shoul d be carted into the barn-yard N ext all farmers may have an ice-house an d all , ,

an d piled a way in the cellar for wi nter u se to mix that ca n without carting it at too great a distance , ,

w ith manures A s to hauling manure in the winter shoul d build a house in late fall o r early winter and
.
,

s eason out o f the barn ~yard o n to the elds it is a then three or four days in a week ma be spen t
y ,

poor business being well followed by f e w farmers when the ice is of right thickness in cutti ng ca rting
, . , ,

Th e composting o f manur es in the eld duri n g the an d lling it A farmer may on the princi les o f .
,

winter season will not amount to anythin g all the charity keep his farm laborers over thro n g t h e
, , ,

materials both muck and manure being in a f roz winter ; but very few o r n one of the farm laborers
, ,

en o r half-frozen state ; di tto the farm laborers that are worth anything would stay and work for
,

Th e better way is to keep all the manure in the bo a rd Wi l h e l m wages W h l l e those W ho W OU ld ete y
.

yard hog-pens and barn-cellars till spring tak ing for board W OF I I only do f o r th e W e b e l n g
,

, S ,

care that the manure does n o t heat and re-fangle A n d nally 1t 15 much eaSIe r t o gi ve e dv me t o f ax
,

"
: ,

by using plenty o f muck wi th it in the course of the me re 0 u sueh matters as f armmg 1" wmt e f t h e n It
. .

"

winter Manure may be c a r te d out an d co mpost 18 t o have that advi ce worth much to re cuca l men
ed on the eld where it is wanted late in the fall F or of wh at ava i l 18 such adv ce m p
.
.

888 I t c an be :

before cold weather sets in as it may be spread made Praetl ee l t o farmers th e mse lveS ?
,

an d turned in with the plow to lie till spring As D erby C t D ec 185 5 L D URAN D .
,
'
.
, .
, . . .

t o digging wells in the winter I dug o n e some ,

years ago in D ecember an d when ni shed there ,

was some ve feet o f water in it Th e next spring TR IMM IN G F RUIT TRE E S G RA P E V IN ES E GI

. : , , ,

in May the water all run out at the bottom and Those wh o neglected to trim t h eir grape vines in
, ,

t here has never been any water t o stand an y length N ovember may do s o t h is m onth It is a much , .

o f time in that well Imade up my mind before better practice than to trim them in the sp ri n g
.

Idug the next well it would be 111 A ugust or S e p Many fear t o do so because when so trimmed they
.

, , ,

tember when the springs are at the lowest point occasionally nd dead wood in the spring and im
, .
,

F or barn-yards r unning water is the best if it a gine that it is c onsequent upon the exposure o f
, ,
c an be had naturally o r it may be raised by a the ends of the branches where trimmed This
, .
,
w ater-ram or wind-mills W h er e runnin g w ater however is n ot the f ac t I
. nexperienced h an d s , .
84 N EW ENGLAND F A R ME R . F E B;

s ometimes t rim unripe wood inste ad o f removi ng it yello w tinge o f the surfaces is indica
, , f oete d . This
a n d this o f course dies down during the winter
,
tive o f functional derangement of the liver
, Th e , .

w hich it would do whether trim med or not Trim membranes of the n a s a l p a ss ag e s are congested an d .
,

ming a t this time prevents bleedi ng in the spring sometimes we have a slight di scharge of viscous ,

a n d it also saves that portion of pabulum which matter from the nostrils .

w ould arise in the spring from the roots into the Th e respirations are more o r less laborious an d ,

remove d parts thus giving greater vi or to fall

g , accelerated and the least muscular movement will ,

pruned vines We have tried this exper i ment fully

. augment both arterial an d respiratory actions O n , .

a n d are satise d that gr apes grown on vines pruned applying the ear t o the trachea a sort o f mucous ,

in the fall ripen ea r l ier than on those pruned in

, rale will be heard ; there is generally some soreness
t h e spring . of throat ; enlargement of the thyroid glands ac ,

Th e trimming of frui t t rees should occur a week compani ed by sli g ht cough .

before mid summ er but if neglected at that time

-
,Th e p ulse is almost always irregular and feeble ,

they may be trimmed n o w The exposed ends how the nose ears limbs and tail are cold : the urine
.
, , , ,

e ver should receive a slight coating o f mastic dis

, and faeces are both scanty and foetid .

s olved in alcohol Th e alcohol will pass o ff by . S uch are the prominent symptoms of t his disease ;
e vaporation while the mastic wi ll render the ex
, the y may vary both in duration an d intensity but ,

p o sed portions water proof Th e coating will be s o the symptoms as above described are generally
.

t hin a s not to prevent the closing over o f the bark present durin g its early stage A s the disease pro .

by future growth while the wood will rem ain bright , g re sse s we have a complication of d isease within ,

an d clean instead o f becoming dotted and per mi t

, the abdomen and thorax an d the patient is a ffl icted , ,

in g the bark t o close over a decaye d portion with excruciating torment indicating inammation .
,

Working F a rmer . f the gastrointestinal surfaces and he exhibits the ,

usual symptoms manifested by horses when laboring

F or the N w E g l d F mer
under gastro -enteritis
e n an ar
.

A t this stage the disease if properly t reated

.

, , ,

TH E H OR S E D I STE MPE R may take a favorable turn ; some mild cases how . ,

ever are m arked by an absence of en teri ti c symp

OH re s D I S E S E N O W Pns v m me A MO G H o ss s
A Tyr om N n n ,

I N F L U N Z A IS N A TURE S YMP TOMS A N Tz mmm ons toms in either case the animal m ay be troubled
E T D n .
,

wi th a cough , yet gradually recovers

There is a disease n ow prevailing among horses
.

Th e disease is apt to run on to th e last or putrid

in this S tate whi ch in s table language passes under s t age in animals of inferior vital resistance whose
,
,

i n k-eye dis temper

,
t h e familiar terms hors e-a il
,

p constitutions have been shattered by revious dis

, , , ,

& c &c
. It seems to preva i l most extensively
.

ease and horses also in a state o f p e th ora un

; , ,
a mong what are termed c o a rs e-bred horses such as
,

less they have been under active treatment are in ,

,
are used in the trucking business or any other la
the same predi ca ment ; while the d isease if seen
,

b orious work I n fact a case occurring in a well

.
e arly an d properly treated can be cut short There
,
,

bred horse h a s n ot yet come t o my knowledge I

.
,
n
is on e curi ous circumstance that has been noticed .

,
s ome localities it S preads a f ter the manner o f epi
and that is various forms of disease d iff ering essen
zootic enzootic and sporadic affections ; appearing tial l in their symptoms from the above are apt to
, ,
, ,

y
here and there in certai n localities wi th greater or merge into a typhoid a ffection S o that horses at ,
,

l ess intensity ; someti mes singling out half a doze n

.

the present time showi n g any symptoms of illness , ,

horses out o f a stable of twenty ; at other times ought t o receive early attention
, ,

and perhaps in a contiguous atm ospheric local ity it

.

G E OR G E H D AD D ,
,
runs through a whole st able of the same
.

Veterin a ry S urg eon .

.

A t the present time there are a great number

o f truck horses l aid up with this typhoid aff ection
F the N w E g l d F me or e n an ar r.
a great proportion o f them are doin well and up ,

t o the present there h ave been very e w deaths S o TH E STR I PE D S QUI R R EL . .

t hat there is n o foundation in f a ct f o r the un f avor

MR E D IT OR Inoti ced in the F a rmer o f the
, ,

a ble reports that are n o w circ u lating

.

l 0th a paragraph givin g a description o f the man

.

I have named the disease typhus because it ap n er in whi ch the striped squi rrel digs hi s hole in ,
,

p ears u nder the form o f persistent fever m arked the gro und Your correspondent says that natural ,

by great debil ity and gastro-intestinal symptoms ; ists and ev e ry intel ligent farmer ought to know
,
.

an d t wo a uto s ies that I have been permitted to

, ,
p ,
that he carries away the di rt in his cheeks and
m ake reveale d the usual eviden ces of a t yphoid a f goes on to prove it N ow sir he must be very
,
,

.
,

much mistaken or chi t mucks diff er in N e w Ham p

S YMP T O M S OF TH E D I S E A SE
,

shi re from those in Mas sachusetts in respect t o .

I t generally commences witho ut an y other warn di gging their holes This sq uirrel commences hi s .

in g than a lit tl e weakness and loss o f appetite ; soon hole an d digs in a slanting manner till he reaches ,

t h e animal becomes so weak that on urging h im to a depth belo w the frosts o f w inter ; there he digs a
walk across the sta ble he r eels as in deliri um and basin or room large enough for himself an d a de
, , , ,

i f h urried or handle d roughly he is liable to fall posit for his winter stores then he digs straight
, , .

Th e sclerotic a n d conj unctiva l membranes o f the up to the surface and lls u p the hole where he ,
e ye are reddened yet present a ye llo w tinge rst commenced A s a proo f o f thi s Ihave dug
, . .

Th e eyes and eyelids have a languid a p earanc e them o ut of a new burro w found their store o f , ,

resembling those of a horse laboring u n er in d u corn chestnuts and acorns and followed out their , ,

enza Th e me mbranes of the m o ut h are also red hole to where they rst b egun and there Ifound
.
,
.

d en e d yet have a more m arked tinge o f yello w the ir pile o f d irt

, O ne burrow undisturbed will .

than those of the eye The tongue is generally last for years . J H W HITN E Y . . . .

coated wi th a w hi te or bro wn f ur and the breath is J

, V E Vill a g e N ov 185 5 , . .
,
.
, .
185 6 . N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . 85

F or the N ew E ng la n d F ar mer
. BI
O GR A PHY .

R E PL Y TO

R . E . G .

We present t o-day in another par t of thi s n um
, ,

BY r m: p u
s aur B AR B .
he r a short biographical sketch o f F R E DE R I C
,

I re a d i
y our l n e s , my u n k n o wn f r i end ,
HO W E S E sq of S alem late Presiden t of the E ssex
, .
, ,

b i i
F rom th e e g n n n g t o th e e n d . C ounty A gricultural S ociety Thi s tri b ute t o the .

th a t n o w-

N ot h a l f th e v e r se s d ay s penn d memory of a good and useful man wa s adopted by
s worth
I th e re a d n g i the B oard of Trustees o f the S ocie ty upon m otion
S c a rce c o ul d th e s u bj e c t, e e n ,

b e kenn
d
B ut f o r t h e h e a d i g n . o f o ur attentive correspondent J O HN W PRO C T OR , . ,

B ut , si r, I
ll b ea r y ou wi t n e ss n ow,
E sq of D anvers
.
, .

A ma n ma y i
g u d e t h e p l od d n g p l ow, i S imilar sketches of the li ves o f those wh o have
W i th h a nds i r
l k e h o n , a n d s we a ty row, b cherishe d an d promoted the cause of agriculture
R ug g e d a n d s tron g ,

A nd ye t a ll
gl or ous l y e n d o w i will b e useful in several respects : they will re
H i s d a y w th son g i . call their virtues for us to C opy ; re l ate to us their
,

Th a n ks f or y o ur k i nd i q i ri
n u es I principles of culture and their modes of operation ,

W lli sc r i bb l e so me th i n g i n re p l y , and tend t o in spire us with the same zeal an d ener

A lth ou gh s ma l l t i me , j us t n ow, to try
Th e n e or f un n y ; g y which actuated them We hope therefore that .
, ,

F or I
m b usy a s a y o ur correspondent and others wh o have the means
,
as

O
e r p ot of h on e y . at hand will favor us with con cise sketches of per
,

I
m we l l , th a n k H I
M wh o h a s o ur k e e p i ng, sons wh o have been eminent in promoting the ih
A nd wh o, we
re t o l d , i s n e v e r sl e e p n g i ; t ere st which we beli eve t o be at the root o f our
I
n f a c t, if a ll , i
l ke me we r e re a p n g i na ti onal prosperity
H y ge i a s p l a n s , i .

Th e
f a c ul ty wo u l d a ll b e we e p i ng

I i
PH OSPH A TE S -TH E I
n d o l e f ul s t ra n s .
R U SE u
.

You a sk z P o t a to
d i g gi g l n oon ,

H o w c a ms t th ou b y s o r c a o on , ih b Th e followin g letter from Professor L iebig on the

N a me ly th e MU S E S g ol d e n s p oon val ue o f phosp h ates cannot be too often read by ,

A t wh c h f ol k s s a re i t those wh o would understand the more import ant

H ow c a me we b y th e s un a nd mo on facts connecte d with agric ul ture :

on t k n ow D - th e y
re thewe .

MY D E A R SIR My recent researches into the

Wh at do If e e d u p on I
n c hi e f
c onstituent i n gredients o f our cul tivated elds have
Th e b e s t

of c a bb a ge , p ork a nd b eef
led m e to the conclusion that o f all the elements
P o ta t oe s , a l so to b e bif r e ,
furn i shed to plants by the soil and ministering to
,

J us t c o me a n d se e ,
their nourishment the phosphate of lime or rath er
I i
n d ul g n g e v e r th e b lie ef
,

the phosphate s generally must b e regarded as the

, ,

I
d we l c ome th e e ,

most im ortan t
.

n orcfer to furnish you with a clear ide a o f

.

My d ri n k G ood f ri e n d , d y e e v er
I

se e
the
A T e mp (hi e ra n c e S o -c i -e ty ?
D own i
w th y o u r me , a nd i r
impor tance of the phosphates it may be su f cient ,
na g ve th a t s p ee
t o remind yo u o f the fact that the blood o f man
A fa i r ac q i tt
u al
,

Y
ou re a n s we re d l s o b er me n , l ik e me ,
and animals beside common salt al ways contai ns
, ,

A re n o n -c o mm tta l i .
alkaline and earthy phosphates I f we burn bloo d .

an d examine the ashes which remain we fi nd c e r

mp a th i e s If ,
My sy re e l y S p a re

i tain parts of them soluble in water and others in ,
F or y ou r f a rme r s t o l a n d c a re
a ll

I k n e w f ul l we l l us t wh a t th e y a re , j soluble Th e soluble parts are com mon salt an d

.

E e r y o u ma d e me n t o n i alkali ne phosphates ; the in sol uble consists of phos

phate o f lime p h osphate o f magnesia and oxyd of
.

I
ve d on e h a rd wo r k e n o ugh t o s h a re , ,

A l i b r al p e n s on . i i ron .

These mineral ingredien ts of the blood without

O h ad I li ve d wh e n l a s wa s t bl o wn
the presence of which in the food the formation of
W
a r s t rump , a n d d o wn g a un tl e t h rown
o ur t blood is impossible both man and ani mals derive
,

A t B ta n ri i
s f oo t ha d I b u t k n o wn
eit h er immediately or mediately through other
,

Two we e k s p a ra de ,
,

A s ne a

s e c t on i
I mi gh t o wn
animals from vegetable substances used as food ;
,

A s G od e er
ma d e they had been constituents of vege tables they h ad ,

been parts o f the soil upon which the vegetable

.

i
B ut , w th gh wh h ld
e n ou mpl i ? ,
o s ou co a n s ubstances were developed .

Pi p w i th m f i
e d h f l t i
e, r en ,
a c eer u s ra n , If we compare the amoun t o f phosphates in di f
L g li th F R M E R t m i
on ve h e A , s ou a a n
f e re n t vegetable substances with each other we
W i th p w f v i 5 o l
'
o o ce
discover a great variety wh ile there is scarcely any
,

ty t g i
,
B th L i ut
e e e en a n

Th p p l c h i e eo e s
e a a n

o ce
ashes of plants altogether devoid o f them an d those ,

parts of plants w h ic h experience has taught us are

A tte ti 2 b th
n on f th Pl w ro e rs o e o . the m ost nutritious contain the largest proportion, .

F il f et -Im kr on h g b row ar e ac
so er

To these belong all seeds and grai n especially the ,

H lt ! D
a b f L i g ye b w
re s s e o re n o n o varieties o f broad-corn peas beans and lentils , , .

W i th k l pp i ; n ee s a s a n It is a most curious fact if we incinerate grain or ,

N i ! b t l l tt ti
o , s rs u w a a en on no its our pe a s beans a n d lentils we obtain ashes
, , , ,
S l t y u p ta i
a u eI o r ca n
whi ch are distinguished from the ashes o f all other
G ill , N ov. 26 , 1 85 5 .

par ts of vegetable s by the a bsence of alkali ne c ar

86 N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . F E B.

bone tes The ashes o f these seeds when recently third or perh aps double itself in ve of ten years
.
, , , , , .

repared do n ot e ff ervesce with acids ; their solu We cannot doubt that the same result woul d
ple ingredients consist solely of alkaline phosphates follow if the price of the guano admitted th e a p
,

, ,

th e in soluble parts o f phosphate o f lime phos plication o f a qu antity to the surface of the elds , ,

h ate o f m agnesia and oxyd o f iron ; consequent containing as much of the phosphates as have been
p of the very same salts which are contain withdrawn from them in the same period
,

e d in blood and which are absolutely indispensable I

, f a rich a n d cheap source o f phosphate of lim e
t o its f ormation We are thus brought to the and the alkali ne phosphates were open to E ngland
.
,

f urther indisputable conclusion that no seed s ui t there ca n be no question that the importation o f
,

able to become food f or man and animals can be foreign corn might be altogether dispensed with
f ormed in a n y plant without the presence and c o after a short time F or these materials E ngland .

o eration o f the phosphates A eld in which is at present dependent upon foreign countries an d
pposphate o f lime or the alkaline phosphates form the hi gh price o f guano and of bones prevents their
.
, ,

, ,

n o part o f the soil is totally incapa ble o f producin g general application

, an d in sufcient quantity , .

grain peas or beans

, , . E very year the trade in these substances must de
A n enormous quantity of these substances in crease or their price will rise as the demand f or , ,

di spensable t o the nou ri shment of plants is annu them increases ,

.

a lly withdrawn from the soil and carried into great A ccording to these premises it cannot be dis ,

towns in the shape o f our cattle et cetera I

, t is put e d that the annual expense of G re at B ritain for
, , .

certain that this incessant removal o f the phos the importation of bones a n d guano is e quival en t t o
h a t e s must tend to exhaust the land and diminish a duty o n corn wi th the di ff erence only that t h e
p ,

it s capability o f producin g gra in Th e elds of amount is paid to foreigners in money

. .

G reat B ritain are in a state o f progressive e xh aus To restore the di stributed equi librium of con sti
ti on from this cause as is proved by the rapid ex tu tion o f the so il to fertili ze her el ds E ngl and
,

tension of the cul tivation o f turn i ps and mangel requ ire s an enormous supply o f animal excrements ;
wurzel plants which contain th e least amo unt of and it must therefore excite considerable interest , ,

th e phosphates and therefore require the smallest to lear n that sh e possesses beneath her sorl bed s
, , ,

q uantity for their development Th e roots contain o f fossil guano strata o f animal excrements in a
. , ,

80 to 9 2 per cent o f water Their great bulk state which will probably allow their being employ
. .

m akes the amount of produce fallacious as re ed as a manure at a very small expense ,

.

s e c t s their adaptation t o the food of animals inas

p Th e copro lithes discovered by D r B ucklan d , , .

much as their contents o f the in gre dients of the (a discovery of the highest interest t o G eology ) ,

blood that is substances which can be transformed are these excrements : and it seems extremely
,

into e sh stands in a direct ratio to their amount probable that in these strata E ngland possesses the
o f phosphates without which neither blood n or means of supplying the place o f recent bones and
,
.
,

esh c an be formed . therefore the principal conditions o f improving ag ,

O ur elds will become more and more decient ric ul tur e of restoring and exalting the fertility of
in t hese essential ingredients o f food in all locali her elds ,
.

t ies where custom and habi ts do n o t admit the col In the autumn of 1842 D r B uckland pointed , .

lection of the uid and soli d excrements of man out to me a bed of coprolithes in the neighborhood ,

an d their application to the purposes of agriculture of C li fton from half to o n e foot thick enclosed in . , ,

I n a former letter I sho wed you how great a waste a limestone formation e x ten di ng as a brown stripe ,

of phosphate s is unavoidable in E ngland and re in the rocks for miles along the bank s of t h e S e v
, ,

f erred to the well known fact that the importation ern Th e limestone marl of L yme R egi s consists
,
.
, , ,

o f bones restored in a most admirable m anner the for the most part of on e -fourth part fossil ex ore ,

fertility o f the elds exhauste d from this cause ments and bones Th e same are abundant in the . .

I n the year 182 7 the importation o f bones for ma lias of B ath E astern and B roadway Hill
,
near , ,

nure amoun ted to forty t h ousand tons and H uskis E versh am D r B uckland mentions beds several,
. .
,

son estimated their value to be from o n e hundred mil es in extent the substa nce o f which consists in , , ,

thousand to two hundred thousand pounds sterling many places o f a fourth part of coprolithes . , .

Th e importation is still greater at present b u t it is Pieces of the l imestone rock of C l if ton near
, ,

far from bein g su f cient to supply the waste B ristol which is rich in coprolithes and organi c . ,

A nother proof of the e f cacy of the phosphates remains fragments o f bones teeth &c were sub , , , .
,
.

in restorin g fertility to exhausted land is aff orded j e ct e d to analysis and were found to cont ain above ,

by the use of the guano a man ure whi ch a l eighteen per cent of phosphate of l ime I f thi s ,
. .

though of recent introduction into E ngl and h as lime stone is burned and brought in that state to , ,

f ound such general and extensive app l ication the elds it must be a perfect substitute f or bones , , ,

We believe that the importatio n of on e hun dred the e fcacy of which as a manure does n ot d epend , , ,

w eight o f guano is equivalent to the importation of a s h as been generally but erroneously supposed ,

eight hundred weight of wheat the h undre d upon the nitrogeni zed matter wh i ch th ey contain
,

weight of guano assumes in a time which c an be but on the ir phosphate of l i me

,
.

accurately estimated the form of a q uan ti ty of food Th e Osseous breccia foun d In many parts o f E n g
,

correspon di ng to eight h undred weight o f wheat land deserves especial attention a s it is highly , ,

Th e same estima t e is appli cable in the valuation o f probable that in a short tun e I t W i ll become an un
.

bones . portant article in commerce .

I f it were possible to res t ore to the soil of E n g What a cur ious and interesting subject for con
land and S cotland the phosphates which dur ing the temp lation ! I n the remai ns o f an extinct an i mal

last fty years have been carried to the s e a by the world E ngland is to nd the means of in c l e a smg ,

Thames and the C lyde it would be equivalent to her wealth in agricultural produce as sh e has a l
, ,
.

manuring with millions of hundred weights of bones ready found the great support of h er man u f ac turmg ,

an d the produce of the land woul d increase on e in dustry in fossil fuel t h e preserved matter of
185 6 . N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . 87

rime va l f orests the remains o f a etable world careful t o secure f or their C hildren a f armers
K
ve .
a re

I
a
y this expectation be realized ! an may her ex good schooling they t oo often requ i re th e books

,

c e l l e n t population b e thus redeemed from poverty to be close d when the school closes and allow them ,

an d misery . to be opened again only when th e school opens ,

wi th the belie f that an education once acqu i re d is

F the N ew E g l d F rmer something that cannot be lost ; somethi ng of which
or n an a .

no reverses n o inattention n o lapse o f tim e can

R EA DI N G : A PR E V E N TI
, , ,
V E OF deprive themselves or their children .

D OTA GE Ibelieve that cases of extreme imbecilit y or se c

.

d -ch ildhood are less frequent n ow in this cou n

ME SS RS E D IT OR AN D P RO P RI E T OR , Th e annual
.
on _ ,

co nsultation is over and our folk s conclude that we trlf Phan they were ? hundred Yea rs 3 80 A n d tin s
,
:

must allow ourselves the luxury of reading the F a r Opl mon 13 based ma}n 1YW W hat Old People W Ith :

me r an other year Ihave sometimes thought it W ho m Iwas f a ml har 1 my b O Yh OO d t ohl me Of

, ,

. ,

would be interesting to trace back to the pockets of those W ho were aged when these o ld fn en ds 0 f ,
a e n O d 0 f ust a bo ut n e klm
your patrons the dollars which at this season o f

h ome w e r e Y oung P J ,

subscri bing are ocki n g into the treasury of the F a r dre d years ago A mong many S l ml lar Instances
,

, ,

mer and by some sort o f clair voyant faculty to review my grandfather used t o rf l at e the c a s e Of an Ol d
,

the various processes of reasoning by which close man W h o had forgotten hi s Own C hi ldren and W h o
.

calculating farmers satisfy themselves t hus to part on the f etul n 0 f on e Who had b ee n long absent

w ith their money B ut as Iam neither a clairvoyant Ie SO hl t elY d omed t h a t he ever had w ell a son !
.
'

no r a

medium as neither the spirits o f the dead A t tho Present tune W hen ne wspapers are 13
,

:

n or o f the living will respond fro m their misty su e d ( ol ly and even several tun es a d ad ; W he n
l ,

deeps to any invocation of mine Imus t be content magaz me s and h OOh S a} ? made by S team 3 an d the ,
wi th the far less poetical task of divulging on e of n ews 0 f th o d o): oar od all over th e country by
the considerations which in my case did much t o h ashes 0 f hg h tn mg 1t 13 n o easy th mg to get o ur ,
:

kick the beam against the subscription price of sol ves h aCk among the realities 0 f even one hun

t h e F a rmer ,
dred years ag o A t that tl me n o paper was pub .

It is a common remark that th e scenery o f th e li sh e d in N e w E ngland o u t o f B oston Mr Thom . .

h in 17 5 4 four newspapers onl y er e

w

Hill of L ife over which all of us are wen ding

l a t
, f , ,

o u r devious ways is e v e r changing To those who pr i nted 111 N e w E ngland ; these were all pu bh sh e d
, .

have j ust commenced its ascent every step towards I n B oston an d usually on a S mall S heet ; the y , : : : ,

its glowing summit discloses a wider an d more gl o w or n Pn hh Sh e d weekly, an d the avera ge number 0f
rio n s prospect ; while t o those wh o are on t h e 00 p1es d i d n ot e xc e ed si x h un dre d f rom each press .

h i s weekly c i rcul at i on f about wenty -four hun

.

downward slope th e prospect gradually narrows T ,

o t
an d mingles wi th the shades o f approaching dred Papers} I n all N ew E n gland was mostly 00 11 , :

ned and ro ess i onal men m th e

ni ght I n d myself in t h e l atte r class 1 am
,
t o h t e r ar
y p f _

growi n g o ld A n d it is natural there fore that Iwords 0 f on e Of th en: ed i tors to

.
, ,
:

should be inuenced by considerations di ff eren t C hants an d 0 th er8 h IS usual C ustomers F arm : .

from those which move the young and that we el s then dl d n ot r ea d Papers f or th or n were none
,

y : ,
,

sh ould even perform the same ac t from di fferent f or them to rea d ; and b0 0 k3 exc eptl n g the Bl blo 2 ,

motives V ari ous and cogent are the reasons that Psalt el an d A lmanac were n o more common
.

a re especially urged upon the young f or a ricul tu A bo o t this time h owev f n newspapers began to '

g : :

ral reading and study A re there n o t those as p e multIPI O OkS were rmt e d
Pamphlets were 011
,

Y b . P : :
"

the d i scussion o f colonial rights

,

cul iarl y applicable t o the aged ? c u la t e d an d

Ithin k it was Mrs C hild who sai d of female W h iPh Preceded th o R evo m
,

on 83 V t o the People :
;
education on e great obj ect should be t o teach them an Interest in Poutl caIevents and PrmCl ple s wh ioh
.
,

, :

to grow old gracefully Would n ot a similar truth th a t long S truggle and th e S ubsequent e stat h
. ,

in respect t o the education of the other sex be ment an d O p eratl on of an 1n d3Pen den t government :

expressed by saying they should be taught to grow have n 0 t only kept ali ve bU t greatly deepened
,

ol d use fully ? Those who are students all their With this vi ew of the subject after all that may ,

l ives generally enj oy a green o ld age in te ll e c tu be said against political papers and political excite

ally while those wh o neglect the cultivation of their ments after all the shame -f ace d ness we may have
,

minds or who suspend it in middle life often e n d to put on f or the extravaganc e: into which we an d
, ,

their days in a state o f dotage that exhibits hu our friends are sometimes led ; after all the ani~
m a ity in its most deplorable aspect B enj amin mosit e s that a campaign engenders are dul y la
n i
.

F ranklin John Qui ncy A dams an d many others men te d we may still believe that they produce at
, , ,

w hose names will recur to every reader were hard leas t on e very important benecial result They , .

students all their lives and their intellectu al f a cul exercise invigorate and strengthen the powers of
, ,

ties were undimmed by age although they lived the mind ; a good that may s a fely be weighed ,

f ar beyond the usual limit o f human life L ike the against many evils that alarm some o f our q ui e t .

sinews o f the body the energies of the mind are l o vi n g citizens , .

strengthened and enlarged by exercise an d are N o w if such has been the e e ct o f papers whose
'

, ,

dwarfed an d shrivelled by disuse F armers culti conductors have t oo often looked to o thee -holders .
,

vate the on e and neglect the other They work o r o ffi ce-seekers f or support or who have some
, .
,

t o o much and study too little , R emove d from times regarded an d used their j ournals a s s tepping
.

those excitements of thought and di scussion which stones f or their o wn poli tical elevation m ay we not ,

are a ord e d by the denser population o f the village reasonably indulge much larger hopes and more
o r city farmers have probably ever been more sub
, sanguine anticipations of the be n ets which are t o ,

ject to mental decline in o ld age than any other accrue from the rapidly increasing demand and sup
class A n erroneous idea respecting e ducation has ply of agricultural papers ? I
. f po litical question s
probably done much t o aggravate the evil Whi le have done thus much to keep the mind from th e .
88 N E W E N G L AN D F A R ME R . F EB .

t o rpor ofage may we n ot believe t h at the per

ol d BR E A KI
NG C OL T S To BI
T AN D E AR
'

, .

s everi n g study o f agriculture involving as it does ,

N E SS
the most noble and elevating subj ects of investiga
.

tion an d thought which the broad elds o f science Much may done with youn g horses in th e way

aff ord an d being withal so congenial t o the tastes of cultixatin g their good m anners and forwar ding ,
,

an d habits of the aged will do still more to pro

their G d l cation or breaking as it is termed b e
,
,

mote the vigor of t h eir minds an d to counteract fore the a d o f the colt-breaker is required F oal s
,
.

t heir natural inclination to repose an d inaction ?

should be accustomed to familiarities fondlin g and , ,

With such belief I rene w my subscription to the kind us: g e from their birth ; and if that ki nd ,

F a rmer an d hope that it may continue to di rect

treatmen t be continued a s they grow u p they will ,
,

th e you n g t o encourage the middle -a ged a n d t o

occasion very little trouble when the time arrives
,
,

send the in vigorating blood of n ew thought through for them t o be broken B efore that operation is .

co mme n ed it is desirable that a bit should be v

the minds o f the aged 8 F
,

placed in the young animal s mouth A n y plai n

. . .

Win chester D ec 2 5 185 5 , ,

.

snafe of su f cient substance will answer the pur

. .

pose There should n o t be any reins attached t o .

it ; it sh t ul d be merely suspended by the head

E SOPUS SPI TZ E N BE R G A PPL E piece Th e colt will thus learn to play .
.

with the bit which will tend very In a ,

t e ria ll y t o the estab l ishment of a goo d

m outh care being observed that th e ,

bit is suspended evenly by th e proper

length o f th e head-piece This may be .

adj usted by an y quiet good-tempered ,

person to whose care t h e young crea ,

ture is entrusted and may be left on ,

R ather l arge ; roun d is h ovate ; yellow from one to two hours daily A loose .

mostly covered Wi th rich dark red ; stem box hovel or small yard are the most ,
, , ,

medial slender in a wide cavity ; calyx suitable places for the pu r pose
,
.

I
, ,

small in a shallow basin ; esh yellow t is a very bad custom though a ,

m
,
very prevalent one when a young horse ,
f ir cr i sp Juicy of a,rich sprightly avor ,
is ,
r st bitte d to make us e o f reins
.
,

W nter A good grower and g oo d bearer

i .
, ,

I which are drawn tight ,

A colt -breaker
.

t our ishes well in n ew lands in Maine .

( excepting a d efect in the trunk ) and in when employed should therefore be ,

,

N e w York it ranks as their best winter a cautione d a gainst it for it will cause ,
,
p t h e pupil to contract a habit of leaning
ple B ut on o l d lands in this region the
.

on the bit and probably create a one

,

growth i s poor and the fr ui t inf erior ,

,

sided m outh B y such treatment ma

.

.
,

n y colts will ta k e a p osition in on e c o r

ner of the box or hovel and there stand ,

and su lk whereas if the bit be used a s

I have recom mended they will champ ,

and play with it freely thereby produc ,

ing t h e sensibility of mouth which is es

When well grown it is rather superior to the sen tial to future perfection
, .

B ald wi n in qual i ty but inf erior in g rowth fai rness , B re aking t o harness may be c onsidered necessary , ,

d bear i ng O rigin E sopus N Y C ol e s F r ui t with such horses as are adopted for carriages 3 an d
.

s
lp
.
, , . .

00 k.
their services after they are three years old may be
advanta ge ously called in requisition on the farm
FI
.

S H G UA N O Their rst introduction should never be to a noisy

.
,

We have received a sample of F ish G ua n o man heavy cart Th e plan which I have adopted with ,
. ,

uf a c t ure d by the N arragansett Manufacturing C o m

invariable success has been to put the harness on
,

so that the animal may become quite familiar to it

p any I
. f ta s te and s mell afford any evidence of its in the s table after whi ch I have a cord attached t o
,
virtues a s a fertilizer we t hi nk thi s article must each trace , Th e horse is then led out by an assis , .

have a powerful in uence on any crop Th e I ndi tant and another man with the cords in h is hands . , , ,

an s used a dead herring for each hill of corn and

offers a slight resistance as the animal moves for ,
,

obta ined ne crops ; so people now li vi ng n ear the ward by t his initiation the a larm frequently occa
sion e d by the pressure o f the collar against the
s e a-shore and h a n n
g access to sh increase the shoulders is avoided as the m an who h olds the
'

, ,
,

fertili ty o f their soil thereby wonderfully I f this cords can instantly rela x them if necessary A fter . .

article is m ade up m ainly of sh it will prove v al two or three lessons of this kind neither trouble
, , , ,

n or dan ger need be apprehende d in putting the an

nable a s the bones in the minute state in whi ch we
, ,

nd them are exceedingly use ful especially on ment f imal to any employment calculate d for the advance
his education in the art o f drawin g
, ,
o .

o ur ol d soils S B HA L L I DA Y P rovi dence R

. . .
L o n d o n F a rmers Ma g a z in e , , .
.

is the A gent of the company .

W Th e annu al v al u e of p ou l tr y i n t h e U nited
W R ol l in H S anford s fi ne h ouse in B rook l yn S tates is estimated at twent y mi l l ions of dol l ars
.

, .

fur n iture pictures & c were nearl y destroyed by Th e city of N e w Yor k e x p ends year l y a m i l l ion
, , .
,

re on S aturday mornin g and a h al f of dol lars in t h e p urch as e of eggs a l one

. .
1 85 6 . N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . 89

always to nd ust the right men S till if the right

F or the N ew E n g la n d F ar mer .
.
,

W HA T A F A R ME R S E D U CA TI

ON men have tted themselves for any position in li fe ,

which circumstances and time m ay bring about

SH OUL D BE
,

then o f course th e right me n can be found so .

, , ,

MR E D ITO R t VVh at kind o f education do f ar that nothing will be lost by farmers in obtaining
.

mers require diff erent from other classes may be all useful information on all other subj ects which
, ,

asked by those engaged in other em ployments may present themselves for investigation . .

N o w it m ay be a di fcult matter to determine just N o w it is well known that the farmer t h e me , ,

what kind o f education farmers should possess in ch an ic the manufacturer the professional man the , , , ,

order to quali fy th em f or their vocation and position scientic man an d the sc h olar each o f th ese have , ,

in life S till some ideas on this subject may not their particular ideas in whic h t h ey view matter a n d
.
,

be out of place ; if farmers can be induced to think things N amely the practical men and the theo .
,

o u the subj ect it will have at least a good look to

,
re t ica l ; some perhaps the maj ority wi ll incline , ,

wards improvement on this point A n y education largely to the practical view o f t hings while others .
,

that a farmer can pick up of course will be better will incline more to the th eoretical side ; n ow
, , ,

than none or at least a very scanty o n e - a fact which is right and which wro n g ? Th e farmer says
, , , ,

which many farmers as well as other men are t oo the great and leading points o f a farmer s li fe are
, ,

apt to content themselves with I n fact a farmer t h e prac tical and it is true B ut then I claim that
.
, , .

should consider that hi s education is never nished this is j ust as true in regard to t h e prof essional
until he lays his body down in the grave and this man scre n tic m an and scholar Why n ot , , .

fact will hold good when a p plied to all classes of S till while Ilay the principal clai m to the p ractical ,

people N o w we have a great d eal in the world at in all things at the same time the theoretical is
.
,

present among all classes which passes for educa worthy o f attention an d study I
, , n fa ct theory .
,

tion but in reality it is j ust no education at all many times precedes practice n o t by speculation
,
.
,

That is to sa y it is n o t that kind of educ a tion which so m uch as in Opening the way for practice which
, , ,

serves to lead a m an to become an honorable u p comes alon g eith er to re f ute or sustain as the case , ,

right and useful citiz en A man may have a great may prove to be N ow to m y mind where the
. .
, ,

deal of w h at the world calls knowle d ge yet in re ory and practice c an b e made t o harmon ize an d ,

a lity h e n ot educated after all in a strict sense work together each in its o wn way without clash
, , .
, ,

E ducation proper means as Iunderstand it the ing with each other that system of education will
, , , ,

tting training and preparing one s self f or all the be the most perfect and useful in all thin g s
, .

duties which men have to do with in this life N o w I n these days the question is often put what kind .
,

a f armer s education should be o f that character o f studies should the youn g farmer pu rsue or the ,

which partakes largely o f the practical in all things scholar in school study in order t o mak e the young ,

that he h as to do with He should s ee the n ece s man a n educated on e in a fter l ife ? To this ques
.

sity of tting himself for his own position in life tion almost as many answers might be given as , ,

an d he should a d apt h is means to that end ; he

yo u have men t o dea l with ; some would s ay per ,

sh ould feel also that he has a peculiar work to per haps the maj ority that in order to make the far
, , ,

form ; h e should fee l in reality that no on e else mer a thorough scholar he must go through a re g
, , ,

ca n d o that work but himself which is t rue in every ular course o f scientic studies d ead lan guages an d
, ,

sense o f the word B ut then a farmer s education all in order to come o ut right in the end O thers
.
, , .

in the main should be directed with a particular will sa y they wish their sons to have a thorough
, ,

reference to his business on the farm ; because it is practical an d scientic education such a o n e as will , ,

from that source that he derives his living and it is have a direct bearing o n their practical business , ,

there that his forte lies and if h e does not succeed an d in all other relations in life ; still the dead lan
, ,

in making a point there he will hardly do so in guages they want no ti me spent with as in rea lity
, ,

anyt h ing else N ow while I cannot lay down they consider them of n o consequence whatever
.
, .

an y rule to guide or govern all in t h is matter yet N o w what I contend for is an education ; I do n o t , ,

I may be able to thro w out some ideas which if care so much h ow they get it as that they shall , , ,

improved upon will result in benet to all c on have it at some rate S till if parents feel disposed
, .
,

cerned I have become satised t oo from per to put their sons through college dead languages
.
, , ,

sonal observation that a farmer s education if it is and all then do so ; they c an make good farmers
, , ,

ever obtained at all must be got upon the farm after they get through that is to say if you c an get
, . ,

O f course there will be exceptions t o this rule them there a question which will re main to be
, , ,

bu t a home education is what the mass o f farmers tried .

must depend on or a system of self-instruction , N ow while I f reely admit that this course ca n .
,

A n d in reali ty this is the place f or it s o far at make th oroug h going scholars a n d scientic far
, ,

least as all prac tical i n struction relates to it wh e th mers yet I claim o n the other hand that as th or , , ,

e r it be on the f arm o r sel f-improvement as relates ou hly scientic farmers a n d as good scholars can
g
,

to a general e ducation I n fact I believe that the be made without any aid from the dead languages
.
, ,

farm is a better place t o g e t a practical education o r heathen mythology as with it A n d why n o t we , , . ,

such an education as will both be useful and pro t ask ? What great difference does it make just ,

able than any other position in which a man can be what path you take t o ain a certain point pro vid
, ,

placed Imight g o on to say how a farmer should ed both paths come to t e s ame thing nally ? Th e
.

t himself to full all the duties which devolve question is not put as to how much G reek and L at~
upon h im as a citiz en how he sh ould educate him in you are able to read and master or whether yo u
, ,

self so as to meet all the exigencies which men have can read any at all ; but the greater questio n is ,

to encounter B ut it may not be practicable or have yo u got a go od practical an d scientic educa

.
,

even necessar y n o w to do this as when men are tion su ch a on e a s will lead you to become a good
, , ,
'

wanted to ll any particular position in life they f ar mer and an honorable use ful and upright citi z en , , , .

can generally be found though i t may be di f cult I f s o the- n a ll right ; you c an pass along N o w it .
, ,
 90 N EW ENGL AN D FAR M E R . F EB .

m ay be that where men are preparing themselves I ts shape is oblong an d it looks l ke a club foot
i ,
.

f or any particular eld o f action t h at it will be nec I t is a passably ood apple for eat i ng or cook i n g
g
.
,

essary for them to follow such pursuits and studies Th e tree on W t h i t grows stands i n a pasture
. .

a s will t them for such calling B ut however where it is sa i d to have come u p from a drop ped
.

many recommendations may be laid down for far seed an d never blossoms the fru i t rarely hayi ng ,

mers and especially young ones to get an educa any seed ! S ome o f the spe mme n s have h ttle green
, ,

tion yet it is known that but very few out o f the coated protuberances around the calyx but they
, ,

mass can avail themselves of a n y such plan as Icontain n o seed Th e apple IS not enti rely core
.

might and should be glad to lay down for their ben less having the u sual appearance of an apple core ,

e t . S o for that reason I want to give o ut some in the esh but wholly without seeds
, ,
Th e follow , .

ideas that will be applicable to them at home by ing is a description of the fruit as accurately as we
their own re sid e s an d on their o wn farms , If I can give it : .

were to o ffer some far-fetched and dear-bought and S ize above medium but not l a rge measur i ng ten
0

,
-
o ut-oi-the way scheme such a plan a s n o t one in and a half inc h es in C ircumference over the stem
-
,

ten or twenty could practice if they were ever so an d calyx ends an d eight and a half around th e
, ,

disposed to then the obj ect I have in View could middle of the apple ; color greenish speckled W i th
, ,

not be attained . russet with a large deep red blush spotted like a , ,

Hence a pl an that will sui t all classes to follow B aldwin on on e side S tem an inch lon g serrated , .
, ,

after is the on e in general t o be adopted

, O f and set i n a deep cavity O ne S i de of the apple . .

course it is plain to begin with that the masses of resembles a B aldwin an d most of the other s i de a
, , ,

young men preparing themselves to cultivate the greenish russet Th e esh i s yellow i sh and ay or .
,

so il cannot obtain what is called a classical or sci ed lik e the B aldwin and R hode I sland green ing ,

e n tic education for reasons that every body knows becom i ng tender and pleasant to the taste Th e .

well Then if this be the case what is the use or calyx is almost without a basin be i ng the mere
.
, ,

propriety of recommending such an education for gathering in of the skin h av in g h ttle g reen pro ,

the great body o f cultivators when they cannot tube ran c es around it looking l ike seed vessels ,
.

adopt it or anything near it How much more h u Th e sh ape o f the fruit is very i rregular though
.
,

mane it will appear when a feasible plan is o ffered constantly adherin g to its form I
, t bulges o ut ,
.

which every one c an adopt for then you reach that around the t0 p and is smaller belo w the middle
, ,
.

class that stand most in need of instruction B un ker H i ll u rora . .

Those wh o a re capable of instructing and teach

/

in g in this business should always remember that ,

the pupils are the masses as a general thing who TH E D Y KE S 0F H O LL A N D

, ,
.

need instruction and will not come to the teacher Th e dykes at rst sight strike the beholder as , ,
for it because there is a natural difd en ce in them no extraordinary work ; and it is n o t until we nd
,

that keeps them back Hence the teacher or in that a considerable part of the country of Holland
.

s truc tor must take his teachings and carry them to

lies some twenty-four feet beneath the level of the
the people ; or in other words he must give o ut h is sea at hi g htide a n d that it has merely a fence of
,
,
instructions in such a plain practical way that the mud banks to fortify the land against the terrors o f
, , -

people can appreciate and adopt them for practical invasion from the host of waters about it that the ,
use Th e few W h o h aV e means c an Of course mind becomes awa kened to the vastness and im
.
, ,

g e t an education an y W e ) I t is 110 1? those that I portance of the structures N or is it in summer .

sPe ak e f h h t it is the h e dy 0 f workin g

'
P eople W ho time when the surrounding rivers are half dried up , ,
W ah t the be et Practical me th e d S hown to them for and the ocean without is placid an d beautiful as
instruction on e that Wi ll meet the m a t their own some vast lake that we are able to arrive at a sense
,
,
homes an d re Side S B ut th en the W e l h ih g f e r of the protection a fforded by the belt of sea-walls to

mers should remember that after all the teachings th e people within them ; but only during the t em
,

an d ih S truetie h s they ma
y rece iV e a n d Other a d pests of winter when the terrible waves are tower "
:
,
advanta ges f o r g et tih g a n education it W ill depend in t o the sk like liquid mounta ins and the tide

g y :
, ,
uPe h their O wn efforts a t S e h ih s tl ue t h
i

W h e th has risen many feet above its usual height owing t o

'
'

,
er they mak e Progress 9 1 n e t in the h h d el t akih the immense body of water from the A tlantic hav
'
o o

Th e t the great h e dy 0 f working farmers W ill he ing been driven by the gales across the G erman
ever educated according t o the general sense 0 h ocean towards the narrow straits of D over an d
,

that word I do not expect nor do I consider it o f

,

,
there being dammed up as it were so that the vast
,

gr e a t e e h seq h eh ee W hether they a re 0 1 h e t What ood is forced back upon the D utch coast an d
,

Iwant to se e is the farmers m a king the best use of leans a n its stupendous weight against the ri dge of ,

means within the ir reach to obtain a good thorough dykes around th e N ether-country I t is at S uch
going e ducatio d I
.

f they do this it is all that can times indeed that we learn how much property
.

, ,
be e x pected reasonably by any one F ar m schools an d h ow many l ives depend upon the strength of .
'

and colleges are being instituted for this purpose these same ocean bulwarks I -
t is fe e l f un) inter , .
;

where young farmers can get a g ood practical an d esting then t o walk a t the foot of on e of the great
scientic education ; o f co urse all who can should dykes an d t o hear th e heavy waves beating lik e so
,

avail themselves 0f sueh ih St ruetie m many batter-rams again st the outer side of the mud
,

L D URAN D wall and to know by the noise that the ocean is . .

already some twenty feet above the head Th e .

S IN G UL A R APP L E A n apple was brought into dykes are sometimes forty feet h i gh and th e n ,
th e B oston market for t h e rst time the present foundation which is generally of clay i s from 12 0 ,
,

season from N ew Hampshire where it has received to 15 0 feet in width Th e dyke itself is compose d
, , .

the name o f
N o-bl ow ! It is a most remarka ble of clay if n o t entir ely at least on the outside ; and

,

apple in its appearance as well as in its character the interior is lled with a mixture o f earth clay
,
\

, ,

I
.

t is about as near square as roun d f or it is neither an d sand Th e face of the dyke is thatched as i t
, . . ,
185 6 . NE W ENGLAN D F A R ME R . 91

were with willow twigs interlaced into a kin d of

, ,
F or the N ew E ng l a n d F ar mer .

wicker work the interstices of which are lle d wi th

.

-
,

puddled clay Th e wicker-work lasts but a f e w OPE N P O L A R SE A

TH E .

I S TH E E A R TH H O L L O W ?
.

years ; so that as it requires to b e repe atedly re

newed a number of willows have to b e grown in
,
Holland for the purpose Th e base of the dyke IS
generally protected by masonry and strengthened
b y large h eaps of stones and rows o f piles ; wh i le
the summit is mostly planted with trees because
I t appears that late discoveries in t h e A rctic re
.
gi ons have resulted in establishing the fact that it
,
is much warmer towards the N orth P ole than about
the latitude where S ir John F rankli n and hi s cre w
,
perished or where former navigators had reached ;
,

their roots are found to bind the soil rmly t oge th an d that there is an op en P ol a r S ea s ome 3 000 ,

er
. M
ayhew s R hi n e .
miles across V arious speculations are aoat to ac
.
e

count for it Th e Un ited S ta tes G a z ette says

.
.

CA R R OTS F OR SW I

O ne write r attributes it to the subterranean
NE .

passage of tropical waters from equatorial s eas t o

A ccor d ing to A RTH U R YO UN G , carrots pars an d the polar r egions A nother nds the cause in some
.

nips are better food for swi ne while fattening than , , supposed great agitation o f the winds ab out the
potatoes and some persons do not hesitate to assert
,
p oles o f the earth consequent upon the m otions o f
,

that parsni ps are superior to either for fee di ng them th e latter A third calls attention t o the well
.

known fact that the earth is an oblate sph e rio d an d

.

,
A writer in o n e o f the E nglish agric ul tural j ournals
that th e attenin g of the poles brings the latter
asserts that they fatte n al l their pork in the island nearer t o the internal res believe d to exist at the ,

of J e rse y on this root They contain: a large

. centre o f the globe than any portion o f th e surface .

amount of saccharine m atter and in thi s important ,
A fourth revives S ymme s s famous theory that t he
particular are superior t o carrots ; and it is well earth is hollow and Open at the poles and ad d s ,

that th is Openin g must have been caused by th e

known that no vegetable fattens swi ne m ore rapid
,

rupture of the earth s crust by the internal r es the ,

ly than sugar cane P erhaps in thi s respect the .
h eat of which emitted from the opening ke eps the
, ,

F rench su g ar beet is superior to the pars nip a s it , Polar S e a free of ice and milder in te mperature , .

exceeds it in the amount o f the sugar-maki ng prin Th e same writer undertakes to prove S ymmes s
c ip l e ; but whether on the whole it w ould be a s
theory from the book of J ob I f t h e P olar S e a is .

, ,
not accounted f or it will n ot be f or lack of th ee , ;
salutary when used as a constant diet is a matter
, ,
rising .

admitting we think of some doubt Th e quantity

, , .
N o w I d o n o t know b ut tha t the theor y t ha t th e
of these roots whi ch under favorable cir c umstances
, , , earth is hollow is as l ik ely to prove correc t a s any
may be grown on an acre is muc h greater than has , other o f the above theories Th e theory that .

generally been suppose d O f c arro ts we believe as .

,
the warm water at the N orth P ole is caused by a
many as sixteen hundred bus hels per acre have

subterranean passage of tropical waters from equa
t orial seas to the polar regions does n o t look very

been realized in thi s S tate but such a yi eld is only ,

plausible for what agent in nature is in operation
,

t o be expected o f course where the groun d is in a

, , to cause such a ow o f equatorial waters ? I f suc h
very hi g h degree of cultivatio n a n d where great , a ow of water from th e S outh sui cien t t o heat ,

care an d attention are bestowe d on the crop B ut .

the northern P olar S ea is constantly m oving on , ,

supposing on e-half of this large amoun t can b e pro what becomes of it when it ge ts to this o p e n Polar
S e a ? Would it not in that case ow back to the ,
d uc e d an d allowing the ro o ts t o possess a value
,
,
N orth o n the upper surfa c e o f the s e a ? B ut there
equal to potatoes for fee d ing swine and other do is evidence that it does n o t as the fac t of the mov~ ,

me stic animals we shall perceive that the balance ,

ing of the G ulf S tr eam from south t o north on the ,

will be considerably in favor of the former Th e .
sea s surface shows the fallacy of that theory
, .

A s to the agitati o n o f wind ab out the P ol e, to

labor of tending an acre of carrots or parsni ps is .

, ,
keep the sea Open it is n ot at all p robable I sho uld
,
it is true co nsiderably greater than that involved in
.

,
suppose if an y part o f the earth endured a dea d
t h ecultivation o f the same extent cultivated in o calm it would be the region about the pole as the
p , ,

t atoe s ; yet thi s is not a ll loss . diurnal moti o n o f the earth near the pole; is so
A ll t ap-rooted crops like the parsni p carro t and , , ,
small that it cannot be subj e c ted to such uctua tion ,

nor by heat an d cold caused by the actio n o f th e

beet e ffect a certain amelioration in the lands upon
,
sun on th e temperate or torrid zones Th e thir d
,

which they grow by pulverizing and di sintegratin g , argument advanced is that the earth is attened ,

its particles and rendering it m ore light and pervi

, towards the poles and therefore n earen uh e internal
,

ous Th e process o f preparing the soil for the re

. heat of the earth B ut this idea is wh ol ly f a ll a ~
.

cept ion of the se ed an d the method generally pur ,

ci ons. I s n o t th e whole A rctic region nearer the

sued in cul tivatin g and removing the crop contrib centre o f the earth than that o f th e temperate or
,
equatorial region ? Yes every o n e wi ll a ckn owl
I
,
u t e also very materially t o this result n some .
edge that wh o believes that the e arth is a n oblat
,
e

parts of E urope this amelioration is regarded of so s h erio d att en e d at the poles an d t h at the su r~
p , .

much importance that the cul tivation of root crops , ,

face of the equatorial reg ion is much farther from
once in a certai n number of years is entered as a ,
the earth s centre I

t remains therefore for the
.
, ,

condition in all leases and its fullmen t rigidly ex theory that the earth is holl ow somewhat like an ,
,
egg shell open at both ends that is at the rol e s ,
acted and enforced That it is not too highly esti .
of th e earth C an there n o t be as great or g reater
.

mated is demonstrated by its highly benecial e f

, argument advanced that the earth is hollow as ,

feets w hich are t oo obvious t o be misunderstood

, .
there can be that it is on e s o lid mass to its centre
92 NE W EN G LAN D F AR M E R . F EB .

I t h ink so F irst ; is it n o t.conc eded that nothing diction of Mr Paine N o doubt b ut that the inde . .

is made in vain that no t hi n g super u ous is crea l a tl g abl ? energy O f o u r Peo ple W ill have 2 S team
'

te d wh e n the less wo uld be su f cient ? N ow i f i t b oa t S mt abl e crew s al lm

g upon t h l s Open

:

woul d not conict wi t h the eternal law of gravita W l t h m a few year a Id i f ther e is an Op n i ng
? E : e
t ion to have made this e ar t h hollow instead of so lid on e 0 1 t wo hundred ml le s l d l a fn e t e l t hey W 111
'

ure t o n d I
, ,
and n d o ml t i b e courage W 111
an d th r
e e by have saved on e -h a lf t wo thirds or three t
,
t h e
: I
f l
,
:

quarters of t he material o f which it is compos e d in d uce th e m t o enter i t, an d wi th i n a y e ar after ,

,

an d have o n e -third or mor e larger sur face for ani may return and ma e t h e report
k

mals and intelligent beings to per f orm their active Yo urs most respectfu lly I S AA C S TEA RN S ,

l ife would not that be an economy worthy of G o d

,
Ma n i/eld M a ss " J a n ua r
y 1 3 18 5 6 : '

t h e Creator ?
P S Iwo u ld ask the ques t ion of you o r your . .
,
If the outer shell of the earth is (say from t h e corr e spondents (if t hey see t hi s in yo ur pap e r ) how ,
forti eth degree of both north and so u t h lat i tudes ) 1m g ago was i t that Capt Symmes lec t ure d upon , .

ve hu ndred miles t t k this W OU l d leave the inner t h e theory o f this earth being hollow ; an d also
, ,
S pace seven t housand miles in diameter A ccord e re his lec t ures ever published ? If so where can .

,
ing to the laws o f at t rac t ion every par t icle of the 1 obtain a copy ? , Is , _

in ner part o f this sh e ll would ke e p i ts place and ,

n ot y o ff 7 000 miles across this hollow t o g e t to

t h e opposi t e shell o f the e arth Can the obj ectors HO W TO M AKE A JIB I
.
N G HOR S E
to this theory maintain tha t it would ? I t hink not D RA W . .

Capt Symm e s wh o lectured some thirty years ago

.
,
A n omnibus full of pass e ngers was d e tain e d 3 ,

U pon the earth b e ing hollow and capable of being 10 n g t im e t his aft ernoon in O xford Street by o n e
.

inhabi ted was n o t t he rst wh o broached such an of t he horse s turning obstinate a n d refu sing to pro
,
,

idea I have in my hand a book published in the cee d ; a n d no t wi t hs ta n ding numerous and per
.

y ear 1813 of 17 9 page s which advocates t hi s theo sive arguments ini cted u pon him by a larg e crowd
, ,

ry . The au thor was Mr O t is Paine of F oxboro ugh of persons collected such as diggin g spurs into him
.
, ,

Mass It was e ntitl e d T ru e a n d I

. n ern a l F ri en d
f

from the hand s undry kicks and licks cursing an d ,
,

swe aring & c the horse would n o t advance ; a n d , .

,

wh e n by man ual force some t en or ft een managed , ,

o n several occasions to move the omnibu s a f e w ,

paces i t resul t ed in nothing but a graceful p i rou tte ,

of t he whole concern back t o the same S po t m uch ,

to t h e amus e me nt of t he cro wd bu t n o t so m u ch of ,

the pass e ngers wh o I m u st admi t main t ained the , , ,

S cri pture W h e re da m and E ve and the new G re g
g rea t est pa tience and forbearance O bserving all "
:

t i on W 9 1 ? laced when C reat e d and V b e c e t hey t he end e avors of the cro w d to fail in making the
.

} ;
were dr i ven on f a tmg the f o rbl dd m lf i f

horse m ove I sugg e s ted to t he persons interes t ed
'
'

A fter a d van cmg thr e e 9 th Propo smon sW h l oh a simple remedy used in India on similar occasions
, , ,

d9 0 43 re la te t o t h l s q u esnon h e Proceeds to Prove

. ,

that is to get a sligh t rope and a tta ch it to o n e o f "

,
h l s th e ? a s f onows the fore fe e t of t he s t ubborn animal and the p e rson ,

Proo f t hat this earth is a hollow globe & c holding the oth e r end of t he rope to adva n ce a f e w , .

By the record s o f Scripture bo t h of t h e ol d and paC BS tak ing Wi t h him the h O IS e S f 0 9t W hen as a
, ,

, .

new Te sta ments it app e ars that there is a region matter of co u rse the horses an d ommbus m ust fol
, , ,
e

or beautiful realm in t h e centre or heart o f t his l o w ,

My advi ce wa s at rs t rid i c uled a n d laughed .

earth ; that t he rst created man (A dam ) w as a t but aft er som e more ineffectual attempts aft er ,

forme d o f t he dust of this ear th an d put in t o this t heir own barbaro u s an d savage mann e r a rop e wa s
, ,

realm (then called E d e n ) to till and c u l t ivate it produced and app l i ed as d e scr i bed when the horse , ,

an d to have dominion ov e r all w h o d w e lt there i mmediately advanc e d and the omnib us in t he . , ,

But he (A dam ) breaking his Crea t or s la w was c o urs e of a f e w minut e s wa s o ut o f sigh t m u ch to

,

, , ,

driven from t his ce lestial region to till the groun d t he amaze m e n t o f t he r u de and b i got e d crowd I .

f rom whence he wa s tak e n heard t h e m expressing their wonder and as t onish

.

It farther appears by t he predictions recorded men t at this v e r

imple remedy which should be
y s
, ,

i n scripture that this region wi ll be discover ,

e d more generally r own i n t h i s cou n try L on do n
,
.

an d be inhabited wi t h the human race ; that on

this di scov e ry a thousand years o f perfect peace ,

througho ut all nations will tak e place and mille n G OO D H UG S , .

mum C ommen ce
I

s
Mr Cyrus Stow of Concord Mass g i ves u s an . , ,
.
,

Mr Paine the n oc cupi e s over four p ages o f his ac count o f four S uff olk pigs fatted by him We
. , .

h oo k wi t h extrac ts from vari ous passages o f scrip s aw the m a short t ime b e fore they were k i ll e d and ,

ture and his own comment s to prov e the tru t h of no t iced t hat thoug h n ot remarkably large they
, , , ,

his theory . h ad gr e at weight of carc ass for the b on e a n d o ff al .

N ow I will venture t o conj ectur e what this They were bred by C B Clark Mr Sto w say s
,
. . . .

I amin

g swor d which turn e d e very w
,a y These four pigs ( all sows ) I bought
,

o n t h e 8th

If the G ard e n o f E den was i n the hollow o f the of F e bruary last They we i ghed 14 5 14 0 13 0 . . , :

earth and our rst parents we re driven out in l oo tota l 5 2 3 lb s at 5 % cents

,

,
De
'

c onse qu e nce o f disobedience it was the g l itterin g duct for shrinkage for t y per c ent would l e av e 3 14
,
.
,

i ce which fro m that time t o this has be e n su f ci e n t lbs dead weigh t when I purchased t h e m They .
.

t o le p t hem an d th e ir posteri t y from n d ing the w ere killed o n the 15 th o f D e c e mber and w e i gh
a
,

e ntran ce t o th e interior of t he ear th but will with e d 4 49 3 7 4 36 6 3 6 7 total 15 5 5 lbs

, ,
I sold , , ,
.

in a f e w years be overcom e according t o the pre t hree o f them at my door at 1 1; cents pe r po und
,
185 6 . NEW ENGLA N D F AR M E R . 93

kept the o ther for my o wn use A ggregate value as a writer chemist & c and n ow the principal .
, , .
,

0 i t h e four deduct C os t
, leav e s E ditor o f the F a rm J o urn a l published at Ph il a d e l
, ,

a gain of $ 15 1 4 8 Th e y were k e p t by me 3 09 phia is the E ditor F or sale by R uggles N ourse

.

days and gaine d as I calcula t e 12 47 lbs or a tri , . , ,

, ,
Mason B oston , ,
.

e ov e r a pound each p e r day no thi n g to brag

C c .
, .

, ,

o f if t hey had been high f e d but they w e re k e p t

very cheaply and had but li ttle m e al until t h e last

,

mon t h o f the time when they were fed wi t h c ob ,

TH E F I R E S I D E .

m e al (corn an d co bs ground toge t her ) The re

Wh th w d k ftly ttl en e sno - a es so ra e

O th d k
.

main d er of the t ime they had the wash of the d wi d w p n e ar ene n o a ne ,

house an d the skimmed milk of t wo or thr e e cows A d th i g ht wi d m d m m n e n n s oa n a n ur ur

wi l d d tf l t i
,

wi t h small potatoes and pumpkins boil e d up with I n a an u s ra n

a li t tle m eal I k e ep ve co ws and sell abo u t one

,
0 h w w l m i th h f l ,
o e co e s e c eer u ,

B i h tly b i d d y l i gh t
.

g g r u rn n ru
half of the milk B os ion C u ltiva tor .

G l w i g f m th v i g id .
o n ro e e
,

en n re s
,

e,

G l wi g p k l i g w m d b i gh t ! o n ,
s ar n ,
ar an r

W E A L T H O F TH E ROTHS C H I L D S H w t h m ll w b m d i g .
o e e o ea s a re a nc n

O th i l i g i th h ll
The number and amoun t o f th e loans that have
n e ce n ,
n e a ,

E w i th i th h t d k en n e ea s ar c orn e rs ,
been nego tiated by the R othschilds is scarcely an y W i th g tl g l th y f ll a en e a nc e e a
index of t he ir weal th It is n o t necessary t hat t hey
.

.
A d i th l d pl t di n n e c e ar a n e asa n ra a n ce ,
sho uld be wor t h the enormous sum of a thousand A i th w v f g l d i t pl y s n e a es o o a s,

million o f dollars which has b e en absurdly a t tribu

, M l t th l th t ll d with d e s e so u a s e sa n e ss ,

ted to th e m in order to take since the Crim e an

, Li gh t th y wi th d i t y
, s e e e ra an ra s.

w a r the E n g lish loan of eigh t y millions o f dollars

,
Lvd m t d th id , o e on e s ee a ro u n e re s e,
the A ustrian o f a h u ndred and t wen t y millions t h e T h gh th d y wi t , ro u e re a r n e r e ve ,

Turkish of forty millions an e a rly o n e to R u ssia o f W h i l t th

, t m w i th t i w i l d t s e s or ou s es ,

on e h undred a n d t hir t y millions one t o Sardinia o f T l f th d y t w , a es o o er a s o e a ve ,

ten millions ano ther t o E ngland in excheq ue r bills

, S g th t t th h t d t on s a o e ea r a re e a re s ,

o f t hir t y-v e millions and a second n o w on the tapis ,

B th p th h ll w d i re a e u on e a o e a r,

o f a hundred millions of dollars V i g y i mi th mi g l d o ces a n r a re n e ,

w t t th
.

Just consider o w such loans in this country and

h H h l d w d
o us e o or s

a re s ee es e re .

everywh e re else are made Some hou se like t he H w th .

g d d th w y , o e a e an e ear

R othschilds for example confers with its corr e s

, L k b k t th h ppy h th
, oo ac o e a ea r ,

on d en t s a n d friends o f various ci t ies ascer tains By w h m y l i gh t th y p t d

pow much they will assume o f a proj ected loan an d
o se e rr e s or e ,
,

E th y t t d gh t b t mi th re e as e au u r .

T h g h th g l w h l g b f d d
,

then r ej ec t s or accepts the proposal of th e borrower ou e o as on ee n a e ,

on sp e cied terms The house named repres e nts B i g ht t h f y it b r er an o o re u rn s ,

p i i w i th w
.

Wh th t w i l an er n,
the whole and perhaps is the only one recogniz e d en e s r ,
orn

T th t h i h d vi i
,
t
and known in th e t ransactio n ; but takes n o more o a c er s e s on u rn s .

T wh i l f ll i g w k tt l
of the loan perhaps t han others not named if so
h en, e a n s no a e s ra e

O th d k d wi d w p
, , ,

much and may immediately or soon part wi t h that

,
L t
,
d th
,
id
n e ar e ne n o ane,

g th
m odera t e frac tion if a sa t isfactory advance can be e us a e r ro u n e re s e,
,
H dl f th i gh t w i d i g ee e ss o e n n s re n.
ob n n n ed .
A d wh l i f l d wi t m th n en e s co n er co e

N ego t iators o f public loans in this cou ntry are n o t

,
Mid t h d k d th t m e ar n e ss a n e s or

always men of larg e capital but ac t ing in the capa W ll g i i m m y h mb

, , e a a n n e or s c a er

ci t y of co n d uctors they are m e rely in poss e ssion o f

, M t d th id w m ee a ro u n e re s e ar .

abil ity to place t h e m among t hose wh o a re They .

,

as well as t he R o t hschilds do u b t l e ss som e t imes ac t

d F a me
,
F th N ew E g l
in t he ca paci t y o f brokers simply t ho ugh a t others or e n an r r.
, ,

wi thout qu e s t ion as loaners o f th e ir own capital A

, F A N C Y S TO C K .
.

merchan t might a s well be se t do wn as worth ve W H O KN OW S WH E R E IT C AN BE F OUN D

millions becaus e h is sal e s amount i n t wo y e ars to
.

I
,

that sum as th e R othschilds be es timated as worth MR E D IT O R am o n e of the

constant read
m
.
,

a thousand millions of dollars because the loans ers of the N e w E ,

n
g l a n d F a rm er and fro it
,

they have nego tiate d wi thin a few years r e ach that have gained a deal o f useful information in relation
prodigious g ure a sum comprising about on e t o t h e vario u s matt e rs o n which it properly tr e ats
,
,

quarter of all t h e precious metal o f the globe (i e rurali t ies ) be s id e s a gr e at variety of pleasant
.
. .
,

N e wa rk dverl is er and instructive reading on various other s u bj e cts .

But t here is one thing that I have be e n rather sur

.

prised -and tha t is that peopl e do n ot a y ai l

YE A R B OO K OF A G RI C U L T URE This work is a a t , ,

themselve s more of the opport uni ty o f adverti s i ng

.

compilation of articles and engravings on nearly a ll in its columns many things which are wanted by ,

subj ects connected wi t h agric ulture an d contains those wh o reside in the country and particularly in ,
,

a thousand suggestions valuable to the farmer wh o uburban villages Ir e fe r to t h e various kinds of s

has not access to a variety o f works on similar top f a n c y s tock such as fo w ls pigeons ducks geese , , , , ,

ics It is printed handsomely is illustrated by nu rabb its and dogs of various kinds ,
.

N ow there are very many wh o have a taste f or

,
.

mer c us engravings of implements and plants such things and w o uld gladly become purchasers if ,
,

among the la tter some half-doz e n full large e n they only kne w where t he sellers were to be found
,

, .

gravings of the cotton plant in its various stage s I n E ngland i t is qui t e t h e fashion to adv e rti se .
,

D A VI D A WE LL S E sq a g e ntleman well known

.
-
,
every such
.
,
thing in t he rural pap e rs s o that if a
p e r ,
94 N EW ENGLA N D FARM ER . F EB .

son desires to obtain any particular breed o f fowls ,

B ut to be more direct believe th ere is among .

or a well -bred sportin

g o r watch dog he can almost , farmers great ml sap preh en smn as to the C OIId lt H

al ways n d j ust wh at h e wants at the shortest n o of the mass of those wh o follow other profess i ons ,

tice I think that th ose wh o breed such animals

.
, especially o f those con g regated in our cities I .

either for amusement or prot wou l d nd it greatly , th ink also that agricultural papers can furnish no
to their advantage to heed this sugg estion and matter more i nterestin g and valuable to farmers
.

, ,

advertise in the N ew E ng l a n d F a rmer . than honest statements of the actual incomes and
Your s ever A C O UN T RY G E N T
, . necessary expen d itures the t oubl es and anxieties
the disappointments an d vexations which are in
,

eident to professional commercial and me ch ani , ,

WH A T S
TH E US E OF A G R I
CUL TUR A L cal life I f this were to be done faithfully many
.
,

causes of contentment an d satisfaction with the

PA PE R S
'
9
farm would be found where in fact only reasons ,

MR E D IT OR I
f on e o f the great obj ects of ag
. for envy and di scontent are n ow seen Th e B illy .

ric ultural papers should be to induce the mind to G rays the John Jacob A stors and the S tephen G e
, ,

co- operate with the hands in the prosecution of ra rd s are taken as a sort of basis for our notions of
,

their laborious task then it is a question of rst ,

th e wealth o f city merchants ; the ten to twenty
importance to those wh o cond uct them by what ,
dollars a week that the overseers an d foremen of
means can this obj ect be attained ? shops sometimes receive gives us our i mpression ,

Th e rst thought that occurs to my mind is that , ,

of mechanical wages ; to the few distinguished men
agricultural papers must show that farming is a who force themselves upon our notice it: the vari ,
e

sub ject worthy o f the mind ous walks of literature and learning are we i n debt ,
d

Th at it is not generally s o considered I am well ,

ed for our ideas o f the honors which attach to the
aware I n reading the life of D aniel Webster
. we ,
professions ; and the glory o f war comes from

nd that his father wa s not s a tised with his busi her A le x anders and n o t from the thousands wh o
,

ness but murmur ed that it was his doom to plod

, butcher each other on the eld o f battle or die ,

u pon the farm unhonored an d unknown while,

,

still more miserably on the march or in the camp .

others whom he regarded as only his equals by na

, When men come to form their Opinions of t h ese
ture but who had c h osen the professions had se
,

,

professions from the great multitude who follow
cured both fortune a n d fame A n d such is the . them as the means of a li v e lih ood and n o t from the ,

common feeling of farmers throughout N ew E n g few great and shining lights that m eteor like

,
-
,

land at least The farmer s s on that would be
, . occasionally rise up far above the ordinary level
rich or respectable looks away from the farm for , of th eir associates Ibeli eve that t h e humble claims ,

the means of attaining his object ; an d he has a of agriculture wi ll be better appreciated .

perfect right to do so if wealth and respectability , L et agricultural papers then send their report

are not the growth o f the soil I

, ,
f all wh o become .
ers n ot on l y to agricultural exhibitions b u t am ong

,
lawyers ministers doctors merchants and me chan
, , , , the o tce -holders at Washington among the ,
ics live easier make money faster and otherwise
, , , learned professions among the merchan t princes ,

get on better than those wh o remain upon farms , and their clerks into the shop and factories of the
,
it appears to me an utterly hopeless task to satisfy mechanic and artisan and if you please let the m ,
the mind that possesses a single spark of enterprise step into S ebastopol w here the three mightiest n a ,
or ambition with the business of agriculture .
tions of the earth have been making corpses as men
Here then w e are ; a gricultural papers must go
, , make hay ; let them pry into the private a ffairs

to work and prove that all things considered farm

, , , of these classes learn what rents t h ey pay what
I
, ,
in g is as desirable a pursuit as an y other f they .
bills they h ave to meet and just h ow th eir mone y ,

cannot do this now they must wait un t il the pres , goes then s ee how their children make out in the
,

ent rush of you n g men from agriculture into every world and nally look into the probate o f ce to as
,

other department of business shall enable them to , certain what sums they leave for their heirs and
do 80 F or until this is done by facts that W ill
.
, successors an d we shall thus have an account cur
,
-

convince and by figures that do not lie people will , rent which will greatly assist in making up our bal
not be satl se d W l th t h e busmess N 0 amount of . ance sheet between them and agriculture an d argu
-

poetical ights nor of rhetorical ourish e s n o talk ments too for the decision of the question with
, ,
o f C incinnatus at his plow nor of the ocks o f Job w h ich we started I s farming a subject worthy o f
,
- o descriptions o f what agriculture has been
n or the mind I Vill it do for farmers like good g en ,
ought to be will answer ; they must show what it e ra ls to make the subj ect o f the approaching sum
,

w and by w a y of contrast what other occupations

, , , mer s c ampaign the study of their leisure hours in

are They must turn a tt e n tl on from the Websters

.
, the winter quarters to which they are about re

the L awrences and the Chickerin g s to the great, , tiring ? I s it proper that like the lawyer the far , ,

multitude of la w yers traders and mechanics above , , , mer should studiously hunt up t h e authorities and
whom these i n d i w d uals towered so h i gh We have . precedents which bear upon the case in hand ?

books for the mil lion ; but we greatly need books May he like the mechanic have a pattern to
, .

of the million Th e L ife of A mos L a wrence has been

. work by ? and like the physician have his dis ,

written and printed an d read B u t t h e lives of

, , .

p e n sa tory to consult in administering to his un

the thousands whom that book shall entice to the complaining patients
city will never be written at all (the number that
, , If these queries must be answered in the nega
sleep in t h e watch houses it is true m ay be men -
, , tive we may as well t h row aside the agricultural
,
tion e d in the daily papers but who will look there , paper at once L ove stories and the Pirate s O wn
.

for the followers of a great man ) unless agricultur , B ook can be read by our families a n d ghosts a n d ,
a 1 papers shall follow u
p the history o f h er truant hobg oblins stampi ng tables and communicatin g
.

sons and g i ve us a new phase of biography lives

, spirits ugly neig h bors and unruly cattle may be
, ,
o f the undi stinguished .
di scussed as well without a paper as with it ; an d
185 6 . NE W E N G LA N D FA RM ER . 95

when these fail we can at least whistle for want ,

the foun dation of their future home Th e work is .

o f thought and s o welcome in the peaceful eve then carried on principa lly by the female who with

, ,

ning ; or we may keep ourselves in a constant

small sticks coarse grasses and dry owers o f the , ,

fret and make those about us as unhappy as an en

,
yarro w forms the outside ; an d for the inside she ,

vi ou s and discontented spirit ever does with our ,

brings sm a ll brous ro o ts bu t oftener ne dried gras s ,

murmurs that we are nothing but farmers while ,

an d horse -hair making a very neat and compact ,

others are enj oying th e luxury of large p ay hi gh ,

nest The exterior diameter o f it is about ve
.

l ife an d li g ht toil
, .
inches the in terior di ameter is two an d three-fourths
,

B ut if the foregoing questions c an be answered in c h e S an d the depth two inches

, Th e eggs are .

in the a frmativ e4 f we really can believe it will usually four and sometimes ve in number ; of a , ,

pay to thi nk and read about farming i f we begin

broad ovate form an d of a very pale cream color , ,

to mistrust that after all we are about as well o ff , ,

marked W ith large bro wn spots placed in clusters
as the average of other professions how agreeably
does the dark side of our prospect change f or the
w ith others some o f a deeper an d some of

h gh t er purple ch l e y at the large end and smaller

,a ,

, ,

brighter and more hopeful ! L et us keep it before detached S pots o f the same color at the small en d ;
o ur eyes if we can A W IN D S OR C O UN TY B oy . .
th e y are on e inch in length six-eighths of an inch ,
.

185 5 in dl ar et e h
.
h
t i me of i ncubat i on the male presents
N orthern F a rmer ,
D uri ng the
an example of the most devoted attachment to his
mate rarely if ever shown by any of the feather , , ,
F th N w E g l nd F mer ed race While the female is performing her duty
or e e n a ar .
.

TY R A N T F L Y C A TC H E R 0R K I
- NG of hatchi n g her eggs he sits ne ar the nest on a , ,
, ,
proj ecting branch of the same tree and with y alor
BI RD defends her and the nest from all harm ; wh i le at
,

MUSC I C A P A T YRAN N U S the same time h is restless eye selects for her the

This bird gene ra lly selects for a place to build C h oicest f 0 0 d ~ He also assists ht hatching the
, ,

an old apple tree stan d in g alone in some pasture e g gs and appears to perform the duty Wi th cheer ,

skirted with wood or on some hill-side below fu lness , ,

.

which is a clear eld with a few trees or bushes I n the fore part O f t h e d a y th e female leaves the

thereon which wi ll serve him for standing places ; nest fi nd alights 0 the nearest S tand ht th e e ld , :

from these he sall ies forth in pursuit of insects an d Sl t S p l ummg her f e at h ere f or some t i me Inte l
.

"
:

that pass an d repass turning to the right then to the ruPt e d at times bXin seC t S W h l eh S h e allows to Pa SS
, , ,

left now rising in the ai r with quick vibrations of by rn ere l y f ol low mg them W l th h er e ye A fter
,
.

hi s wings then with hawk-li ke motions he skims h a v mg arranged her te e the Es Sh e I S rea d y t o take
,

, , , ,

the s urface of the ground seizing hi s prey at every her prey the rst opportun i ty that presents i tsel f
.

O ver such a e ]d h e holds su I

,

t um h e mak e s ,
n a few moments sh e launches in
the air and .

preme authority a n d is a dreaded foe to black Keeps upon the wing rn akin g a W id e ee U it around
.

,
,

bir d s crows and hawks ; even the eagle daunts not th e eld e n d S O Ihe tl meS beyond 1t before Sh e
, , ,

his courage for he no sooner perceives his coming a ll gh t s ; t hIS Cl remt Sh e makes several tun es a n d
.

th an he lo wers his body to the branch on which he l e mams on e an d somet i mes t wO hours from t h e
:

stands moves his head from one side to the other n est ; W hen S h e returns the male With incessant
, ,
:

rai ses its feathers then la unches forth to meet tw i tter i ngs betakes hi mself to the m ost prom i nent ,

him uttering as he starts his twitterin g notes ; part 9 f t h e eld to pass the remainder of the day
, , ,

the eagle no more sweeps in circles to reconnoitre 1n S tl l f e W l th Other b i rds

.

the eld belo w but starts on a direct course to rid A fter the young are reared th ey separat e and
,
,

himsel f of his p ur suer but it is in vain the in You hear them 110 more during the i r stay at the
trepid tormentor rises above him di ves upon his N orth ; they are seemh owev ermat ch ihg for insects ,

back rises again a n d sweeps from side to side from stone walls posts or fences unti l ab out the
, , ,
, , .

while with velocity the eagle dives then mounts hl S t 0 f sep t e mb er W hen they depart for the S outh ,

a .

almost perpendicularly to elude his hot charges ; but With re g ard to the house -wren (Trog lo dytes ,

such evolutions avail him nothi ng he must leave don ) This favo rite and well known bird arrive s ,
-

the kin g bir d s precincts or by ali ghting on some in M assachusetts about the tenth of May a n d im
-
, ,

tall tree when with a f e w more swoops at this no mediately commences looking up a place for its
, ,

ble bir d the tyrant retires ; and as he return s h ov nest ; they will select some cavity in an old apple
, ,

ering triumphantly to his place you s ee his head tree or occupy a box put upon a pole or tied on a , , ,

m ove as his eye follows the insects that he passes tree in the garden A j ug with a hole through its
, , .

rst on one side then on the other u n til he sees side large enough for their entrance with its neck
, , ,

one to his liking ; he turns or rises as the case may corked tightly is generally accepted by them in pre
, , ,

be snaps him i n his bill returns to his place strikes ference to any thi ng else When any one takes suf
, , , .

him a few times o n his stand and devours him ; cient care to provide such a place for them to breed ,

thus is he as merciless with his prey as is the in as th eir habits require he will be likely t o , ,

eagle with whom he disputes the right to hunt have a pair of these birds about his premises whose
, ,

over the same eld an d to every bird larger than loud and animated song is exceedi ngly pleasin
himsel f a teasing master who dares intrude on hi s and whose usefulness in destroying insects whiog
, , ,

, ,
)

presumed rights .prey upon fruit and vegetables would be a r e ,

A fter having chosen the spot which is generally compense , .

on a horizontal branch not m any f eet from the It cannot be too strongly urged upon farmers and
,

ground in which to locate their nest keeping in horticulturists to pro vi de for the wants of useful
, ,

view t h e fact that the thickest foliage will best con birds ; the immense number of insects destroye d
ceal it the male d ece n d s to the ground and by t h em d ai ly for their o wn wants an d those o f
, , , ,

brin gs to the place the rst stick which commences their young gre atly reduces the ravages of th ese ,
96 NE W ENGL AN D FARM E R . F EB .

vermin I n the month of May I

. tied to the up sions of the rich luxuriance o f animal life in the
right limb of an apple tree a j ug w h ich I had xed ocea n and reveals to the astonished senses the con
, ,

f o r their accommodation also a box wh lc h I placed sc ousn ess of the u n iversal ity of being
, .

upon the ridge-pole of a shed ; in a few days I

heard t h e merry song of a male as he sa t upon the
top o f the box and f o r two d ays he sang almost
,
MI G R A T I O N 0F P L A N T S .

incessantly ; at times h e would y to the j ug and B otanists have long been convinced that the
curiously examine it then return to the bo x con facts connected with t h e di ffusion of plants may of
,

s ta n tly in motion w h en n o t in song O n the morn ten be explained by an inquiry into the structure
.

in g o f the t h ir d day a female arrived shy and

o f their seeds the lig htness of these and the ir c a , ,
c o y and as sh e became m ore fa miliar he became
,
pability of t e an s po rt a i ion by winds by their tex
,

more vivacious ; it seemed as though h is little b o ture preserving them from destruction in the waters
s o m would burst with ecstasy o f j oy as he led her of t h e ocean
; by the prevalence o f particular c ur
,

to and fro m each place that had been erected f o r rents in the air or se a ; or by the presence o r a b
their u se .
sence of mou n tainous barriers or other obstacles t o ,

Th e next two days seemed t o be spent by them their dispersion I t had been observed that (the .

in viewing the orchard and premises generally par G o d of) nature ha s provided a variety o f meth ods ,

t icularl y the pig - stye barn and bee -house

; the lat for the di ff usion of seeds
, Many such have bee n .

ter building being a place o f resort for th em noticed by naturali sts and their operations has been ,

through the summer at twilight at which time illustrated by facts well ascertained Th e most im , .

they destroyed numbers o f bee mot h s O n the portant are doubtless win ds or rivers or marine
-
.

, ,
fourth day t h e fem ale commenced carryin g smal currents Th e former convey the lighter kinds of .

dried sticks into t h e j u g and continued with t hisl seeds to an incalculable distance an d t h e latter are
,
,
work until she had lled it nearly full placing well known to transport others occasionally from ,

them on the top in a circular form leaving a cav the m ost remote countries B esides these m ore , .

ity in which sh e made the nest of ne dried grass general causes it is well known that seeds a re of
, ,
,

and lined it lavishly with feathers ten conveyed from foreign countries w h ich were
.

I
,

t is invariably their custom to nearly ll t h e transported in commerce V arious plants are well .

cavity they have selected with sticks be fore they known to have been introduce into E urope by the
build their nest unless such a cavi ty is very large accidental mixture of their see ds with r i ce brou g ht
,

and in every instance Ihave noticed that the top from the E ast o r West I
, ndies and those tropical ,

o f the nest was above the place o f their entrance countries have interchan g ed some of their produc .

D a n versp ort . A F tions in a si milar way S ome seeds are ca pable o f . .

.

preserving their v it ality i n the stomach o f birds and ,

are thus pro pagated S uch are the mistletoe an d

P R O FU S I O N OF L IFE I N TH E O C E A N
.

j uniper A number of facts are upon record which .

. ,

N ot a shell or a stone is bro gh t up but is prove that the mig ration of plants by means of cur

thronged with li ving beings E very branch of rents in the ocean to distant shores where i f the
.
, ,

weeds gives shelter to mul ti tud e s o f creatures climate is congenial to them the y for m n e w colo ,

some temporary lodgers som e permanent resi nies is not a matter of conj ecture but a t hing
, , ,

dents L i fe is a parasitic upon li fe Th e s u rp u la which actually takes place S everal remarkable in

. . .

builds its stony case on the abode o f the shell-sh stances o f this descri ption are recorded in the ,

and t h e d eli cate lace work of t h e mosscoral over ma n ce ita l es ca demica e I

-
t is stated that the .

S preads the s u rp ul a O ver the stem o f the sea seeds of several plants o f equinoctial countries a re
.

weed creeps the graceful plumes o f t h e Z oophyte occasionally collected in the Hebrides P ritcha rd s .

spring Th ese agai n are thickly invested by the P hys ica l H is tory of Ma n ki n d
.
, , .

pretty cells of many smaller species ; and they in

turn minute as they are often bear in profusion O UR S UM ME R B IR D s Th e attention o f the
, , .

the curious forms of microscopic an imac ulte L et reader is called to a highly interesting article on .

u s take a stone from t h e heap that is lying in o n

boat I . t is a perfect museum in itself It is richly
one of our summer birds the T yra n t F ly C a tcher
.
, ,
-
,

colored in parts by the nu llipore one of the lo west or Ki ng B ir d well known to all who visit the elds ,

forms of vegetable life w h ich does for the scenery in the summer I , t is wr itten by A U G US TU S F O W .

o f the ocean what the moss and the lichen do for L E R E s q o f D anvers Mass a brother o f S P
'

,
, .
, , .
, . .

the scenery o f the upper world Here is a circular F O W L E R whose articles in o ur columns on T he
.

cluster o f cells looking like beautiful lacework

,

,
,

carved in ivory here a h ttle saucer of the purest B i rds of N ew E n l a nd

g have,
w o n for him an ,

whiteness containing with in a number of stony enviable repu tation B oth of these gentlemen are
,
.

tubes the habitation o f a whole company of tiny deeply i mbued with a sense of the beautiful in na
,

p ol yp le s A sponge over g ro ws one portion of the ture and have a high appreciation of the charms
.

,
stone itself the home of many a living th in g ; a sea of rural li fe and thus their writin gs touch a
,

anemone has possession o f another Th e h tt l e e n .

,

and near it a small star sh chord in every human heart We welcome A

crimi t e is present
. .

, .

Th ere are worms too in plenty ; and more O f lif e F

, ,
to our columns and feel condent that the .

,

a n d beauty than w e have space to describe I t is reader will welcome him too . .

pleasant t o think o f the happy existence a single

stone may support .
V I R G IN IA F A R ME R Harrisonburg R ockingham
The forms to which we have chiey re ferred are
.
,

v isible to the unassisted eye bu t as Humboldt re

C o Va B y W M G S TE VE N s F illed with valu .
, . . . .

marks th e app l ication o f the microscope inc re as able reading We are glad to see agric ul tural pa
,
.

e s in the most strikin g manner our impres pers taking root in the S outhern S tates , .
 185 6 . NEW ENGLAN D FAR M ER . 97

GR A P E
CU L TUR E OF TH E they must b e c ut do wn to four good buds which
.
,

are this year to bear fruit and the horizontal cut

I
,
n a recent n u mber o f the F a rmer we had an in to three good buds
; their shoots are all to be ,

illustrated article upon the G rape an d then spoke trained upri g ht which wil l co mplete the head o f , ,

o f it as an ornament in t h e garden or about th e your vine with eight branches at about one foot ,

dwelling o f its healthfulness as an article of food apart .

, ,

and of its usefulness in sickness That article has .

been very favorably received and a desire express ,

ed by many to se e another giving more ful l and

explicit d irections for p run ing an d tra in ing from ,

the time the root or cutting is s e t until the vine

has covered all the space whi ch it is desirable to
have it occupy .

I
n Wilson s E conomy of the K itchen G arde n w e N 5 Vi f y ft tti g t , o. . ne ou r e a rs a e r se n ou

n d succinct and clear directions for the m anage

N 0 5 represents the vine fo ur y ears a f te rs e ttin g
ment of the vine which we give b elow with such o ut with the two centre branches that bore fr ui t
, ,
.

,
illustrations as cannot fail to make the whole m at last year as they must be cut down n ear to their ,

ter clear to those entirely inexperienced orig in Th e next two out down to four bu d s f o r . .

bearing fruit Th e next two to o n e g ood bud for .

,

producin g o n e good wood sho ot Th e next and .

last two to three buds for beari n g fruit I ts reg , .

ular culture afterwards is to out four of the , ,

branches low down and to leave four longer t o ,

bear fruit alternately always allowing the branches ,

that bear fruit the one year to be cut down for re , ,

cover ing a good shoot again for bearing the next .

Th e other mode o f training is called horizontal ,

N 1 o. N 2 . N 3 training but may be extended to any height or dis

o . o. .
,

N 1 P1 t wh o. t t . an
tance so a s you retain the leading shoot or it may
e n se ou .
, ,

N 2 Pl t oy . ft tti g
. t an be conned to a very low space by cutting it o ff
o ne ear a e r se n ou . .

N 3 Pl tt i g
t tw y
o . ft . t an
N O 6 represents the pla n t when set o ut the
o e a rs a e r se n ou .
.
,

N o 1 o n the plate is a representation o f the same age as the other ; to be out also to one good
.

b ud a s at c This bud to be allowed to prod uce

plant when e t o t of one year s growth from the
s u ,
, .

cutting an d is to be cut off to on e good bud as sho wn on e good shoot

, ,
.

by the cross lines Th e lower bud is seldom count .

ed and only the upper b ud is to be allowed to pro

,

duce one shoot ; the young buds on this shoot will

m any of them shoot out in the course of the s um
mer which should be pinched off
, .

N o 2 represents the plant o f on e shoot o n e

.
,

year after bein g planted and is to be cut do wn ,

to two good buds about fteen or eighteen inch ,

es high from the groun d Th e shoots from these .

t wo buds are to be trained to a trellis hori z on ,

ta lly to a dista nce of four feet and then their

, ,

ends pinched off as w e intend the plant to ll a ,

space in width o f eight feet .

N o 3 represents the plant two years after s etting

.

o ut with t h e last year s horizontal shoots as they
,

must be c ut in to three good buds Th e two buds .

next t o the stem are to be allowed to shoot an d ,

grow upward as high as they please to be tied up to ,

the trell is and the end buds to be trained horizon

,

tally to the limits of three or four feet distance

, N 6 N 7 N 8 , o. . o. . o. .

and again pinched o N

'

6 Vi wh t t o. . ne e n se ou .

N 7 Vi y ft tt i g t o . . ne o n e ear a e r se n ou .

N 8 -V i tw y ft tt i g t o. . ne o e a rs a e r se n ou .

represents the plant on e year afte r s etting N o. 7

o ut to b e cut down to three good buds as at e , .

Th e shoot from the upper on e of which is t o be

trained u pri ght and the two lower ones to be tr ain ,

ed hori z ontally .

N o 8 represents the plant t wo years from s e t .

N 4 V i th y af t
o. tti g t ne
ting o ut t h e leading shoot of which is to be c ut
re e e a rs e r se n ou
,

down to nine buds as at e Th e upper bud to be

. .

.
,

N o 4 represents the plant three years fro m s e t allowed to shoot upright and all the others hori
. ,

ting out with its two last year s upright shoots as z on ta lly ; four feet from each side Th e t wo las t
,

,
.
98 NE W ENG LAND F A RM ER . F EB .

year s horizontal cut as th e y must be to one good on th e leading shoot it is only in t en de dc as e in the
, ,

bud its shoots to be trained as it was last year

, plant be very strong and vigorous should it n ot .

N o 9 represents the be so it would be b e t t e r to c ut it to ve or even to

.
, ,

plant three years after thr e e b u ds ; in whi ch case there would be only one
setting out w i t h i t s or two branches on each side instead of four as ex , ,

branches cut as they h ibite d in the plate ; and the choice of n umbers
must be The two lower should always be r e gulated by the streng t h and
.

ones t o t hr e e good buds condition o f the vine .

Th
'

f or b a
'

f t
goo f;
.

But t h e grape may b e produce d in large q u ant i

next
bud f or wood The next ties an d of ne quality without the exact prunin g , , ,

two to thr e e for fruit detailed above Plant an d tend it as you wo u ld

, .
.

The D e ) two to 0 n e any thing els e that you wi sh to make f lo urish rap ;

The Other two t o three idly and after it has cov e red as m u ch space as ou
and t h e leadi ng o n e y ,

again to nine The up care to have i t prune 1t so as to l e ave the branches

.
_ , ,

e r bud to h a v e its free an d cl e ar o f each other an d s o as to admit

p ,

shoots continue upright freely the sun an d air In thi s manner the plant '
.

th e Other eight hori will no t hav so full a supply of roots a s under the
e
"

,
z on t a ll
y system of close .

prun i ng bu t w i th proper fee (h n g

.

N O O 10 repre se n t S the , ,

will ourish and produce abundantly There i s no

.

plant four years from .

s e t t i n g out with its necess i ty therefore of an y person n egl e ctmg to , , ,

branches cut as th e y set grape roots because he does n ot full y u nder

No. 9 Vi th y neft must be The lower
re e e a rs a er
,

tt i g
.

t
se n ou stand the p rmcrp l es of after -culture
.
.

two to one good bud ; ,

the second two to three buds ; the third two to

,

on e ; t h e fo u r t h t wo to three ; t he ft h t wo to one

th e sixth two to thre e ; the seventh t wo to one ;

O H WIN T E R ING D OM E S T I C AN I M AL S .

the eighth two to thre e the nin t h t wo to o n e and Th e r e is no great amount of labor to b e done ou t ,

the leading shoot to nine buds all to be m anaged of doors in this cli mate during D ecemb e r The
, ,
.

in the same w ay as last year A n d in t his w a y most important labor of t he farmer n o w is the care
. ,

you may contin u e your plant a sfar as there is room ; o f his domestic animals to s ee that they be w ell ,

when that is terminated ,

sheltered from cold and we t an d prop e rly fed an d ,

c ut off yo u r l e a d i n g watered The year s prot or loss of the farmer .
, ,

shoot an d regulate all

, depends greatly upon t he mann e r in which he win
the horizontal branches ters hi s stock Th e milk of th e ensuing s e ason the . ,

so that th e y ma
y bear wool and the ability for labor all dep e nd in a , , ,

fruit and wood alt e r great m easur e upon the care the fa rmer gives ,

n ate l
y to t h e e n d of the his cattl e sheep and horses during t h e winter , , .

grape vine s exist e nce . The C ultiva tor some years since most tru ly said , ,

It may be n e c e ssary If th e re is one truth respecting animals m ore

to observe that in the , deserving o f rem e mbrance than anoth e r it is that ,

rst mode described for the animal entering the winter mon t hs in high c on ,

training the vine the , dition is alr e ady half wintered that is the care , ,

two horizontal branches a n d food req u ired to bring hi m o u t well a n d h e arty

o r arms to support the , in the spring wi ll not be one hal f as m uch as will -

upright shoots are in , b e required by the on e that commences the winter

tended to extend four spring poor A fat strong animal will be warm -
. ,

feet from each side of and comfortabl e w here a poor w e ak one can hardly
the main stem and on , live and th e hearty vigorous on e will dige st and as ,

each of them are to be similate food whi ch the weak on e wo u ld scarcely

sel e cte d f o u r up right tast e .

b r a n c h e s which will R egular hours for attendin g to all matters is

make them ab o ut a foot important but in no departm e nt of the farmer s ,

apart It will be n e c es
. business is it more impor tant than in milking cows ,

sary to rub off any inter fodd e ring or fe eding w atering and cardin g stock ,
.

mediate buds so as t o , Cattle should be fe d oft e n an d but lit t le at a ,

regulate them t o be , time say four times in the twenty four ho urs will ,
-
,

plac e d at proportionate N 10 Vi f y f t keep

o.
cattle in b etter
ne
conditi on and
ou r
at less expense e a rs a er
di stances A nd aft er tti g t
.

. than to fe ed but twice a d ay b e in g car e ful nev e r to

se n ou . ,

the y are once cut down give them so much at a time that they will leave
to one b u d the next year s cutting down would be a t h e ir fe ed before it is all consumed
,

.

joint higher and this may be allowed for a year or Cattl e thriv e bette r wh e n th e ir dormitories are
,

two ; but whenever they get too far above the arms kept cl e an an d fr e e ly littered with dry leaves or ,

by cutting down to the lowermost n e w bud t h ey must straw b e ing mindful n ot to forget th e fr e que nt us e , ,

be cut down on the old wood near to their origin of t h e card and currycomb Cat t l e hors e s and ,
.
,

an d only one good shoot allowed to grow ; any sh e e p sho u ld hav e salt wher e t hey can have access
,

other bu d to be r ubbed off A nd the same r u le to it wh e never th e y desire i t A ge n t l e man in

. .

mu st be observe d in cutting all those trained on a form e d me that some years since he lost many hors
'

horizontal plan I n directing vine buds to be left e s annually but sin ce he comm e nced to salt his
.
,
185 6 . N EW ENG LA ND FARM E R . 99

hors e s three times a week or feeding on sal t hay Some gen e ral ideas o f the treatment however
, , , ,

he has lost none .

may be gleaned from the following
s ri n kling hay W ith s ait d i 80 1v e d in wate r or
p i The disease is very prostrating and as it p ro
sal tmg hay too freely i s i n ur i ous as over salt i ng
. .

j , ,
ress e s the heart l ungs and brain become congest
dj mini sh e s th e nutriment and weak e ns and keeps g ,
, ,

the animal t oo loose ; b ut when they have fre e a c ed and embarrassed The blood acc umulates car .

cess t o use or n qt they are not apt to t ak e more b on ; the h e art fails to propel and the lu n gs to vi
, ,

than nature rel m e s ta liz e the same

This state demands stimul a nts o f .

Cuttin g provender corn sta lks straw or coarse a character that shall excite vi tal action and tend
, ,

hay is a great saving When cut i t is all eaten ;

,
,

m
.
,
t c e ff ect ch e mical changes i n the blood the ost
th e re is no loss of m aterial A good milch cow will .
;
tell her milker a good story when well supplied wi th valuable agent in this vie w is carbonate of ammo
cho pp ed corn sta lks or rye or oat straw wet and nia In veterinary practice this a ge nt is considered
, , , .

well powdere d with co rn ground wi th the cob or as on e of the mos t valuable diu sibl e stimulants ;
wheat shorts o r buckwheat bran and a li t tle pow
, ,

der e d oil cake My co ws increased their milk and it acts rst on the nerves of t h e stom ach and
,
,
.

esh and my sheep improved last winter by Col

,
through them excites the whole nervous system it, .

J A Q UE S mixture which was two bushels of t urnips may be given in dos e s of from on e to three
,

out ne o n e bushel wheat bran half a b u shel pow drachms

, ei ther in the form of bolus o r drench
, , , .

dered oil cake with seven b u shels c ut hay w e t with Its stim u lating in uence over the heart an d n e r
, ,
,
ten gallons wat e r the mixture well stirred and in vous system may b e increased by the addition o f
t e rmixe d giving them as much as they would eat
,
,
on e o r more drachms of good Jamaica ginger
o f it thrice a day and once a day a feed o f good
.

E nglish hay with a tub o f soft clean water to which This tr e atment may be continue d until conge sti on
,

they had access as oft en as they chos e C ou n try subsides which may be known by the fu lness o f ,

G en tlema n .
p u lse an d h e at of the external surface of t h e b ody , ,

and by other symptoms which usually attend fever

TH E HOR S E INF L U ENZ A in its inammatory stage
.

We hardly nee d recommend the following article The exciting or stimulating plan of treatment ,
,
from D r D A DD to the close attention o f o ur read ,
must never be entirely ab andoned ; to husband
.

e rs It is the result o f thorough knowledge and

.

long experience a n d its s u ggestions wi ll be found

t he powers of the system and thus guard against ,
,
subsequen t prostra t ion must b e our chief obj ect ; ,
o f great value We especially hope that the clos
altho u gh the case may require a sedative to-day
.

,
in g paragraph wil l n o t be forgotten but that all
( in the form o f camphor and white hell e bore ) to ,

who can exert any inuence will us e it f or the eu ,

morrow the symptoms may again indicate e xcit

,

coura e me n t a n d extension o f V et e rin ary Science

g .

ants an d thus the treatment must necessarily vary , .

E D IT OR S or N E W E NG L AND F A RME R G en tle E xcitants or counter -excitants are also at times

, , , ,

men Your note requesting m e to answer the in need e d externally ; if the patient h as a d e e p seated
q uirie s o f on e o f your subscribers wh o seems cough strong li niment compose d 0 f Oil harts ,
, , ,

anxious to e licit information regarding the treat horn and turp entine (an d s ometimes camph o rJ ,

ment o f the prevailing ho rse inu en z a came to must be appli e d O ften I ann oin t the parts with a ,
.

hand In reply permit m e to remark that it thic k paste composed of mustard and vinegar Th e
.
, , ,
.

would be a matter of impossibili ty for m e to give membranes of the f a u ces throat are excessively

the p rop er treatment o f a di seas e which in both S Ol e then the same course has t o be Purs u ed at , ,

, ,

attack and progress assumes such a variety of the sam e time a mucil agen ou s drink composed of
, ,

forms In some cases the most consummate skill axse e d sweetened with honey must be allowed
. , ,
.

has been bafed I am informed that in the S ta te The nervous system must also be aroused by th e
.

of N ew York the disease has assumed a m ost ma appli cation o f the above liniment t o the spinal col
,

lignant type an d the subj ects die in the course of a umn

,
.

few hours notwi thstandi ng the e fforts of the most A t another stage o f the m alady di ap horesi s
, ,

e xp e rie n c e d surg eon s must be excited by clothing the body with annel
. ,

D uring the past week several fatal cases have and drenching with a preparation known as solu
occurred in this vicinity ; the cold snap of last tion o f a ceta te of a mmon i a to the amount o f six ,

we e k operate d very unfavorably o n horses the n suf or eight ounces per day until the sk in feels soft ,

f e rin g under th e primary stage of the above mala a n d warm .

dy and should the weather continue cold I f ear we

,
In case oedema local dropsy of the body or ,

shall have to record a greater per centum of deaths extremities sets in the patient then requires diu ,

than heretofore . reti cs ; on e o r t wo ounc e s o f sweet S pirits o f nitre

I have said that the disease assumes a variety o f may be given in linseed tea until the kidn e y s ,

forms hence n o sp ecial tr eatment can be adopted ; respond and the secr e tion of urine b e comes aug
, ,

variations in the symp toms indicate the same as re men t e d The bowe ls are sometimes inactive the . ,

gards trea tmen t ; an d what might be good medi f ce ces are clothed with mucus and have a foetid ,

cine at on e stage would b e in j urious at another , then prescribe .

100 NE W ENGL AN D FAR M ER . F EB .

Li n se e d oil
E q ua lp t obtain e d which will serve as a paint It may be
Li m e -wa te r
a r s. ,

laid on wi t h a br ush wi t h as much ease as varnish

.

D E i gh t o se ou n c e s. ,

and it dries v e ry speedily It must however be .

, ,
O ccasionally the animal b e comes uneasy paws , us e d t he sam e day i t is made for if kept till next ,

th his for e fe e t the p u lse is somewhat wire y an d

, , lay it will be too t hick consequ e n t ly no more must
b e ats at the rat e o f ft y and over per minute I , , .
he made a t on e time than c an be laid on in a day .

then give c amph ore te d tincture o f opi u m o n e A ny color red or yello w ochre m ay be mixed with
, ,

ounce and r e p e at th e close if nec e ssary This state

,
it in any propor t ion Pr ussian bl u e is chan ged by .

th e lime Two coats o f this paint is s uf cient an d

.
,
.
,
is on e of gr e at danger because it indicates active when dry it ma y be polish e d wi t h a pi e c e of wool
,

congestion o f the bow e ls which may result in mor , en cloth or similar s ubsta nce and it will become
, ,

t i c a tio n o f the same In order to ward o ff t h e .

bright as varnish It is only for insi d e work but .

last stage I d epend chiey on stim ulants seda t iv e s it will last very lo n g if varni shed over wi th the
,
white of an egg after it h as been po lished
,

and tonics Th e b e st tonics are powdered g en tia n

.

. ,

g o l de n s ea l
-
q ui ll ba rk
,
either of which may
- b e

advantageously given as they possess very li ttle , E X TR A C T S A N D RE P L IE S , .

if any astringe ncy

, .

W H OL E S OM E I MP RE SS I ON S OF R U RA L L IF E .

Prescription for a toni c ball : The reader cannot fail to se e in th e followin g , ,

E i th f th
er o b t i p wd d e a 3 d
ov e hm the bea u t iful and heal thfu l impressions mad e upon
on c s , o e re ra c s.
Gi g
n er 1 d hm ra c
the mind by an e arly and intimate acqu aintance
.

R ub th e m tog e ther in a mortar then add a t ea with rural life Th e y are a fountain from which
, .

spoonful of molasses and a small piece o f brown gush up perpetual pleasures as the well spring
,
,
-

soap and form a bolus

, sends up its cool clear and S parkling water and
.

, ,

A mong all t he cases that have come und e r my thus have a d e cided in uence little as we may think ,

car e a n d observation I have neither fo und it a d of them upon t he character and happiness of li fe
,
,
.

visable nor necessary t o practice the a nti p hlog istic S e e how d e lightfully they n e stle in the b osoms of -

treatment in so far as it relat e s to bl e e ding a n d men immersed in the business an d cares o f li fe

,

purging ; a n d l cannot conceive a case (so d e press O ne of us w as out yesterday at the old hom e , ,
ing as inuenza is kno wn to be ) that would re stead in W e st Brooke l d W orc e st e r county w here
,
, , ,

quire any such heroic treatment ; the safety o f our our childhood wa s p a sse d an d very vivi d ly came up ,

patien t depends on the j udicious applica tion o f t he recoll e ctions of the days when w e boys o f te n ,

remedies such as are here named ; and therefore to four t ee n years rode horse to plo w spread the , ,

swath aft er the mo wer a n d , ,

I would warn the farmers against the use of ea m ,

J d d v th t m l d
oc u n ro e e ea a- e

and c a tha rtic in the treatment o f the prevailin g in ,

ue n z a Ye t aft er all the very best treatmen t

and sometimes even at an early a g e o ur h e ads , ,
.
,
hardly higher than t h e plo w handle ) e t guided t hat
, -
,
m ay fail in restoring a patient We require aid in kingly ins t rument alo n g its furro we d t rack The
.
.

the form of pure air sui t able di e t and good n urs D epot n o w s t ands upon the exact spo t where we
,

ing ; fa iling in the latter important adj u ncts our once rak e d after the cart or a t t e n o clock un d er

, ,
,
the shad e of a spr e ading o ak par t ook of t he l un
treatment avails but lit tle ,

ch e on of bread and ch e ese wi t h a reli sh of a pp e

.

The reader will probably perceive that the above tite never since eq ualled The music of our r e past .
,

disease like many others to which domestic an i wa s the spink spank spink o f the chatt ering bob
,
, , ,

mals are subj ect requires profe s sional skill c on se o link b alan cing himself upon some tall eld lily or
, ,
-
, ,

quently the farm e rs should use their m e ans and s t o u t stem in t he meadow It all comes back .

in uence for the purpose o f having a properly qual Th mm h t f lg t m

e n su er e a s re u en co e

Th i i ll d wi th i t h m; n se c u
ie d ve t erinary surgeon in their several locali t ies
e a r s e
W i th k i l f l m b t t g d l i th .
s u ar u s ro n an e,

We are n o w in possession o f the long needed f a Th b w d f m wi g h i y th ; e s u n - ro ne

,

ar er s n s s sc e
Hi f id y l d S l d w p s e rv ra s o o o n o u rs ,

c ilit ies for imparting a thorough course of ins tru c W h i h p mi gi f g d t c ro se ve o a rn e re s o re s ,

W h i h h ll d i p l f w t t h f c s a s e o an e e a r,

tion to all wh o knock at the doo r o f ve terinary Wh wi t l th i v t d y

en n e r ru e s e

n er e e a r.

science We h ave an incorporated ins t itut ion in Blest b e the farmer ! Honored h is o cupation !
c
.

this city and are in possession of men and faciliti e s The voice of heal th and rej oicing is in h i s h ab1ta
,

t e d h i s a wak
.

ion ! Swe t are his slumbers re fresh

t o impart to the aspirant for veteri n ary honors as e

c ommu n e t h wi t h n ature and is taught

,

practical an education as can be obt ained else in g He . ,

from her ever-instruc tive volume

G H D
.

where
ll f th l i g ill p y
. . .

I
.

d t th t
a re s e an o re a e n n s a re

w l th
,

Wh m l t d m d y ; e re ea a cc u u a e s, a n en e ca

M IL K P A IN T A paint has been used on the

- B t b ld y m y t i h ty p d

u a o eo a nr ,
e r c o un r s ri e ,

y v ppl
.

con tinent of E uro pe w i t h success made from milk ,
W h d d
,
b d e n o nce e s t ro e ca n ne er e su ie .

an d lime an d dri e s quicker than paint an d has n o

,
We are a sort of amate u r farm e rs n o w ndi ng
, ,

smell I t is t hus made Take fresh curds and r e laxation from turb ul e n t bus i ness cares l n t he c ul
. .
,

bruise the l umps on a grinding ston e or in an tiv a tion of a f e w acres and ou r hear t s go o ut t o all , ,

e art h an pan or mor t ar to make it j ust thick enough e ngaged in this honored voca t i on
,
Success to your .

to be kneaded S tir thi s mixture wi thout addin g labors to aid t heir t oils
. G C M E RRIA M . . . .

more wa ter and a whi te colored uid wi ll soon be Sp ri ng el d 185 6

"

.
, ,
185 6 . NEW ENGLAN D FAR M ER . 101

I C E H OU SE S . er had on e give so much or so rich milk b e fore A s .

MR BROW N want your knowledge or opin apples will not generally keep through the wint er
y ma y be S pread 0 t he b e ? oor and
,
,

ion in r e gard to an improvement I d e sire to make 1 c e llars t h e :

to my ic e hou se It is buil t entirely above ground froze n th e n Pl l e d P an d covered W l th h ay 01

.
'

:
.
,

12 % fe e t in the clear and 12 fe et high wi t h pos t s , ,

S traw W h e re they W 111 keep an d maV be used as
s ,

s e t in t he groun d sided u p wi th l i inch prime,

W ante d b YPOurmg W ater upe n them
plank and e nclosed by anoth e r house o r sh e ll 16 %
, ,
Wes t W l ndee r V5 185 5 A SU B SC R I BE R ,

f eet in the clear same h e ight and same material

, ,

l e avi ng a space 2 feet be t we e n the t w o -w hich is C LA Y W ATE R C OAL A SHE S , .

lled wi t h tan bark The ground on which it MR E D ITOR ; W h at will set tle a newly d ug
. _

S ta h d s is S lightly elevated and W i t h an a d eit ie nal well wher e t h e bottom of t he w e ll is of a clay e y

.

, ,
6 m e hes 0 f tan bark then the l e e (last W mt e l 4 nature ? I d n e this fall t he water is

,
have g u o
in e h ee thiek ) is Put in a layer a t a tim e till the b e autiful to the taste but will n o t se tt le and app e ar
,

: , ,
ho us e 18 full
o

.
clear .

N O W W h a t I wa n } to kn OW W ithout th e expense Will you inform me wheth e r coal ashes are good
,

o f the exper i ment i s wh e ther the i c e W l l l kee

p bet f o r any t hing as a man ure
.

, B y answering the above ,

ter hy makin g the be tto m l ike the S ides an d S U S yo u will confer a great favor on a cons t ant r e ad e r

pend i ng t he bottom w i th sl e epers s ay 6 or 8 i nches o f your valuabl e paper , JF 3 , . . ,

above the su rface of the ground ? H op kin ton D ec 7 185 5 , .

, .

The ice ho u se is protec t ed by another house 3 2

R E M A R KS T h e re are no m eans I n 0 111 h h e 1
by 30 feet posts 12 % feet high plank e d up wi t h
' v '
_
'

, ,

1i inch pine boards se t on end The s paces be edge whereby 50 S et t le 0 1 make C lear the W 3

. :
'
,
'

twe e n the ice house a n d the outside pro t ect i on se rve ter in your well that is whi le it is there N or do , , .

as wood-ho us e and carr i age -house so th e room i s we beli eve th a t it contains any substance injurious ,

a11 use d an d t h e we h o use th o ro ugMy pro te c t e d t o health If you Ief er 00 have It appear ei f ect '

from the sun The ice held o ut t ill t h e last of Sep P p '

C a keg or cask Of any kind W hat e ver

.

temb e r an d we us e d it wi t hout s tin t or measure in y

,
1 lear Place in , :

the family and s uppli e d the neighborhood in sick a layer of pebbles then sand then ne c h arc oal th en
, , , ,

i nd us e d i t 3 e a milk -room n hot W eather ein th re e inches in d e p t h

D eSS ,
f
C ov e rmg t he W a rm ml l k
i sand again each layer b g
The me upon this and turn the water and let i t pass through
, , , ,

Pah S 1 the I

ce

water f ro m t he ice owed at times quite freely and dra w i t off at the bottom The water i n your .

N e x t summer I want to make it supply a mi l k _

.

room before it loses its icy na t ure well will probabl y always
.
re tain its pres e nt ap , , ,

L o c us t L a wn N e w l ba ny 1n d , p e ara n c e ; that is if,

it has merely a whi
,
t ish a
p ,

earan c e an d n o sediment is visible to the nake d

R E MA R KS R a ise your ice house 12 t o 15 inches
.
- _ p
eye D ut if particles are vis i ble then b y -an d-b ye
above the surface o f the ground an d let the W ind ,
.
, ,

they wrl l probably subs i de and t he water become

have free passage un der it n o t being Obstructe d by ,

your outside building The oor should be tight much .

C le arer ,

t hough it is not absolutely necessa ry to have it dou c oal ashes are g 0 0 d m a nure an d ought t o h e :

ble and lined with ta n as the cold air will contant Preserved ,
.

1y n d i ts way to the bottom The keep i ng o f me H ow To USE L I Q U I D MA N UR E

.

well d e pe n d s i n a great m e as ure upon h a v mg i t i n

G EN TL EMEN : I n all w ork s on A griculture 1 i _

,
larg e quantitie s and c ompaetly et e we d W e Propose quid manure is strongl y r e commended but in n o '

t o g i ve a more extended art i cle o n ice and ice one do I nd directions for its u se which a re satis
h on ses at a future time factory Can you inform me t hro ugh yo ur val uable
.
.

paper the necessary streng t h of the liqu id P \ Vh a t ,

proportions of ei t her of t he following ar t icles are to

A PP L E OR C HARD S
be used in 100 gallons of wa t er and the times o f
.

Mr U N D E RW O O D 0 f L e xmg ton I n reply t o our its appli c a t ion to grass lands ei t her guano s u per
,

, ,
,

question wh y he pr e fers southern l p es for apple phosphate of lim e soot nigh t-soil urin e or liqui d
, , , , ,

orchards says My reasons are these that wi th from manure heaps

,
;

such a locat i on the trees Wi ll be protected by th e If used o f t oo great s tren th it would only burn o

u
p the grass and if t oo wgak:wou1d be of li ttle
ri sm
g ground on the north and northeast an d from advantage
,

(I
L ) ,
,
.

the winds and storms that prevail from that quar I have engaged about 2 00 bushels o f soot from ,

ter Th e frost will also be out of the ground ear 3 person wh o h as cleaned chimneys where wood is
. .

ner in the S eason and of co urse th e trees ,

burnt and also bushels Of S O O t taken from t he , ,

n es of b O i le rs where an t hrac i te coal I S u sed To

sooner get the b e net o f the Ope ning S pring
He .

what crops would they be o f the greatest bene t

.

,
also i nf orms us that he has not taken the premi ums
v

and W hat is the mode of applying it .

for orchardin g whi ch we supposed he had S a lem 185 5 A SUB SC RI B E R .

, , .

R E MA R Ks It should n ot b e used strong .

,

APP L E S F O R C OW S f or m ore r e asons than the above named

.

O .

MR E D IT OR li ve m a eo uh t y W her e m me s
O

There is n o danger o f diluting it too much ,

past apples fed t o cows were sa i d to dry up the i r
milk I think that may have been the case when
.
provide d the ground be thorough -drained or have
,

f e d in large quantities Ihave be e n fe eding a cow naturally a subsoil sufci e ntly porous to allow t h e
,

some fo ur or ve quarts a day reg ularl y and n e v water to pass off freely I , n t hi s case
(and liquid , .
,
102 N E W E N G L A N D F A R ME R . F EB .

manure should be used in no other ) there is no li ,

RO U TE D W H E A T SP .

mit to the amount of water in which m anures may I wish you or some of your correspondents a c ,

be di ssolved except tha t o f economy Us e there

,
. qu ain te d with experimental or practical farming ,

fore as much water as you c an afford to carry into would inform me through th e N E F a rmer wh e th .
'
.
, ,

er it would be safe to depend upon g rown wheat

the eld More on this subj ect in our n e x t ; some
.

for seed as Iam calculating t o sow some next

,
thing also on the subj ect of irrigation which is
, , spring and have a few bushels n ot qui te as good
,

closely connected with it almost the same thi ng ; for bread as th at not grown An answer to the .

and on th e composition and uses of soot .

above from a source to be depended on would be
, ,

gladly received by me and perh a ps be a bene fi t to ,

others W B U G BE E
RA I S IN G W HE A T
. . .

O rf ordvill e N H 185 5
.

, .
,
FRI END B RO W N S ome things can be done as
. .

w ell as others were the words of S am Patch a s

R E MA RK S I f we had a eld to sow we would
.
,
,

he leaped the falls for the last time That wheat .

not run the risk o f sowing seed that had sprouted ,

c an be raised in N e w E ngland is an in c on trove rti or grown as it is cal led A gentlem an at our el

, .

ble fact Th e high prices of our the past season

.
, bow says he has tried it but that it has always failed ,
induced many farmers that never sowed wheat be to grow O ur correspondent will accept thanks for
fore to try it last spring and the result in this vi
.

hi s hearty words o f commendation of the F a r mer

, ,

c in ity or as far as my observation extends is that

.

, ,

it is the most protable crop raised .

L ast sprin g I obtained 1% bushels o f coffee or APP LE T RE E AN .

Java wheat (which bears its n a m e from the seed

, Ihave an apple tree that wa s nine years old last
being taken out of some Java co ffee ) which I sowed , spring that has borne for ve years O n the 8th
,
.

on on e acre o f ground and harvested from it 2 9 , day o f O ct Igathered three bushels of apples from
.

bushels which weighed 6 1 lbs to the bushel This

, . .
the same tree an d since have measured it ; the ,
wheat is bearded and covered with white husks , height is n ineteen feet an d eight inches four inches
which drop off very easy and the grain shells o ut above the g roun d it is two feet in circumference , ,
easy Th e our from it is large in quantit y it b e
.
, and ve feet from the gro und it is on e foot a n d ve
ing thi n sh ined wheat and not only equal but bet
-
, , inches It is natur al fruit and similar to the B ald
J D WAR D
. ,
ter than the best G enesee our . . . .
win apple It has grown without any e x tra care o r
.

N orth s hbw mha m, D ec . 17 , 185 5 .

trouble . SA MUE L W BL OD G E TI .

.

'
cworth, N . . H .
, 185 5 .

P L AN S F OR B A RN S .

MR E D IT OR z P resuming you would b e willi ng

.
P O WDE R MI
LL W A STE .

to enli ghten a subscriber on any subj ect connected MR have a powder mill in our . E D IT OR VVe -

th agriculture 1 take the li berty 0 f asking yo u, place where a of barrels of stu ff from the ,
n umb e r

t o S end 111 8 0 1 13U b li 5 h the best g round plot for a

,
'
saltpetre renery is taken off \Vh at I wish to
: .

bar n about forty v e b y fty feet ; the best mode -

know is what it is worth if anything for manure , , , ,

0 f W eather-b oarding 85 0 R HA IN E S PA SSM ORE and how applied ? I

, f you or some of your corres
o .
,

W eS t C heS ter P a 185 5 ;

p on d e n t s will inform me
n thro u gh your valuable ,

W ill C a S U b S C l ib e r J H
E2
A

R E M A RK S W e c ontemplat e presenting some P P g

?
a el

o . .

a ve n
.

F "
outli nes o f barns b y-and-by I n the mean time per
a
.

haps som e of our correspondents may suggest some F th N w E g l d F m or e e n an ar er .

plan that W l ll be favorably rece i ved

D O POTA TOE S MI
.

X?
G RA P E SE E D S M R E D IT OR A s much has been said in your .

i
.

nteresting and very valuable paper during the last

MR E D IT OR P lease inform me through your few mont h s about potatoes concerning the relative
,
.

paper what is the best time to plant grape seed ? value of large potatoes small potatoes and cut o ,

p
Ya n kee S ettlemen t I L H
,
ow a
t at oes for seed & c Ifeel a desire to extend the
, . . .

, .
,

R E M A R Ks G rape seeds may be sown either in potato inquiry a l ittle further

. Ind the Opini on .

the fall or t h e spring but as in keeping them quite prevalent ,

amo n g farmers o r at least among

through the winter they may become too damp or men laboring on farms that di f ferent kinds of
p o

t ato es planted together will intermix on e kind b e

too dry as the place may b e where they are kept come changed or at least partially changed to an
, ,
, ,
perhaps it is better to sow them in the autumn and other Ihave ever supposed the opinion was erro , .

in such a mann er as to resemble the con d ition they n e ous a n d if Iam in mistake Iwish to be correct , ,

would be in if falling from a spur in a vin eyard ; ed I f such a thing takes place how is it e f fected ?
. ,

that is among decaying leaves and twigs and in a I s it done by seeding that is growing balls or by , , ,
,
some other way ? I n thi s region we have but few
,

li ght rich mould S mall see ds are apt to be co v varieties of potatoes that ever produce balls
, .
,

ered too deeply S o deep as to be in a s ui table E n os bur F a lls Vt 185 5

.
A P I X L EY
g . .
,
.
,

condi tion to keep for ages or too deep to germin ,

ate an d not deep enough to preserve them an d

TH E C A RO L IN A C U L TIVA T OR Th e ser vi ce s o f
, ,
.

thus they becom e moist are slightly quickened by

Prof B S H E DR I C K Professor of A g ricul tural Ch e m
,

the solar rays but cann ot push out a germ suf

. . .

istry in the U niversity of N orth C arol ina have bee n

,
,
c ien tl y vigorous to reach the surface and couse
secured as E ditor o f th is paper ,
.

quently perish .
185 6 . N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . 103

F or the N ew E ng la n d F ar mer .
unmelo di ous B ut Z E sop mistook the character o f
.

P O R TR A I
TS the crow when he represented him as the dupe of
the fox wh o gained the bit o f cheese he carried in
F R OM TH E FIE L D AN D F A RM YA R D ,
.
his mouth by inducing him to sin g an d exhibit his
B Y W IL SO N F L A G G .
,

musical powers V anity is evidently n o part of his

TH E C RO W
.

.
character .

Th e crow is one of the most remarkable an d well Th e expedients used for the destruction of the
known of all o ur winter b irds E very one is famil . crow in all parts o f the world are cruel and shame
iar with his black plumage his peculiar manners , ful Th e laws of every nation have s e t a price upo n
.

and h is croakin g voice Unfortunately he is re .

,
his head He is hunted with the gun he is caught
.

garded with an evi l eye and there is no oth er bird in cro w-nets he is hoodwinked with bits of paper
'

that su ff ers such general persecution I n n o king . smeared with birdlime in which he is caught by ,

d om o r proxi n ce is he protected either by custom means o f a bait he is poisoned with grai n steeped
or superstition and there is no peace f or him in any
, in hellebore and strychnine the reeds in which he
part o f the earth where man resides R emember . roosts are treacherously s e t on re ; he is pi nioned
ing the mischief he do es by plundering a few by his wings on his back and m ade to grap ,

grains of corn in the sowing season a n d forg etting ,

t h e benets he confers by t he destruction of myri
ads o f noxious insects the farmer looks upon him
ple his sympathizing companions wh o come to
his rescue ; an d children after receiving lessons of
,
humanity are taught to regard the crow as an un
,

as the enemy o f his crops an d destroys his specie s , worthy subj ect when carrying those precepts into
,

by every m eans which he can invent ; as an excuse pa c tice Under every government he is made an
.

for this atrocity he is accused o f all sorts o f unami outlaw by legislation a n d is everywhere held up ,

able an d wicke d propensities H e is abused for his . for pub lic execration .

cunning his stealth his mischievousness and his

, ,
A s an apol og y for all thi s inhumanity are enu ,

habits of thieving B ut his stealings might justly

. me rat e d a variety o f misdem eanors of which he is
be regarded as the perquisites attach ed to his o f guilty He pill ages the corneld b oth in the sprin g
.

c e as scavenger and destroyer of vermin His cun . wh en it is p l anted and in the autumn when it is ,

ning is the natural result o f t h e machinations made gathered ; h e destroys the eggs of innocent birds
ag ainst him on all sides and the traps that are con , whom w e would like to preserve ; he purloins fruit
s t an t ly s e t for hi s destruction . from the garden an d carries off young ducks an d ,

His wariness is really a v irtue because under chi ckens from the farm yard B ut to make amends -
.

the circumstances in whi ch he is placed it is on e o f , for these overt acts he confers upon m an some ,

his principal means of self-preservation and Iam special benets O mnivorous in his h abits he de
.
,

persuaded that the persecutions to which he has stroys in the course of the year vast myriads o f ,

always been subjected have cause d the development grubs worms and noxious vermin he clears the
,

of an amount o f intelligence that elevates him m any land o f o ffensive masses of decaying sh a n d esh
degrees above the maj ority o f the feathered race . he hunts the grasse lds and pulls out and devours
L et on e be born with no more sagacity than a com t h e cutworms wherever he perceives the evidence
mon hen or turkey an d he would n o t escape the
, o f their operations ; he destroys mice li z ard s
youn g , ,

snares of his enemies a week after he had left the rats and the smaller serpents ; lastly he is a kind
, ,

m aternal nest There are f e w birds more interest

. of sentinel about the farm and drives the hawk ,

ing from their m ani festations of intelligence He . from its enclosures .

observes many things that seem to require reason A fter weighin g the services he performs f o r man
in the observer He knows at once from the de
. against the mischief he occasions Icannot thin k he ,

portment o f the person whom he sees whether he ,

deserves death I t is dur ing seed-time and harvest
.

is prepared to do him an injury and t akes but little , that his depredations are chie fly committed ; and
notice o f on e wh o is strol lin g t h e elds in search of so hig hly are his ser vi ces appreciated by those wh o
f lowers or for recreation
, S uch a person may ap . have written o f bir ds that there is h ardly an ornith ,

proach so near hi m as to observe his mann ers and ,

ologist who does not plead in his behalf A udubon .

e v en to note the var ing shades o f h is plumage

y . remarks Ican well assure the farmer that were
,

N either does he seem to regard the presence of a it not for his race thousands of cornstalks would ,

party in a chaise or on horseback ; but if you have every year fall prostrate in consequence o f being ,

a gun in your hand you can hardly get sight of , cut down close to the ground by the destructive
o n e for the whole day . grubs which are called cutworms Waterton says .

,

Th e crow is by n o means destitute of beau "

he does but very li ttle in jury to man during nine
ty. His coat of glossy black wi th violet re fle c , or t en months o f the year
and for my own ,

tions ; his hazel eyes and intelligent look ; his state part I should lament h is nal absence from our
,

l y and graceful gait and his ste ady and equable meadows and our woods Wilson and many oth
, .
,

ight notwithstanding his want of brilliant colors

, ,
ers also plead for him and would save his species
, ,

combine to yield him a handsome and dignied a p from extermination .

p e aran c e Th e crow and his congener the rave n

.
, , ,
B ut the crow independently of the services ren ,

have always been celebrated for their gravity an dered by him as a scavenger and a destroyer of ver
appearance which seems to be the result of h is black min may be esteemed for certain quali ties which
,

sacerdotal dress and certai n exhi bitions o f in tell i are agreeably associated with the c h arms o f nature .

gence in his ways and general demeanor A n y on e . It is n o t the singin g birds alone that contri bute by
wh o should watch his m otions for the space of v e their voices to gladden the husbandman and cheer
minutes either when he is stalking alone in the
, the solitary traveller Th e crowing of the cock at .

eld o r when he is careering with his fellows

, break of d ay is as j oyful a sound though not s o
, ,

around some tall tree in th e forest must be satis ,

musical as the voice of the robin who in his season
, , , ,

e d that he deserves to be called a grave bird His . chants hi s lays at the same early hour Th e caw .

voice h as nothing t o recommend it ; it is harsh and ing of the crow is to me o n e o f th e most cheerful
 104 N EW ENGLAN D F A R ME R . F EB .

of sounds an d is heard long before the maj ority of
, L A DI E S D E P AR TM E N T .

birds have le ft th e ir perch I f not on e o f t he mel .

odies o f morn it is one o f the most notable sounds

,
D O ME STI
C HI
N TS
that herald i ts approach A n d how intimately is .
-
.

t h e voice of this l DI
Id associated wi th the sunshine

T PIE Take a deep baking tin and B IRD S N ES ,

o f pleasant winter days ; with our woodland excur

set as many apples in it as will cover the bottom .

sions du ring this inclement season ; wi t h the stroke Pare them a n d remove the core from o n e end ;
of the wood man s axe wi t h Open doors durin g
make a cus ta rd and ll each apple as it is placed ,

war m winter days when the eaves are drippin g ,

in the dish Then make a thick our batter pour .
,

with the mel ting snow and with all those cheerful ,
over the whole an d bake one hour S erve with , .

voices that enliven the groves during the period sour sauc e Ohio F a rmer .

when every obj ect is val uable that reli eves t h e si B OI L E D P OT-PI E -Take t w o quarts of apples .
,

lence or softens the dreary aspect of nature pare core a n d quarter then put them into a pot or . , ,

kettle and sprink le on a little sugar grated nut , ,

meg an d pour in water enough to boil them Th en , .

F th N w E g l d F m make a light saleratus crust and roll on e inch thick

or e e n an ar er . , ,

of the size of the kettle an d lay it on the apple

H OW TO R A I SE C OL TS
,

boil three -fourths of an hour without ce ssation .

.

D E A R SI R Iam often asked the best mode of P repare the sauce in the sam e way as th e bird s

eeding colts the rst and se cond winter after taking nest i Ohi o F a rmer
f p e .

them from the mare and not having had much ex , HO W TO B URN C OA L Th e great mistake of a ll
e rie n c e in the raising of colts could not give the is to put on t oo much coal as if it were wood t h e
p , ,

necessary in for mation . greater the heat I f too much coal is applied t h e .
,

Iwould therefore like through the columns of combustion is n ecessaril y choked up t h e dr au ght
,

,

the F a rmer to receive the answers to the following destroyed and the elements of the coal slowly e s
, ,

questions for my satisfaction and for the informa capin from it t o pass off to the c h i mney un con
, ,
o

tion of others .
sume or are disseminated in gases through the
Is it well to g ive colts oats o r any other proven room Whereas if the strata o f coal be but mod
, .
,

der the rst o r second winter after taking them e rat e a red am e w ill play around the interior of
, ,

from the mare or are they better to be kept up t h a stove by which entire combustion and a healthy ,

o n carrots an d other roots ? heat are secured O ne ton o f coal therefore by .

, ,

Is i t best to take them from the mare before thorough com bustion will often secure more heat ,

they are brou g ht to t he barn for winter or to wean and a h ealthier atmosphere than two tons secure d , ,

them on hay ? in the ordinary wa y and this is a fact whi ch c a n

How long should a colt rem ain with the mare easily be demonstrated I t will be very important .
,

be fore it is weane d or in other words how old this winter especiall y to have attention paid to this , ,

should it be P rule G r a ha ms M a g a z in e .

.

\Vo uld it be of service to the colt to r emain with VE G E TA BL E S EA S O N E R S Parsley celery thym e .
, , ,
the mare all winter if it could be done convenient sage onions g arlic a n d o t her seasoners should n o t
,
, , , ,
ly be p u t into soups or stews until the soup is nearly
Would it injure the mare if sh e could be kept in done ; chop n e and put in ve minutes before the ,
good esh and spirits soup is taken from the re .

A nswers to the above as soon as possible would O ne tea-c u of butter two of s u gar
,
C O O KI Es
p
,

be desira ble A S UB S C R I B E R
.
, ,
.

two eggs four table -sp oon s f ul o f sour milk on e tea .

, ,

S poonful of pearlash put into the milk with S pices .

R E MA RK S Th ere are ve hun dred persons O hi o F a rmer

.
.

among our readers abundantly qualied to answer S TE W E D C EL E RY Th e H or ti cul turis t recom .

the queries propoun ded above Will some one do mends highly stewed celery C ut the blanched o r
. .

so ? w hi te portion of t h e celery sta lks in pieces a bout an

inch in length ; and put them in a sa uce-pan over
F the N w E g l d F me the re with milk an d water in equal proportions
or e n an ar r. , , ,

barely su fcient to cover them ; a d d a little salt an d

GR E A T YI E L D OF POTA TO E S let t hem stew gently until perfectly tender Then .
.
,

MR E D IT OR A few days since I noticed an ar take o ut the celery add a piece of butter to the
. ,

t icl e C opied from a P rovidence paper

that a lot of li quor i t was boiled in thicken it slightly with o ur
, , ,

5 0 potatoes raised thereabouts weighed 5 0% l bs

,
pour it over the celery a n d serve it up
, .

, .

this does not s e e m hard to beat and would rather

,

place that fty among my small ones A S O U R C E OF S MI L Es D r F ranklin ha t ing

.

Ihave raised t h is season and since seeing the noticed that a certain mechanic wh o worked near
. .

,
,
above article have weighed 2 5 potatoes which weigh hi s office was always happy and smil ing ventured
,

I
, ,

5 6 % l bs . f any one can beat this I will try again to ask him for the secret of his cons tant cheerful , .

P erhaps at a future day Iwill give you my met h od ness .

o f culture which has produced as many and as n e

, N o secret D octor he replied I have got on e
, , ,
potatoes as ever were grown ; a eld o f 3 acres o f the b e st wives and when I go to work sh e , ,
producing at an average of less than 1 2 hills to the always has a kind work of encouragement for me
bushel . O S S A N F ORD a n d when I go home s h e meets m e with a smile an d
. . .

C ord a ville O ct 185 5, , a kiss and t h e tea is sure to be ready ; an d sh e has

.

done so many little thin g s through t h e day t o

R E M A R Ks W e shall be glad to publish your please m e that Icannot nd i t in mv heart to spe ak
.
,

acc ount when furn ishe d . an unkind word to a n ybody .

 D B V O TE D TO A G R I
C UL TU R E A N D I
TS KI
N D R E D A R TS A N D SC I
E N CE S .

V OL V II I
. . B O S TO N M AR C H 185 6
, ,
. NO 3 . .

J O E L N O U R S E PR R I R F R ED
K H O L BROOK A S S OC I
E
A TE
H LL
, OP
A
E TO
.
,
I
S M ON B R OW N , E D IT O R .

H EN F RY F RE N C H .
,

,
ED I TO S R .

OR G A N I
C AN D N OR GA N I
I C MA TTE R cal combinations through th e Operation of the vital
. ,

A N Y allusions are principle of these primary elem ents V egetable .

n o w made to s cie n
oil and starch s u gar and a n imal fat are by re , , , ,

t ic terms in agri
resolved into their original elements carbon ox ,

e n an d hydrogen T hese with all substances of

cultural a r t i c l e s yg ,
.
,

and farmers are f re a kindred nature or character are the result o f , , ,

que ntly heard to r e

and derived wholly from organized matter Wood , .

mark that they do burned in the Open air h as its organic constituents
n o t comprehend the dissipated the inorganic p articles only rem aining .

precise meaning 0 I n the ashes may be detecte d magnesia lime silex

, , ,

the words org a n potash oxide o f iron & c These latter constitute

, , .

to and in org a n the inorganic substances in which n o structure is

as applied in griculture
visible G um sug a r and starch are all formed in
ic a
,
.
.
, ,

They are at a loss where to plants and yet are decient in pores and bres ; ,

apply the proper distinction but be ing produce d by the natural Operation o f
which they suppose ought t o living organs are included with propriety u nder , , ,

be observed in j udging o f the the head o f organic mat ter .

two forms as they occur in na I t would be well for our farmers if they could an
A ll living animals and plants al yz e their crops and also the soils in which they , ,

eir carcases when the vitalizing are produced F e w however are competent to .
, ,

this an d much therefore remains uncertain and , , ,

unexplained B ut as time advances an d science .

,

matter These are re adily distinguished from in diffuse s its light over the earth these mysteries wil l
.
,

organic matter by a structure visible to the eye as gradually pass away ; and the farmer will then dis ,

observable in the bres o f hemp an d ax the p o cover that when he gathers in the rich fruits of his
rous structure of wood an d esh and the m ore l aborious in dust ry in the fall he collects together
,
'

complicated texture of hide and hair R ocks an d a portion o f what wa s his soil at seed time I
.
n , .

soils the waters o f lakes and oceans all things his wheat he will detect lime int and a portion o f ,
, ,

in short that do not live which neither are nor clay His I
, , ndi an corn a crop in which he j us tly . ,

should be the medium of vitality are to be includ glories contains also the same materials though
,
, ,

ed under the general division of organic m atter differently modi ed in combination and so d o most .
,

P lants and animals of whatsoever description are of the gra ins he cultivates
, A ll vegetables m us t
, .

composed mainly o f the four principal elements have a certain proportion of mineral matter t o p e r
carbon oxygen nitrogen and hydrogen When feet them and it is consequently important that he
, ,
.
,

either animal o r vegetable matter is burned it loses should understand how he can best supply them ,

its texture a n d disappears leavi ng be hi nd only a by animal m anures or mineral applications where
, , ,

sli ght residuum of ash . there is a deciency of power to suppl y them in

Th e substances ab ove named being derived from the soil itsel f , A nim al manures contain these min . .

the atmosphere are released and are termed o r eral ingre dients in a soluble state and consequentl y
, , ,

gan ie elements or constituents A l l the various in a condition th e more perfectl y ada p ted for i m
, .

forms and mutations observabl e in the animal and mediate appropriation N o particle of matter c an .

vegetable kingdom s are attributable to the chemi enter into or be assimilated by the vegetable o r
, ,
106 N EW ENGLAN D F AR ME R . MA RC H

gan is m,
until its texture has been broken and m od oats on top she ate very readily A fter e ating th e , .

ie d by the solvent a ction of water second mess there wa s a decided improvement an d . , ,

Thus it will be seen that there is an immediate re

after the third mess the mare appeared very l ike ,

herself again .

la t io n sh ip and constant interchange between t h e an Th is wa s all I did t o her in the wa yo f doctori n g ,

imal vegetable an d mineral kingdoms an d the more but I g ave her good attention by rubbing an d feed
, ,

perfectly we comprehend the laws of this union and ing during her illness Sh e is n o w bri g ht and , , .

its phenomena t h e more able shall we be to avail hearty as ever

,
.

ourselves of the riches which nature so prodigally I am inclined to the Opinion that sh e had a dis

ordered stomach and tha t the ashes served to pu ,

holds forth as an encouragement to enlightened rif it an d s e t it right Pot or pearlash migh t
y .

t oil . We should ever h e ar in mind the important have produced the same e ffect but would have re ,

fact that manures are endued with degrees of energy quired m ore care in their us e ,
.

par tly from their innate richness and partly from S hrews bw y J a n 2 3 185 6 Tn os W W A RD
,
, .
, . . . .

the facility an d promptness with which they part

w ith their fecundating particles to the soil and to F th N w E g l d F mer , or e e n an ar .

the roots o f plants These are given o ff only in

LI Q UI D MA N UR I
.

NG
s olution or in the form of solution o r wrie d b o dies
.

B Y P RO F J A N A S H
, ,

(gas ) the rst taking the name of liquid manure

. . . .

, ,

which penetrates the soil and is absorbed by it to A ll gardeners and m ost farmers know well that , ,

feed the roots o f the crop an d the other as air o r handful o f guano a pound o f super -phosphate , ,

a shovelful of ham manure stirred into a bar

, ,
,
which if not absorbed and xed by some substance rel of water an d applied after standing a few days
,
,

for which it possesses a strong aff inity will pass to growing plants will produce e ff ects entirely be , ,

into the atmosphere and be lost I t will hence be yond what would be expecte d from s o small .

seen that the art of manuring consists not so much amo unts o f fertilizi n g matter .

,
F acts S how that manures dissolved an d greatly
in the liberality of our benefactions to the soil a s diluted possess a stonishing power on the grasses ,
,

,
in the competency o f the measures we adopt to and on growing crops generally if the land be well ,

prevent the escape o f the soluble and gaseous pro underdrained or naturally porous N ature h as , .

ducts o f the m atters applied I t has been e stimat drained most of o ur land quite enough some of it
. ,

ed by a lat e writer that more than on e half o f all

-
too much owing to which we should b e the more ,
,
willing to dr ain the rest N ow the gardener ex .
,
the active nutrimental matter forme d by the con e c tin a large income from a small surfac e can ,
p g ,
sumption and decay of organic substances is whol afford to apply diluted liquid manure from a wa , , ,
o

ly lost in consequence o f the imp erfect a n d thrift tering pot or a hand engine Th e shades would .

less h abits which regulate the conduct o f o ur farm overtake the farmer before he would have gone ,

ers in applying them This is indeed an important over a large eld in this wa y C an he apply it by .

means of a water -cart sa y with facilities for pump

,
.
,
,
c onsideration and no on e wh o contemplates it in it into the cart a n d then letting it o w upon
,
g ,

philo so Ph ic al ly will nd cause to question the verity the land as in waterin g streets
, Ithink n ot pro ,

o f the remark above quoted tably A n e ort o f t h is kind would be li kely t o

. .

result either in applying it too strong or in such an , ,

increase of labor as would overbalance the a d van ,

F the N w E g l d F me tages gained O n small farms an d under the most
or e n an ar r.
.
,

D O CTOR I N G A H OR SE favorable circumstances it might succee d but could .

, ,

not generally Th e manure might be applied in a

MR E D IT OR There has been and perhaps
.

.
less diluted form i f it were to be distri buted in a
,
,
is prevalent among h orses a disease which i n
, hard rain as the falli ng rain would reduce the too
,
,
n y cases h a s proved fatal P erhaps what I great strength of the manure an d cause it to per
.

,
about to relate has no relation -to that disease ; if colate the soil instead of lying on the surface to be
it has well if it has not the facts in the case Ire drie d an d evaporated by the next day s sun b ut
,

, ,
;
late will not be altered this could not be done always and it ought to be
.

Ihave a valuable brood mare which has done n o done never for the farmer has no right to expose
,

,
w ork during the winter S h e has lived on natural h is o wn or his men s health
.

mo wing hay without an y extra feed till within the I see not therefore how liqui d manur ing ca n be
.

, ,
, ,
last few days and is in good condition A bout two adapted to any considerable extent among us n u
, .
,
weeks since I noticed that sh e appeared weak less it be either in the very expensive way employ
,

staggered as sh e le ft the stall for water and would e d by some distinguished E ngli sh farmers or in one , ,
st and with her feet unusually wide apart bracing or theother of the t wo followin g which a re n ot
,
, ,
in the stall and to move quick would all but bring recommen ded for to In y knowledge neither h as
,
, ,
her to the oor Her limbs swelled and I fe are d ever been tried but simply suggeste d for the con
.

,
th e result .
sideration of practical men
D uring a f e w days Igave her potatoes and row
.

Th e rst suggestion applies only t o m ow land ;

,

en not that s h e was bo un d up but for a change and it could t a ke e ect only in cases where the
,

,
'

of food I did not perceive that this produced an y mowing is a slope of land below an d near the barn
.

,
ff e ct whatever Th e for three days in S ucC e SS iO D and where a brook o r copious spri n g of water could
.

, , ,

at pleasure be turne d in t o the yard I t proposes .

to let a stream o f water into a tank in t h e yard ,

the tank to receive the liquid and a portion of the

185 6 . N EW ENGLAN D F A R ME R . 107

solid manures and arrangements being made for

, distant elds by its own weight and pressure S up
, .

letting in and shutting off the water at pleasure . pose for instance the farm buildin gs to be elevated
, , ,

I f the ground t o be treated to liquid manure wa s and yet from still higher land a running stream t o ,

a re gular slope like the roof of a buildi ng the oh

, , be at command ; and that in an Opposite direction ,

j ect could be easily gained and the land would pre , at a di sta nce of 6 0 or 80 rods is a eld of s ay 12 , , ,

sent a neat appearance ; for then the catch drains o r 15 acres of tillage land lying at a level of 3 0 o r ,

w ou ld all be in parallel l ines and might be at equal ,

40 feet lower than the buildings Th e cost o f lay .

distances I
- n the following cut th e land is su
.
p ,
ing a l ead pipe from the tank to th e centre of t he
posed to be rolling an d in no wa y favorable to the ,
eld would n ot be very great A single hydrant .

carry ing out of the plan except that it lies mostly , with a hose 9 0 feet long would enable the Operator
lower than th e barn-yard an d that there is some ,
t o throw the liquid manure over the whole eld .

where above the buil di ngs a stream that can be run I t would be n o very great expense t o extend thi s
into the tank at pleasure L et the t ank have a . pipe to other elds a dj oining and there t o c on ,

pipe running horizontally from the bottom till it struct hydrants to which the same hose could be
,

reaches the surface o f the ground near the upper attached It would not be best i n such a case t o
.
, ,

e d ge o f the mowing I t should have a gate a n d .

, agitate the m anure in the tank very s trongly b e ,

th e upper e n d should be surrounded with a screen , fore drawmg it off but to let 1t settle s o as to be,

o r strainer to prevent its lling with solid m atters

, . nearly free from solid m atters (the insoluble part ,

Then each way from the lower Openin g should be of the manure ) an d to apply this to lands nearer
,

constructed a broad shallow catch-drain with the , ,

the barn Icannot but think that on farms favor
.

lower bank neatly rounded an d perfectly level from ,

ably situated for such an Operation a consid erable ,

end to e n d B elow this and as n early parallel as

.
,
saving of labor and a great increase of crops might
the n ature of the ground permits let there be an ,
be gained without any very frightful expense
, .

other catch-drain and so on a s in the cut below , ,

F or the N ew E ng l a n d F ar mer .

W HA T A I L S MY COW ?
MR E D IT OR - C an you tell me what ails my cow ?
.

Two or three week s a go the hair around her eye

turned white and came o ff ; afterwards it cam e O H in
spots back of her hips a n d o n her thighs it has since
come off in other parts o f her b ody but princi
pally where the spots rst appeared around the
roots o f the tail & c Th e skin generally star ts
, .

with the hair an d a little bloody matter is seen be

L et the squ are a represent the location o f the , ,
,

neath it which soon dries up an d forms a scab

barn sheds and yard a marking the place of the
, ,
,

Sh e appears as well as ever e ats a n d drinks as

.

ta nk ; 0 the outlet of the pip e runn ing from ta nk

,
usual Sh e is with calf t o com e in late next sea
into the upper catch -drain ; c the second catch
.
,

drain ; 5 the third ; m the fourth ; n n embank

,
s on, and we milk her but do n o t use her milk , .

I
'
, , , ,
Sh e gives her usual quantity s it best t o
ments to prevent the liquid manure running out of
.

kee p cattle in the barn or let them run in the yard

the lot if it should reach these points ;
, 0 ,
in cold weather ? Many farmers keep them in the
,

parts of the eld t oo high for irrigation ; and the barn mostl y turning them out t o drink only once
hair lines rills of the liquid manure running from
, ,
In twenty four hours -
I
,

s this the best way ?

o n e catch -drain to another If the eld above rep
.

P rin ceton J 185 6 A S UB SC R I BE R

.

an
resented have an impervious subsoil retai ning the ,
, .
, . .

water and in clini ng it to produce the sour innu

,
,

t ritio u s grasses it would be bad policy to apply this

,
R E MA RKS C an t tell you P erhaps your eow .

diluted manure it might only make bad worse to has been suddenly heated an d cooled O ff too quick , , .

put on extra water but if it were rst underdrained H as a dog been after her recently ? P erhaps sh e ,

or if it have naturally a li ht Open subsoil the e f

g ea ts concentrat e d food such as meal and l ps , ,

f e c t could hardly fail to be good In the rst

, .

F eed her on carrots or other roots and E ngli sh

.

place the water itself considered merely as for ir

, ,
,

rigation would be salutary and in the n e x t place

,
hay using t h e card freely and you may bring out
,
, ,

it would carry the soluble portions of the man ur e a new coat b etter than the old on e .

along an d deposit them in the soil from the sur~ C attle do best in a warm an d equable tem ,

face downward among the grass roots m ore f a era ture I

,
f th e y c an stand in the sun and a wa y ,

v orabl y to the growing crop than could be done 1n

p .
,

an y other w a Th e more elevated portions o f the from the wind two or three hours each day well ; , ,
y .

eld could receive a coating of manure spread on 1f n ob keep them tie d up but in a comforta ble ,
:

or could be tilled the manure being plowed in a n d manner

, .
,

thus the whole be kept in a productive state .

S ome m ay regard all this as mere theory and if so W H EA T C UL TIVA TI O N P rof M apes in a recent , , .
,
they regard it j ust as it is I will only say that address at the I ndiana S tate F air stated that the
.
,
l iquid manuring could it be accomplished at a m od wheat crops o f O h io had fallen from 3 6 to 15 bu s
,

crate rate o f e x pense would be better in practice hels per acre Th is statement is denied to be tr ue
, .

than o n paper an d we ought at least to b e in q ui r by the editor of th e Ohi o F a rmer He asserts that
, , , .

in g how it can be done the averag e amount of wheat raised per acre in
.

Th e other suggestion is whether liquid manure O hio is n o w greater than ever it w as and he giv es
, ,
could not In part i cular cases be conveyed t o more st i tistics t o prove his assertion
, , .
108 N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . MA RC H

F or the N ew Engl an d F ar mer .

always interests and instructs m e with som ething
I N G PR O F I
F A R MI new

S TA BL E l .

A few days since Imet in Western Mass on e o f

WE ST R ID G E RM E RS ,
.
, ,
S K E TC H E S S TO C K B F A CL UB
OF .

your correspond e nts a Mr S of S outh D e e re ld ,

BY J , ,
. .

GG . N . BA .
an eminent farmer whom Ishould have accoun te d ,

I t was remarked th a t indolence an d bad man ,

a B arnum had he n o t been m o unted with an
,

a g e me n t are always unprotable and these are o f , honest blue farmer s frock He wish ed me to go .

ten allied to agriculture E leven hours a day are . and see his farm haste would n o t permit alth ough ,

r equired of operators in manufactories and work anxious to do so when he told me he raised 800 ,

shops a ll winter long and merchants keep their

, , bushels of cor n on less than eight acres of ground ,

stores open from fteen to seventeen hours a day . and raised his own wheat an d had not bough t a ,

F e w farmers work in winter as many hours as barrel of our for ye ars N o w G ov this is on e of . .
,

manufacturers S ome on the contrary rest all .

, , the w orkin g bees (does not work ha rd but well ) ,

winter and idle away part of the summer an d these

, , th a t bri ng s hon ey to the hiv e that speaks w ith em
are the ones usually that cry out against the pro
, , phasis upon the brea d q u estion to the drones of
tab le n e s s of farming . the great hive of the N e w E ngland farmers a n
I f farmers were as diligent and constant as other open qu estion which c an only b e answered by bush
,

men they would make as much money

, . e ls o f wheat and barrels o f our that drains their
I f farming is unprotable h o w happens it that , pockets to the dregs B ut a s sure as there is wa .

farmers families are so well fed an d clothed and so , t er in the sea the example of our friend S will be
, .

many have money in the S avings B anks adopted by all those noble farmers down east
.

Th e farmer s salary comes in by driblets instead , Yours respectfully H E N RY P O OR , .

of a lump L ittle by little h e receives his yearly

. N ew York J a n u a ry 15 th 185 6
, , .

stipen d A dozen o f eggs to -day a few pounds of

.
,

butter to-morrow pigs calves poultry corn pota , , , , ,

toes apples are some of the things he sells F th N w E g l F m or e e n ana ar er.

, , .

L and worth ten dollars an acre often pays for ED I TO R I A L A CCUR A CY .

itself besides taxes interest an d e xpense of culti Mil k f q t f

, ,
p d f B t t Im
p t f E di o ur ua r s or o n e ou n o u er or a n c e o
vation in a single year A man in th is vicinity sold T ip t o W h i gt F mS h l t W t
,
i }A
g
or a c c ura c r as n on ar c oo a es
, y .

$ 2 1 0 worth o f potatoes from an acre this year I .

'
O O 0

They were an early variety an d were dug and sold MR E D IT OR Th e l ate driving storm t hat has
, .
,

in season to sow the gro und with turnips lled every avenue to th e barn and the elds an d .
,

B esides money is not the only thing in which woods to the generous depth of snow two a n d a
, ,

there is prot F armers are healthy men I . s half feet at least has been peculiarly favorable for .
,
health protable ? A sk the invalid I s good di the perusal of agricultural instruction from th e .

gestion worth any thing ? A sk the dyspeptic I s city Iadmire the attire in which your p a per is .
.

sound sleep good ? A sk the sleepless I s l on e v

g clothed and t h e promise it g ives of sound instru o .
,

ity valuable ? A sk him who dies in manhood s tion Iam glad to know that you are so fortunate
.

early Ip rime .

as to secure a series of contributions from fountains
A ll these belong t o the farm er They are a l so reliable as are at your command When w e nd . .

most inseparable from his business They are a l e di tors deliberate and conside ra te in what the y s ay .
,

li ed to his calling Who would n o t then be a an d abiding by it y ear after year we have respect
.
, ,

far mer for their publications although w e do not approve ,

of all their notions This remark is brought t o .

A WI D E A W A K E L E TTE R ! mind by the v ascill ation in the columns of o n e of

We cannot resist the temptation to pub lish the your neighbors much cir culated among the farmers , ,

about the superior butter making qualities of his -

following letter from on e o f o ur e arnest and in te ll i stock We had understood him to sa agai n an d
y
gent correspondents I
.

f our va n ity would permit again that his D evon s would yield milk ou r u a r ts
.

f q , ,

it the excellent suggestions it contains for our of which would make a pound o f butter In ow
, .

brother farmers would positively forbid it S o understand him to say that he never stated any
, .

here it is and we believe it is all as true a s the such absu r dity an d to challe n ge a n y on e to show ,
,
where h e has made such a statement Ihave n ot
book o f Mark Thank you sir
.

a le of his papers at hand and know n ot where t o

, .

F R I E N D B RO WN Itake the hint an d respond nd on e ; a n d therefore will n ot presume to name ,

in the sum of two dollars for the F a r mer du e or n ot the page and time where the statement c an be , ,

du e. Who ever kept debtor and creditor for a found but if n o such statement has been made by
newspaper ? I assur e yo u I contract n o debt him Ido n o t wish to hold him to it because Id o , , , ,

where I get so much value received for the two not believe it to be true Ido not believe there .

dolls My friend H at N e w R ochelle says he can be found in his herd o r any where else four
. .
, , , , ,

takes no paper that combines s o much farm in animals together that will give milk o f a quali ty ,

struction and good reading matter and without through their entire season of milking (say nine ,

the fulsomeness o f compliment Ibeg to say Ilik e months ) that will yield more th a n on e p oun d of , ,

its editorials its dealings in practical advi ce and butter to ea ch eig ht q ua r ts of milk l a wf u l mea s u r e
, , ,

soundness of literature Th e Mon thl v C alendar A n d whoever undertakes to leave an impression.

is a lways well adapted to its time different from this is so far chargeable wit h an a t .
,

To me it is a matter of regret that farmers do tempt to mislead the public

, .

not write more I f time is short Ifor on e would

.
Iwas truly glad to learn that you v isited W a sh , , ,

excuse them with s i r l i n es or l ess in describing a in gton at the meeting of n ational farmers t h ere , ,
.

btg beet n t urkey an e a r of corn

, , or the length Hope th at the products of their labors will be pro
,

o f a wheat head The rst page of your paper portioned to the excellence o f the purpose
. Iam .
 185 6 . N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . 109

glad to learn that the energetic President of the F O U R TH A N N U A L M E E TI N G

association still holds ou for without h is energy or r n , a

skilfully applied what would it be

I am t ruly pleased t o see that the G overnor was 11 8 A G R IC U L TU R A L S O C IE T Y
,
' '

able to speak so favoran of the S tate F arm S chool Th e United S tates A gri cultural Society met at

a t Westboro There i s n o one of the inst i tut i ons Washington in th e E ast R oom o f the S mithsonian
.
,

under the care of the S tate from which more is to I n stitution Jan 9 A lthough the severe st orm whi ch
, , . .
,
be hoped than this if properly conducted the l e h a d blocked up the roads at the N orth prevented
, ,
'

,
18 n o on e W hose mflu e n c e W I 11 b e more b aneful I f many del egates from reaching the city there was a
.

,
,
n o t properly conducted O nly thin k h ere are 00 n respectable attendance from various S tates and
s ta n t l
y six hundred youths between the ages o f Territories , .

t e n an d t wenty training u for good o r evil in a C redentials were presented by gentlemen r e pre
p ,

s itu tio n t o be moulded at ill W ithout

a w
t ro lhn g i nuence o f guard i ans and relat i ves
an
y COD
I
senting various
f S tate an d county societie s
S tate B oards , o f A griculture
.
and '

they d o n ot come o ut valuable members of the Th e President Hon Marshall P Wilder then , . .
,
community the fault will be o n the heads of those delivered the following able
who guide them We hope for the best
A DDR E S S
. .

Pardon this hasty scrawl and believe me ever ,

.

faith fully yours , E SS E X G entlemen o f the S ociety an d friends o f A gri ,

J
.

a n 14 1 85 6
.
, .
culture z Ofcial duty requires m e to submit t o
you on this fourth anniversary of our A ssociation , ,

PE A R L A SH
a st a tement o f its Operations and progress for the

past year an d to offer such recommendations as .

,
We re -publish the following article in order to these may suggest in respect to its future mission .

give the correction which some chemical friend sent Th e year which has just completed its course h as

us on Jan eth . .
been o n e of unusual prosperity to the A merican
farmer in which
P EA RL A SH This is the common name for car his toil with ab undant harvests with ready mar
.
a ki n d P rovidence has rewarded ,

bonate o f potash and is an alkaline substance ob ,

ta in e d from wood ashes Th e ashes of the burnt

,
kets and remunerating prices A mong the second .

ary causes w h ich have contributed to this result we

.

t imber are collected and put into cisterns ; water is ,

pour ed upon them which dissolves all the soluble recognize the scarcity produced by the d rought of
arts of the ash and after standin g som e tim e to
,
the preceding year and the demand for A merican ,

pecome clear is drawn off and evaporated to dry countries of E urope are still involved A s philan
produce created by the war in which many of the
, ,

ness in iron pots when the half melted pearl ash re - .

th ropis t s an d C hristians we deplore this conict

,

mai n s I t is then put up in casks containi ng about ,

yet w e cannot lose sight of the fact that it imparts

.

5 00 weight P earl a sh obtained by this process is

to the agriculture o f our country peculiar impor t
.

u sually of a greyish color from the presence of i m

purities ; but it is readily freed from th ese by dis ance and should it
,
continue will a f ford an in c re as , , ,

solving it care fully in water an d evaporating the ed demand for the products o f o ur soil S till o ur .

clear liquor P earl ash when pure is a white sub main reliance must ever,
be upon the progress of

society within o ur own borders upon the prospe ri

.
, ,

stance of an acrid caustic taste easily soluble in ,

ty of o ur industrial pursuits a n d t h e conseque n

, , , t
water with which it h as s o great an a fnity as to
,
,

attract it from the air unless it is kept in closely home consumption of our agricultural products .

e commerce o f o n e section of o ur republic wi th

,
Th
corked vessels o r casks I t is an article of g reat
another hardly s econd in importance to o ur foreign
.

utility in many of o ur m anufactures S oft soap is ,

trade is worthy o f the attention and study of o ur

.

in part composed of it ; many kinds of glass are ,

po l itical economists an d the wisest o f our states

made by its aid I t is also used by scourers in .

cleaning wool & c and its us e in removing grease

,
men ; an d this commerce is created and sustained

by the art which it is the obj ect o f o u r association

.

and scouring wood work paint & c is very g reat -

,
especially to promote , ,
.
,

although soda h a s of late rather superseded it for .

th e latter purposes
G entlemen I congratulate you on the progress ,

of our institution during the past year I f it has

.

ME SS RS E D IT ORS Inote your article on P earl

.
not accomplished all which we anticipated it has _ ,

ash

in yours o f to day an d inasmuch as it is n ot
- furnished pleasing evidence o f its growi n g prosper

an d usefulness and strengthened our hopes i n

, ,
it
wholly correct beg to refer to it ,
y ,

regard t o its future development

.

Th e lye after being , evaporated t o dryness

,
.

I *
1 l
= I #t
leaves a deposit of what is known as black salts ,

and the pearlash of commerce is the result of the Th e arrangements for the B oston exhibition were
following after processes viz : These salts are then on a m e et nee ral scale and SO Perf e t1Y YS t e mat iz e d
, :

placed in an oven so constructed as to bring as as to be eas i ly controlled and to contr i bute to the
much surface as possible in contact with ame o f com fort and happiness 0 f the mummd e 1 attend
, ,

wood re and the impurities are thus burned out an ee

Th e n u mb e r 0 f e n me s m a n the d e l
, ,

and if properly treated instead o f being of a grey at en te

,

ish color the pearl a sh is the very whiten ess of whi l e was mn e hundred and th l l tY e n e e mbra cme b e
,
'
'

i n tcmg tween on e thousand and fteen hu n dred an i mals

ed .
.

Touching the m atter of its uses Iapprehend that Th e s um awarded in Premiums alone w a s nearly ,

the soft soap applicat ion would produce a very twelve thousand dollars a larger amount than has

,

indi fferent commodity f or domestic uses ; potash ever before been d i str i buted b y any other A gri cul
.

( a c a ustic alkali ) being not only more re na m e b u t tural S ociety in o ur country Th e other incidental
,
.

more economic al H
C EM ,
expenses were very large yet all these as Wi ll a
p ,

J
.

a n ua r
y 5 th 1 85 6 ,
pear ,
fro m the treas urer s report were more than ,
110 N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . MA R C H

covered by the receipts leavin g a balance to be ant with the science an d practice of A griculture
, ,

added to the funds of the S ociety This balance and one of it s ablest de fenders and warmest friends . .

would h ave probably exceeded ten thousand d o l His priv a te virtues a n d public services will per
lars but f o r the severity o f a storm which entirely p e tu at e his name an d h is memory in th e h earts of
,

suspended the exercises of the occasion during the h is countrym en O f other members wh o have , .
,

2 4 t h inst . deceased during the year we cannot speak partien ,

Th e exp e rie n ce o f the last year conrms the la rl y with the exception o f Thomas Hancock E s q , , .
,

opinion before expressed in favor o f holding annual of N e w Jersey wh o was present at our last meet ,

exhibitions in different sections o f the country as a in g and took part in its exercises a n d wh o like , , , ,

m eans o f establishing the reputation of the S ociety Mr Holcomb entered the spirit world soon after , .
,

a n d of promoting personal acquaintance and p ra c his return from this city With both o f these gen .

tical knowledge among the most intelligent farm t leme n it has been my privilege to be long asso
,

e rs o f o u r land . c iat e d f o r the promotion o f the rural arts ; an d I ,

Th e utility is becoming more a n d more mani f est am happy to bear testimony to their integrity of
every year combining the m ost healthful recrea character and to their zeal an d delity in the cause
, ,

tion of the people a n d verifying the remark of of terraculture Here beneath this roof where
, .
, ,

D aniel Webster at the rst exhibition o f the N o r they mingled their thoughts and j oined t h eir e f
, ,

folk S ociety in Massachusetts : Th e great p racti forts with ours it is pleasant to speak of their m er
,

cal truth and characteristic of the present genera it and to record th eir worthy deeds ,
.

tion is that public improvements are brought B ut gentleme n while individuals die associa
, , , ,

about by voluntary association and combination tions a n d institutions survive I t is n o t ordinarily . .

, ,

Th e principle of associ ation the practice of brin g the privile g e of those wh o start any g reat enter
in g men together for the same general obj ect pu r prise to witness its cons u mmation O n e genera , ,
.

suing the same general end an d uniting their in tion prepares work f or th e n ext We are carry i n g
, .

t e lle c t ua l and physical e fforts to that purpose is a out the desi g ns o f our fathers an d realizing t h e r e , ,

great improvement in our ag e A n d the reason is sults for which they labored O ur n ational in s titu . .

obvious Here men meet together that t h ey may tion is but the partial d evelopment of i d eas cher
.

converse with o n e another that they may c o m ish e d by the immortal Was h i n gton I n his letter .

pare with each other th eir e x perience a n d th us of July 20 1 7 9 4 to Sir John S inc l air he says : I t , , , ,

keep up a constant communication I n this

p ra c w ill be som e time I fear be f ore an agricultural so .
, ,

tical point of view these F airs are of g reat im c ie ty with C ongressional aids will be established
, , ,

portance C onversation intercourse with oth er in this country

. We must walk as oth er countries
, .
,

minds is the general source of knowle d ge B ooks have done before w e can run S maller societies
, .
, .

do something B ut it is conversation it is the must prepare the way for g reater ; bu t with the
.
,

meeting of men face to face a n d talkin g over wh at li g h ts before u s Ihope w e s h a l l n o t be so slow in

, ,

they have in common interest it is this intercourse maturation as other nations have been .

that makes men sharp intelligent ready to com What th e farmer of Mount V ernon more than
, , ,

munica te to others and ready to receive instruction half a century ago desired we have undertaken ;
, , ,

from t hem but others must carry on a n d perfect them L ocal

. .

I therefore recommend to your particular a t associations have been formed in towns a n d coun
, ,

t ention an y application whi ch may be m ade in ref ties in S tates an d territories of the Union ; and ,

erence to future exhibitions of the society A s the these as he anticipated have opened th e way for .
, ,

f act is now well established that the exhibitions of our national organization .

the national society in every S tate advance rather Th e United S tates A gricultural S ociety is now
than retard the progress o f the local associations an establish ed institution I t is in successful oper .

within its bounds such applications may be expect ation receivin g the condence patronage and f a
,
, ,
ed to multiply and it is worthy of your inquiry vor of the public ; and in return it is cooperating
,
, ,
wheth er an y additional action o f o ur body is meces with local associations and dispe nsin g it s bounties ,

sary on this subj ect fo r the encouragement of individual enterprise an d

.

I
l
= = i =
merit Th e encouragement thus a fforded to A mer
i ! I
.

Ihave the pleasure to inform you that in vita~ ican agriculture and the improvement therein have , , ,

tio ns have been extended to several gentlemen of helped to till and put under protable cu lt h a t ion
distinction to deliver lectures before this associa the immense prairies o f the \ Vest an d the allu v ial
tion during our session Iwould also re co m soils on the banks o f our vast rivers t o reclaim
.
, ,

mend that as much time as possible be allotted to thousands of acres of waste land in populous dis

the free discussion of a gricultural subj ects with a tric ts and to restore the exhausted soils of the o l d , ,

view t o elicit the results of experience in dif ferent er S tates Th ey have th us increased m any fold . , ,

parts of our Union the value of o ur land the amount of o ur a gric ul tuw
.
,

I t will be remembered that such a course at our ral products and have preserved us from the bank - i
, ,

last annual meetin g led to an interesting debate on rup tcy and ruin too often consequent upon an ex
, ,

the relation of political economy to A merican ag cess of trade o r an in fl ux of the precious me tals ,
.

ric ul tu re O ne o f the gentlemen wh o took a l h e y have create d and sustained trade spread the
.

prominent part in that discussion an d whose p ow sails of a prosperous commerce an d saved us fro m , ,

e rf ul ar ument is published in the transactions of commercial embarrassment whi ch would otherwise

g
this S ociety has nished his labors on earth a n d have been as prolon ged as those of former years
, ,
.

entered int o his rest C hanney P Holcomb E sq They have also main a ined an equilibrium among
. .
, .
,
t

o n e of the founders and a V ice -President of the al l branches of A merican industry

,
Th ey have de .

A ssociation died at his residence soon after our ve 10 pe d in a remarkable de g ree the conservative
, , , ,

last meeting He was on e o f the most distin g uish an d progressive elements of t h e A merican system
.
,

ed farmers o f D elaware an d of this R epublic ; o f i n d h a ve tau ght u s that w e c an s afely d epe n d upon
,

cle ar and discriminating mind thoroughly convers our own resources and become in the noblest sense , , , -

,
185 6 . N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . 111

f ree and independent A lready our A merican farm . position wa s accepted an d referred to the E xecutiv e ,

extends fro m the A tlantic to t h e Pacic a n d it is , C ommittee .

only a question o f time when it shall be bounded A H B yington E sq o f C onnecticut an d other

. .
, .
, ,

on the N orth by the A r ctic and shall terminate on , gentlemen discussed the feasibility o f h oldin e xh i
,

the S out h at C a pe Horn . bitions in the city which would guarantee t e lar
G entlemen I have cor di ally cc Operated with
,
- gest fund .

you in the inception organi z ation an d progress o f ,

'
Ih e President read a series o f resolutions passed

the society t o t h e present time and in future I , , , by the G eneral A ssembly of the S tate of I lli nois ,

shall be ever ready and willing to contribute to its asking C ongress to donate to each S tate an a mount
advancement according to my ability B ut I have . of land n ot less in value than
, for the e s
n o t the presumption to believe that I possess such t a blis h me n t of I
ndustrial Universities .

qualications for its presiding o fcer as to entitle A fter discussion the subject w as referred to a ,

me any longer t o the honors of that o f ce S o far . committee consisting of P rofessor Henry o f VVa sh
, ,

a s its responsibilities are concerned I clai m to have ,

in g ton Hon J D B D e B o w E s q of L ouisiana
, . . . .
, .
, ,

borne my fu ll share o f them an d it is my desire to ,

and A H B yington E sq of C onnecticut with a u
. .
, .
, ,

resign the presidency an d to aid in installing some ,

t h ority to present the same to the attention of C on
on e of the m any gentlemen whom I s e e around me , gress .

better qualied to sustain these respon sibili ties an d D Jay B rowne E s q o f the P atent O f ce made
.
, .
, ,

more worthy of this high trust To yo u my fel .

, some interesting remarks on the various races of
low associates wh o have borne wit h m e the heat
-
,

the horse to be found in F rance with the differ

,

and burden of the day Itender my heartfelt a c ,

ent government establishments there for improving
kn o wl e dg me n ts for your cordial support and con the breeds of this useful animal His remarks with .
,

d e n ce ; a n d Ibeg to assure you all of my contin a paper upon the same subj ect suggests a si milar ,

u e d interest in ou r association and of my a ff ection , system for this country Th e importation of ani .

ate and high regard for you personally . mals o f diff erent breeds for purposes of propaga ,

G entlemen while w e revie w with unfeigned , tion could n o t fail to be of immense advanta g e
, .

pleasure the extension of our ag ricultural domain C aptain Van V liet U S A read a valuable pa , . . .
,

the advances of improvement in the arts o f hus per on the domestication o f th e wild animals of our
bandry the increase of the products of our soil western prairies I t was replete with interesting in .

the interest manifested every where in the obj ects f rmat io n especially on the R ocky M ountain
pp
,

which we seek to promote the contributions which

5 l ee
wealth and science are continually making for the P i o f e ssor B airdexhibited specimens of the horns
advancement of this cause and the numberless o th , an d skins of these sheep an d urged experiments t o ,

er proofs of progress which encourage and cheer us ascertain if they could be domesticated .

in our noble work yet let u s remember that the , O n motion of Mr B rowne the E xecutive C om .
,

prosperity of o ur association must ever depend up mit t e e were auth orized to take such steps for the
o n the untiring energy and perseverance of its mem domestication of the R ock y Mountain sheep a s
bers We rej oice that it is so for activity is the
.
, they might deem expe di ent .

life health and triumph of enterprise

, To n o c c . A resolution providing for the importation of
ple on the face of the earth is this m ore applicable seed wheat wa s d iscussed and adopted .

than to the farmers of the United S tates of A meri S everal other papers were read an d the society ,

c a where every man is the arbiter o f his o wn for
, then a dj ourned until to morrow at ten o clock - .
,
tune
SE C O N D D A Y
.

What a cheerin g prospect is before the A meri .

can yeomanry ! Wh at a destiny awaits them Th e society w as called to order at half-p ast 10

on e in all the rights and privileges o f a comm on o clock and quite a large number o f gentlemen
,

citizenship the conservators of a common country ported themselves wh o had been detained by the ,

the almoners of Heaven s bounty to the re dupli storm O thers are yet on the toth er side of the
.

S usquehanna and on e delegation of ten members

cating millions ofour population B ound together by . ,

a chord o f living sympathy they are and ever must ,

o f the Massachusetts societies is among the w e a th

be the guardians of the public weal ; an d the

, e r-b ound President Wilder read several letters
.

power that would paralyze their arm destroys the relating to an nual exhibitions Mr S ecretary . .

last refuge of our nation s h Op e G uthrie delegate from the S outhwestern A g ric ul

, ,

P i d l d m y

ih myf d
r nc e s a n or s a ou r s or a
tural society invited the N ational S ociety to hold its
,
a e
A b th m k th m b th h m d
re a ca n a e e as a re a as a e,
next annual exhi bition at L ouisville K y R esolu , .

B t b ld y m y u a t y p id
o eo a nr
,
o ur c o un r s r e, tions from the Maryland Mec h anics I
nstitu t e were
Wh d t y d v b ppli d
e n on c e e s ro e
,

,
c a n ne er e su e .

read inviting the N ational S ociety in eloquent and
, ,

S uccess therefore my brethre n to the A meri

, , ,
earnest terms to hold its next exhibition in B alti ,

c an farmer more .

H on B B F rench treasurer o f the society

. . .
, ,
O n m otion o f C ol A nthony Kimme ] the invita .
,

then presented h is annual report showing the bal ,

tions were referred to the next annual meetin g it ,

ance in the treasury to be 15 .

h aving been decide d to hold the next exhibition
O n m otion Maj or B P P oore of Massachusetts ;
, . .
,
at Philadelphia .

D Jay B ro wne of Washington an d C H Mc C o r

.
, , . .
Maj or P oor from the committee appointed to au ,

mick of I llinois were appointed to audi t the trea
, ,
dit the Treasurer s accounts reporte d that they had ,

surer s accounts .
attended to their duty and had found everything ,

Th e President read a letter fro m May o r C onrad ,

correct .

of P hiladelphia inviting the society to hold its ne x t,

D r B eec h man of N e w York presented the f ol
.
, ,

annual exhibition in th at city .

lowing resolution I

O n motion of J I ) Weston E sq of Ma s s a ch u . .
,
.
, R es o lv ed That agriculture an d other great inter
,

setts seconded by C o l A nthony Ki mmel the pro

, .
,
ests of the S tate would in the Opini on of this so me ,
1 12 NE W ENGLAN D F A R ME R . MA RC H

ty, be materially bene fited by extending to the land was accepted . Th e o f c e rs were then electe d for
the syste m of meteorological co Op eration an d re -
185 6 , v iz :
search which has done so much an d is doing so F R ES I
D E N T,
much for c ommerce and navigation at s ea ; a n d MA R S EA L L P WE
that this society do h e reby earnestly recommend BER o
f Ma ss a Chus e -

l o

such e xtension t o the favorable consideration of VI C E P RE S I D E N T S ,

C ongress JD L a n g , Ma n e , i M L U n d e r woo d , e n t uc k y , K
n u s re s om
H mp hi J
. . . .

H T
.

F F re n c h , N e w oh n B e l l
tl on as d ebated L I
QUt l u auryP rof
a s re , e n n e s se e
n d i a ha ,
. .
' '

S im B w on M h tt ro n a ssa c use s, Jo s A W i-igh t , I

H e n rye an d other eminent gentlemen participating
, . .

. J J C k Rh d I l d
. . oo e, I i i o e s an ,
F A K i n n ic ut , ll no s ,
. .

C B C alvert E s q of Maryland rep lied to P ro

Jg g mf g w g } phzg zh
A w b ti oc t e on ec u A ll i s so u
o w
. .
, .
, ,
ee a n sa s
f e ss ox Hen ry s remarks espec i ally h i s i n smua ti on
ee n or os e
J C H lm M
y r. e

, G V il N w Jm y
e o. a i h ig
e e e _ o e s, c an,
that L ieut Maury was n ot entitled to the credit O f
, , .

I N wt P yl i D JY l F l id u ee , a,
J W T h mp qpl w
. sa a c e on , e s va n a , . . or
C D k Wi
h a v rn g made meteorologi cal observat i ons pract i cal . . o s on e a a re ur ee s.

y Ki mm i M y l P o d C iif m i
.

A thn on e ar an r a o a
l y useful W i th due respect to Professor Henry ,
.
, , ,
.
G w p C
. ti ,V i gi i ,W W C wm us D s, r n a, , , o a n, ,

and the S mithsonian he would not have the mat T BI

g ml II IIgi j t
li w
V5 g f y
1 y .
uf l g n. a ro a. e os e e c ol
,
7

R P t ; Gf g
a a
fgi "
13
ter pass from the hands o f that eminent o and distin e er

Po W o a
'

C C Cl y J A l b m W h i gt T
0
3

gu l so h e d m an who had not only proved h i mself a scr aC L t r. , a a a, a n c a s e r, as n on e r.

e n tl c man m
.
,

ma max) O f Pra cmca l sel en cfz

. .
,

M W Ph i l l i p Mi i i p p i E H t Ut h s s s ss un e r, a
J h P k i i1 L i i d B R C h p m N b k a
.
. .
,
'

o n er n s, 13 , ou s a e a an , e ra s
H unt i ngton of C on n ti cut ho ped W th i gt Oh i
. .

dg e S
. .

t
,

e
dc
.
, , G en , or n on . o,

6 Sue p J
ec g S D
'

JA Ki n g, N ew Y o rk , J J one s D e l a wa e , r
C B C alvert E sq objected to this as calculated
. .
.
,
. .
, .
, , A L E l wy n , P e n n s y l v a n i a, w H H T a y l or , Oh i o,
W
, , , , ,

to detract from the honor belongin g to L ieut Mau .

D Ja y B o wn e . D C . r o R ic h a l d P o a te rs , M3 88
Iy

. SEC R E TA R Y W . S . Ki n g, B os to n , Ma s s .

L ieut Maury Judge Huntington Professor Hen

.
, ,
TR U B F h D C EAS R R R
E re n c ,
.

ry and Horace G reeley spoke o n the question o f

C o l Wilder in an eloquent and impressive speech
reference t o a committee , ,
.

accepted the of ce
D J B rowne E s q wished to make some e xpla
.

. .
, .
,
O n motion o f G en Worthington of O hio it was
nations o f meteorological observations carried on at , ,
.

R es olved that th e me mbers of t h is society return t o

the Patent O fce .
,

ou r worthy P resident our heart-felt thanks for the

Maj or P oor re g retting that the discussion w a s ,
great ability the inde fatigable zeal a n d kindly cour
becoming a personal scientic quarrel into which ,
tesy with which he h as discharged the duties of his
,

subj ects had been introduced as ill egitmat e as was off ice an d also for yielding his wishes to ours in
the scion of the House o f N orthumberland wh o

,
,

consenting to retain his station

had been alluded to moved t h e previous question
.

,
This resolution wa s received with grea t satisf a c
.

Th e m otion w a s sustained and the resolutions ,

tion by all present an d cordial testimony to its
were then carried viz ,
truth was born b y gentlemen wh o h a d witnes sed
,

R es olved That agricultural a n d other great inter

,
the indefatigable labors of P resident Wilder .

ests of the S tate would in the opinion of the socie ,

A paper on a gricultural chemistry was read b y
t y be materially bene fited by e x tending to the
, Professor John D E aster of B altimore and o r .
, ,

land the syste m of meteorological c o-operation an d dere d to be published in the transactions .

research which has done so much and is doing s o Mr B rowne presented a paper on guano whic h
.
,

much f or com merce and navigation at s ea ; an d that was read and ordered to be published in the trans
this society do h ereby e arnestly recommend such actions .

extention to the favorable consideration of C ongress . R eports from P rofessors Henry and D eB ow on
R esolved That a committee of three be appointe d
,
the grant of land by C ongress for I ndustrial C ol
by the President to communicate the above resolu leges in each S tate were discussed an d referre d to ,

tion to each member of C on g ress and to solicit h is ,

the next meetin g .

c o -operation Th e result of their application in b e O ther business was then transacted after which ,

the venerable G I
.

half o f the great agricultural interests of th e coun V P C ustis was introduced to . . .

try to be reporte d at the next meeting of the S oci the society an d delivered a most eloquent address , ,

ety .
referrin g to his youthful recollections when he had ,

M aj or P oor Judge Huntin g to n and C B C a l seen the F ather of his C ountry shooting birds on

vert E s q were appointed as t h is committee

, , . .

elds now t h e site of this metropolis He gave a

, .

, ,
vi vid sketch o f our n ational rise an d progress bo th
. .

C B G lover o f the Patent O ffi ce read a paper ,

.
agricultural and social I n conclusio n taking such
.
, ,

A gricultural E ntomology

which on m otion ,
.

on

of G W P C ustis wa s ordered to be published in

,
a farewell as the oldest member present might t ak e ,

he would give that noblest of human sentiments :

. . .
,

the transactions
S uccess to agricultur e
.

TH IRD D A Y .

Th e society adj ourned s in e die Th e next meet

.

Th e society was called to order by the President .

i ng will be held here n ext year the next annual
P rofessor Henry read a paper o n the origin an d
exhibition wil l be held at Philadelphia in S eptem ,

action of P ower as applied to the vegetable king ber or O ctober an d will doubtless be a gran d af ,
dom O n motion o f C ol C alvert it was ordered to
.

.
, fair .

be publis h ed .

C o l K immell from the nominating committee

.
, ,
constitutes on e -h alf o f the weigh t of
a P otash

presented a li st o f o ffi cers for the ensuing year and , potatoe ashes Th is shows the importance of wood .

an expression o f regret that Maj or Poor h a d posi ashes as a manure for this crop A s there is 9 -6 0
,
.

t iv e ly decline d serving further on the E xecutive per cent of sulphuric acid in the potato ash it is
. ,

C ommittee A fter some discussion as to the quali

. apparent th at plaster (sulphuric acid and l ime ) is ,

c a tion of the Vice Presidents nominated the report , also necessary to insure a good crop
,
.
 185 6 . N E W E N G L A N D F AR ME R . 1 13

G R A D E COW , BE A UTY .

On e of
the marked evidences o f the improvement feed only and gave seven qu arts a day on the 2oth ,

among farmers is the attention which has been June last when he discontinued milking her Sh e
, , .

given o f late years t o neat stock I t is not alone dropped her last calf on the 2 3 d of A ugust 185 5
.
, ,
a n effort to introduce new crosses or distinct breeds and since that time up to the rst o f N ovember
, , , ,

but a better appreciation o f their wants and a bet (when his statement was made to us ) gave sixteen , ,

ter knowledge o f their physiological structure q ua rts of milk per day on grass with an occasional .
,

F e w catt l e-breeders now leave their stock exposed feed of corn-fodder .

t o the elements o r expect them t o thrive u n less

, We understand that this c ow as well as other an i
, ,

kep t in a comfortable condition But the time has mals of his stock prove to be e x cellent in every
.
,

been when we heard an aged farmer of a good deal way ; are good milkers an d fee d ers hardy gentle
, , , , ,

of experience sa
y that a portion o f his stock throve and lay on fat or esh as rapidly as any other stock
, ,

as well in the open air throu h the winter as did when producing the same amount of milk
g , .

those wh o were sheltered in his barn ! I t is n o w There is plenty o f room still for improvement in
generally believed that the food of t h e animal our cattle What is required is patience study an d
, ,
.
,

l ike fuel in the stove generates heat an d that e x intelligence and without these there can be little
, , ,

p osure creates a n e w demand for food hope o f permanent and i mportant improvement
. .

S tock is tended better every way than it used to , ,

b e They are fed m ore liberally kept warmer

.
TREE S F RO M S E E D A few years ago w e made
, , .

cleaner and protected from dogs and the stronger a large c onea ion 0 f the seeds 0 f S hade an d O m a
, ,

ones o f the herds Their natures constitution mental trees both d emduous an d evergreen an d
.
,
,

hab 1tS and wants are S tud i ed m e re and a l e better

planted with in uch care but did n o t get a seed to
,
,

vegetate Th i s season we have found o ut what was .

understood .
the matter ; w e planted too deep I t is well known .

Th e G rade C ow B eauty represented above is that in the pine -regions o f G eorgia this has been a
, , , ,

the result of the n e w interest in stock which we great mast Year and we now nd ev erYW h e?e :

have spoken o f above S h e is the property o f where the win ged seeds have met the surface 8011
.
,

G E OR G E M BA RRE TT E s " 0 f c oncord m th i s they h ave thrown o ut roots and begun the form of ,
'
q a t re e They had n o plant i ng but what nature gave
S tate one Of the argest and best farmers as W n a s
.

:
l
o n e of the best C i t i zens o f the comm onwealth
them and dame nature is a tolerable horticulturist
:
, .

Sli e W e invariably plant tree seeds ; just soil enough to .

received the rst premium at the late Unite d S tates Preserve the Imm un e is all th a t is necessary A .

F ai r ; is four years 0 1d last J u1 h a 1f A rshire and

y
ornamental tr e grown from seed may be made e
, ,
y ,
any t hing the cultivator wishes it
ra i sed from Mr B s A yrsh i re and nat i ve stock gro n by seed is most likely to be healthy n d ma
. .
A fruit t ree .

w
had her l mc an S ept 8th 185 4 and averaged f prove a sure and valuable vari ety I y
a ,

: : ,

teen quarts of m il k a day for t wo months on gras s question o f time with most of us ; we coul d n ot
t h a s been a

,
1 14 N E W E N G LAN D F AR ME R . MA RC H

wait for tree seeds to form trees A pine seed will lands to repair their rusty ol d buildings an d to re
.
, ,

m ake boards in twelve ye ars A pple seeds will pair their broken-down fences ? I . n order to ao

make fruit bearing trees in four years G rapes in

- count for such negligence on their part on e would . ,

eight and t en years P eaches and plums in t wo be inclined to think that they must have been the
.

years The C hina tree seed will make a good sh ade

. worshippers of B acchus or of the drowsy god S om ,

tree in four years A man may have a forest or an . nus .

orchard fro m seed if he will E ven the acorn and , Havi ng taken a comparative view of the condi
.

hickory nut may be planted with prot P lant tion of diff erent farms in the same town and of . ,

tree seeds reader and you will be astonished at

, ,
whole towns under different cultivation let us n ow ,

t h e work of your hands in a f e w years E x endeavor to arrive at some j ust estimate o f their .

ch a n e
g . comparative values E veryth ing is said t o be worth .

what it will bring in the market Whethe r or n ot .

F th N w E g l d F m the m arket price h e the tru e standard value of

or e e n an ar er.
everything it is n o t necessary for us to determine
G OOD A N D BA D F A R MI
.
,
NG Th e value o f a farm all other things bei n g equal .
, ,

B Y J O H N G O L D SB UR Y sh ould be estimated by the abundance variety and .

,

Whoever has travelled much in any par t of our richness o f its productions an d by the facility and , ,

country whether N orth or S outh E ast or West ease with which it can be carried on
, , ,
.

cannot have failed to notice the different appear A farm which is made to produce twice the ,

ance of di ff erent farms with regard to neatness amount of prod uctions with the sam e labor an d . ,

economy and thrift O n on e farm everyth i n g is in expense bestowed upon another is certainly for all
.
, , ,

g ood order and appears neat

, and tidy T h e build practical purposes worth tw i ce as much money . , ,

ings are all in go od re pair and the y ards about though it may not bring twice as much in the mar
, ,

the house and barn look as though they had just ket Th e same is true with regard to a farm on
,
.
,

been s wept and garnished ; no litter or lu mber of which the owner is obliged to skim over twice the ,

any kind is to be seen about the establish ment number of acres an d perform double the amount
, . ,

There is a place for e v e rt hin g a n d everything is in of labor in order to obta in th e same amount of
, ,

its place
E verything o n or a bou t this farm b e
.
c re p It is c h eaper it is easier it requi res less
,
.

tokens neatness economy and thrift O n another labor to cultivate a few acres an d cultivate them
, .

farm h o w altered is the scene ! Here ever ything well than to attempt to cultiva te a large n umber
, , , ,

looks as though a hurricane had swept over the and do it imperfectly We se e then that th e .
, ,

place scattering litter rails and lumber in every di highly cultivated farm is the most valuable and
, ,

rection Th e house and barn and fences appear productive farm an d will generally bring the most
.
, , , ,

in a dilapidated state ; and all the yar d s about the in the market I t is skilful practical and scientic .
,

establishment a re lled with broken do w n carts and agricu l ture which renders a farm truly valuable and -
,

carriages plows and harrows wheel barrows and productive

, ,
.

e x-yokes and implements of h usbandr y

, of every Th e same is true with regard to towns w h ich are
description E verything on or a bou t this farm in made up o f the di ff erent farms contained therein
.
,
. .

d ica te s a want o f taste neatness economy a n d E very town is to be estimated accordin g t o its pro
, ,

thrift .
d uc t iv e n ess a n d this depends in a great measure , ,

Th e same is obs e r v able with regard to towns upon the d egree o f the attention which has been .

G o into one town where considerable attention has paid to a griculture

,
N o matter how a town stands .

been paid to agriculture as a science a town n o t on the S tate valuation list its real value depends
,
,

remarkably distinguished for the richness a n d fer upon its resources its ability to produce all the

t ilit y o f its soil o r the c are with which it may be necessaries th e comforts the conveniences and the
, , , ,

cul tivated being rather a poor hard and rocky lu x uries of li fe and t h ese depend in a great m eas ,
,

soil and there you will behold comfortable co n v e ure upon the knowledge an d practical skill of its
, , ,

nient and well-built far m-houses and well ll e d cultivators A town in which the science of agri - .
,

b arns cultivated elds and fruitful orchards good culture has never been developed cannot vie with
, ,
,

walls and fences large stocks o f cattle horses another in which art an d scien ce and perseveri n g
, , ,
,

sheep swine & c and everything indicatin g the e ff ort ha ve for a long series of years been carrying
, , .
, , , ,

taste neatness economy industry an d th rift of the forward the great work of improvement Th e riv
, , ,
.

farmers G o into anoth er town in which little or er does n ot gush up at once in full tide from the
.
,

n o attention has been given to the cultivation of the ground ; but it commences in a thousand spr i ngs ,

earth a town possessing all the natural advan tages whose waters f lo w on an d mingle until they become
o f a fertile well-watered and exuberant soil and o f a ood when t h e ships fl oat a n d t h e s ea m onsters
, , ,

a favorable location an d mild climate an d there play Th e sun does n o t rise up instantly deluging ,
- . ,

o u will behold a scene which if it do n o t make the earth with a sudden burst o f light ; but faintly
y , ,
,

y ou

stare like a cat in a strange garret will at at rst hi s rays tin ge the eastern horizon ; and
,

,
,

least induce yo u to quit the town as quick as possi while t h e shadows of the dark night are still upon
,

ble lest the contagious infl uence of such a scene the earth higher an d still higher mounts the sun
, , ,

should overshado w your spirit with gloom F or until at last his broad light is poured in full splen .
,

as you cast your eyes about you and behold th e dor upon the world and it is day S o it is with ,
.

miserable prospect on every side houses barns th e science of a griculture I

,
ts beginnings are small .

, , ,

and other buildings grown old a n d going t o d e e a y but it incr eases as it advances till it nally c h an g es
,
'

,
,

elds covered with weeds brambles briers thorns the whole aspect o f a town , , ,
.

an d thistles as
yo u behold all this you will be ,

convinced that some blightin g withering curse TH E ME RC HA N T S C L E RK A N D TH E PL O W B OY

,

,
.

must have fallen upon the inhabitants of that town Th e young man wh o leaves the farm -e l d for the ,

a n d paralyzed all their energies O therwise why merchants desk o r the lawyer s or doctor s o ff ice .
, ,

have they neglected to cultivate and improve their thinking to dignify or ennoble h is toil makes a sad ,
 185 6 . N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . 115

mistake He passes by that step from in de pe n d

.
, , OR TH F I E L D MA SSN , .

ence t o vassalage He barters a natural for an .

This town is one o f the m ost beautiful in N e w
articial pursuit and he must be the slave of the
caprice o f customers and the chicane of trade
,
E ngland It s the I n dt a n S u ekea

q g an d set i

I
,
t l e d in 16 7 3 t S h h e l e d severely from I ndian

eith er to support himself or t o acquire fortune .

Th e more articial a man s pursuit the more debas ,

depredations and wa s laid waste by them a few .

ing is it morally an d Ph YS te ah Y T0 test 1t 00 n '

years after its settle ment I n 16 85 the people re

t raS t the me mh an t s 0I
: .

w k W ith the PlO W b oy Th e '
turned and commenced to build and cultivate the
for mer may have the most exterior polish but the
latter under his rough outside possesses the truer
,
land but u a few years f re S h "t r e ads from the I
n
, ,

stamina He is the freer anker happier and

.
, , ,
dians destroyed their crops b u rnt their log houses ,
-

nobler man Would that young men might j udge

. and scattere d the inhabitants so that for man v ,

0 f the dignity e h labor h it s usefulness a n d mah h years it was le ft alone but with the unmistakable
y

,
nes rat h er than by the supercial glosses it wears
s, .

marks o f an attempted C ivilization scattered over

Th ere f ore we never see a m an s nobility in his kid
,

gloves and toilet adornments but in that sinewy the dl sma l Plal m I n 17 13 after the e re c tl e h or :
,

a rm whose o u tline bro wned by the sun betoken a

, , ,
F ort D ummer in its Vicinity the hardy Pioneers : :

hardy honest toilet under whose farmer s or me
, , once more returned an d rebui lt the town A large .

e h e h ie h V e S t a kih h e S t heart ma
y bea t H u nt s

g portion o f the land is o f an e x cellent quality
M a g a z me
.

N ear the river are t w o distinct plateaus or plains ;

o n e o n the bank o f the river and called interval

H A R V E ST H O ME .
,

or meadow and the other some third of a mile

, ,

h i p m y h l d b th i l
,
P rou d s s ad o o s ve r a n gol d ,
Th e we a l th of a d i s ta n t s tra n d
back and fty or six ty feet higher than the mead
,

B ut sh p s wo ul d i rot , a n d be v a l ue d n o t , OW . This plain extends about a mile in t wo dire c

W
e re t h e re h e i
t o t th e l a n d '
tions and o n it stands the thickly-settled portio n
,

i
Th e w l d e s t h e a th a nd th e w l d e st i b ra k e of the town Th e main street continues nearly a.

A re " C h a s th e m h e se e
F or t h e y g l a d d e n th e W i l d i rd s wh e n th e y wa k e
.

b mile parallel with the river is we should j u dge

, , , ,
,
i
A n d g ve t h e m f o od t o e a t ,
some twelve or fteen rods Wi de an d i s ornamente d ,

A nd w h w n it i i ng h a nds a nd S p a d e a n d p 10 w,
by four rows o f the m ost beauti ful trees m ostly o f ,

Th e gl a d n i n g h o ur sh a ll c ome , the A mer i can elm b ut i nterspersed occas i onally , , ,

W i
h e n th a t W h c h i s c a l l e d th e wa s te l a n d D OW , the rock maple S tanding ab out two rods
i H
.

S h a l l 1g m th th e a m est H ome

apart and extend i ng three -fourths of a m i le at

,

least they must number some ve hundred tree s

PA R SN I MI
,

PS F OR L CH CO W S in a l l .
,

Will yo u inform me through the columns of the I t w as o ur good fortune to be called into thi s
,

C o un try G en tlema n respecting the quali ties o f p air s beautiful town on the evening of the 2 2 d inst t o
, .
,
n ips a s feed f or d airy cows through the winter I have an agricultural talk with the good people a t .

inf ill: thi gggaf d gg l d r c ggs

nt ;l l u d l e kn o w I f

g
their L yceum and in passin g th rough the stree t ,

L exing ton Ky TH O MA S J I o u r attention was instantly arrested by the noble

, N KS,
.

P arsnips are very highly esteem ed as food for

,
trees which adorn it and of which it is o ur purpose ,

milch cows as well as for pigs and poultry in the n e w to give a brief aeee h h t
,
o

I
,

sland of J ersey where they are extensively grown I , n the year 181 1 a young man h orn in B oston , ; ,

for this purpose We quote from the q lopedi a and there educated to practice law f eun d himself
.

,
of g ri cu ltu re : When parsnips are g w en to surrounded by many already possessing nine

milk cows with a ll ttle h

'

g
I r
t h e butter is f o un d t o b e 1 ?;gg a Z Ljgi agagj
e as g
o mt s i n the essent i als o f pract i ce i f not i n the

p ,

c e lle n t avor a s when the animals are feedi ng in the s ub S ta h tial acquirements 0 f the myS t e e u s Pm "

best pastures A s parsnips contain six per cent f e ssion S o b e cast about to s ee where he should
'

. .
.

more mucilag e than C arrots the di f erence ma y he go to carve o u t his fortune and his good genius di
f :

su ffic i ent to account for the supe ri or fatten i ng as re ct e d him to N orth e j d Mass There he foun d
,

,

well as butter making quality of the pars nip D on
-
.

observes th t a i
,n the fatte ing of cattle the parsnip
n
the C onnect i cut W i th i ts green and fert i le meadows
.

, ,

is found equal if not superior to the carrot perform higher P 3 Pl ain about a mile in length and half ,
in
g the business with as much expedition and af that distance in width b ounded a t each termina , ,
f ording meat of exquisite avor and of a hi h
g lyj ui tion o f t h e mile by a li mpid brook sparkling and ,
,
C y quality ; the animals eat it with much gree di ness
h e hl s t h boldly u se from the edg e
: ggs
fr .

3 0 lbs weight morn i ng noon and night ; the large f i e g

re
Th e parsnips are given in the proportion o f about
.
, ,

ones being split into three or four pieces and a lit In th e lovely valley once un dOUb t edI Y a ,
, :

' l
t e hay supplied in the intervals o f these periods lake an d thi s plain wa s made u o f the debris o f
l h e result of exper i ment has sh own that n o t only
. p .
,

th e hi ng an d t h e alluvion o f the river gathered ,

,
in neat cattle but in the f attening of hogs and p oul
an d depos i ted through long ages of p a ssmg t i me
t
, o

try t h e animals become f at much sooner an d are

.

more health y than when f e d with any other roo t or I

,
n form nothing could be better adapted for plant ,

ve g etable ; and that besides the meat is more sweet in g a town than this S pOt S tretching along on the
, ,

and delicious C o un try G en tlema n
.
bank of the river it gave a ccess t o it t o a large .
,
1 16 N E W E N G LAN D F AR ME R . MA RC H

proportion o f the settlers and on the oth e r side o f ground W here ,

guns were C harged 0 1 threats h e ,

th e street ne lots for buildings an d farms and a made an d the gaps S t e e d as h Vih g re me mb rah ee e
, ,
:

o f the hostility to the work Th traveller how

wa y t o the rich g re z in g lands farther back Th e e .
.
,

w ater was Pur e wood for timber and fuel aboun ded
,
ever W i n n d h e Vaeah t Places h e w they were a t ,
"

e rward s planted with maples by the recusants an d

on the hills while the prospect down the W inding
t ,
,

valley o f the river or away upon the receding ,
G od s s u n and r ains have matured them into lofty ,

mountains was lovely in the extreme

,
S re a
p h h
g tre es along W ith the Te et
.
:

B ut though the hills and the banks of the river There are h o w f our rows e h trees e X t e h h h g the
Wh e l e l e h g th 0 f the Village W ith a carriag e way h e
were covered with trees there were none on this ,
:

plain Where the early S ettlement was commenced

,
tween the two centre rows and foot -walks between
.
,

Houses h ad b e en erected and the lands cultivated each ,

outer row and the ornamented grounds in fron t
,

on either S ide of the br e ad r e a d b u t the sun fell

of the substantial dwellings of the place Th e once
,
.

harre la th is h o w 3 rich e m W hose S h rre h h d th g e

with unobstructed power or the winds whi rled the ,
h
P g :

dus t into the traveller s face are the fertile
.
hills covered with verdure in sum ,

A t the Period of thi s yo ung man s S ettlement in mer and dotted with cattle and sheep or dark with
, ,

the town these lands had been cultivated about

,
the f o re St S W hich S rih
p g fro m their S ides .

A n d W h o w a s the e h eh e h te r that t o ueh e d an d

on e hundred years and thrifty farmers occupied
,

them and were gradually increasing their worldly

,
t rah s th rme d the scene ? I t was TH O M A S P O W E R :

h ow ah d for a long ti th e the e th eie h t an d h th d

goods and d rawing around th em more of the c o m
,
, :
"

hearted C lerk 0 h the Pe h ee c ourt in B O S tO h W hose

f orts and elegancies of life B ut even at this time the .
,
: :

plai n was still destitute of trees an d shrubs ; n ot a sympathies know no limits W herever a kind word

or e e d deed ma benet h is kih d We h ave

ower planted by the hand o f man n o t even a rose
,
a
g y , ,

little reverence for kings or bishops or men of

could be found N o ornamental tree or S hrub or
.
, ,
, ,

c imbing plant cast a shadow in the burning sun

l ,
hi g h estate merely as such ; but to a nobility like .
,

Th e road sides were encumbered with cast o ff imp l e

- this W e P ya the homage O f a grateful heart He ,

ments of husbandry ; the relics at an ancient 10 8 has erected a monument more enduring than brass . ,

for when the trees which he planted shall have

house o r some dilapidate d v ehiel e an d among
, ,

m ih gte d W ith the (l ust C hildren s C hildren W ill re
these th e burdock and thistle the mullein milk
, , ,
:

peat m d e h gh tf ul remembrance the name o f TH O M

weed and j e hn swe rt were ourishing in r ank hu l k ,
,

A S PO W E R .

an e e .

S uch was the general appearance o f the place in F th N w E g l d F me or e e n an ar r.

1813 about three years after this gentleman enter

I
,

ed i t with the intention of mak ing it his future

,
M E E T N G A T C H E L M S F O R D
home There was within him a love o f the beauti MR E D IT OR O n the evening of Monday the l t
. . ,

t t there was h hh e me e tth 0 f the C h e h h e th rd

ful in rural life which the scene before him aroused h e 1
P O go o a
o ,

mt o act i on ; and after arrang i ng the whole matter

0
F armers and MQC h a mC S A SSOC l a UQ h m t h e Town
0

Hall A n in t ere stin address was de l ivered b y H on Or .

I n h i s own m i nd he called on some o f the farmers S imon B rown A fter the address there wa s a d is
.

,
.
,

h ith W hom he h e d become acquainted 0n the min c uss ion in which D r B artlett M r Hodgman R e v
,

.
, .
, .
,

i ster the phys i c i an and others and proposed to Mr B romer o f C helmsfor d D r R e ynolds and
, , , .
, , .
,

them t o plant four rows o f th e A merican E lm Jacob B F armer of C oncord a n d the orator of the ,
.
, ,

hundreds of which young and thrifty were then evening participated Th e S peakers S howed that

o ,

S t an di ng on the banks 0 f the n ve rthrough the em

they w ere accustomed to the discussion of scientic
,
,

as well as practical subj ects that th ey were in the

t h e leng th 0 f the etree t ! B Ymost the l h O POSittOn habit of thinking and discriminating and making
:
'

,
,

was cord i ally rece i ve d and they were ready to lend careful observations Th e hall wa s well lled by
,
.

ladies d t l m d the meeti n g w as re Si

a helping hand in the work But by others it was a n
g
.
e n e e h a n P v

ded over i n a very felicitous manner by O tis A dams

,

ercely opposed an d denounced as a d

d f ed _
,

E s q a gentlem an who has the right tact f o r a pre

,
.

eral tr i c 1t be i ng dur i ng the war when part i es S idin g O fcer He has much dignity a n d courtesy
, . ,

were stron gly arraye d a g ains t each other and when an d a great fu nd o f m other wit , Th e fac t that s o .

burn i ng J eal ousies were more common than a de large a number of the good peopl e of this town as
sire t o embellish and increase the c omforts of sembled 0 h 3 c e 1d evening W hen the roads were ,

pil d u with snow sh o ws a deep inter est in the

home B ut a survey was m a d e the l ines were subej ect pand an earnest desn e to obta i n knowledge
.
,
,
t

,
s truck and the work went o n Th e farmer came S uch me s tin g s cannot fail to be useful Th e y tend
, .
.

W i th 1118 t eam the lawyer and doctor an d minister to impress upon the young the importance of mak
, , , ,

an d store -keeper cam e with their implements ing themselves acquainted with the various branch ,

a n d in a e w days the noble work was accomplished es of knowledge pertaini n g to agriculture T hey .
.

B ut here and there in front o f certain premises

tend to elevate to a higher ra n k in t h eir estimation ,
,
the business of farm ing and to give it that impor ,
,
t here wa s a gap ! and sho t was threate n ed to be tance and dignity which intrinsically belong t o it .

t hrown if the s e Puh h e b en e f ae t ors b rOk e ground When men of le a rning talents and enterprise will , ,

there An so they passed them by and broke devote t o agriculture the same energy which th e v ,
185 6 . N EW ENGLAN D FAR ME R . 1 17

have hitherto devoted to professional pursuits t o million acres o f little value I n the north of E n
g , , .

commerce and to politics they cannot f ail t o sue land are more mountains which separate E ngland
,
.
,

c e e d and at the same time to give a character and from S cotland an d ramify through the counties
0f :
, ,

inuence to the business which will induce ambi N orthumberland C umberland Westm oreland and

, , ,
,

tious a n d enterprising youn g men to enga g e in it parts O f L ancashire D urham York and D erbyshi re , , , .

instead o f resortin g to t h e city an d burying them 1hi s reg i on cont ai ns upwards O f ve m i ll i on acres

, ,

sc l ve s in dark an d dingy counting rooms an d in W O Ith scarcely more than t h e f o me r

'

t
- .
,
W h e re Ve I the g round I n E ng and IS not It
.

haling th e villanous smells and gases O f foul docks ,

l

an d mouldy cellars a n d smoking lamps inste ad of 18 In general natural ly marshy Th e c o un tl e e 0 f

, ,
, , .

th e pure air o f heaven in the Open elds and entan E ngland and 051t ld e I 30 W l eC h O D e d e S e C I
P aHY

g ,
,

gling themselves in the mysteries and anxieties of the rst amon g the most PrO d uc t e were formerly ,

trade in which nine o ut of every ten are sure to h u t o n e V3 3 1

3 m a l S h Pa l t l a h ) covered b y the s e a

t is such men that agriculture needs me n hk e the Po wers o f H o na h d O p p o sI I

,

fail I te n Other , ,
.

wh o after acquiring a good education and cultiva parts o f t h e I

.

sland are ext e n sw e sands abandone d

O

ll e county 0 f N e l f O I
, ,

ting all their faculties in the best manner shall y b the se ek k 13 11 0 th 1h g e l e

e ,
'

then devote t h e d e w o f their youth an d t h e There rema i n i n E ngland the undulat ing h i lls
t

strength of their manhood to the cultivation of the which form about half its whole sur face but these ,

soil Me n wh o have acquir ed wealth by other pur lands are n ot all of the sam e geological formation
.
.

s uits and then engage in farming to gratify t h eir Th e Thames basin is composed of a stiff clay called
,
,

taste and amuse their fancy will never do much to L ondon clay Th e counties of E sse x S urrey a n d
,
.
, ,

improve prac tical agriculture or raise the charac K ent as well as M iddlesex
,
belong to the clay -be d
, ,

called in E ngland s ti land and well known as ex

te r and standing of the farmer B . . , ,

ce e din g l y troublesome L e ft to itsel f this clay never .

,

dries in E ngland and when n o t transformed by ,

F th N w E g l d F m manure a n d improved by draining farmers despair

or e e n an ar er .
, ,

of making anyt h in g of it I t prevails throughout the

R U R A L E C O N O M Y OF TH E BR I TI SH
.

south -east of E ngland and makes its appearance in

I S L E S -N o 1 many parts of the midland districts as we l l as in
. .
,

S O I L AND C L I MA T E the east and north .

.

MR E D IT OR . Ishall attempt in a few numbers A lo n g band O f chalky lands of indi fferent qual
, ,
,

to interest you a n d your readers with such facts as I ity runs through this great bed Of clay from south , ,

c an collect respecting t h e rural economy O f E ngland

to north forming the greater portion of the coun ,
,

o r rather o f the B ri tish I sles ties Of Hertford Wilts and Hunts the chal k show
.
,

In the rst I shall endeavor to give some account

ing itself almost in a pure state on the surface , , .

of the theatre of agricultural Operations in these T h e sandy clay lands with calcareous s ub -soil ,

I slands the soil an d the loams o f the lower valleys occupy only about ,
.

Th e B ritish I sles have a total area o f ten millions o f acres Of E ngland Th e rivers bein
acres E ngland proper has about thirty-t wo mil short and the valleys conned in the narrow islan g
.

li on acres B ut these seventy-seven million acres alluvial lands are rather scarce I
.

.
t is light soil s .

are far from being o f uniform fertility o n the c on which predominate in E ngland what were formerly ,

t rary they e x hibit greater di fferences than can be called p oor l a n ds or m oors , ,

fou n d in any other country E ngland alone forms Ibeg the reader to dwell on this description o f
,

about one -h alf O f the whole territory while S cot the soil of E ngland a n d to think what cultivation ,
,

iand and I reland divi de the remainder between has made it N o w a few words of the climate .
, .

them in nearly equal p roportions E ach of these Th e mists and rains are proverbial ; its extreme

.

three grand sections should itself be divided in re humidity is little favorable to wheat which is the ,

spect to far ming as in other points of Vie w into prime obj ect of all cultivation few plants ripen
, ,

t wo se parate parts E ngland into E ngland proper naturally under its dull sky ; it is propitious only
,

and Wa les ; S cotland into Highlands and L ow to grasses and roots R ainy summers late autumns
,
.
, ,

lands ; I reland into south -east and north west re an d mild winters encoura ge under the inuence o f - , ,

gions E n or mous differences exist bet ween these an almost equ al temperature an evergreen vegeta
.
.
,

different districts .
tion Here the action of climate stops nothing .

O f the thirty-two millions o f acres in E ngland need be asked Of it which demands the in t erven ,
,

two millions and a half are and remain entirel y t ion Of that great producing
,
power the su n
,
.

unproductive having hitherto resisted all attempts H ow much more propitious is the summer and
,

at cultivation O f t h e remaining twenty-nin e an d a autumn climate of N e w E n g land to ripening the

.

half two-thirds at least are ungrateful and stub fruits of the ear th when the farmers by deep tillage
, ,

b orn lands which human industry alone has s ub counteract the e ffects of drought Iwill not
, .

dued .
say th at the N e w E ngland winter climate is as f a
We pause to ask whether the soil Of N e w E n g v orable for the preparation Of land for crops or
, , ,

land which by so many is considered such poor for the keeping of stock as that o f o ur father-land
, ,
.

farming land is naturally inferior to that Of O ld A f e w words concerning Wales S cotland and
, ,

E ngland P Ireland Wales is a mass of m ountains covere d .

B ut we will be more minute in o ur description with barren m oors Incl uding the adjacent islands .

of the soil o f the B ritish I slands Th e southern and that part of E ngland bordering upon it it con .
,

point of the I sland forming the county o f C ornwall tains ve million acres only half of which are capa
, ,

and more than half of D evonshire is co mp osed O f ble O f cultivation , .

gran i te sons Th ere in th e ancient forests o f E x

. Th e two divisions of S cotland the Highlands and
, ,

moor and D artmoor and in the mountains whi ch L owlands are pretty equal in extent and contai n
,
'

, ,

ter minate the L and s E n d and those verging on about ten million acres each The Highlands

, .
,

th e Welsh pe n insula are nearly two and a half wi tho ut exception form one of t he m ost unfertil e
, ,
1 18 N EW ENGLAN D F A R ME R . MA RC H

an d uninhabita ble countries of E urp p e There is surprised to hear that cattle have to r e sort to th e .

an enormous gr an ite rock cut up into shar p peaks cane -brakes and swamps for sustenance Pray sir .
, ,

and deep precipices an d to add still more to its did you not nd this white grass o n the mou n tai n
,

ruggedness extending into the most northerly lat peak instead of pasture land an d was it as poisonous
, ,

i t udes . M ore th an three -fourths o f the Hi g hlands to grasshoppers as cattle However there m ay be ,

are uncultivated and the small portion which it is some barren spot of the kind that has n o t 3e t come to
,

possible to work re q uires all the industry of the my knowledge ; if so a n d R B H is the un f ortu
, ,

. . .

inhabitants to produce any thin g nate possessor of it I would advise him to burn it
.
, ,

E ven the L owlands of S cotland are far from o r abandon it for the West at once .

being every where susceptible of cultivation N u J U DA S W IL D I

.
.
.

merous rid g es cross the country O ut of ten mil .

lion acres v e are nearly unproductive ; the other TH I E GI SL A TI

,
R D L V E A GR I CUL TUR A L
ve million exhibit almost everywhere prodigies of
the most improved farming but only two million ,
MEE T IN G .

and a half are of rich and deep soil ; the rest is B o n o F RM R E H R OCKW E L L np ar n r n ra n A E . By . . .

poor an d thin A s to climate snow and rain fall [Th t m t i g f th i

.
, i w h l d t th S t t H e rs ee n o s se r e s as e a e a e ou s e ,

In great abundance and the fruits o f the earth have th v i g f T d y J 15 d w

, g i d b y th

on e e en n o ue s a ,
an .
,
an a s or an z e e

only a short an d precarious summer for bringing l ti f E ti C mmi tt t gi di ti t e ec on o an

xe c u ve o ee ,

o ve re c on o

them to m aturity E dinburgh is in the same lati th b i f th m ti g T h i mmi tt it fM e us n e s s o e ee n . s co e e cons s s o e s s rs .

R L S L F IN S t y f th B d f A g i l t
.

tude as C open h ag en and Moscow C HA E . L T, e c re a r o e oa r o r cu ure ,

,
J R US T
.

M
O f the two di visions of I relan d that o f the north M FI S d V f th S t d e s s rs . AB E Z HE an E L OR O A F T, o e ena e, an

w est embracing a fourth o f the island and co m f th H R P W R S S MU L P R N

,
d E W I Co u r e s s rs . . . A TE ,
A EL . A SO S , an D N o z ,
,

prehending the province of C onnaught , with the N d it b j t f di i h

,
i g b o e o u se . o e n e su ec or s c u ss on av n een

d m k p l t pi w m d by M a n n ou n c e re ar s u o n s e v e ra o cs e re a e e s s rs .
a bj a c e n t counties o f D onegal C lare and K erry re
.

P R S ON S f L dl w T , T C o n H , D R L IN M s , A o u o AF n ar ALL , A G, as
se mbles Wales and in its west parts the High F IE L d F IS R
, , , D an
,

HE .
, , ,

lands of S cotland Here again are ve m illion of Th

.
. d m ti g t k p l . th 22d i t d th b e s ec on ee n oo a c e on e ns an e su

uns i ghtly acres the fr i ghtful aspect o f W t h has j t d i

, d w F m I mp l m t M F m i ll t t d ec sc u s s e as ar e en s . r. r us ra e a

iven rise to the p rover b G O to the d u a l 0 1 C on d Pl w i g b y i di g m

l t Fl w f pl w s
g e c u re

, on o s an o n v a r ou s a ra s o o

naught Th e larger or south east division em

d th i mp l m t d M - PR OC OR D O WI R ,
an o er e e n s, a n e s s rs . T ,
D GE ,
TH E

braces three -fourths o f the island and includes the L d P R S ON S f L d l w g g d i th d b t ]

.

EL an A , o u o ,
en a e n e e a e .

provinces o f L einster Ulster a n d Munster and Th e third regular meetin o f the L e islative A
, ,
g g g
equal to about fteen million o f acres is at least ricul tura l S ociety w a s held in the Hall of the ,

equal in its natural fertility to E ngland proper I t .

is not however equally good and the amount of

, ,
House of R epresentatives
,
on T uesday eveni n g at , ,

humidity there i s even greater than in E n g land 7 o clock . .

E xtensive bogs cover about a tenth of its surface Th e number in attendance at the hour appointe d
and tracts o f moun tains another tenth I n f ac t
as el y good T h e r t presen t H M0 1 th e con
u
u ec
. ,
s 9 ,
O

only twelve and a half of the twenty milli ons of sideration o f t h e meeting w a s F a rm I mp l ements

acres in I reland are cultivated , , .

ows a n d the P re a r a tio n of L a n d

.

Ithink I have shown from the above that from P l p , .

, ,

whatever causes the agriculture of G reat B ritain Th e meeting was called to order by D r F I S H E R
,
.
,

excels that o f other countries as it certainly of Worcester a member of the E xecutive C ommit , ,

doe s excel the a griculture of all other countries tee wh o introduced to th e m eeting F RA N C I S D E ,
,
its excellence is not owin g to the natural fer~ W ITT S ecretary o f S tate as t h e President of the
t ilit y of t h e soil nor to the climate of the B ritish
, ,
,

I slands .
meet ing w h o briey stated the subj ect propose d ,

Having shown this fact Ishall now proceed to for di scussion an d invited gentlemen to express
, ,

show how it is that the agriculture of E ngland is their views upon it .

richer than th a t of any other country and then C L F L IN T S ecretary o f the B oard of A ricul
.
,
g . .
,
inqui re why it is so . M
ture suggested that at the last meeting there were
.

F th e N w E g l d F m
some doubts
or
e x pressed as to whether the re had
e n an ar er .

been any actual improvement in plows for the last

PA STUR E S I N CH E S H I
,

RE N H hundred years or m ore and he believed there . .

MR E D IT OR z Oh seeing an article in your last might be some one n o w present wh o would give
. ,

bearing the signature o f R B concerning the som e reason for those doubts
. .

land in C h eshire C ounty N H it occurred to me .

M
, . .
,
r JO HN B RO OK S of P rinceton said that he
that Imig ht g ive the gentleman some information .
, ,

on the subj ect desired Iwas born and bred in the did not call all changes improvements and he did
. ,

O ld
G ranite S tate have lived twenty v e or thir doubt whether even going back a century there

-

m
, ,

t y years in a town adj oining J a ff re y and my busi had been as uch improvement in plows as wa s
,

ness has been such that Ihave had occasion to v is sometimes claim ed The R oman plow wa s made
i t that town as well as others in the county ; have
,
.

visited the Monadnock a number of times and call to turn the furrow from t he land plowed P erh a s
,
p .

myself well acqu ainted wi th the land in this vic ini our modern plow would do it better bu t he was ,

ty . I f N e w Hampshire makes less butter and not quite sure of it He was not sure that on some .

cheese than sh e did f ormerly it is n o doubt owi n g sandy land like th at of C ape C o d the old R oman
,
,
to the increasin g manufactures ; but the pasturin g ,

around the M onadnock in my opinio n h a s been

plow would n o t be better than the modern plow
,
.

, ,

and n ow is in good con d ition Iwas very much S ixty years ago or m ore Mr Je ff erson wrote a
,

. , , .

,
letter to Sir John Sinclair giving a description o f ,
185 6 . NE W ENGLAND F A R ME R . 119

the mould board o f a plow as it sh ould be He employed while the grass was being cut He had
-
. .

described it as forming a perfect wedge which was found that a machine would do the work of six men ,

t h e tru e scientic principle Mr B rooks said he at a cost o f about half that which would be paid to
. .

did n ot know o f any plo w constructed o n that prin the men .

c iple n ow and therefore h e thought there was a

, T he I n de e n den t H or s e R a ke w a s a n other im l e
p p
doubt as to whether there has been an y improv e me n t which he considered the greatest improvement
ment in the mould-board that he had seen for thirty years He had raked with
. .

A plow should run easy and do its work well at one over stone heaps as high as the axle -tree of the
,

the same time Th e rubbing surfaces are the machine into hollows eight or nine inches deep
.
, .

same iron an d earth in the ancient an d m odern They were the only implem ent that he considered
plo w Th e new on e does not r un so easy a s the a genuine unmitigated saving
. .

o ld on e there fore if it is of the same construction ;

, Mr S P RA G UE o f a bury defended m odern .
, ,

b ecause it is heavier A w ooden plow with a plows .

Th e cattle were much farther from the .

wooden mould-board runs easiest A wooden shod plow as formerly made a n d used a n d therefore
.
, ,

sled runs easier than on e shod W ith iron W ood needed a driver and the handles o f old fashione d
'

o
,

a n d earth produce less friction than iron an d earth plows were much longer than those of m odern .

Th e modern plo w has n o t a s u fcient angle at ones Modern plows there fore do the work much .
, ,

the land S ide Th e Michigan PlOW h owe l e r l eav es easier ; and most farmers are of opinion that o n e
:
'

the land light an d in that respect operates well yoke of cattle with a modern plow will do as much
. .
,

Th e Old D utch l V for the same reason wa s a work as two would d o with an o ld fashioned on e
, , .

good 0 119 I f these are facts he C ould n 0t S ee Th e iron part o f a modern plow can be renewed for
:

W hat improvement there had b e en in plo ws Th e about three dollars an d that as a matter of e con o , ,

modern plow is heavier an d d oes n ot do its work my is one improvement I

, n c onclusion Mr , .
, .

a n y better D O I generally S O well as the ancient O n e S prague e x pressed the opinion that the gentleman
'

: ,

of the same construction Tho ugh changed within from Princeton had utterly failed to sho w tha t
'

the l ast sixty years he could not se e that it h ad there had been n o improvement in the plow and
,

b een improved O n the subj ect o f plows at this h o e

.
, ,

point in his remarks Mr B rooks cautioned against C ol N E W E L L o f West N ewbury di d n ot under

, .
,
, ,

buying plows merely o n the recom mendation o i stand the proposition of Mr B rooks as to hoes un .
,

Others He had Pai Cl $ 15 0 for PlO W S W ithin t h e less he m eant that a m an must wear out one o f
.

last fteen years which were not wor t h t wo cents each kind every day in order to make the ol d h o e
,

t o him n o w .
as pro tabl e as the n e w one .

He next comp are d the ancient and modern H oe A s t o plows th e m ould -boards o f m odern plows .
,

He thought t he ancient on e q uite a s good as are varied and adapted to either sandy or clayey ,

the modern Th e modern o n e is heavier He a d land He was not certain as t o the superiority of
. .
.

mitt e d that the old-fashioned on e W ould clog more the Michigan low Th e harrow would sometime s
p .

than the new ; but then the n ew wa s heavier and bring the rst furro w to the top Th e sh are o f , .

was more liable to get out o f repair Th e n e w h o e those rst made was n ot wide enough A s to the .
.

C O S t S more than the Old an d the amount o f l ab o r draft o f a plow he was certain that
, a large on e , ,

expended in working With a hoe W hiCh clogs as E agle N o 2 5 for example would turn a furrow , .
,

the old on e d oes was balanced b y the increased 7 inches by 12 with as little po wer as a s ma ll plow , .

expense of the n e w h o e L abor must be employed He had seen that matter t ested by experiments
.

to ear n the extra amount o f money to buy a which occupied t wo days .

n e w fashioned 1 109 and that labor which would He agreed that the I
, n d e e n d en t H ors e R a ke was
p
be necessary to earn the extra mon ey would do the a good on e I n the use of mowing machines , he . ,

work With the ol d h oe S o that it amounts 60 the had tried oxen and found them able to mow an acre

.
,

same thing whether you expend a certain amount in an hour and to d o it as well as horses He had , .

o f force with the old hoe or buy a new on e an d found no difculty in keeping his men employed
,

then spend the same amount of force or labor to throughout t h e day .

pay f or it
r This argument seemed to excite some
. Mr H A RVE Y D OD G E of S utton was surprised to .
, ,

i ncredulous smiles on the part of the audience hear hi s friend from E ssex speak o f using a harro w ,

and gave rise to some cross ques tionin g 3b ut nothin g after a Michigan plo w Th e road maker uses a
-
.
-

wa s elicited . harrow to bring the e arth to a consistency Th e .

Mowing M a chi n es were nex t spoken o f an d real Michigan plow does its work perfectly A ll ,
.

these Mr B rooks thought were an improvement that is needed after it to smooth the land is half-a
. ,

wherever they c an be used There were di sa d van dozen white birches put into a straight stick and
. , ,

tages with them however th e greatest of which drawn over the land to t i t to sow o r mo w Three
, , , .

h e ha d found m b e th a t more men were needed to heavy yokes of oxen are needed o n \ V o rc e ster coun~
secure the hay when dry than could be protably ty land to draw the Michigan plow
, , .
 12 0 N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . MA RC H

Th e H ors e-R a ke he considere d among the great days in succession last S pr ing and sold th e m a ,

e s t improvements of t h e ag e N o one implement chine when he got through for all it cost He had
.
.

is helping farmers so much He preferred the re used a m owing machine three seasons H e cut
.
.

V olv er N O man has said S O many good things by rass enough for other people in the rst season
g
o
, ,

wa y of suggestion to farmers a s the horse -rake has to pay f or it Th e second season h e cut 180 acre s ,

said I . t suggests the removal of stones from the with it a n d would not sell it for $ 1000 if he coul d , ,

surface O f the land and Of stone walls W t h are not get another on e pair of horses with K etch
, ,
,

now used to partition o ff mowing lots so as to u ms new m achine will m ow as much as two with , ,

bring them into o n e an d thus restore the land t o the o ld one L ast season he mowed 22 5 acres at
, .

u s e which is now occupie d by them

, A n d when a cost for repairs of or less than a cent an
.

the land is thus prepared for the horse -rake it is acre I t cost $ 100 He foun d n o difculty in , . .

also prepared for mowing machines He under keeping the me n necessary to get the hay in em .
, ,

stoo d that this rake though claimed as a Yankee ployed during the rest of the day Th e most he
, .

invention was really the invention o f a C ongo had ever cut with a m achine in a day was 12 acre s
, ,

negro wh o whittled out on e with a jack-knife

, in 6 5% hours Th e fastest that he h a d ever mowed . .

A s t o the pitch -fork of old times we have n o t with i t wa s in cutting 4 acres in on e hour an d f ty ,

bone and muscle enough n ow to use one such as wa s seven minutes Th e elds in N orthampton are .

used in 17 9 6 ; and as to the wooden plow such a smooth an d lar g e some times long and narrow so , , ,

one a s he could take from his hen roost the man that the machine c an go 16 0 rods in o n e direction -
, .

could n ot be found wh o could push it into the He used K etchum s n ew mower last year Th e .

ground To use one neede d severe labor and crop would vary from on e to three tons to the acre
.
, .

practice from boyhood Holding a br eaking up C ould cut short ne grass or rowen perfectly well
.
-
, , , .

plow was once spoken o f as the m ost severe kind L ast season mowed 6 0 acres of rowen at the rate ,

o f labor But it is n ot severe labor to put a Michi of one acre in 3 3 minutes and 17 seconds
. Th e .

gan plow into the so il to the depth of 1 15 inches maker o f the C orn Planter is E C F airchild . . . .

He liked to bring up the soil from that depth and Mr W J B U C K M IN STE R added some testimony , . . .

put the worn out soi l underneath He preferred to the facility with which rowen could be cut with
- .

the earth thus brought up for his compost heap a mower , .

to any washes he could n d o n his farm G eneral S U TT O N of S alem had used K etchum s .
, ,

Mr B ROOK S again spoke He wanted some gen Machine I

. .
t cost $ 12 5 Th e repairs the rst se a . .

t l e man t o give a r ea s on wh y the m odern plow run son amounted to two or three dollars ; l ast year ,

easier than an ancient one of the s a me con structi on not a cent and it is n o w in good order .
, .

plow with a small angle and wedge shaped

T h e Mr B RO OK S preferred Manny s M achine because
,
, .
,
will run easier ; but it does n o t do the work well it does its work as well and draws easier , .

if it is narrow behind Th e mo dern plow does n ot Mr B UC K M I N STE R spoke of witnessing the work
.

ru n any easier than an ancient one he repeate d

ing of Manny s Machine in a eld of Mr P orter in, ,
.
,
because the rubbing surfaces are the same and it E ssex county Mr P orter uses both K etchum s and ,

I
. .

is heavier t runs as much harder as it is heavier

.
Ma n ny s an d says that Manny s ca n be used with
.

,
He had seen no rea son to show that there has been two -thirds the power require d for K etchum s .

an y improvement in plows G entlemen had only

Mr W HITN E Y of A shburnham spoke o f plows
.

made assertions He agai n cautioned against buy .

, , ,

and th ought one reason wh y the m odern plow p ro

.

in g plows o r other farming tools merely o n the rec

d uce d less friction than the old o n e wa s because
o mmen d a tion o f some one man He once bought ,
.

the share wa s o f cast iron instead of wrought iron

a plow for $ 15 and a fe w days after o ff ered to sell
,
.

O n o ld plows with wooden mo u ld -boards there

it to the m aker for $ 3 and he would n ot take it ,
.
,

used to be strips o f iron which produced fric

He p aid $ 14 1 for a mowing machine and could not ,
,

tion
sell it to the maker for $ 40
.

Mr PA R S O N S o f L udlow thought the discussion

.

Mr S P RA GUE doubted whether a plow went any

.
, ,
.

of the evening had proved that a plow o f modern

easier for being narrow behind as Mr B rooks ha d , .

construction would have run a s easy seventy-ve

suggested .

years ago as it will n ow !

Mr S . PA R S O N S of N orthampton said that a
. , ,

D r F I S H E R of Worcester thought the p rinciple

plow of the same construction would be the

,
.
, ,
,

same plow and therefore there wa s no real com on which the plow works the land to be wrong ,
, , ,

parison between an ancient and a modern plow by and that some other mode of doing it will yet be
,

the gentleman from Princeton He considered the invented Th e spade Operates on the true princi
.
.

ple by loosening all the soil and hardening none

C orn P lanter and F ertilizer as one of the most
.
,

economical and useful implements A machine Mr B RO OK S congratulated himself that the last .
.

costs $ 15 ; and a man an d horse can plant from g entleman w a s approaching to his o wn
ix to ei ht acres i n a day He d id it for several admitting that the plow wa s not perfect .

s g .
 185 6 . N EW ENGL AN D F AR ME R . 12 1

rom letters receive d by me from E rastus Par

F or the N ew E n g l a nd F ar mer .
F ,

LI G H T W AN T E D OH W I LLO W S ker and from a relative of M r C olby I conclude , .

,

that their experience in willow cultur e is small and .

MR E D IT OR A statement is going the rounds their kn o wl e d e of the same very imperfect I

,
.

g .

o f agricu ltura l and other j ournals that basket wil-

have seen the sketch and description of Mr C olby s , .

l o w is imported into this country to the amount o f peeling mach ine which h e has pub lished an d have '

, ,
ve or six milli ons of dollars worth annually ; an d my doubts of its use for the purpose it is intended ,
recommen d ing the willow crop for general cultiva
but desire to avoid saying anythin g that would in
tion I n the last volume o f the statistics of our
ure the inventor When the peeling machine has
J
.

C om merce and N avigation on the 2 20th page I been used a whole season and the willow peeled
.

, ,
,
n d the amount of man ufactured willow imported t h it has been worked u p into baskets its real ,
,

put down at of unmanuf actured at lue c an be properly estimated ,

I
.

s there any other willo w imported than

Yours with respect JO H N F L E MIN G , , .

that which is published in this volume by o ur n a S herborn M a ss J a n 2 8 185 6 ,

A re these gures reliable ? I

, .
, .
, .

t ion al C ongress f
there is only forty thousand dollars worth of the
raw material imported and if that is a good index F the N ew E g l d F m or n an ar er.
,

o f the present demand for willow will n o t extensive

E N G LI

SH L A P STON E POTA TOE S

,
.

willow lauters wh o have gone into the business

I
,

upon t e belief that there is an unlimited demand M R E D IT OR n the N ew E n l a nd F a r mer

g .

f or it be greatly d isappointed ? What is the origin

,
J anuary 26 th I noticed an article with the above ,

o f this six million s t atement ? Is there a nother title in W h iCh the writer asks Others W ho have ,

Multicaulis speculati on in the wind ? A s you edi tried the variety spoken o f t o give the re ,

t ors know every thi ng please enli ghten on e o f sul t s o f their

,
experiments Iam on e o f that .

TH E PU BL I C number wh o bought a few of the L apstone K id

.

ney as they called them a t a high price b e lie v

,

F the N ew E g l d F me ing the statements that were made concerning

or n an ar r.

MR S B RO WN z D ea r S in A t your request them I bought some of the

F luke Kidney at .

same time in regard to which Imay have a

. .
,

I o ff er the following in reply to the editor of Th e ,

Homestead few words t o s ay at another moment Iplan ted .

L ike your correspondent W C I am curious t o the

L apstones in a eld with over sixty other
, . .
,

k n o w who is the author o f the statement he refers sorts nam ed varieties and seedlings in rows three , ,

to I have seen it in two N e w York papers the

.
a half feet apart h ills two feet apart in the ,

.N Y Weekly Ti mes an d the N Y T ribu n e

'
. . I the manure used was the same throughout. . . .

had before receiving yo ur letter made up my mind

,
eld a large spoonful of guano,
t o a hill ; they ,

to write to the editor of the N Y Weekl y Times were planted about the rst of June hoed twice .
'
. .
,
, ,

and a sk for better evidence that s o l a rg e a quantity and all the weeds kept down Th e land was high .

o f willo w is imported from E urope as is given by and loamy an d s uff ered a little from the drought , .
,

their correspondent in the words from the best Th e result on digging was very unsatisfactory they
, ,
, , ,

Ihave more than once were emphatically small potatoes an d few in a

data within o r reach
u

. , ,

told M r B uckm nster of the M a ss a shusel l s

i .
hill ; the yield was not over half that o f the D a v is

P loug hma n that there is n o t over two hundred S eedling S tate o f Maine an d other rst rate sorts
,

, , ,
,

h
t ousand dollars worth of wi llow and willow bas - while it was n o t on e third as much as some o f th e

kets imported from E ur ope annually ; that the coarser sorts suc h as Jenny L ind R hode I sland
, ,

baskets cost considerable more than the wi llow and S eed l ing B ull ard s S eedl i ng & c ,

, .

are retailed here at about on e -third the price they What Idid get Iconsider t for nothin g but to
,
,

can possi bly be m anufactured at Ibelieve Imade feed t o stock or pigs ; they are yellow meated and
a statement in your o fce which in substance was Very S trong and I confess 1t more than I can d o
.

, :
, , ,

the same Yo u wi ll observe that my statement to cat suCh a PO tatO after bemg used t o the S W59
.

M ame and Other O O d S orts

corresponds with that found in the S ta tistics of U 0 f g T l o i?t W l th

; hey .
:

I did not get my me a ge od deal both be fore d iggi ng and after b e

,

s C ommerce and N avigation

.
. , , ,

information from that work but from a careful 00 1 mg Put Into the cellan I cons ul the van e ty un
,

lection of information from reliable persons wh o worthy of attention for we have more than twenty ,

like myself are interested i n the m anuf acture o f local sorts that are innitely superior Itry all
, ,
.

wil low .
kinds and hold fast to those that are good May , .

n the U nited S tates t here is used in casing glass have more to sa y on the SU bj eCt O f PO t a t O eS a t 3 1"

bottles an d demij ohns and in the manuf acture of Ot h e r time JF C H . . . .

worth of N ewton C en tr e J
,

willo w b a ske t s n ot more than

v a n 8th 185 6 , .
, .
,

willow of which , worth are grown in D e l

aware Pennsylvania N e w York O hio R hode I
, s
PL A N TI
,
N G F R U IT TR E E S F OR ,G ra m s Th e ,

land and Massachusetts Ihave no knowledge o f S paniards have a m axim th at a man is un grateful
.

,
any being g rown in V ermont for more than three to the past generation that planted the trees from
years past Messrs P arker and C olby of V ermont which he eats fruit and deals unjustly towards the
. .
, ,
,
are spoken o f in the article referred to by your next generation unless he plants the seed that it
correspondent Mr C olby is the inventor o f a ma may furnish food for those who come after him , ,
. .
.

chine for peeling willow the cost of which is said Thus when a son of S pain eats a peach or pear by
,
to be $ 2 00 .
the road-side wherever he is he digs a hole in th e
,

,
To save me the trouble of answe ring a number
,

groun d with his foot and covers the seed G onse ,

.

of letters from persons wh o ask f or information in

,
quently all over S pain by t h e road-sides an d else
re g ard to Mr P arker s planta tion an d Mr C olby s where frui t in great abundance temp ts the ta ste
.

.
, ,

, ,
plantation and peeling machine permit me to offer an d is ever free ,
,

to a ll who inquire of me the followi n g :

.

,
12 2 NE W ENGLAN D F A R ME R . MA RC H

L et this practice be imitated in our country an d to wn contained but two dwelling-houses situated , ,

th e wear y wanderer will be blest and will bless the upon Opposite sides o f the creek an d each su ff i
, ,

h and that ministered to his comfort and j oy We c ie n t ly large to accommo date over six hundred .

are bound to leave the world as good or better people They are built o f adobes or sun -dried , .
,

t han we found it and he is a selsh churl wh o , bricks ; each covers an area of about t wo acres at ,

b asks under the shadow and eats the fruit of trees the foundation and are ve stories high with but
, , ,

which other hands have plante d if he will not also on e entrance through the external walls an d but on e
,

p lant trees which shall yield fruit t o coming gener window and both o f these open into the C hief s or

,

a ti on s H ome C i rcle G overnor s room

. A fter ascending t o the hei g ht of .

on e story there is an o ff set in the walls an d the , ,

F the N w E g l d F mer size o f the house is lessened aro und its entire c ir
or e n an ar .

c u mfere nc e to the depth o f the external tier of

V E N TI L A TI ON - PE OPL E 0F TA OS rooms about fteen feet and this continues to be

.
, ,

F R I E N D B RO W N z O ccasionally I receive your the case at the top of each story until the summit ,

Monthly F a rme r The January N o came yester is reached Th e tops of these houses are at and
. .
.
,

day ; soon a s time to light up f o r e ve n in g Itook the o ffset in the walls at the top of the rst story ,

t h e paper and
put her through by candle -light affords a ne terrace or walk about fteen feet ,

,

b efore goin to rest wide extending entirely around the building which
g . , ,

The read in g of Judge F rench s How to keep would make it s a y four hundred yards in length

, ,

y our House W arm in memory carried m e

, back

and the residents o f each story have a similar prom
,

with a rush to the days o f auld L an g S yne and en ad e or walk though lessened in length as yo u as

, , ,

f aith f ully daguerreotyped to the mind s eye the cend nearer the top Th e entrance of these h ous

.

o ld kitchen re with its massive andir ons t o bear es is from the t o p which is e ff ected by ladders
, , .

u p the fore -stick o f the si z e o f a good milH O o f resting on the ground in the rst i nstance ; but a f
e

g ,

t h e heavy shovel and tongs a n d stout wooden hand ter ascend i ng to the t o p 0 f the rst story the l a d
.

, ,

s pike that always when not in u s e occupied their ders intended for the accommodat i on o f those re
, ,

p lace in the corner by t h e oven Then there was siding i n the second story
,
are p laced upon the roof
t h e huge rock m aple back-log four feet long and 0 f the O n e h e low E a eh fam i ly h a s 133 l oom 0 1 '

, { ,

i n girt h the size of a forty gal lon whiskey-barrel rooms part i ti oned o ff by wall s o f s ui C i e n t strength
, , ,

that required t h e strength o f the hired hand and and thi ckness to susta i n the e ecumulate d we i ght

a l l the b oys o f the f amily t o drag in a t n ight on t h e above and through these part i t i on walls are doors ,

s tout hand -sled Then there was t h e hi g h -backed of communication with each room of the house but
. ,

s ettle he has s o graphically described H o w many ther e is no other mea n s of ven til a tion excep t thron . gh
l ong winter evenings when a freckled-faced b o y Is ma ll trap doors i n the roof
,
These strange bu i d
l ,
-
.

h ave sa t upon that d ea r o ld s ettle in poring over ings for m perfect labyrinths and as the inter i or , ,

S h aksp ear H ume Brissot and S molle t s (I

,

, am n o t apartments are quite dark it might be difcult for ,

s ure I

v e got the names right end foremost Histo a stranger to nd his wa y O ut ; but n otwi ths ta n d
)
en ti l a ti o n the i n ma tes a pp ea r to

r o f E ngland G ibbou s R ome the S pectator and i ng the w a n t o f v
y , , , ,

o ther standard works These things mind me be q ui te hea lthy a n d vig orous and the n umb e r 0 f

.
, ,

They like high child ren swarming around was a s to n i shin g

o f departed oys ne er to return
.
.
,

heeled shoes and ho o by jingo Iliked t o have A n d now Judge can you tell us where these Si x
, , , ,

wri tten hooped petticoats but they have come hundred hum an beings burrowed in these hives

,

back again but no m atter the high-h eeled shoes (like so many woodchucks in their winter quarters)
, ,

h a ve had their day and so have t h e old-fashioned Obtain their f ty-seven hogsheads 0 f Pur e air e aCh
, :

k itche n r e -places P eace to their ashes !

.
every twenty -four hours and how it is that in these
,

The Judge has much to s ay on ventilation ; th eo close unventilated quarters there are such aston , ,

re tic a l ly we suppose all very correct

, He says a ishin g numbers 0 f healthy l ObU St C hildren !
, .

,

h ealthy man requires abo ut f ty-s ev e n hog s hea ds of Yours truly L E VI B A R TL E TT ,

air in t wenty-four hours and for the man to re W JV H J a n 2 2 185 6 o

, ,

t ai n hi s health w e suppose he would have us n u

,

d e rs tan d the f ty-seven hogsheads o f air must be

,
R E MA RK S Th e M onthly F a rmer is regularly .

P ure . sent to your address and has been for a long time , , ,
N o w Mr E ditor I am n o t going t o have any W h o appropriates it ? Please inquire
, .
, .

controversy with my good friend Henry but I want .

,

to tell him a bit of a story a n d then ask him a ,

question o r two . F the N w E g l d F me or e n an ar r.

Th e story Icop y from G overnor Me rriwe th e r s

,

l ast year s R eport to the C ommissioner of I

ndian T H E W E A T H ER .

A ffairs . Merriwether is G overnor and S u pe rin t en That distinguished personage the oldes t i mbabi ,

dent o f I ndian A ffairs in N e w Mexico U S tant scarcely remembers the time when the earth , . .
,

Th e G overnor says in his report Having vi si was covered with a body of snow so hard and im ,

ted several pueblos or villages and believing that penetrable A n d so it is all along the coast from
, , . ,

these people diff er in some respects from an y other Maine to C arolina N o t only snow but cold o f 3 , .

I
.

ndians to be f ound o n this continent I beg to be respectable character s ay from ten to twenty de , ,

excused f o r giving a minute description of t h e pue grees below zero I remember the famous cold F ri .

b io o f Taos which I visited in the month o f Marc h day in the winter of 1810-1 1 when the mercury
,

last. Th is pueblo is situated in the valley of Taos was down only to seven de g rees and the wind from , ,

on a small stre am which supplies water for irriga the north quite piercing it was thought almost n u
'

t i on and other purposes and the number o f in h abi endurable G oing home from school on that day
, . ,

tants may be s e t down as something over twelve mv c h eeks were so whitened wi th frost a s to m ake a
h un d red O n my arri val I found that thi s I
. n dian se nsible impression for several days .
185 6 . N EW ENGLAND F A R ME R . 123

My principal purpose in adverting to t h e what results follow from these t wo princi weath See
e r at this time is in conrmation o f the views o f ples
, , F ormerly the E nglish sheep were no t t f or .
,

Mr J C G ray in his essay on the climate o f N ew the butcher until about four or ve years o ld ; and
. . .
,

E n land as deduced from t h e diaries o f R e v D r in F rance n o w the F rench sheep are not consid
g . .
, ,

S m i th of P ortland the venerable D r H ol oke ered t for the butcher before this age ; but the
, , .
'

o f S alem and t h e accurate Mr N athaniel L or

, Jr improved breeds of E ngland are n ow t for the
.
, .
,
of I pswich forming a continued series of observa butcher at from o n e to t wo years old H as n ot .

tions from 17 5 0 to 185 0 a period of on e hundred E ngland doubled by t his precocity of her breeds
, ,

years The result o f this examination is that there the produce o f her ocks without doub ling her
.
,

h as been no essential change in o ur climate and numbers ? B ut the E nglish shee are n o w not
that the common remarks implying a change are only more precocious than formerly so that the , ,

n o t well sustained by the f acts F or this reason f armer c an send t wo o r three to market where h e
. , ,

I welcomed with j oy the drifting snow on three formerly sent on e ; but they are broader rounder , , ,

successive S abbaths at the commencement of the and have a greater development of those par ts
,

year but I am n ow quite willing that the snow which give m ost esh This follows that th e ten .

shall dissolve and soften the so d beneath What million sheep annually slaughtered in E nglan d
, .

i s to be the e ff ect of the adherence o f icicles t o the yield an average weight of eighty po unds o f n e t
trees excepting so far as the limbs were broken meat ; and thou h nearl y the same number are an
thereby I have no conj ectur e but do n o t appre nually sla ugtere din F rance they yield an average
, ,

hend any evil consequences We could aff ord t o weight of only forty pounds of n e t m eat B ut this
. .

susta in some loss for the gratication o f s o splen is n ot all While the E nglish farmer aims princi
, .
,

did an illumination as was seen when the sun f ai rly pally at the production of meat in raisin g sheep
, , ,

shone upon these icicles I have never witnessed a such is the greater size and developem ent o f the
.

more splendid display of b rilliants at so li ttle cost E nglish sheep that the clip o f wool from each , , ,

J
.

a n ua ry 2 0 185 6 , E SS E X sheep in E ngland is fty per cent greater in weight

. . , .

than the clip of each sheep in F rance .

F th N w E n glan d F m
I stated above
or
the
e
number e
o f sheep in E ngland
a e
to be thirty-ve millions Therefore E n land
SH feeds two sheep on every ve acre s o f her g
.
,

RUR A L E CON O MY OF TH E BR I TI and .

2 F rance which of the t wo large c ountries o f the .

, ,

S H EE P world is next to E ngland in agri cu lture feeds only

. ,

two-thirds of a sheep o n each ve acres of her soil

I n my last number I spoke o f the natural soil
.

an d climate o f the B ritish I slands ; and sho wed I stated

,
above that the E nglish sheep yielded dou
that E ngland owed the excellence o f her agriculture
ble the n e t weight o f meat of the F rench an d fty ,

to other causes than these I n ow go on t o show per cent m ore wool I s it n o t probable then that . .
, ,

the average return o f an E nglish sheep farm is

.

h ow her agricult ure is richer than that of an y o th

seven or e i ght t i mes greater than a F re n ch on e 9
el country and W h
yI t I
.
S so
,
N o w two questions fairly arise C an a coun try
.

k f t
n t Ei
l c

ggg g i ify ei : as a part Of the I
, .

a
o
is have a rich agricult ure which does n ot have sheep ,

v e S tock Of I ts farms and a large

.

s trikes even the
p a s smg traveller on the railway art have a Pro a m
{
,
c
g
I ? w
.

w
s iarms n u i9 5 8 t r
t requires only a glance to see that the sheep of P G
9 3 :a l e a s
an a e o
od
m the fto l n
Sh e e on I t ees '
E nglan d are larger in the average an d must give p
0 f shee which is p recocious and early t for the
, ,

a much greater we i ght of meat and wool than p

b ut C h er and yl e lds a large net we l gh t Of meat as
those o f other countri es This is an extraor dinary
well as a h e av ) eece 9
.
r

f act and leads to astonishing results T h e rst o b

,
o A few words n ow u on the man ner i n whi ch E n
.

J e C t Of the E n h S h farmer 18 to keep a great many

g
land became o sse ssg d o f her present breeds g f
S heep an d f these f eason s because the S heep 0 f p
! f ;
shee T h e L eicest e r or D ishl e y breed sh e owes
a ll an i mals i s the eas i est to feed derives the great p '

to B akewell o t his is the breed o f her p lains

, ,
e st benet from the food i t consumes and g i ves the
he s outhdo ns
o
W hmh are the S heep O f her hl ns
o
most active an d rich manure f or fertilizing the
i
[ w
Sh e o wes t o t u E llman T h e Chie v o t is 3 Shee p
land and is valuable f or two thin g8 it s meat an d '

0 f t h e mq un tams and I r m fo
, ,
k hom sh e
a ewe mm g to
its wool
"
E ngland has thirty v e millions of sheep
-
m l o ve me n t
pm
.

owes I ts
.

o n its surface
I p

S cotland in spite of all her e u

a breed 0 f S heep W hmh should be recocw m

.
,
duce
.

d ea v ors c an maintain only fo ur millions I reland P r

which from its pastures ou ght to rival E ngland

,
or be early t for the bU t C h e rand yield a l ar e
.
,

, ,
g
w el g ht o f meat as well as a heavy eece A ,
na 0
reckons at m ost only t wo m i ll ion s and thi s is one '

o f th e most st 1 u "t
, ,
o
a k s i f l ts n f l l l t
'
his farm at D ishley after

man y years o f labor a n d ,

B ut it is the hii d
o.

lit o f its shlee f zs znuch or that may be fattened t on e year Old a " in every
; g
i
r
exper i ence he produced the D i shley b reed an i ma ls , ,

more than the number which dis tin uish es E n t

o
;
land E ngland adheres to thiso p n ci%le in raisifg case have reached the i r fu l growth be o the
,

,
l l w en d
o f the second ye ar ; and to th i s in valuable qual it
f e e p sh mak es mea t l e C hl e f () bl e ct 0 f roduc y
f P have addedg
:1011 m See pan d con sl ers W OO1 the accessory them more esh and heavier for their size than
a perfection of shape which render
'

s ,
'

[ h e f e f ore m her br a ds 0 f sh q e p Sh e 89 9 1 two

.
.

i an kno wn bree T h e g ive on an a v erae o n e

ui dre d lbs o f ni t
o
qual i ti es : rst pre cos1ty or an i mals wh i ch may be .

E
D
eat a n d s o me time s I
, ,
h I OI e
f attened as early as on e year old and reach their
ur shee Iam told ave ia g 6 fort y e mean ;
,
o p T h
full growth before the en d of th e second year con '

0.
adopted by B akewell for o btaining such a m ar
vellons result is known to all breeders by the nam e
of s el ecti on I t cons i sts i n c h oosmg mdi Vi d ua ls o f
Pe pf e ction of shape in her breeds which renders
.

breed whi t ing in the greatest degree the qu al

,

them more eshy an d heavier for their size than i

'

th e breeds o f any other country i t i e s des i re d to be perpetuated an d t o make use o f

,

.
,
,

124 N EW EN GLA N D FAR ME R . MAR C H

such o n ly f or r e produc tion A t th e en d of a cer th e y would prob ably li k e b e tte r W e h a v e f e d

. .

t a i n n umb e r o f g e n e r a tio n s following t h e s a m e t urn ips t o sh e e p t hrough t h e W i n t e r an d spri n g

,

pri n cipl e t h e poin ts s e l e cte d in all t h e reprodu mon ths f or se ve r a l y ears an d foun d t h at t h e y we r e
,
,
c e rs both m a l e a n d fem a l e b e com e p e rm an en t ; ,

e co n omic a l an d a pp ropri a t e f ood

, ,

an d thus t h e br e e d is e st ab l ish e d This mod e o f .

proc e e di n g a pp e ars e xtr e m e ly simpl e ; but wh at is

l e ss so is th e choic e of thos e qu a liti e s to be r e pro
TH E MO D E L F A R ME R
,

duce d to a rriv e a t th e b e st re sult Man y br e e de rs .

.

mist ak e th e s e a n d in a m ea sure work con tr ary to W e ch e e rfully giv e in s e rtio n to t h e followin g

, , ,

th e ir d e sir e d obj e ct B ak e w e ll d e s e rv e d h is suc commu n ic a tion fr om on e of our agricultura l subscri

.

c e ss an d prote d by i t H e l et his r a ms for on e b e rs d e scriptiv e of a mod e l fa rm an d fa rm er in

, .
,

s e aso n for t h e e n ormous sum o f Bu t th e D r acut W e w e r e n ot a w ar e th at th er e w e r e an y .

w e a lth h e con f e rr e d on his coun try was in cal cula such fa rms or farm e rs h e r eabouts or in d ee d t hi s ,

b le. E llm an proc e e d e d on th e s a m e prin cipl e s sid e of N e w York an d O hio ,

.

whi ch succ e e d e d so we ll with B acke well an d a t th e MR E D IT O R Pe rh aps it may n ot b e k n o wn t o , .

pr e s e n t day th e S OU tt W I1 S h e e p giv e s on an at th e n um e rous rea d e rs o f your wid e ly circul a te d ,

e r a g e e ighty to on e hun dr e d poun ds n e t mu t to n journ a l th a t th e l a r e st an d most e xt en siv e cul t i

,
g
.
,

Th e Southdow n h a s spr e a d wid e ly a n d m a d e its vator of th e soil in t hl S cou n ty is a r e sid e n t o f th e

,

way wh e r e v e r t h e soil n o t rich e n ough for t h e an ci e n t t o wn of D r a cu t

, Cap t N a th an i e l F ox is . .

D ishl e y br ee d is ye t su fci en t t o provid e a prop e r on e of th e l a rg e s t fa rm e rs in th e St at e an d th e

, ,
qu an tity o f wi n te r food in a dditio n to good summ e r larg est in o l d Middl es e x H e is th e own e r of
,

p a stur e I
.

t pr e domi n a t e s in all districts of l im e for n early n i n e hu n dr e d a cr e s of l an d a l a rg e ro or

tion con sistin g of e l d an d p a stur e H e e mploy s
p
.
,
m atio n .
.

Th e history of t h e Ch e vio t sh ee p is n o t qui t e so from six t o e igh t men in th e win t e r th e r e st of th e ,

brilli an t as th a t of t h e S outhdown s an d D ishl e ys year from twe lv e to ft ee n with an a ddition o f .
,

Still th e br e e d is n ot l e ss v a lu a bl e th an th e oth e rs e igh t or t en through th e h ay s e a son I wi ll giv e .

.

I t is a moun tai n ous br e e d a nd its sh a p e is n ow as a s n ear a s may b e th e a mou n t o f som e of th e prin

,

p e rfe c t as w e ll can b e fa tteni n g oft e n n ow in th e cipal products of hi s farm H e r ais e s upon an a v .

s e co n d y ea r an d yi e ldin g on an a v e ra ge sixty to e r a ge som e t wo t hous an d bush e ls o f pota to e s f

, ,
e ighty pou n ds of e xc e ll en t m ea t Th e ir ee c e is te e n hun dr e d do of roots e igh t hu n dr e d do o f
.
.
.
,

white an d shor t Th e y S p e n d e v en th e win t er corn an d of oth e r kin ds of gr ai n about e ight h un

.
,

mon ths on th e ir n ativ e mou n tain s an d are s e ldom dr e d bush e ls ; on e hu n dr e d b arr e ls o f cid e r an d
, ,
sh e l te r e d .
ve hun dr e d d o o f wi n t e r a ppl e s Un d e r th e skil . .

Th e s e thr e e br ee ds t en d n ow t o a bsorb a ll oth ful m an a g e m en t o f th e C a pt (for by th e way h e .

, ,

ers a n d t ak e e n tir e poss e ssio n o f G r e a t Bri t a i n

, tak e s ch ar ge in p e rson o f a ll his fa rmin g ope ra .

Throughout E n gl an d t h e S h e e p fa rm e r D OW s ee ks tion s ) t h e in cr eas e d productiv en e ss of h is fa rm h a s

, ,
e ith e r to improv e his br e e d by its e lf 0 1 b y cross in g forc e d hi m to e n l a rg e his stor e room a lthough h e

-
: ,

it W ith Oth e rs a lrea dy improv e d 0 1 e ls e h e Sl t ti a lr e a dy h as t hr e e good-siz e d b a r n s an d s e v e r a l out

,

t ut e s on e of th e s e br e e ds for his own which e v e r bu din s Th e p a st y ea r h e h as put up a l a rge

g ,

m e thod a pp ears to him most e fc acious for in creas gr an a ry a n d t h e l a rge st ham in t h e cou n try a t a , ,

in g PreC O Sity an d givi n g rou n d n e ss 0 f form to hi s cos t o f ov e r four thous an d doll ars It is buil t of .

OC k th e b e s t m a t e ri a l a n d in t h e most workm an lik e ,

E n glish a gricultur e is th en rs t of a ll rich in i t s m a n n e r ; it is on e hu n dr e d fe e t lo n g forty-six wid e

, , , , ,

OCkS 0 f m ag n ic en t Sh eeli M an d tw en ty-two an d on e h a lf fe e t posts h e igh t at

ridge pol e forty-four fe e t ; it s e ts ov e r a c e ll ar t en -

f e e t d e e p an d t h e w a ll 13 bu i lt of spl i t sto n e He
A R E E N GLI
.

S H T UR N I PS G O O D F OR ,
.

k ee ps four hors e s S I X ox en an d ov e r s e v e n ty cows

S H EE P t I

W t h h e i n t e n ds t o mc re a s e to o n e h un dr e d th e
.
,
.
, ,

MR E D IT O R IW ish to i n quir e through t h e milk is c arri e d to t h e L ow e ll m a rk e t F rom this, .

00 11111111 8 0 f your
Pa p e r if E n glish tur n ips are good sourc e a lon e h e r e a liz e s ov e r ve thous a n d doll ars
,

fe e d for sh ee p ? I h a v e a f ew sh e e p of a sup e rior a v ee r L owell C o u ri er .

_
,

br e e d which I wi sh to r ais e l ambs from th e c om

,
> W e ll we should h ke to s e e t h e C a p t an d
1

in g S pri n g I a m n ow givi n g th e m turni ps (out 0 3 ,

.

E d J
.
,

n e ) a t t h e r a t e o f o n e qu a r t e a ch p e r d ay, an d
,
t h e fa rm t 0 0 V E F a rmer : o . .

som e o f my n e ighbors t e ll me th at tur n ips will k ill

a ll th e l a mbs If you or som e o f your corre sp on
.
F th N w E g l d F me or e e n an ar r.
d en t s will e xpr e ss your vi e ws on this p articul ar
poin t you will gr e a tly oblige
, A SU B SC RI BE R MO W I N G MA C H I N ES .
.

N ew G l ouces ter D ec o 2 1 185 5 , :

MR E D ITO R -A t th e fa rm e rs m e e ti n g l a s t . ,

N O TE W e h a v e f e d sh ee p with E n glish t urni ps W e ek a g en tl e m an (3 me mh e r 0 f t h e upp e r Hous e , , ,

a n d n e v e r k n e w an y h arm com e to t h e sh e e p or I b e h e Ve J a r u e d th at m o wi n g ma eht h es C O U I

.

g d n ot

l a mbs e ith e r from th em P robably mor e l a mbs be a dv an ta ge ously used 111 h IS r e gi o n b e c aus e
.

, ,
, .

die for th e w an t o f t ur ni ps t h an from th e ir moth W h e r e th e b est gr a ss gr e w th e surfa c e W a s S O 1m: ,

e rs b e i n g f e d w ith t h e m M a i n e F a rmer . e v en ; an d an y a t t e mp t to l e v e l i t a n d m a k e 1t
.

smoo th an d t f or th e us e of th e mow e r would dis ,

A N OTH E R N orm W e a gr e e with you broth e r clos e too m an y ston e s Perh a ps th e r e may be a fe w ,
.

lds i h c n tr a l p art of t h e St a t e jus t r e cl ai m e d

H OLME S R oots o f an ki n ds are f ar from b e in
.
e n t e e g, ,

from th e ir for e st co n ditio n wh e r e this is tr ue

D
Such
prop e rly a ppr e cia t e d as fe e d for stock Turmps elds b ear a v ery small proportion t o a n th e ki n ds
.
,
, .

a re e xc e ll e n t for sh e e p m ak in g a mos t gr a t ef ul to b e mowe d T ak e f or i n stan c e t h e thous an ds of

.

, . , ,

ch an ge with th eir dry food A va riety of roo t s a cr e s of i n t erva l l an d on th e bord e rs o f t h e C on

.
,
185 6 . NEW ENGLAN D FAR ME R . 12 5

nectic ut an d i t s tribu t a ry s tr eams ; tak e the oth e r commo n w e alth an d is n othi n g mor e n o r l e ss th an
,

t housan ds of a cr e s o f s a lt m arsh on t h e shor e s o f th e m ea dow muck s om e tim e s c all e d humus an d , ,

th e oc ean ; t ak e t h e m a n y thous an ds o f a cre s of som e tim e s g ein e ; bu t b e st kn ow n a s sw amp or p e at

f re sh m ea dows on a l l th e s e a bun d an t opportu n i
mm
?
,

ty wi ll b e fou n d for t h e use o f such m a chi n e s

.

Me r e ly b e c a us e this g en tle m an s pr e mis e s are so

Th m r i a l of W t h th i s muck i s co mpos e d wa s
e a te

s itua t e d th a t h e c an n ot us e th e m is n o good re a ,
sta te d to b e moss e s co ars e gra ss l ea v e s a qu atic , , ,

eon W h y Oth e rs Sh ou l h e t I was grea tly e S tOh

h plan ts an d e v en bran ch e s an d trun ks of tr ee s gon e
'

,
i sh e d to h e a r an e m i n e n t fa rm e r from W orc e st e r
,
to decay an d o f th e n e mould a n d min e r a l m at t e r
,

$32t n ggmgg
r1

i ,
which h as b e en w a sh e d down from th e hills in th e
w ea lth H e di d n ot pr e ten d t o say th e y could n o t
.
Vie th tt Y

be us e d o n his fa rm for h e a dmi t t e d th a t h e h a d

, ,
Th e c t o f this muck on h e a vy l an ds is t o
e ff e
trie d e v e ry ki n d th a t h e h a d h ea rd o h an d th e y h ad m ak e th e m l ight e r an d b ein g bl ack it a t tr a c t s an d
, ,
work e d we n W i th him If th e y h a d worked well

absorbs h ea t an d m ak e s cold l an ds w arm e r Th en

wi th him wh ma t h e n ot b e m ad e t o work a s
.

we n with o th zrs p I ch a lk th e gen tl e man was a lit

7

[
_
1t con t ams n ea rly al l t h e s a lts W t h c o w du n g
do e s an d is W orth n e arly as mueh a s th e f re Sh
'

tl e t oo much i n cli n e d to t h e Opposi t e in th e groun d :

h e took ; b e c a us e oth e rs h a d put th e m forw a rd droppin gs of th e stalls an d th e fa rm W h en pil e d .

W ith appre h e ti0 h I t I h av e t h e right id e a O f th at

up in h eaps i t will n ot fe rm en t an d rot a s cow du n g
gen t l e m an a s a fa rm e r h e W I11 be among t h e last t o ,
do e s b e c a us e it do e s n ot co n ta i n a mmo n ia a s th at
disc a rd th e use of! a i thf a lly built a n d well ma n a ed , ,

mowi ng ma chin es I arrl C l e a y of th e opi n ion ti nt do e s ; or If 1t do e s i t i s i n an i n e rt st a t e an d do e s

, ,

o ur fa rm e rs are a bout to n d in th e s e impl e m e n ts n o t a ct on t h e compos t h e a p B u t th a t fe rm e n ta .

,

th e b e st m ean s o f l a bor s a ving th e y h a v e e v e r e x -

tio n may b e r ea di ly brought abou t by e ith e r po t a sh ,

Pe te h ee d 1" sod a a sh or hous e a sh e s E ith e r o f th e m wil l

fIa nu my 2 5 1 85 6
,

c a us e a mmon i a to b e e volv e d an d th en th e h e a p
.

b e com e s e xc e e din gly v a lu abl e It n o t o n ly a t tr a ct s .

F O URTH L E GI S LA TI V E A GR I CUL TU
h ea t bu t it cools r a pidly so th a t afte r a ho t sum
, ,

R A L ME E T I NG . mer d ay wh en a gr e a t a mou n t of h e a t h a s b e en at
,

R E POR TE D OR E F R M F Y E H R OCKW E LL
TH A B . .
tra cte d an d absorb e d by rapid coolin g m oistu re ,

Th e fourth r e gul a r me e tin g of th e L e gisl a tiv e A g is d e posit e d an d thus th e pl an ts h av e th e b en e t

,

ricul tural S oci e ty wa s h e l d on Tu e sd a y e v e n i n g in , of th a t mois t u re ,

th e H a ll of th e Hous e of R e pr e s en t a tiv e s Th e .
It should n ot b e us e d imm e di a t e ly upo n b e i n g
n umb e r in a tt en d an c e wa s r e sp e ct abl e though n o t , d ug b ut it is a good pr a ctic e t o t ak e it from th e
,

quit e e qu a l t 0 th a t at th e l a st m e e tin g Th e SU b . swa mp in th e autum n or win t e r an d le t it r em a in

j ect for discussion was Ma n ures a n d their p rep a r , in h e a ps of th e d e p t h o f a foo t or mor e un til th e
,

a tion . A t 2 0 mi n ut e s a ft e r 7 o clock th e m e e tin g , n e xt spri n g b e for e i t is spr ea d upo n t h e soil It is .

W a s c a ll e d t 0 ord e r b y D r F I S H E R 0 f F itchburg .
, , w e ll to mix s alt an d li m e or pot a sh with it pu t ti n g ,

Ch airm an o f th e E x e cu tiv e Committ e e wh o i n vit e d , 3 0 poun ds o f po t a sh to a cord ; o r 15 or 2 0 pou n ds

H on S IM ON B RO W N to t ak e th e ch air wh o on do
.
, , of soda a sh ; or 8 or 10 bush e ls o f hous e a sh e s .

ing so e xpr e ss e d hi s gr a tica tio n th at th e r e wa s a

, This ov e rh a ul e d on c e or twic e an d thoroughly
,

more g en e r al d e sir e to n d som e thi n g to be us e d mix e d an d pulv eriz e d will m ak e on e of t h e b e s t ,

on fa rms as fe rti l iz e rs th a t would enabl e farm e rs , possibl e m an ur e s f o r a n y fa rm H e b e li e v e d with ,

to r ea p l a rg e r crops Th e a t t en t io n o f sci en tic

.
D r
, D a n a

th a t in wh a te v e r Vi e w we r e g ard pea t
,

men as W 9 11 as th a t O f farm ers h as b ee n turn e d to

, , muck i t is th e b a sis on whi ch r e sts th e whol e art
,

the S ubj e ct G u an o hmo bon e d uet Phosph a t e 0 f

.
, , , of a gricul ture It is this whi ch c a us e s th e gr e at
.

lime an d ve nous S PeoioS h av e b e en sugg e st e d an d diff e r en c e of physic al ch ar ac ters Th e ch e mic a l .

t rie d bu t t h e y h ave n e t a lways b e en foun d to an

,

ch ar a ct ers are u niform If th en ge in e (or p eat .

, ,

S W e r th e d eeue d Purpos e G u an o applie d t o th e muck ) is th e soul of fe rtility if it m ak e s soil h o t , ,

s o il may produc e a good crop f o r one y e a r a n d fai l , cold wet dry h e avy or ligh t th e proportion an d
, , , ,

t o do so th e s e co n d an d so i t is wi th m an y oth e r
, s t ate in wh ich it e xis t s in soil b e com e s an agricul
f ertiliz ers Suppos e som e thi n g could b e fou n d
. tur a l probl e m of th e high e s t v alu e .

whi ch is ch e ap an d t o w h ich al l can h av e a cc e ss

, , Mr BRO W N th en clos e d with e xpr e ssin g the
.

t h at would almos t in va riably r e sul t in produci n g hop e th a t gen tl e m en pr e s en t would fr e e ly giv e th e

b ett er crops an d it w ould b e though t a gr e a t poi n t
, r e sults o f t h e ir e xp eri en c e an d obs e rva tio n on th e
gai n e d t o s e cur e it H e h ad n o doub t such a f e r
. gen e ra l subj e c t o f m an ur e s a n d th eir a ppl ic a tion .

tiliz e r could b e fou n d withi n th e r ea ch o f all a f e r , Mr D OD GE o f Sut t on r e ga rd e d th e subj e c t o f

.
, ,

tiliz e r t h a t could be us e d wi thou t s t in t an d on e , m an ure s a s o f th e rst import an c e H e though t .

whi ch would a t t h e s a m e tim e gr ea tly improv e th e

, , th a t th e r e w as sc a rc e ly a farm e r in th e Stat e wh o
me cha ni c a l con dition o f th e soil an d s e cur e l arg e r ,
did n ot los e m an ur e from his b a rn-ya rd or n e gl ec t ,

c r ops of all kin ds . t o s a v e it t o th e v alu e o f $ 5 e v e ry y ear ; an d if

,

That subs t an c e li es n ear a lmos t ev er y far m in th e e a ch on e los t a s much from no t s avi n g from hi s
126 NE W ENGLAND FAR ME R . MA R CHl

h og-p e n from abou t th e hous e th e t o ta l loss in succ e ssful cultiva t ors th e y mus t do this H e agr e e d
an d , .

th e St a t e would b e a t l ea s t a y ea r H e th at much wa s los t e v e ry y ea r by n o t s a v in g ma .

though t th e r e wa s som e doub t wh e th e r composts n ure prob ably h a lf a million Of doll ars in th e st ate ,

, .

w e r e importan t for m akin g m a n ur e s H e did how Mr H OW A R D e di tor of th e B os ton C ultiva tor

.
, .
, ,

e ve r us e subsoil c a r t e d in t h e fa ll t o mix w ith hi s a dd e d h is t e s t imon y t o t h e v a lu e o f s wa mp muck

, , .

b arn -yard man ur e wi th which h e t h re w in corn Th e r e is a diffe r en c e of Opin ion on th e subj e c t

, ,

huts an d oth e r r e fus e m a t t e r wh ich r e m ain s thus which is prob ably owin g t o th e diff e r en c e in th e a r
,

mi x e d till May H e us e d pl as t e r o f Paris an d s a lt ticl e which go e s by th a t n am e It v a rie s in it s

.
, .

turn e d on in a liqu id s tat e so a s to s atur at e th e composition as i t is d e rive d from qui te diffe r en t

, ,

whol e h e a p with it Th e h e a p is k ep t till S e p te m sourc e s H e h ed s een th at which spr ea d upon th e

. .
,

h er th e d r oppi n gs o f th e cows b e in g a dd e d e v e ry l an d p re cis e ly as i t wa s t ak en from i t s b e d pro

, , ,

da y Th e pl a st e r is pu t in t o pr e s erv e th e a mmo duce d a s good an e ff e c t as th e s a m e qu an t ity o f

.

ni a an d h e fou n d t h e s a l t wa s u s e ful on his l an d b a r n-y a rd m an ur e would h av e don e

, This muck , .

which a s h e e xpr ess e d it wa s hu n gry fo r s a lt was t ak en from a n a rrow b asin in a pi ec e of woods

, , .
,

Th e p ri n cip a l r e a so n for u si n g s a l t how e v e r was th e growt h o f which wa s rock m apl e with som e
, , , ,

t h at it kill e d th e w ee d s ee d A fte r a ll h e was in ch e s tn u t an d oak This b a sin was simply a r e c e p

.
, .

doubt wh e th e r t h e doc tri n e o f composti n g m an ur e s t acl e for d e c ay e d l ea v e s an d th e d ebris of th e rock

was good H e would lik e t o co n c e n t r a t e his ma wh ich h a d w a sh e d down i n t o it
. .

n ure s as much a s possibl e Th e r e was a gr e at d e a l Som e muck is form e d from moss o n e o f th e

.
,

o f l abor r e quir e d to c a r t i n t o th e y a rd muck or simpl e s t v e ge tabl e s an d lik e o th e r a qu a tic v e ge ta

, , ,

s ubsoil an d th en to c ar t i t b a ck a a i n on t o th e bl e s i t co n t a i n s lit tl e fe r tilizi n g m a tt e r This muck

, g , .

l an d . is mix e d wi th th e r e si n ous m a t t e r an d som e sub

Mr D O D G E s t at e d th e re sul t o f an e xp erim e n t s tan c e s from th e tr e e s which grow upo n it such as

.
,

t h a t h e m a d e in fee di n g a p a ir of t win st e e rs for a th e c e d ar spruc e h acma tack or A m e ric an l arch , , .

pr emium H e tie d th e m in a stabl e a n d th e li tter Th e y con ta in tan n in which is wholly in solubl e

.
, , ,

us e d a s w e ll a s a l l th e liquid m an ur e wa s s a v e d in which is imp a r t e d to th e muck

, ,
.

h is b ar n c e ll a r an d the whol e m an ur e was w e igh e d

,
D r D an a s ays th at m uck n e e ds o n ly po t a sh t o .

an d m ea sur e d N in e ty-thr e e solid bush e ls o f ma m a k e it a lmos t simil a r t o c o w dun g

. Th e pot a sh .

n ure w e r e m a d e in e igh t w e e ks f rom thr ee to n s of t e n ds t o n e u t r a li z e th e a cid an d r e si n ous m a tt e r ,

hay f e d to th e m H e t hough t th e liquid m an ur e an d op en s t he way by whi ch t h e oxyg e n c an dis

.

from th e s ta bl e s worth abou t four-f ths as much solve th a t m att e r B ut ge n e r ally p e rh a ps it i8

,
.
, ,

a s th e solid m a n ur e . b et te r to compos t muck As an a bsorb e n t o f .

Th e ch a irm an sugge s t e d t h a t th e r e wa s littl e c e r urin e muck is on e o f th e b e s t subs tan c e s b e c aus e , ,

tain k n o wl e dg e as t o th e fe rm en t atio n o f m an ur e th e ammo n i a whi ch is e volv e d is th e a rticl e , ,

an d th e r e was a d iff e r en c e of Opi n io n a s to wh e th e r mos t n ee d e d t o bri n g it i n t o such a st a t e t h a t it s

it should b e fe rm en t e d a t a ll an d a s t o how it prop e r ti e s c an b e a ppropri a t e d b y pl an ts

,
.

should b e pr e s erv e d an d how a ppli e d Th e m ann e r o f compostin g is a dis ti n c t sub je c t

. .

Mr W A TE R S o f B e v erly wa s th en i n vi t e d t o e x Th e applic a tion of ch e mis t ry to a gri cultur e e v en i f

.
, , ,

p re ss his vi e ws on th e g e n e r al subj e c t b e in g re wh a t is c all e d th e min e ra l m an ur e th e ory is t hrown

, ,

fe rre d to by t he ch a irm an as a man wh o mows o ut h as b een o f gr e a t us e by s e ttli n g th e qu e stion ,

six t y or s e v en t y to n s o f h a y e v e ry ear w i th hi th a t t h e l ea di n g v a lu e of al l m an ur e s is t h e a mmo

y s .

o wn h a n ds [G uidi n g a m a
. chi n e Bu
] n ia which th e y co n t a i n S o obvious is th a t id ea .
,

H e ga v e an a ccoun t of his m an n e r o f compostin g th a t in som e i n s ta n c e s t h e a mou n t of a mmo n ia h as

m an ur e H e u su a lly got abou t 200 lo a ds o f me a b e e n t a k e n a s th e crite r ion o f v a lu e
. Th e qu e stio n .

d ow mud in t h e mo n t h o f A ugus t o ut o f his th en a ris e s wh e th e r a mmo n i a can b e e xcit e d wi th

, ,

s wa mp which h e a llow e d t o r e m a i n in a h e a p dur

, ou t fe rm en ta tion an d wh e th e r ferm en ta tion can b e ,

in g t h e win t e r A fte r cl e an i n g o ut his b ar n-yard produc e d w ithout compos tin g

. .

in th e spri n g h e spr e a d i t t o t he d e pth of e ight o r

, Th e l e a di n g obj e ct with fa rm e rs should b e t o
t e n i n ch e s ov e r it an d u n d e r t h e sh e ds Th e y a rd s a v e a ll t h e ir m an ur e s The v alu e o f gu an o as t o
. .

is ma d e low e s t in th e middl e to c at ch th e wa t e r its u ltim a t e r e sults r e sts still in doubt The expe ,
.

an d hold it His h ogs w e r e a llow e d t o roo t ov e r rie n ce of this coun try do e s n ot ye t prov e wha t its
.

th e y a rd in th e d a y tim e a n d th e cows w e r e k e p t r e sults will b e wh e n us e d with oth e r m an ur e s

, , .

in it at n ight In th e a utum n it is brough t u

.
p in W e c an dra w n o i n f e r en c e s from its u s e in E n g

t o a h e ap Som e tim e s gypsu m is thrown i n t o th e l an d b ec aus e m an y oth e r subs t an c e s are us e d in

.
,

h ea p wh en it fe rm en t s Thi s m ethod o f m akin g con n e ction with it th er e

. .

ma n ur e wa s a great d e a l of troubl e a n d h e h ad I n an sw e r t o a qu e s t io n pu t by th e ch airm an

, ,

hop e d som e mor e pro tabl e fe rtili z e r co uld b e Mr H OW A RD s aid th e r e migh t b e som e doubt a s .

f oun d ; bu t a t pr e s e n t h e k n e w o f n on e t h a t would t o wh e th e r th e m an ur e s should b e pil e d up a n d

t ak e th e pl ac e o f this kin d o f m an ur e ; an d to be ferm e n ta tion produc e d b e for e applyin g th em to
 185 6 . N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R .

the soil o r W hether they should be applied to the an d three -fourths bet ween them through wh ich all
, ,

l a nd and plowed in so that fermenta tion might the solid and liquid manure may drop into the cellar
, , .

take place in the soil I n either case it is pro b able Th e cattle stand upon
. this with n o bedding the
, ,

th at diff erent kinds o f fermentation would resul t place where their fore feet are bein g always dry .
,

I n the latter case the fermentation would n o t h e and clean

, Th e sink drain from the house runs t o .

a ctive an d would not evolve ammoni a

, It is a ques this cellar an d water from the roo f o f the barn and
.
,

t ion W hether ammo n ia or n itric acid is the b e s t sheds s o that the manure in the cellar is alway s ,

f orm in which nitrogen can be applied t o plants covered with liquid Th e cattle are kept stalled .
.
,

I f ammonia is the best the process W h ioh ro du e e s thro ughout the year except that the cows are let
p , ,

it is t o be preferred There might be danger that out for exercise and the horses f or us e This liqui d
.
, .
.

if manures were plowed in before fermentation manure is pumped out by a chain pump an d car , ,

t ook place they would work down t o so great a ried o ff in a b o x which h olds a h un d re d gallons This .

depth that they would lose their utility to plants box can be lled and carried thirty rods an d spread .

He did n ot consider the question well settled upa n gra ss ground in fteen minu t e s , .

though it is an important on e He considered the liquid worth as much as the

.

Mr H A L L o f B radford was called on nex t but same quantity o f soli d manure Th e liquid m a
.
, , , .
.

he sai d he had never used muck t o any great ex nure m ay be applied t o vines an d trees at an y tim e ,

tent because it was n ot found in his vicin city He in a very di luted state He would apply it t o grass . .

h ad however seen its e ff ects in a nursery o n high i n the spring and fall an d immediately after c ut ,

and dry ground an d never sa w so handsome apple ting off the r s t crop o f grass A s the cattle in the
, .

trees of two years growth as he saw there A bout stable stand with their heads some four feet fro m .

f our inches o f meadow muck were put at the bot the openings into the cellar he had seen no ba d ,

tom o f the trenches in which the trees were s e t out eff ects upon their heal th ; n or could he d iscover .

He then referred to an other application o f muck an y smell from th e cellar His pigs have a stall .

where it is used about some young trees on setting where their manur e drops into th e s a me cellar an d ,

them o ut and by whi ch every tr ee wa s killed his fowls -some 2 50 have a separate house
, .
, .

This shows the dif ference in different kinds o f muck Mr W J B UC K MI N S TE R suggested that there . . . .

Mr D OD GE again spoke expressing the hope might b e danger in the application of manure in a
.
,

that somethin g might be found t o hold the ammo t o o concentrated form He had found liquid ma .

n ia
. He had u sed saw-dust He did n o t think old h ures t o make plants grow faster than an y other
. .

garden soil worth th e exp e nse o f m oving it to the A s ventilation for the health of animals w as im , ,

compost heap o r into the barn-yard portant he thought it would be better to have the
.
,

H e hoped more attention would be given to sav cellar for the manure in a separate building .

in g liquid manures He then stated how a friend Mr B RO W N the C hairman suggested t hat farm
. .
, ,

of his in B erkshi re was saving a l l the manure from ers must exercise a sound udg me n t in the selection

800 sheep by b o x feeding He believed he had and use o f manures and particularly of muck
.
, .

n ot oversta te d the amount lost in the c ommon Th e farmer has n o mathem atical rules to guide him ,

wealth eve ry year by n o t savin g manure He but must be guided by thelight o f experience in a
, .
,

cla imed also that farming had absolutely run down great degree Meadow mud should be hauled in .

this side of the C onnecticut river a n d is n o t in as the winter into heaps where it may freeze s o as t o
, ,

good a state n ow as it was twenty-ve years ago kill the bulbous roots o f the swamp grasses it con .

Th e value o f subsoil as an absorbent was ques tains A s a deodorizer meadow muck when dry .
, , ,

tione d by Mr H AL L Mr D OD G E replied that he is very valuable There is n o substa nce exceptin g

. . . .
,

had tested it and he knew noth ing better for the charcoal which is equal to it He said he expecte d
, , .

purpose He had tried it where lime would not to se e the day when this muck would be sold in
.

am the o ff ensive smell o f a yard where beef cattle B oston at a high prot as a deodorizer
p , , .

were butchered and it succeeded perfectly well , Mr F RE E MA N of O rleans stated that the f arm . .
, ,

P erhaps the subsoil of Worcester county is pec uli ar e rs in his vicinity ha d l on g b een in the habit o f

in that respect . using muck in connection with barn -yard manure ,

D r F I SH E R gave some o f h is experience o n the and they considered it equal t o stable manure
. .

s ubj ec t of savin g manures B efore b e commenced Mr B UC K MIN S TE R remarked that the meadow
. .

he made himself famili ar with the literature on the mud properly called peat muck was tha t only , ,

s ubj ect and then buil t a barn with a cellar cement

, which wa s good He considered the other kin d .

ed on the bottom and sides so a s to be entirely useless .

w ater-tight having a capacity o f about

, gal Mr B RO WN s aid that the best peat muck ap . ,

lons O ver this th e oor upon which the cattle pe are d under a microscope like thousands o f n e e
.
, ,

s tand is placed h vi n g about four feet of the wid th dles which are in fact the ne roots so ne as n ot
a , , ,

o f the oor where the hind feet o f the cattle stand to be seen by the naked eye
, Tha t w hich has sand , .

made o f oak an d scan tling with spaces of an inch in it is least valuable , .

12 8 N E W E N G L A N D F A R ME R . MA R CH

the highest degree o f renement an d men tal cul

t h e value o f manures which have been long kept t ure M any of the most elegant and acco mplish ed .

women I have known have looked well to the i r

housed ,
.

household dut i es an d h ave honored themselves and

Mr N YE of s and wich also spoke of the value their husbands by s o doin u on
,
.
, ,
g .

of the muck obta i ned i n h i s vrcmi t y even when ap ,

pli ed fresh from the swamp and without mixture ,

with other manures .

LE GI SL A TI VE A GR I CU L TUR A L ME E T
G eneral TO W N E of Worcester county could not
,
IN GS ,
.

agree with Mr D OD GE that agriculture had gone We are glad to se e this reorganization I
. t ha .

backward within the last twenty years He would ever appeared to us that great g oo i ml gh t be de .
o

n o t believe i t C E R TA I N L Y if Mro D odge had not

rived from these meetings if properly conduc ted .

Th e great di f culty l ies in two thi n gs

y
O ne that ,
sa i d so ; but 1118 op i n i on i s the e n d of the law He there are always some of t hose long winded eve r
.

,
urged the importance o f greater punctuality in lasting t a kers wh o occup y a long time in begin ,

meeting and then at half past 9 o clock the meet ning more in talking and wh o after they have
, , , , , ,

in g adj our ned till 7 o clock next Tuesday even i n g W u n d O 3 1X m

g
hng 1
'

l cl j u s
ri g t h er tgc i s $ 333
yo t
g f or a sp ee cils
r

5
:
o
at W h IC ll the same subj ect W l l l be furthe r d i scussed se ves
,

in the fa ct tha t no on e feels th a t re s on sibm

.

ty ,

rests on him an d o f course n o on e prepares him ,

self with facts gathered condensed and arranged

GI R L S SH OUL D L E A R N TO K E E P
,

for the occasion E ach one a ppears to go without .

HOU SE den ite object an d expects the on e who speaks b e

. ,

fore him to furnish topics a n d suggestions f or hi m

N o young lady c an be too well instructed in an y
,

to corroborate or refute according as the real or

thi ng that will a ff ect the comfort o f a family fanciful relation of something he h as seen or heard .
,

Whatever position in society sh e may occupy sh e may at t h e moment dictate I f a porti on o f the ,
,

needs a practical knowledge o f th e duties o f a speakers were pledged at the previous meetin , , .

house -keeper S h e m ay be placed in such circum those speakers restricted t o 15 minutes an d ag

.
,

stances that it will be unnecessary for her to per f orm others to 10 it would ive a lif e de n it en ess and ,

g
much domestic labor ; but on thi s account sh e needs practical value n ot often found in th e discussion as , ,

no less knowledge than if sh e was obliged to pre now conducted There would be h O e also that ,

side personally over the cooking stove and pantry some o f the same spirit might be carr ied in to the p .
.
, ,

I ndeed I have often thought it was mor e diffi cult proceedings o f the L egislature in the sessions dur
,

to dl rect others an d 1 e q u1re s mo re exper i ence t h an in the day E very auctioneer kno w s if he would ,
.

, ,
g
t o do the sam e work with o ur own hands
.

sell high he must sell fast B idders soon nd it is.

Mothers are frequently so nice a n d particular in now or never competition becomes brisk and good
.

their domestic arrangements that they do n o t l ike prices are realized S o with discussions L et a
,
,

to give up any part of their care to the ir children speaker be stopped a few times in the middle of a
. .

Thi s is a great mistake for they are often burdened ,

long yarn and he will soon accustom himself to
with labor and need relief C hildren should be commence with his subj ect stick to it while he
,
, .

early taught to m ake themselves useful to assi s t talks and stop when he gets through an d by so ,

;
their parents in every way in their power and con doing give pleasure to all who hear him There is ,
,

sider it a privilege to do so
.

almost always agricultural t alent of the highes t

.

Young people cannot real ize the importance of a

order in attendance at the meetings talent n o t
thorough knowledge o f housewifery but those wh o connected with the L egislatur e and nothing but,
, ,

have su ff ered the inconveni ences and mort ication s d en it e n e ss of subj ects time and order is requisite ,

,
o f ignorance C h ildren should be early indulged
,
.

to brin gi ng it out B u t if when raising and pre

in their disposition to bake and e x periment in cook serving apples is t h e subj ect o n e man taken half an ,
.

ing in various ways I t is often but a troublesome

.

hour on t h e breed o f cattle because he is a cattle

,

help they aff ord still it is a great advantage to breeder and another on sheep because he has
,
,

them .

sheep to sell and a third on underdra ining that b e

,

,
I know a little girl who at nine years old m ade in his hobby another o n the virtue of guana a
, , ,
,

g
a loaf of bread every week d ini ng the winter Her plied to corn because he has ki lled the sweet corn p ,
.

mother taught her how much yeast and our t o use in his garden with it ou will have a meeting t o o ,
,

d h e became an expert baker Whenever sh e is y ,

a n s
much lik e many that have been hel d C u lturis t
.

d isposed to try her skill in making simple cake and

a n d G a z ette P i ttsfiel d
pies sh e is permitted to do so S h e is thus while , .

, .
,

amus ing herself learning an important lesson Her

, .

moth er calls her her little housekeeper an d sh e A G R I CUL TURE IN SUL L IVAN C O UN TY N H A t

,

, . .

often permits her to get what is necessary for the a recent meeting of the E xecutive B oard of the
table Sh e hangs the keys by her side and very S tate A gricultural S ociety the C ommittee on
.
, ,

musical is their j inglin g to her ears Ithink be F arms awarded the rst premium o f $ 40 to E zra .
,

fore sh e is out of her teens upon which sh e h as not J G lidden E sq o f Unity for the best cultivate d
, .
, .
, ,

yet entered that she will have som e idea how to farm in the S tate ; and the s econ d premium of $ 30
,

cook . to E bene z er Pike of C ornish for the second best , ,

.

S ome mothers give their dau ghters th e care of These awards establish the fact as w e understand ,

house -keeping each a week by turns I

,
t seems it that L ittle S ullivan s t an ds t wo degrees ahead
.
,

.
to me a good arrangement and a most useful part of any other county in the matter of rst class
,

o f their education . farms I t is a distinction worth bragging over . .

D omestic labor is by no means incompatible with N H Sp ecta tor N e wp ort

'

. .
. .
,
 185 6 . N E W E N G L A N D F AR ME R .
129

TH E L O D G E PE A R .

S m
I
TH s BO RDEN A VE OF O
S ME C L L E C O TI O N S .

This port rait of the L odge P e ar is a good on e over cast with a thi n coat of russet ; es h greemsh

. ,

Th e fruit grew in the garden o f C o l W I L D E R o f white very melting an d j ui cy ; a vor rich vi no us

.
, , , , ,

D orchester wh o not only furni shed that in its vvith a distinct high brown beurre arom a ; ma turity
, ,

season but h as kindly sent us the followin g history rst o f O ctober ; q ua lity very good
, , .

an d desc ription Th e tree is h arth bu t n o t very vigorous excep t l

, ,

Th e L odge pear was brought to notice about when graft ed on the lea di ng shoots o f o ld trees .

t wenty years since by the late C ol C A RR o f P hila I t produces abundant crops whi ch adhere strongly
.
, ,

a delphia and was supposed t o be a seedling to the bran ches d uring th e autumnal gales and th e
, ,

frui t of that vicinity Within a f e w years it has fruit keeps w ell f or on e of its season
. .

been disseminated from Hartford C onn as S mith s , .
,

B ordenave having been received in an invoice o f

, F the N ew E g l d F a rmer or n an .

trees impor ted from F rance into that city either U P L A N D CR A N BE R R Y

,
.

Wi thout a name or ( n ? whl ch was subsequently ME SSRS E D IT OR S Iknow that ou are interest
10 %
? i
Whatever l ts orl g m may have been It POS ed and are glad t o receive information in regar d
y
.

:
,

sesses excellent characteristics and is wort hy of ex to an y n e w frui t that may come into use from any
,

tensive c ultivation .
section of o ur coun try I have recently had my .

attention called t o an upland cranberry foun d on

S i z e r a th e r above me d mm t h re e an d a half sterile hill -sides and bar en cold lan ds near t h e
,

r , ,
in C h e S lo n g including S tem b y t wO an d a half in upper lakes in C anada
, , Prof F S hepard of N e w . . . ,

diameter ; f orm acute pyriform broad across the Haven from whom I gaine d my informati on and
, , , , ,

middle some specimens inclining to obovate out from W hom I received a sample 0f the berri es
, ,
:

fg ogg gf
a
g
a
line and s urface a li ttle irregular ; c a lyx small ,

sunk in moderately deep basin ; s tem on e inch long cover the groun d in places w here but very little
gg ,

, ,

rather stout and curved sometimes swollen at the vegetable matter can be foun d an d look beau tiful
, , ,

b ase and se t withou t depression ; color dull green wit h the ir b right aming red color
, ,
.
13 0 N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R .

Th e berries are smaller and more round than in water , a n d when sli h tl y fermented , the see d
th e l o w vine When prepared for sauce it is n ot can easily b e washed rom the pulp an d dried
'

. .

a s acid , and h as a peculiar rich avor , an d is very O ne ounce wi ll grow a thousand plants S o w 1n .

highly esteemed by those persons wh o are able to drills an inch deep , about one foot apart an d cover
ro c ure them Th e vines are very much like our with ne soil , pressed do wn lightly, K eep the
lb
.

w cranberries , and yield more abundantly If weeds out , stir the soil often , and thin the plan ts to .

t hey c a n be introduced into the waste , cold un pro six inches apart in the drills A t o n e year o ld s e .

d uc tiv e parts of the United S tates , they must be lect the best an d thriftiest plants t o form your bed .

v ery re munerative and valuable to the producer It Th e asparagus bed should be open to the mom .

is my intention to obtain some o f the plants in May ing sun A n d it is better i f protected from the .

o f this year , and hope t o be able to supply those north an d east , yet Open t o light and air It should .

who wish to try the experiment . be very rich and on this more than anything else
, , ,

N ew H a ven , C t . F . TRO W B R I D GE . depends the amount and value o f the product D ig .

up a loamy porous soil two feet deep intermixing

, ,

larg ely and thoroughly with manure to within six

E XTR A CTS A N D R E PL I
ES .
inches of the to p ; this should be lled with gar

MR E D IT OR I
.
T RE S BA S KE T WIL L O W
OL D PA S U

s it best to plo w o ld pasture s

.
den loam Then take the youn plants from the
.

seed bed injuring the roots as itt le as possible

and carefully se t out in rows t wo feet apart one
I
t hat are r un o ut or let them re main provided no
,
,

manure is to be plowed in ? (a ) Ibelieve here

,
fo ot apar t in the ro w Then cover the b ed t wo .

the maj ority o f farmers are against plowing but

.

inches deep with dark colored soil made by a ,

my own judgmen t leans t o the other side Perhaps

,
mixture o f charcoal dust and muck and sprinkle ,

M assachusetts men are better able to decide co r

salt until the surface is white again This will keep .

re c t ly than we as their farms are much older

down the weeds and promote the growth of the
I
,

s there any other variety o f the basket willow

.

asparagus which it should be remembered orig

, , ,

in a t e d on the s e a-shore
a s protable t o cultivate for m arket as the P u
ma
.

o r bitter purple willo w ?

I n autumn remove the dead s t alks and cover the
rca , (b ) P erhaps your .

be d three inches deep with stable manure to be

correspondent from S herborn as he is a man uf ac ,
forked in the spring with another dressing of salt
,

t urer ca n answer this question

.
,
,

G reen bo ro Vt B EN JA mm C O M IN G S
.

L et the stalks grow the rst and second year with

, . .

out cutting that the roots may get well esta blished ;
,

R E MA RK S It is doubtful certainly wh eth

.
, ,
the third year the aspara g us will be t to cut and ,

e r it is best to go to the expense o f plowing old

will with similar treatment each fall and spring
,

as t ures n d re-seeding without the application of

with perhaps a slight addition o f earth to prevent
p a , ,
the roots from coming t oo near the surface con e

manure I t would be a contest for the mastery

.
tin u e to yield well for many year s
between the weeds and grass in which the former , R emember room a rich warm soil moist but
, , , , ,

would be quite likely to succeed best Woul d it .

well drained and salt enough to prevent the growth
,

n ot be better t o t ake an acre plow manure and , ,

of weeds are peculiarly bene cial to the aspara
,

s eed it and as opportunity presents continue it ?

gus plant With these and good care on e cannot
.
, ,
, ,
fail to have that inmate of all good gardens an as
I
,
n this way what is done would be well done and , ,
pa rag us bed .

W ould aff ord a prot .

b T h riandra and urpurea F IN E Y IE L D OF P O TA T O E S

( ). e T F o rby an a P , ,
.

make a complete assortment for basket makers - M R E D IT OR N oticing in your valuable paper
,
.

supplying all the ir wants according to an article

a report o f a large yield of potatoes by friends ,

Knowlton and C ross Iwill give you my success in

,

on the subj ect prepare d by Mr C harles D owning

,

raising the same kind (the Jenny L ind ) in the

. .

, ,
He places the Purpurea last but says it is valuable rocky town o f S helburne Th e past season Ihave
, .

i n all respects as an osier dug fro m eleven rows eleven rods long (about
.
, ,

twenty-two rods o f land ) s eventyj ive bus hels of p o ,

H O W T O G E T A N A S P A R A G US B E D ta toes A lthough I did not we i gh any of them . ,

I h ink I might have weighed some which wo ul d

.

yet t
MR E D IT OR Iwant t o se t out an asparagus f ully equal A sh e ld whoppers
.

bed Wil l yo u inform me through your columns

.

Shel burn e J an 7 185 6 R E UBE N N I MS

.
, , .
,
which time is best spring o r autumn and h o w
. .
,
, ,

dee p it should be se t and how long after planting TIM E T O C UT TI MBE R W IL L O W F OR F E N C E S

,
.

t h e seed it should be se t o ut ? A fter it is se t o ut

h ow many years shou ld it gro w before it is t to I w i sh to inquire the right time to cut timber
,

cut f o r us e P J H and n o t have it powder post ? Is the basket wil

o w good for fencing P Has any on e tried it so . .

Ma rl boro 185 6 l as ,
,
to know h ow it oug ht to be managed between p as
.

R E MA R Ks W e cannot do better than to pre tures or between pastur e and meadow

.
What ,

s ent the followi ng from t h e R u ra l N ew Yorker length o f

,
time an d what kind of willow is the ,
,

w hich we n d at hand : best ? What di stance apart and what kind of land ,

is the best ? How many years be f ore it will make

TI E A SPA RA G US B E D H O W shall I get an as a permanent fence or will they be always browsed ,
a g us bed ? asks on e of o ur subscribers We so that they are not of any value I

p ar
f yo u o r an y .
.
,
will try and give the in f ormation desired one of your subscribers will give light on these ques.

,
To begin with the beginning the seed m ay be
tions you will d o a favor t o many of your sub
s ow n in autum n o r early in the spring in a good
,

scribers , A B
lo amy soil S elec t good and ripe berries putlt he m S a lis bur Vt
. . .

.
,
y , .
185 6 . N E W E N G L A N D F A R ME R . 13 1 .

P L OW I
N G AN D MA N UR IN in sowin g easily Inever knew smut or the
G ORC HA RDS CA N A DA t e re d .

THISTL E S weevil to a t tack wheat prepared in this manner

.
.

MR E D IT OR.
Iwish to have your j udgmen t as D u bl i n N H 185 6 J O SE P H US S N O W , .

. .
, . .

t o the bes t manure for me t o use u on an orchard

p
which Ipropose to plow in the spri ng There are A B O UT M IX IN G MA N U RE S . .

some 2 % acres o f a clayey loam soil gen tly u ,

MR E D IT OR A s this is a good time to draw ,

l ating with a slight northwestern inclination

.

o u t manure will you please tell me through you r

.
,

It was planted about 7 years since an d has had

paper which is the best to put into my heap plas , ,
, ,

Ij u dge about an equal share of cul tivation and ter o r muriate of lime ? I
,
t may be some o f yo ur
, ,

neglect since the owner having gone west four readers have tried both an d c an tell from e x eri ,

ears since p ,
y .

ence
It came into my possession las t spri n g an d Ind
.

M i lf ord J an 185 6 L A
,

that the last summer though the trees seem to , .

, .

,
R M RK W e would n ot advise either Hau l
thrive and for the second appearance o f fruit did
,
E A S ,
.

well yet the weeds and grass had a stri fe f o r pos out the m anure pile it up snugly an d cover it with
, , ,

session in which the grass came out second bes t old muck if ou have it I n the spring after you
y
.
,
, .
,
Th e weeds m ost numerous an d troublesome are the
wh ite daisy an d a large coarse weed with yellow have dr essed your land with this manure then on , ,
, , ,

blo ssoms called by some J oh n s wort

,
- a p ortion of it apply the muria t e o f lime and on
, .
,

N o w the question is as to using stable manure another portion apply th e plas ter
,
K eep an exact ,
.

ashes li me poudrette super -phosphate & c & c account of the transaction and through the sum
, , , , .
, .
, ,
either singly or mixed and if it is best t o give a mer note the appearance of the crop and in th e
,

heavy d re ssmg this year or moderately f o r t wo or ,

,

three years to come ?

autumn the result , .

Is there any better way t o cure C anada thistles Yo u will nd th is course more satisfactory than
t han t o salt them ? D F M by mixing all your fertilizers in a promiscuou s . . .

R E MA R Ks C over your orchard land well with heap

.
.

stable manure and plow it in but plow with gr eat,

WH A T IS TH E E F F E C T OF B ON E MEA L ?
,

care or you will injure the roots A fter plowing

, .
,

apply ten bushels of ashes to the acre and harrow M R E D IT OR Will you have the goodnes s .

through your valuable paper t o tell me the proper

,

it in and your trees will drop fatness after the ties and e ff ect of bone meal upon cattle an d fowls
,

,

roots have g o t fairly hold o f such dressing and h ow often and w hat quantities should be giv .
, ,

C ut the C anada thistle when in blossom an d en ? A S UBS C R I BE R , .

when dry burn them where they grew A pply N a shu a J a m 185 6 . , , .

brush and other rubbish if you have it at hand R E MA RK S , When A S ubscriber remember s
9

B ut plowing and cultivating is best that in every on e hundred pounds of the bones o f
.

h is cows there is y vc a n d a ha lf p ounds o f ,

A C C I D E N TS A N D D I S E A SE S OF CA TTL E phosphate o f lime a n d th en remembers that those . ,

MR E D IT OR Ten years ago nex t A pril Iha d bones are principally drawn from his pastur es an d
.

a c o w burst so badly that s h e grew poor and weak ; elds he wi ll become satised that long and c on ,

f or seven or eight days I could get n o on e t o re stant cropping must exhaust that substance Th e .

lieve h when she failed so rapidly a s soon n ot to term phosphor is from two G reek words w hi ch
e r
,

be abl e ( ( rise alone With the aid of a f arrier I

, ,

mean to shine to bring that is to bring ligh
.

t
then c ut through the skin a slit about eight inches , , , ,

long a n d put back the sm all intestines w hich were because when exposed to the air it smokes shines
, ,
,

all down in the skin in front o f her bag We in the dark takes re by mere rubbing and burn s .
, ,

closed up the skin with a strong waxed thread an d wi th a large bright ame P ho sp horus in chem , .
,
sh e gradually recovered and brought a calf the
is try is a combustib le subs ta nce o f a yellow color , , ,
n ext spring a n d so on f o r seven years in succes
sion when Ifattened her
,
,
and resembl .
i ng ne wax It exis t s in all animal s .

In reply to some inquiries about the ho rn ail Ian d plants though in comparatively small quan ti ,
,

would sa y that Icured several creatures so f ar gone ties P hosp hori c a ci d is obtained by burning a , .

t hat they could n o t rise without help by ta king a piece of phosphorus under a glass where th e ,
,
bag that would hold a quart or more o f equal white fumes of acid will condense on the cool in
p a rts of soft soap and ne salt l ling it an d t ing
y ,

I t on top of the head to each horn L e t it remain side of the vessel in the f orm of a white powde r
.
,

s everal days and apply another if the cure is n o t which speedily absorbs mois ture from the air and
, ,

e ff ected . B MA R TIN runs t o a l iquid This liquid is called p hosp horic . . .

E a st C orin th Vt , .
a cid and is very sour an d corrosive It combine s ,
.

with potash lime &c an d then makes w hat we , , .

,
H O W TO P RE PA RE W H E A T F OR S O W IN G call a p hosp ha te that is the p hosp ha te of lime & c .

, , , .
,

Wash the wheat clean d rain off the water and and the bones of animals contain a large propor
,

a d d t wo quarts o f co a rse -n e salt t o a bushel L et tion of this acid chiey in combination with lim e .

,
it stand from 2 4 hours to a week an d s tir it occa
sion a ll When ready to so w drain off the brine and magnesia ,
.

y .
, ,

spread the wheat on the barn oor and sprinkle it

- A fter long -contin ued croppin g o f elds an d pas
with slaked lime until it is in condition t o be scat t ures without return ing much manure this sub , ,
13 2 N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R .

sta nce is exhausted the cattle do n ot obtai n a suf , G RA Y L IME A N D W HITE C HA RC O A L .

cie n t quantity of bone -makin g material an d con 1 W ish t o ask th e follo wing questions o f you o r
,
,

sequently sicken and sometimes die Young chi l some o f your able correspondents :
, .

d ren fed principally upon arrow-root and other I y l ime as goo d for farming purposes as the
W h l t e g I mean as a manure
S g a
. , _

edibles which are nearly pure starch often suer

'
'

What sort o f soil is most beneted b charcoal ?

,

exceedi ngly for the W an t Of th e Proper b on e mak and is coal made from hemlock or o th ei~soft wood
,
'

, ,
in g Sh h St ah e e s o
as good as that made from hard wood as a fertili ,

W e think A S ubscriber will n ow clearly se e zer and what is the best wa y to apply it ? to keep

,

wha t are the proper ties and e ffects o f bone meal it 0 h 0 1 near the t op 0 f the s oh 0 1 bury it in deep

:

upon cattle G ive it as often and in quantities as

.
J a n " 185 6 C W ' '

much as the creature will eat in an unmixed s t ate ;

A S MA L L AN D C H EAP SUMM E R H O USE
,
- .

or it may occasionally be mixe d with a l ittle meal

, ,

o r sprinkled upon wet h a w e are a l wap s happy

M R E D IT OR Will you give us a plan for a .

y
small and chea summer-house u p on which vi nes
t o nd the attention of the reader turned t o such
may run and an un pre te n dil ig garden and di ,
. _

points they are of importance to the farmer me n sion s of lumber f o r t h e same .

,

Ya rmo u th M a in e 185 6 O A H IL L , , . . . .

H O T-B E DS E AR L Y BE E T A N D C A BB A GE SW E E T R E MA RK S S uch a summer-house is a beautifu l

P O TA T O Sh l P S
feature in a garden and we h 0 pe some of our c or ,

MR E D IT OR am on e Of the cons t ant readers respondents wi ll tell us how it S ho ul d be construct

o f the N E F a rmer and I want to make a few ed
'

. . .
,

inquiries through its columns Iwant to sta rt;

lass and m y sashes wiil
.

s ome ve etables under

H O W To TE L L G OOD E GG S
cover ahg ut forty square feet
,

How sh all I b uild

the frame ? How deep must the manure be ? MR B RO WN I n a good egg th e small end 18 .

What is the e arliest beet and cabbage (b ) C an always cold an d the big end warm They can be . , .

I nd sweet potatoes in the market at a sui table tested by touchin g th e tongue to the small en d :

t ime for starting sli ps ? h ow early must they b e an d then to the large end ; an y one can observe the
planted ? di ff erence W R S . . . .

H a ns on J an 185 6, .
, .
P eters bu rg h J a n 14 185 6 , .
, .

R E MA RKS (cu ) Th e following description of a

h ot bed from B ridgman s G ardener s A ssistant
-
,

F the N w E g l d F mer ,

or e n an ar .

WI be m Pom 0N R A I SI N G srocx .

S ome gardeners make their beds on the level

H av mg had c on gl d erab l e e xpe n e h ce m the r31 8
g r ound but
, it is always safest to make them in pits o
mg o f stock Iwish to state through t h e c olumns
f rom e l gh t ee l l mehes to two f e f t deep m order to of the F a rme r a few facts connected with it
,

d o th i s the p i ts should be d ug 1n autumn or a h eap here is a mistaken idea prevalent among many
.
,
,
T ,

o f dun g m ay be depos i ted on the ground i ntended

farmers that If a creature Is fed h i h wh ile young
.

0
,
f or the beds before the fros t sets in and goo d it will naturally be tender and must s o be fed
, g
,
,
earth may be Obta i ned from the Pl ts wuh out dl k through li fe to be kept in good condition A thi ng

culty .
that is worth doing at all is worth well doing ; if ,
Th e frames S hould b e made o f good sound farmers would have ne well proportioned cattle
, ,
planks ; the back plank may be two feet wide and they must be well cared for during th e ir rst years ,
,
the end ones may be so sloped as to make f t e en and this is the main point ; if a ca lf is kept grow
inch plank do for the front A frame calculated in all of the time the rst year the probability is
.

f or four sashes of three feet in width by s ix in

g ,
,
that it will make a ne creature if it have enough ,
len g th as above described should be nearly thi r even o f poor hay to eat M method of raising
, ,
y
t een feet long an d about six broad at the top
.

,
calves is this ; let them suck on e -half the cow give s
.

Th e frame being se t over the pit an d properly for fo

ur or ve weeks ,
ke eping ne hay before
f astened the fresh dung should be spread regul ar the
,
,
m and giving them once a day a h andful of ,
l y in the pit to the depth o f twenty to twenty-four meal o r oats or a few crusts of bread soaked in
, ,

inches ; if the dung be in a good heating con di tion water then learn them to drink porridge made of ,
,

c over it six o r eight inches deep with mould then

,

ski m m ilk and buckwheat our or m eal that h as ,

,
lay on the sashes an d protect the beds from the been sifted I
,
n this way they seldom scour at all
in cle mency of the weather I n tw o or three days
.

and if on e does Itake a little white pine charcoal

.

,
th e rank steam will pass off ; it wi ll then b e n ec e s nely pulverized and mixe d with lard enough t o
,

s ary t o S m the mO Ul d before the S eed be SO W D t o

,

m ake it adhere spread this mixture on a p i ece o f

prevent the growth o f youn g weeds that may be bread an d 1ve l t W t h Is a cer ta m cur e o I fe e d ,

g
ger minating ; then sow the seed either in shallow m th l s way un nl they are three months 0 1d When ,
dr ills or broad-cast as e qu all y as possible reserving they wi ll do to wean A few oats should be iven
mm
, ,

a sm all o f the warm mould to be sown

g .

y once a day a whi le longer D ur i ng the rst Wi nter .

li ghtly t h e see d
they should be kept in a warm stable and have a ll ,

Th e B aseah e b e e t an d early York cabbage the good hay they will eat ; after this they wil l
are considered the earli est grow well and keep in good condition on m eadow
.

S weet potato sli ps are usuall y sold b y Messrs hay I

n this way I t 18 no uncommon th i ng for my ,
.

m Marke t am the season three years old steers t o weigh lbs

gfg
.

A n d what is true o f calves is true of colts in a ,

e0
185 6 . N EW ENGLAN D F A R MER . 13 3

greater degree as it is the symmetry of form and , , horse to run a race t h at the crowd that pays may

gra cefulness of movement in the horse in whi ch , have an Opportunity to gratify a strange curiosi ty
consists his highest value I f the colt is allowed . that seems to exist in the bre as ts Of the Yankees .

to become stinted while young all the hi gh keep , \Ve might ask the managers O f these societies
ing that can be given in after li fe never can restore that ann ually throw away their m oney on thi s ra
t hat w hi ch he has lost I have known a man wh o . cing business this question are yo u expending the
,

wished to raise up a tough horse for hi s O wn u se , money committed to your charge in a m anner cal
wh o kept hi s colt in an Open shed with nothing but , cul at e d to give permanent satisfaction ? A n d Of
oor b a y to eat an d it was tough indeed ; tough to the members Of these societies I would ask are
po ok at tough to drive an d a sorry looking thing
, ,

, ,

altogether A colt should be kept in a warm sta

.

ble with plenty of good hay a pint o f oats and a

, ,

pint of sli ced carrots a day durin g the rst winter , ,

and here I would say that I consider grooming o f ,

as much importance as good keeping ; farmers as a for the best butter cheese or bread ? N O , given , ,

general thing pay too little attention to thi s ; a

, and I h O pe th e Of cers of all the agricultural soci

good r ubbing fr om head to foot once a day is e tie s will consider well what they are doing before , ,

worth as much to a horse as t wo quarts Of oats they conclude to give away hal f or a quarter or in .
,

I f farmers would keep th ree things i n view in rs short an y o f the money which is distributed in pre , ,

g ard to young animals w e should soon see a great miums t o those wh o c an best run or race a horse
, , .

i mprovement in the stock of N e w E ngland whi ch Pray remember those who have exerted themselves ,

are these feed feed well feed high A F , to rai se fruit and vegeta bles to make bread cheese
, . . .
, ,

West B roo/gield 185 6

an d b u tter to bring specimens o f the ir han di work
, .
, ,

that yo ur halls m ay be lled A n d if a n y person .

R E M A R K s C apital suggestions an d as true as should prefer horse-racing t o bread and bu ter or

.

t ,

t hey are capital Hope to hear from A F again f rl t then IS ay let hm? have hl s n and 1W9 on
. . . . , ,

that as long as he can f or he does n ot deserve an y ,

of the bread or the butter More at another time . .

F th N ew E g l d F rme or M I DDL E SE X
e n an a r. .

N ewton C en tre J 1 5 th 185 6

H OR SE R A CI N G A T CA TTL E SH O W S
an
.
, .
, .

MR E D IT OR C an y ou tell us how it happens

. R EMA RK S There is a diversity of Opinion in re
that within a year or two the time a t our cattle gard t o trotting-courses on our F air G rounds We , .

shows instead o f being devoted t o the legitimate are willing t o yield room for a pertinent di scussion
,

obj ects of such gatherings is devoted to horse-ra ,

o f the question
cing A n d not not only that but a large part o f
?
,
.

th e money r ai sed and set aside for prizes given for ,

th e h e st specimens of female equestrianism ? I s it F the N ew E g l d Fa m er or n an r .

o ssibl e that in this en li h t en e d a e we are wil

lin g to sustain horse-racin wi th allg its attendant M
A B O U T F A R A
gC C O UN T S
, , ,

evils too numerous to mention ? that which our Th e neighbors of Shoem aker A expressed sur .

good fathers and mothers have labored to warn us prise on hearing that he had m ade a purchase Of
against and to shun as the places where vi ce and im real estate I
, t was n o t s o sur prising an a ff air after .
,

morality di d abound This practice has been dis all Th e observation o f A had learned him that
. . .

countenan ced by the good an d moral for ages ; lucky purchases were made in a dull market He .

and now that it presents itse l f in a new form um had the money and thought it would be a safe in
, , ,

der the name of cattle shows thousands both old vestment and havin g been brought up on a farm , , ,

and young are in attendance the grey headed wh o and having a taste for agriculture the management
, , ,

ought t o be too wise to be seen there an d the of a piece O f land would be to him a relaxation in ,

youn g and thoughtless wh o drin k in the excitement stead oi a care A s purchase consisted o f a small
, . .

Of the hour with all the evil they se e and hear as farm Of twenty acres be they more or less W ith
, , , ,

they would the most luscious sweets Horse racing out buil dings they having recently been destroyed ; .
-
,

has become the most important part Of the per situated within half a mile Of hi s shop and the Post

f orman ces beside which an able and we l l deli vered oi ce
, A s rst step was to hire a surveyor to
, . .

address would be called poor and insipid and n ot measure and draw a plan Of his l and when he foun d , ,

W orth listening too he had nearly an acre more than he expected

.
,

It is said by way of e x cuse for all this that it which more than paid the expense ,
.

draws a crowd and it pays and this is all that can The trees next became the Obj ect Of particular
, ,

be said in favor Of the thing A ll very true S o attention ; th e ygwere prun e d and washed an d every . .
,

it would draw a crowd and doubtless pay t o have thing done for them that promised to promote ,

a puppet show Jim C row dancers a circus or their advancement Th e labor was all hired the
, , ,
.
,

somet h ing of that sort but do you think it would manure for composting was all bought the crops
, ,

tend to promote the noble art O f agriculture ? F or were all sold an d a ccurate accounts kept of the ,

on e I , think otherwise and am determine d to raise same What time A spent in managing and keep
, . .

my voice against the increasing evi l More than in g accounts of the land the agricultural paper .
, ,

once when Ihave witnessed the races Ihave been &c were all charged to real estate , .
,
.

led to remark th at the ladies would do better to be A t the end of three years the hay crop had ,

at home making bread Or butter or still better h e been doubled and all the other crops greatly in
, , , ,

able to bring a specimen o f those articles to the creased A became desir ous Of changing his resi . .

fair that they might compete for t h e prizes O ffered dence and consequently of selling his farm The
, , ,
.

r ather than to show themselves mounted on a fast farm wa s advertised in the agricultural paper th at
 NEW ENGLAN D F AR ME R . MAR C H

h ad the greatest circulation in the vicinity and a In ow give you a statement o f the proceeds ,

urchaser soon appeared to inquire the price which 85

pe informed A was altogether too high 1 0 pi k d 17 b h l l d 15 % b h l f
,
, c e us e s , s o us e s or
.
1 85 1 28 26
.

,
Then the value o f the accounts A had kep t f or 1852 93 93
5 2 bb l bbl
.
,
1 85 3 52
h is o wn amusement become manif est B y them he .
, s , . s. ,
1 85 4 47 47
p b bl
the n was able to show that the n e t income O f th e 185 5 5 0 by ti m t i l
,

, es a on , ro a e v a ue
f ar m was ten per cent on the amount asked Th e . .

f arm was sold for a handsome advance o n the whole Ilearn from the rst annual report o f the S ecre
cost which A thinks he owes mostly to h is a c ary of the B oard of A griculture that the cost o f
, .
,
,
counts A thinks the fuller the farmer s accounts preparing land and setting vines is $ 1 5 O to
. .

,
o f his crops cost of cultivation and net income o f
,
per rod which is very extravagant compared wi th ,
, ,
his farm the better advantage he h a s when he the manner Ihave pursued
,

W ants to sell ; the better chance he has of getting Th t f b il d i m d m b t t e c os u n a

g y y o c on ra c
a fa ir price f or his farm ; and that no farm work pays
0x l b
, ,
f i h d b y my l f ti m t d a or , urn s e se es a e
b t a
.
,
better than that Of keeping as accurate accounts a S tti g vi e n ne s o n a ou an c re ,

possible O f all farm a ffairs Th t f t ppi g d l tti g w t

.

d s o n an e n

e c os o o a e r, a n
A s conclusion is certainly reasonable ; is it no
.
t ki g f th m i 1846 y ly a n c a re o e sa e s n ce , ear ,

w orthy of bein g endorse d and acted upon

B rookeld 185 6 YE O MA N R k i g th b i f th p t i y ec on n e c ra n e rr e s or e as s x e a rs
d d b h l
.
,
t f pi k
.

t ix h d th a s un re us e s, a n e c os o c
i g d m k t i g th m t 75 t n an ar e n e sa e a cen s

R E MA R Ks Most certainly Th e above is a very

. p b hl .
er us e ,

happy illustration o f the value Of farm accounts N t p t $ 50 p d d i i e y $ 1041 3 0 . e ro on ex en e n n n e a rs,

Y ly i m $50 ea r n co e on ,

R espectfully yours A DD I S O N F L IN T

CR A N BE R R Y CUL TUR E
, .

N o rth R ea di ng , S ep t 2 5 , 185 5
[F R OM MmD L E S E X Ta m s xcr ron s J
. .

ra n

G E N T L E ME N I
in your adverti sement of pre
see
Ihereby certify that the above state m ent in re ,

miums to be di stributed on e f or C ranberries which gard to the management the quant i t y sold and the , ,

Ihope to obtain ; an d Irefer you for a description amount received ,

are correct I SA A C F L INT
,
, . .

N orth R ea di n g S ep t 2 5 1 85 5
O f the m anner in which Iproceeded to raise them ,
, .
, .

t o the A griculture of Massachusetts as shown in re ,

I

turns O f th e A gricultural S ocieties o f 185 3 pp 245 R E MA RK S S ince the above statement was made , .
,
.
,

as follows we have learned from Mr F lint that he had jus t .

,

N T s S TA T E M E N T I


MR F L I . n the autumn of fty barrels of cranberries as h is crop of 185 5
.
,

184 3 Ibuilt a dam and owed the swamp from which he sold for thi rteen d oll a rs a b arrel delivered
, ,
that time till A ugust 1846 then let Off the water at the depot two miles from the house making the
, .

,
The following O ctober burnt over the swa mp
pretty sum o f s ix hu nd r ed a n d i doll a rs as the
,
j
,

and se t the vines Th e vines were cut up with a .

y ,

sharp hoe or shovel an d set in hills three and a product of two acres o f what wa s quite recently an
, ,

half feet apart ; the bunches about the size of a almost worthless bog meadow Mr F lint also states . .

quar t measure .
that in looking about he notices a good many tracts Of
In raising from the seed I lanted in O ctober

1846 about half an acre ; crusp

land a pparently as good for the cranberry crop as
, ,

in g each berry b e
his and that some Of the pieces might much more
,

tween the thumb and nger and placing it just n u ,

,

der the mud ; single berries in a hill three and a read ily be owed and reclaimed than his o wn ,
.

half feet apart A lso sowed broadcast a number .

,

Of bushels the following spring V ery few vines F th N w E g l d F mer.

or e e n an ar
appeared from th em for two or three years ; no
.

berries till 185 2 then very sm all ; in 185 3 good ,

E N G LI SH L A P ST O NE POTA TOE S ,
.

size in quantity worth picking

, , ME S SRS E D IT ORS L ast spring Iwas induced to . .

My practice has been to stop the water in O cto purchase a quantity o f the above var i ety of pota
ber an d keep it on till May or until the weather is toes ih part by the excellent character given
, , ,

warm enough to start vege tation then lower it them an d in part by the belief that the y were the ,

do wn to the top of the vines and keep it on them Old fashioned K idney variety (long smee n um ,

,

until Ithink the spring frosts are over then let the bered amon g the good things O f the earth which ,

vines be fairly out o f the water until the berries are which had come home in its purity .

grown s ay from l oth t o 15 th A ugust then draw My experience j usties its character for early
it O ff for ripening and pic king maturity as well as excellence in quality and was
.
,

We found three or four small beds o f n ative entirely free from disease as was n ot the case with ,

vines on the s wamp after we let O ff the water to se t all the other varieties cultivated by myse lf an d
,

the vines an d a few very ne berries ; there is n o w neighbors I am n ow usin g them as a baking po
, .

probably a dozen beds that bear berries tato to which mode of cooking their formation is . ,

In 185 0 we picked seventeen bushels of berries more admirably ad apted presentin

, g great surface ,

On the swamp ; in 185 1 twenty eig ht bushels ; in an d little depth in proportion to size an d in that
,
-
,

1 85 2 ninety-th ree bushels ; in 185 3 we esti mated mode o f cooking think them fully equal to the
, , ,

t hem at one hundred and fty bushels L ady F inger and C arter . .

In 185 2 the native vines produced b y estimation

, A s a produce they are far b e von d my expecta , ,

before selling forty bushels ; the transplant d vines tions from the appearance o f t he seed but wh eth
,
e
, , ,

sixty bushels the increase this year is principally er the past season had the e ff ect of inducing irreg , ,

fro m the transplanted vines ul a rit

y o f si z e or whether it is peculi ar to the vari
.
,
1856 . NEW ENGLAN D F AR ME R . 13 5

e ty, isa problem that farther time must determine , F o r fawn color , add 4 lb s u mber , 1 lb . . I
ndi an
so far as I am concerned In harvesti n g 1 person .
, R e d , and 1 lb lampblack . .

a lly inspected the produce o f ten hills each seeded , F o r g rey o r stone color , add 4 lb s raw . umber
with a single po tato and the average yield was , and 2 l bs lampblack
. .

thirty-four and a fraction rangin g in size from that , Th e color may be put o n with a common white

o f a robin s egg t o a circumference o f 7 to 9 inch wash brush and will be found much more durable
,

es , about on e-half medium t o full size quoted , than common whitewash S cien tic meri ca n .

a n d remaining half from medium down to the size

rst mentioned O f seven varieties which I raise
. ,

equally great diff erence in size prevailed with the F or the N ew E ng l a nd F ar mer .

exception o f White C he n an go e s ; they were few in W A T ERIN G C ATT L E

the hill in comparison with all the others but in ,
.

size uniformly large although much a ff ected by the , B eing under the necessity of going out in this
di sease I am o f Opin ion t h at the variety is w orthy
. driving storm of snow to se e that my stock are
o f cultivation with a vi ew to general us e n o t only , watered at the neighboring brooks has impresse d ,

on account o f its early variety but for its excellent , on my mind the loss I am su ffering by n ot having
baking qualities Will not others wh o produce the
. provided water for them in their stalls or in the ,

the seeds for trial give their experience throng barn-yard adj oining This sa me brook runs with .

your valuable j ournal ? M I DDL E S EX . in t wo hundre d feet of the barn where at an ex , ,

J
an . 3d , 185 6 . pense n ot exceeding $ 5 0 machinery could be place d ,

that by the power o f the water itself would yield a ,

TH E O L D H OME STE A D constant supply Of pure water for as many cattle as

.
the barn will accommodate That this is so I
Wh ,
.

e ne e r th e h a p p i est t im e is co me
know because on m y neighbor s farm where he
Th at to th e y e a r b e l on g s ,
,

keeps constantly fty or m ore cows and as many

,

0f up l a n d s b i gh t w i h h
r t a rv e st g ol d , oxen horses and other animals a s are needed on
, , ,
,

A nd me ad o ws f ul l of
Wh e ld s of y e t u n ri p e n e d
s o n gs

c orn ,
a large farm for the last ve yea rs he h as Obt ained
, ,
en

A nd i
d a ly g a rn e r n g s to re s , i all the water they needed both winter and summer ,

R mi
e i
n d th e t h r f ty h u s a n d ma n b from a small pond in his pasture distant 25 00 feet ;
mp l e r th ra s h i n g oors
Of a
forced through a lead pipe by a fall o f only 13 fee t ,

H ow p l e a s a n t f rom th e d i n a n d d u st head the original cost o f the preparation did n ot

0 f th e th oro u gh f a re a l oo f , exceed $ 200 Here then at an expense n o t ex
.
,

S e e ms t h e ol d f a sh on e d i h o me ste a d , ce e din
g $ 2 0 a year is obtained a convenience tha t
,

Wi h t s te e p a n d mos sy roo f I is equivalent to the services of o n e man and an ad ,

Wh h ome th e wo od ma n p l od s , w th
en i a xe
d ition a l benet more than double this saving
, .

Up o n h i s sh oul d e r s wu n g , Think also o f the saving made in the droppings of ,

A n d i n th e k n o t t e d a p ple t re e the animals one-half of which would be lost by

,

A re s c y th e a n d s c kl e i h un g their roaming abroad and irretrievably lost when , ,

Wh i t
l gh th e s wa l l o ws t w tte r
en i dropped in and oated away with the st ream .

N e a th th e ra f te rs of th e sh e d , This is no fancy picture instances o f this kind may
A n d th e t a l e b on th e i vi e d p orch be seen in every farming village ; aye m ore we
W i th d t r i ec e n ca e s s p re a d
have known farmers wh o have boas ted of their
, ,

Th h e t i l i gh t
ear df s

Th b t i p p l
an ea s n
an

o
ree r

u o us t own ,
convenience of watering their cattle at the brooks ,

or nei g hboring ponds as their fathers for a hun

I
n th e ol d f a sh i o n ed h ome s te a d ,
,

W i th g b l a e s sh a rp a n d b ro wn .
dred yea rs had done before them I
t is perfectly .

easy t o d emon strate that the loss susta ined in fer

W h th en e o w e rs of s u mme r p e ri sh t iliz e rs by this careless usage in this period at a
,

I
n th e c ol d a n d b i tt e r ra n , i ,

moderate valuation would exceed the present val ue

, ,

b i d wi h w
A n d th e l tt l e i r s t e a ry i
w n gs
o f the f arm at a high valuation
,

S O much f or heed
H g th m i , .

a ve o n e a cros s e a n

Wh l th b l
e n c ur s m k e ue s o e up wa rd s
lessly going on in the steps o f those wh o have been
Up t w d t h b l
o ky ar s e ue r s be f ore us without regard to consequences
, .

Ja n ua ry
,

A nd c ol d a l o n g th e n a ked i
h l l s, l s t, 185 6 .

A nd wh te t h e i sn ow
dr f it s lie
I
n t a l e s o f l ove a n d g l ory , R E MA R Ks above communication is an ex
.
Th e
Is f orgo t th e c l o u d a nd s torm ,
c e e d ing l y valuable o n e It is the notice o f such
n th e o l d f a sh i on e d h o me s te a d
I
.

W i th h e a r th s to n e l a rge a nd
,

wa rm .
practical every da y wants of the farmer that give s
, ,

an agricultural paper much of its value Water .

W HITE W A SH F OR O UT-H O USE S A N D F E N C E S .

arrangements are generally expensive we are aware ,

Take a clean barrel that will hold water Put into . but that should n ot deter on e from makin g a be
it half a bushel o f quicklime and slack it by p , ginning We know a good farmer one of the bes t
.

ing over it boiling water sufficient to cover it ,

who pumped water forty years for forty head
or ve inches deep and stir ring it until slaked ,
, .

When quite slaked add two pounds Of sulphate o f ,

of cattle per day N ow this would require at least.

zinc w hi ch may be had at any of the dru g gists and

, ,
a minute for each animal twice a day making eigh , ,

o n e o f common salt which in a f e w days will cause , ty minutes and o f very hard work t oo A t length
, , .

whitewash t o harden on the wood work A dd suf .

after wearing o ut some dozen pumps an d pretty ,

cient water to bring it t o the consistency o f thick
w hitewash .
nearly wearing o ut himself he dug a well in the ,

To m ake the above wash o f a pleasant cream side Of a hill twenty-on e hundred feet from his barn ,

color add 3 lbs yellow ochre

, . . put in a half inch gutta percha pipe and f or several
-
,
13 6 N EW ENGLAND F AR ME R .

years past has had the fe l ici t y Of seeing the water inch an d a half wider than a t the top say 6 at
run down hil l by i ts own gravi ty and lling his , top and 8 inches at bottom .

ample troughs to overowing where th e cattle may , A di vision wall runs under the crib the whol e
sl ake their thi rst at will I t also serves f or many . length of the barn to divide the manure cellar ,

other purposes and all accompli shed a t a cost of

, from the m ain one under bay an d driveway .

on e hundred and fty dollars . Th e Obj ect Of a manure shed in addition t o the ,

cellar under the cow stable is to leave the cellar ,

room f ree in which to deposit muck an d loam keep

GR O UN D P L A N OF A C O N V ENIEN T it from freezing an d have it convenient to mix with
,

the droppings in the manure shed ; also to keep ,

the evaporations o f the m anure from ascending

t o the barn to injure the hay and be breathed by
the cattle Two or three scuttles should be made
.

in the crib throught whi ch to drop muck .

Two ven tilating pipes should be placed on the

outside of the mai n buil ding 18 by 12 inches com , ,

men cin g on the roof O f the m anure shed and ex ,

tendin g nearly to the eaves Of the barn with cap on ,

top and Opening a t three sides

, .

I f the cell ar is made tight there should be small

windows in Opposite sides of the cellar made t o ,

open at pleasure .

MA SSA CH US ETTS A GRI C U L T UR A L

CLU B .

It is well known that we have in this S tate the

old Massachusetts S ociety for the Promotion of
A griculture a S tate B oard O f A griculture and on e
, ,

or more agric ultural associations in each coun ty in

the S ta te and a L egislative A gricultural S ociety
, ,

holding its meetings on e evening in each week dur ,

in g the session O f the L egislature I

t may n o t be so .

well known however that there is but on e in a ll

, ,

these associations Open to the public where an y

, ,

Th is
barn is 3 8 by 6 5 on the ground ; 20 feet ,
may go in an d take a part in the discussions and
posts with small ventilator on the roof ; two win
,
these di scussions are held in the evening .

dows in each gable end o f 12 lights e ach ; 4 win Th e S tate B oard Of A griculture has ample rooms
,

dows in the stable Of 6 lights each ; a long window

,
at the S tate House where meetings might be held ,

over the great doors t wo li gh ts hi gh ; all 9 by 12 during some conve ni ent hours o f the day an d ,

glass .
where the people not only of our own S tate but of
, ,

all the sur roun din g S tates could meet and en g age
Th e driveway in the cen tre 12 fee t wi de ; the ,
,

entrance door to stable in the centre ; en trance to i n conversation discussions or for the arrangement
, ,

manure shed at each en d .

of an y business havi ng relation t o agricultural pro
,

9 bay for hay B drive w ay or barn oor

, .
, , .
gress .

C is a crib o r stan ch e on placed 2 feet 4 inches

, ,
We suggest therefore the propriety of formin g
, ,
,

from the line of dri veway D platform for cows a M a ss a chus etts g ri cultura l C lub and that the ,
.
, ,

4 feet 2 inches with 2 inches pitch E trench b e S tate B oard o f A gricultur e be requested to allow it
, .
,

h ind cows 22 inches wide and 5 inches deep

, F , .
,
the u se o f on e o f its rooms at the S tate House ,

walk back Of cows 3 feet 8 inches wide with scut, ,
where a meeting may be holden at 12 O clock noon , , ,

tles at suitable distances with wrought hinges G , .

,
on on e day Of each week Th e C lub, Of cour se to .
,

manure shed 7 fee t deep built O f wood 10 feet

, , ,
be regularly organi zed S uch an arrangement .

wide with a 5 foot entrance in the centre to the

,
would accommodate hun dr eds wh o nd it entirely
stable .
inconvenient to attend the even i ng meetings at the
Th e oor over the driveway should be framed s o S tate House an d it would a fford Opportunity f o r
,

a s t o be m ovable either 7 feet or 14 feet in

, ,
the farmers gardeners drovers an d all others to go
, , ,

height for convenience in storing coarse fodder

, .
in and pass an hour or more without much inte r
Th e tie stan ch eon should lean from the animal ruption to their business and without b eing away ,

at the top 5 inches in 6 f ee t in height an d the space

, ,
from home over night Who will take up the mat .

between the stan ch e on s at the bottom should be an ter and help it along ?
1 85 6 . N EW ENGL AN D F A R ME R . 13 7

n I watered but seldom

F T h
or e rst ofthe N ew E ng la d F ar mer of S eptember , .

D ecember I c ut back the cane to within four feet

HOW To R A ISE F OR E I G N GR A PE S
o f the
g round and laid them down inside and co v ,
UN D ER G L A SS ered with tan bark Th e 2 d year 185 4 I uncover .
, ,

MR E D IT OR z My information on th e sub ject ed the vines the tenth of A pril and opened the
.
,

Of raising foreign grapes under glass has been de house as the season would allow and after the , ,

rived from observation the reading of some publi buds began to push tied them to the wires A bout
, , .
'

cations on grape culture and the experience I the rst Of June the y began to sho w fruit ,
I .

have gained by experimenting upon their sugge s pinched o ff the most of them and did not allo w ,

tions I n the rst place I

. will give you the plan o f over three bunches to grow o n a v ine the rst year
my vinery an d t h e preparation of the border Th e of bearing an d n o t more than one cluster on
, .
,

vinery is 34 feet long by 16 wide ; the sills are a S pur Watering the border was continued three .

placed upon seven brick piers on a side rising or four times a week in the morning but sprink , ,

three feet above the ground with a span roo f run ling the vines wa s discontinued while the fruit , ,

ning north and south Th e sides are boarded with was in blossom When the fruit was formed I
. .
,

matched boards up to the sills and the ends the pinched O ff the end o f the spur an inch beyond the ,

same on each side of the doors Th e rafters are 12 rst leaf above the bunch and kept all the laterals .
,

feet long The sashes two lengths three of the top back to within about 12 inches of the cane When
.
, .

ones on the west side slide over the bottom Th e the fruit became the size of a pea I commenced .
,

ends are also of glass above the ceili ng three feet thinning them out with a pair Of sharp pointed
, ,

f rom the ground There are t wo ventilators about scissors taking the small ones rst This was done
.
, .

six feet long and eight inches wide on each side twice in the course O f t wo or three weeks taking , ,

under the si l ls which Open and shut and a door at about on e -half of the number Th e rst Of July
, , .

the centre o f the north and south ends all Of which a n d the rst of A ugust I sprink led t wo pounds of , ,

can be Opened to admit air when necessary sulphur each time on the ground in the middle O f .

Ihave a hydrant at o n e end of the buil ding un the day to prevent mildew When the vines , .

der wh ich Ikeep a barrel of water stan di ng an d a reached the top o f the vinery they were pinche d , ,

hose by which 1 can water the border and sprinkle Off but two or three laterals were left to gro w a
, ,

the vines in a short time Th e border is the few weeks longer to prevent the buds from burst .

l ength Of the building and 19 feet wide on each ing There were about fty bunches weighing, .
,

side of the walk which extends through the centre from ten ounces to one pound O ne vine the s yr
, .
,

o f the house ; being 7 feet inside and 12 outside O f ian had three bunches weighing from two and a ,

the buildi n g Th e soil was removed two and a half to three pounds and some few o f the black
.
,

h al f feet in depth Th e bottom was lled about Hamburghs over o n e pound I

. n seventeen months , .

six inches with oyster shells an d small round from the time o f planting some of the bunches ,

stones to prevent the roots from soaking on a wet were ripe I

, n the fall I covered the outside bor .

bottom Th e turfs taken from the top o f the der with manure about ten inches thick to prevent
.
,

ground were laid on the shells and stones then a the roots from freezing and to enrich the border , ,

laying of compost a n d then a laying of bones from f or the next ye ar Th e rst Of D ecember Icut
, .
,

the slaughter house mostly cattles heads and lled them O ff to wi thin eight feet of the ground washed
, , ,

up with a mixture o f loam muck leache d ashes them with a coat o f soft soap a n d sulphur , laid , , ,

scraps of O ld leather lime rubbish bones and ma them down as last year and covered with tan bark
, , ,
.

nure raising it about six in ches above the ground

, Th e third year 185 5 A s the season advanced .
, . ,

A s it was placed o n a gravelly foundation I have I Opened the house on hot days a n d as the season , ,

thought a drain to take off the water unneccesary was late did n o t uncover the vines until the 18th Of .
,

D owning says o f grape culture respecting the soil A pril I washed them with soap suds and when , , . ,

t hat it should be dry and l ig ht d eep a n d ri ch

the buds began to push tied them to the wires , .

,
.

D ead carcasses which are recc o mme n d e d by some Th e whole border wa s forke d up after removing
,

writers I thi nk entirely unnecessary Th e cost Of the manure from the outside an d the inside wa
, .
,

the buil di ng and border was about four hundred te re d thoroughly from the hydrant and hose so as ,

dollars . to penetrate the depth o f the border I t had n ot .

Th e beginn ing Of A pril 185 3 I planted 2 4 grape been watered for the previous six months
,
A simi ,
'
.

vines 12 on each side which I had of P arsons

, lar course in the cultivation wa s p ursued as the pre
,

CO . o f F lushing
, L I There were 1 1 varieties vions year in regard to watering s iringa thinn i ng
, . .
, ,

but mostly black Hamburgh Th e roots were well out cutting back the spurs and stopp i ng when .
, ,

spread o ut just outside O f the building an d covered they reached th e top of the house leaving t wo or
, , ,

with about three inches of soil and the vines three laterals t o grow a few weeks longer S ul ,
.

brought in under the ceiling to the inside and tied phur was scattered over the ground tw i ce as the ,

t o the wires about ten inches from the glass after previous year I allowed from seven t o ten bunch ,
.

the buds began to push I t being important t o es to g row on a vine bu t only on e on a spur and
. , ,

keep the house and border m oist t h e rst part of had abo ut two hundred bunches of good and well:
the season the inside was watere d three or four ripened fruit I commence d pick in g the 15 th or
, .

times a week and the vines sprinkled almost every S eptember and have had them ti ll the present
, ,

day and the outside was watered near the roots time 20th o f N ov Th e black Hamburgh R oyal
, ,
. ,

wit h soap -suds once a week Th e most of the Muscad ine an d White S weet Water have been .
.

vines reached the top o f the vinery by the middle heavier than last year some O f them we i gh ing ,

of A ugust Th e house was Opened as the heat b e from 14 to 2 0 ounces Th e S yr i an o n w h i c h

. . ,

gan to increase and shut before sunset Th e ther were seven bunches weighed from 1; to 2 pounds
, . ,

momet er when the weather would allow was kept each Th e danger of o ve rt a skmg the v i nes com
.

, , .
'

bet ween 7 0 and and not over

unless the p e lle d m e though with reluctance to pluck O

, ,

te mperature without wa s higher A fter t h e rst more than o n e-hal f Of th e clusters after t h ey had .
13 8 N EW ENGL AN D F AR ME R . MA R C H

formed and appeared a s likely to ripen as well a s ma n his s on A ssociate E ditor an d Mr A B N E R , , , .

t h e ot h ers Th e result wa s th e remaining bunches HA V E N o f F ramingham

. . , They a ll participated , .

ri p ened perfectly and th e Vines app e ar in good co m

in the discussion and gave a new interest to the
d i t i on for another year
. .

I have thus given you my method of raising f or meet i ng F ull notes Of the debate were taken by _
.

e ign grapes an d I should l ike to have others make Mr

,
P R A TT the S ecretary W hl eh W e moV Obta i n o
, , ,

the trial for th emselves and prove more successful perhaps for publi ca tion at a future time
, , .

than Ih ave been I t h as taken my personal atten

.

t ion an hour or t wo almost every day and in thin

th N w E ngl an d F m
,

in g them ut it t w o Or three whole days F e e e

07 a
o took .

Th e r i ch fru i t Obta i ned the prem i um o f the Hort i MA TTE R S I N l owA

.

cultural and A gricultural S ocieties yet of i tself has ,

a mply compensated m e for the trouble an d e x M R E D IT OR Th e weather has been e x tremely .

pense A n y one wh o has a taste for the work and cold in I

.
owa f or nearly 1 me h th Pe ei F rozen PO ,
,

are th i ck as blackberri es thou gh we have

,

can spend th e time will n d it a pleasant if n o t a t a t o e s
, ,

protable pursuit but if h e depends on others n u ,

b u t very few frozen a
pp l es for the 0 b V1OU S reason

less he has a skilful gardener will probably meet th e t we have none to freeze I
,

t is n o uncommon
,

with but little success N SA G E

()R R I th i ng however to se e frozen hog s an d other crea
_ , , , ,

Wa re N ov , 185 5 ,
tur es in consequence of the piercin g winds and
, ,

imperfect shelter I have really pitied the poor .

cows an d hogs as I have seen them wander ing ,

LOO K To YOU R BE E S about bellowing and grunting for a comfortable

.
,

place to lie down in B ut the farmers here seem .

Th e W ant 0 f Proper ve n ti la ti on 13 scarcely less to think that the south side o f a hay-stack is warm
des tructive to bees than the mo t h I f the hive is m od enough for any dumb beast and the p oor creatures
e rat e l y close the continued extreme cold which we themselves if they e e um
.

S peak might perhaps W 0 11

m
, : ,

have had has probably congealed their breath and the der as the li e boy d id how their neighbors g et , :

alon g that d on t have an ha stack to stand under -
vapors of the ir bod i es i nto sheets of i c e W hl ch now A gd warm barn is La n considered by some
i
.

, ,
g , , ,
li n e the i ns i de of the hive Th e bees pass into the up as a mere Yankee n otion n ot to b e imitated in
.

per part of the hive and huddle together over comb I , owa ; at least as a lu xury not to be indulged in , .

well l led with honey from whence they move away (A large part O f the people i n th i s V i c i n i ty are from
. .

Occasionally to feed Thus they are inc ased in ice O hio a n d P ennsylvani a )

Th e ho s both l iv in and dressed look very dif

.

o tr

W h l ch gradually thaws as the weather moderates

, ,

f e re n tl y f f o m your h o s e d and stuffed porkers in

a n d drips Pe n them 0 1 keeps the hive an d comb Massachusetts
'

Ihave hardly seen a f a t h og in .

moist so long as to induce mustiness and mould I owa ; seldom on e t h at weighe d over 2 00 pounds . .

A n e x amination should be m ade and this state of They run a t large m e et 0 f t h e Year a n d Often f ah

C,
o
th i n s remed i ed as far a s poss i ble Ven ti l a ti on s poorly A little stu ffin g just before killing does not .
, ,

i make much of them Th e mode of killin g t o o d ;

.
g

as i mportant perhaps more s o l n Wi nter as l n fers as much from yours as the mode O f raisin g , ,
.

.
,
s ummer and for the W e n t Of I t W e have no doubt There is no s ue a li n
:
q g about it
, That interesting .

many swarms annually perish when the loss is noise Ihave hardly heard in the West Th ey are ,
.

char g ed to extreme cold s hot down an d dead in an instant

,
B eeves also ,
.

o are treate d in the same way instead of being

O n exa m i n i ng s e ve r al swarms the last week i n ,

kn o cke d do wn T he g un I s a great ms ututmn o ut ,

January we found those i n loosely constructed West
.

-
,

hives having cr e eks ab out them an eighth O f an Th e comparative expenses Of living here and at
:
, ,

i nch W 1d e i n better con dition than those in hives the E ast differ somewh at from the common notion
, ,

where th e corners tted closely I f the wind does at t h e E e S h II

} the re
.
t Place land h a s gone u
p ,

s o rap i dly Wi th i n the last t wo o r three years that a

n ot re ach them nor moisture they will probably ,
, ,

good f arm out here costs about as muc h as a good

,

care l i ttle for any degree of cold we exper i ence i f one in Massachusetts 1 mean one that has been , m , _
,
they at the same t ime have plenty 0 f honey A t proved and furnished with com fortable fences a n d
, , .
,

n o time this winter have we opened a hive but we buildings F uel is as high as in most parts of .

found the bees in lively motion an d ready t o take Massac h usetts ; g ood wood being from $ 4 to $ 5
wing 3 1though st an din g in an Open be e house B ut per cord A l l kinds of dry goods an d groceries are .

,
from 20 to 5 0 per cent h igher than in Ma s sach u .

a h o c c a sron al e xam i nat i on i s necessary to ensure a

.

se n s F urniture hardware e t c is from 5 0 to 100

s ueee S S f U I
.
.
, ,
in t e rin g per cent higher Horses and cattle about the same

. .

as at the E ast Th e principal things that are lower .

'

C OR C OR D F A RM E R S C L U B
T
Th l s C lub held a pub
are pork
y and grain I speak o f the more thickly .

settled parts of the West I n places remote from

' "

l ic me e tin g on Thursday evening F e b 7 Th e trav

.

an the privileges o f society it may be slightly di f

, . . .

,
e l lmg wa s b ad and the clouds threateni n g so that f e re n t
e

, , .

the attendance wa s n ot numerous E nough were N evertheless t h e tide o f immigration is unabated . ,

.

present h owever to go into an animated discussion

, ,
T h e ra l l ro a d latel y C ompleted to I owa C l ty6 0

miles from t h e M ississippi is thronged daily as

o n the s ubJ eC tS d es n a te d R OOt a mp s an d a m
, ,

g much as your E astern roads Where all the folks

.

men ta l G a r den i n g
.

A mong the visitors were W M c o me from is a wonder unto

.
more .
,

B UC K MI N STE R E sq senior E di tor Of t he P lou h so than where they are all going to Th e latter is
,
g .
, .
 185 6 . N EW ENGL AN D F A RME R . 13 9

no mystery at all to t hose wh o have seen the vast , ,

FI
F TH LE GI S L A TI VE A GR I CU L TUR A L
unbroken prairies on every side P lease send us
s ome o f your best farmers and ma ny of your most
, .

ME E TI NG .

s t erling men and women Yours & c M K C . . .

R PO R E D on T E F A R ME R Y H E ROCKW E
E T r H B . . LL .
, .
, .

Tip ton I Th e f th regular meeting of the L eg i slat i ve A gr i

c

o wa 185 6 , , .

cultural S ociety was held ou Tuesday eveni ng in

the Hall of t h e House of R epresentatives .

F the N ew E ng l a nd F m e Th e subject for discussion wa s the same as that

or a

TH E G OL D E N R U L E . at the last meeting Ma n u res a nd thei r pp lica , .

,

AI ti on

R G ree n g row the ru s hes , 0 1
.

B Y TH E
PE A S A N T BA R
meeting was called to order by D r F I SHE R
D Th e .
,

Th G l d R l th e l f ul
o en
o f F itchburg C hairman o f the E xecutive C ommit
u e 8 e ru e o r es :
,
B tf w h b wh f ll w "
f u e
o invited Mr E T PA R S O N S of L udlow to
e re e
.
o o o a

H t t h
tee w h , . . .
, ,
y a ve
y f g t
ou 7 no a ve ou or o

G b y b g b w t
o u ,
a c t as cha rman of the m eet i ng
e or orro 2 He sa i d that he
.
i .

S th
ee W i th i
,
th y b ou th p y n
regarded thero
sub j ect e
wh i ch
s e
wa s to be d i scussed th i s
e

Th m t wh e th i i f l l f tuf f
o e, en evening as at the foundat i on of all successful farm
ne s u o s
,
E gh t t k
n ou d o y m k a e, an
in g He had had little experience in the use of
e as a e

Y H m l g d t g
.

o ur u an gh on an s ron e n ou

Th G ]d R l & e 0
guano en
or the other concentrated manur es
u e c
He .

W hy t k d t g
a f th w k
e a va n a
had e o
n ob li ge
ed to manufactu
ea
r e h is o wn manures

A d i mp x n i d d J
s 0
e ? n
bye
ta x i ng peat muck mud an d t h e e a rth fi o m un
o se , ,
y ,

W h y h im d i d m k b l i ve
e c e ve , a n der old fences removed for the pur pose an d putti n g
a e e e , ,

A t t il i ca p y

a s a
it into compost heaps He then urged gentlemen
o se

Th G a d R l 3
.

e u e 16
present to take up the subj ect a n d to express their
'

,
W h y h l d th o f th p e n o se s o e oo r

H d d w p th g i d i g t ?
ar o n u on
m ews me
th el r o wn W 3 }
r n n -s on e
r

F um y w h
u an F t a l w s a ve Mr C O OL E Y of C onway said his practice had
or un e s
a
a s, .
, ,

A d y m y y t b di g
n ou a e been t o raise everything he could on his farm and
e n n on e
,
Th G l d Rul & e o
to feed out upon it everything he rai se d He c ut
en e: 0
.

0 d w ll , i th h e er f gl n ! e br akes and swamp grass an d worked it into ma

o u se o a ss
,
W h y w il l y y b t h r wi g t ou a e e o n s on e

If one k h ld
o u c ra c t it b k
nuou
r e by using it as litter He thought it better to .

y s ca s ac

I t ll y wh t i t i y d
e ou a
apply m anure especially o n w e t land before it is
s o u re on e .
,

, ,

Th G l d R l & e o fermented ; he did not therefore work over his ma

en u e, c .

W k w th h m e no ft i w k
e u nure much or allow it to ferment much before a p
a n c ra s ea , ,

Th t f S i b ll w Si ;
p e S or
t b
o oo t e s
plying it e o s, r .
.

B t l t u if w
e u s se e e ca n e
D r R E YN O L D S of C oncord w as next called on
c f d d l f n w Si O , , , ,
.
o n ou n e c ever e o s r

Th G l d R l th l f ul
e o en who commenced his remarks by S peaking Of the
u e s e ru e o r e s,

B t f w th b wh f ll w i t s
u e very great importance of the subj ect of manur es
e re e o o o .

H y f g t -h y u i t t ave ou
We or
need o
to a ve
S tudy vegetable physiology an d apply
o no
?

G b y b g b w it
o u ,
e , or o rro .
,

food or s ti mulus to the i r supp ort and growth as ,

we study human physiology and apply either ood

d F rm
F th N ew E g l
or stimulus as we nee d
or e
It is important therefore
n an a e r.
.
, ,

F L A N N E L N E XT TO TH E S K I N to know what is food and what is stimulus merely . , ,

MR E D IT OR Il ike your occasional instructions and to know how t o apply th em in due Proportio n
as to domestic duties an d was particularly pleased I
.

t is important to understand the d i fference be t ween

.

wi th your remarks on the use of annel next to the a stimul us and a nutriment to plants We may .

e l d the m e de 0 f 3 3 to re ven t s full

S
kin f t P have a thrifty plant with li ttle seed or grain ; and

g Th i s accords Wi th my own experi ence i n years on the other hand w e may have much grain with
, o

in .

f
b
Eviit ggad gi
o
sm all stalks We nee d both a n d must therefore .
,

cided comfort a n d convenience and like it better fu m ish the m ateria l W h ieh W ill Pre du ee them
than an y annel I ever used and nd it qui te as I n most N e w E nglan d soils hu mus and lime are
, ,

0 0 d econ o m T ue h " e el s th a t 00 5 1 7 in the needed

g y W O S O ur soils are exhausted by carrying off
, .
,
rst i nstance ve dollars I have n ow worn two the humus in crops W ithout returning to th e m
,

years h avin them washed about once a f ortni ht

o
,

and they a rggood v e ts yet D uring this p a i d : b

enough to compensate
.
for i t and i t i s the r efore ,

I have taken n o cold nor had any sickness that con necessary to supply it artieia lll " Th e lime is e 3 1
,
"

ned me to my house To be sure I take care t o rie d off in the bones and milk of the cows in large
.
, ,

have a thorough ablution W ith c0 1d w a te r every quantities and both these the humus and the lime
mornin g and a dry W iping: afterwards I
,
f any Q u e

c an nd a better prescr i pt i on for the preservat i on

should be restored to t h e land in such a form
'
-

of health I should like to know how it reads

th at they can be taken up by the Plants easel ) Th e
, .

1 d o n o t boast of knowledge in these matters Iquestion arises as to the form in which they shall ,

only give my own E XPE R IE N C E be applied This is for experience to determine ; . .

F eb 4 13 5 6 , and farmers should all make a recor d of th i e r M '

140 N EW E NGL AN D F A R ME R . MA RCH

p erime n ts in regard to the m atter u ntil the q uestion more than a thousand cords are taken every year ,

i s satisfactorily settled Th e G ermans do not clear and applied to the adj oining elds I
. t is applied .

their stables during the season ; but give their cat continuously u pon land cultivated w ith oni ons with ,

tle litter B ut we cannot use rye straw which costs

. great success He would not however rely upon .
, ,

$ 16 per ton as a litter because it is too expensive

, that alone Th e sea-weed mixed with other ma
, . .

But rye straw c ut u p and wet with hot water and , n u re s helps to raise some of their best crops He , , .

Sprinkled with meal or shorts is of m ore value as fully agreed in the necessity for discriminating b e
,

food th an it has generally been considered tween the di ff erent kinds o f muck an d meadow .

Th e importance of using peat muck wa s then mud I t is used on the town farm in D anvers .
,

spoken of which may be used to advantage even if

, where they make three hun dr ed cords of manure , ,

it is o f acid quality by mi xing lime or an alkali with and where they raised a crop o f rye last year which
,

it. sold grain an d straw so as to n e t $ 45 to the ~

Mr C L F L IN T secretary 0 f the B oard Of A gm acre the crop being 3 0 bushels to the acre
. v
,
'

, .

culture spoke of the importan ce of understa nding H on D A VID C H OA TE of E ssex inquired o f D r

, .
, , ,

the nature 0 f manures 80 th a t they ma y be applied R eyn olds how he could determine when the p eat
as stimulants as fertiliz ers or as ameliorators mud was o f the acid kind an d therefore needed
, , .

Well rotted manure is an example of a good fertil lime ?

iz er w h ere immediate r esults are desired
,
As a
D r R E YN O L D S said that if a small quantity o f
.
.
,
stimulant lime may be used to call i nto act i on cer muck were mi xed with water an d t h e water a]
,
,
tain elements wh i ch are dormant i n the sod lowed t o 21,1 would have a perceptible acid
t
.

C oarse barn-yard manures are 3 0 0 d a s a me h e ra taste and generally this was a sufciently accurate

;
tors W here the son is O f a S ti ff C l e ye y nature the test S ome muck contains sulphuret o f iron ; and
: : .

e ffect being to make the soil more l i ght and ph abl e then th e r e is danger in us ing too much o f it .
.

Most forms in which guano is applied produce a Mr Gn om e said he had heard river sand salt .

great deal of ammonia which stimulates the plants san d spoken of a s being very valuable in combi
,

more Perhaps than an y Other S ubstance B u"nation O ne gentleman took t en loads of road
, .

some plants need phosphates and there are forms scraping with ve o f river-sand an d mixed them , ,

in which the phosphates c an be more cheaply pro together H e then took two bushels from th e ,

cured than that O f guano ; as from b OD G S A privy and two from the h en roost and put them . -
,

burned bone is a neutral phosphate 0 f li me an d by in a hogshead and poure d in a quantity of w ater , , .

applying sulphuric acid to bone dust it becomes sol H e drew off th e water an d pour ed upon th e heap of
uble and is easily taken up by plants
, sand an d road-scrapings an d then lled the hogs .
,

H e thought experiments sh ould be m ade by head a g ain This processs was repeated till the .

farmers to ascertain the money value of each con virtue of the contents o f th e hogshead was ex
,

stitu e n t of a compound manure so that they may hansted O n applying this to half an acre wanting
, .
,

know what is the best and cheapest manure f or any nine rods an d cultivating it with cabbages b e o h , ,

specic purpose He would be glad to learn the ta in e d as a crop cabbages wh ich sold in C ape A nn
.
,

results of experiments in the use of soda a sh market f or $ 82 .

,

Mr J W P RO C T OR of D anvers thought th e
. . . Mr C H O A IB then referred to a book which b e
, , .
'

great practical question for farmers to consider wa s held in his hand written in 17 47 by J a r ed E l l i o t , , , ,

whether they can n d any material to be used as in which the author recommends meadow mud as a
a manure that can be as easily or m ore easily ob manure speaking of it in almost the same terms
, , ,

t ain e d and which will do as well as that from the in which it is now commended
, .

b arn-j ard and hog pen They had been e n cour S IM O N B RO WN E di tor o f J
- . V E F a rme r was , . .
,

aged b y chemists to hope for such a substance calle d on who stated as he did at the last meet
_
.
, ,

He had seen guano applied on grass land with good in g that he had great condence in meadow muck ,

success I n one instance where it wa s appli ed at and since the las t meeting his condence had been
.
,

the rate of 400 pounds to the acre it produced conrmed by what he had read corroborating his ,

more than three tons o f hay to the acre while own views an d the Opinions o f others uttered here , , , .

from the same eld where none wa s applied less He then repeated the reasons wh y he considered ,

than one ton to th e acre was cut it valuable whi ch he gave at the last meeting ; . ,

In another case where it wa s applied at the rate which are ,

of 5 00 pounds to th e acre the grass was n ot worth 1 B ecause it exists in abun dance all over N ew
, .
,

cuttin g though the land was pretty good He had E ng land in e very neighborhood
,
.
, .

not seen the continued application of it I n his 2 B ecause it is accessible to all as th ose n o t . .

o wn neighborhood they were in the habit of gath owning meadows may purchase at low rates .

erin g sea weed kelp and what they call muscle , 3 B ecause it contains nearly all the elements o f
, .

be d which is t h e mud o f the harbor in which are fer tility which the plant requires
,
.

mus cles and m uscle-shells F rom B everly Harbor 4 B ecause next to ch arcoal it is the best ab
. .
, ,
 N EW EN GLA N D F AR ME R . 14 1

sorb en t th a t is th e bes t p re s e rve r o f othe r fe r tili c en t dun g ; but th e l a rg e r p a rt is due t o an actual

, ,

z ers th a t we c an comm an d e sc a p e of t h e subs t an c e of t h e m an ur e its e l f

,
Th e .
,

Th e s e poi n ts were e lucid ate d f a rm e r th e r e for e wh o a ppli e s t h e m an ur e from a , ,

giv en w e ight of food a n d s tr a w i n a f resh sta te

.

H e though t mor e S hou mbe s a d a s to th e app h a dds mor e to his l an d th a n if h e rst a llo we d it to
, ,
'

ca tion of ma n ures W hiCh W as a 130 t th at h a d n ot b e com e p e rfe ctly fe rm en t e d W e r e h e to chop hi s

, .

b e en su fci e n tly in v e stigate d B ulk in som e in str aw an d put it in a s it com e s fr e sh from th e e ld

.
, , ,

s tan c e s is r e qui r e d H e m a d e an e xp e rim en t b y h e would ad d still mor e ; b ut its a ction a s a m amur e

w ould be S lo we r a n d W hil e it W O U I
, .

d b BD EC ia HY
Spr ea din g coars e fr e sh m an ur e on a pi ec e of lan d op e n stiff an d h e avy soils it would injur e oth e rs by
,
, ,
a dry s an dy k n oll
, Though m an ur e d b e for e pl an t s r e n d erin g th e m light an d porous
.
,
.

did n ot ourish th e r e A ft e r a pplyin g this co a rs e

M O S E S M F I S KE h ad foun d th e va lu e of p e at or
.

m an ur e con t ai nin g s tr a w cor n -sta lks an d co ars e

,
m ea dow mud t o d ep en d a ltog eth e r on th e ch a r ac
, ,

g ra ss in a v e ry we t h ea vy st a t e i t was plow e d in t er o f th e timb e r which h ad pr e v iously grown upo n

, ,

imm e di at e ly i n the a utu mn t o th e d e pth of six or th e l an d or in t h e vici n ity I

, ,
f t h e pr e vious gr ow t h , .

e ight i n ch e s Th e l an d was v e ry porous an d l ight

h a d b ee n of oa k or oth e r h ard wood th e muck was
.

,
in th e sprin g an d th e e ld wa s cultiv a t e d with p a rs
,
good but wh e r e th e growth h a d b e e n of pi n e or ,
n ips which gr e w to a v e ry gr ea t siz e so gr e a t s a id
h ac ma t a ck i t w a s comp a r a tiv e ly us e l e ss e xc e p t as
, ,

Mr Brow n th a t I thi n k I n e ve r saw th e bot t om of on e , ,

a n a bsorb en t H e thought o n e shov e l full a ppl ie d

.
,

O f th e m
.

Th e y would break O ff a t th e bot t om t h e y

in th e hill was worth ve spr ea d on th e soil a n d
w e r e so lon g Th e doc t rin e of a pplyi n g fr e sh ma
plow e d in H e r efe rr e d to th e pr a ctic e of th e l at e
.

n u r e is u n popul ar ; bu t t h e co n t r ary on e is a
.

l ar e rror in m an y c a s e s
O u~
p p Simon B ak e r wh o h e s aid h a d obt a in e d by the , , , ,
H e could show from th e
u s e of m an ur e which h a d n o t b een throw n o ut d ai
.

b e s t a uthoriti e s th a t much is lost by fe rm en tin g l fro t h e sta lls but

,
y m was l e ft for t h e c a ttl e to lie
man ur e s which are t o b e a ppli e d to h e a vy lan ds
,

upon a bush e l of pota to e s from t en hills whil e hi s .

, ,
If we wish to f orce a crop th e m an ur e s mus t b e n
e ighbors w e r e g e tti n g o n ly a bush e l from t w en t y
,

w e ll ro tte d a n d n e bu t if we wish t o h a v e t h e ma ve hills b y th e use of m an ur e s thrown ou t d ily

,
a .

n ur es l a st t wo o r thr ee y ea rs th e y should b e a ppli e d

Mr PA R S O N S th e ch a irm an th en ga v e hi s t e sti .
, ,
a t o n c e in th e ir co ars e un fe rm e n t e d st at e a n d un
,
mon y to th e v a l n e of muck wh e n a ppli e d to you n g
, ,

d er cov e r wh e r e th e y will giv e off th e ir ga s e s t o

,
tr e e s H e h ad fou n d it e qu al in v a lu e t o compost .

th e surrou n di n g soil Th e r e is much los t co n stan t m ur.

H e u s e d a littl e o f rye str a w cu t t wic e

an e .
,
l y in th e ya rds by th e fe rm e n ta tio n of m an ur e s
in two for h is c a ttl e an d h a d n o oor t o hi s st a l ls
, , .

I n on e i n st an c e a g en t l e m an a ppli e d coar s e m a n u re
, , ,

an d h e h a d fou n d t h e man ur e thus m a d e t o b e v e ry

,

upon on e p a r t of a pi e c e o f l an d whil e upon an oth v lu bl a s th e liqui ds are thus wholly s av e d ,

a a e , .

e r p art of th e s a m e pi e c e h e a ppli e d m an ur e of th e
Mr D A R L IN G of B oston a dd e d fur th e r t e stimo .
, ,
s a m e ki n d b u t fe rm e n t e d Th a t to which th e f er
n y t o th e v a lu e o f co ars e m a n ur e wh en a ppli e d to
, .

men t e d m an ur e wa s a ppli e d did b e s t th e rst y e ar ;

cl ay e y soils H e b e li e v e d liqu id m an ur e s to b e b et
,
.

b ut for t h e s e co n d thir d an d fourth t h e crops w e r e

t e r for tr ee s th an solid
, ,
.

a l tog e th e r b e t t e r wh e r e th e fr e sh m a n ur e s w e r e a
p D r R E YN OL D S co n rm e d t h e vi e w of Mr D A R
pli e d Mr Brown th en quot e d from J oh n ston s . .

L IN G in re fe r e n c e t o th e a p pli c a tion of li quid ma

. .

E l e m e n t s o f A gricultura l Ch e mis t ry in con rm a tion

mur e s t o tr e e s A good liqui d m an ur e migh t b e
o f t his doctri ne
.

ob ta i n e d by h a vi n g a t an k a t a distan c e from t h e
.

\V h e n us e d co ars e th e imm e di a t e a c t io n o f ma
hous e to r e c eiv e th e dr ain from th e si nk with which
,

n ur e is n ot so p e rc e ptibl e
,

ye t t h e ultim at e b en e t oth e r m an ur e s might b e mix e d or i t migh t b e a

,

to th e soil an d to th e crop may b e e v e n gr eat e r if

, ,
p ,
,

n ot r e q uir i n g t o b e forc e d a t on e p a rticul a r s e a so n Ph e d t o t r ee s 0 1 n 9 3 W l th PrOt W l th ou t an y a ddl

'

of t h e y e ar W hi l e it is un d e rgoi n g fe rm en t atio n t io n
. .

in th e fa rm -ya rd or c e ll a r th e stra w los e s p a r t o f , W J B U C KM I N S T E R t hough t more e xp e rim en t s

, . .

its subst an c e e ith e r in th e sta t e of ga s e ous mat w e r e n e e d e d t o l e a rn how to a l m an ur e prop e r

t er which e sc a p e s i n to th e air o r of s alin e ma t
pp y
,
l a n d e xpr e ss e d t h e hop e th a t fur t h e r sugg e s t ion s
t er w hich is wa sh e d o ut in l iquid form
, Thus a f y .
,
,

t er compl e te fe rm e n ta tio n th e qu an tity of m a t te r might b e m a d e on th a t p a rticula r subj e c t

,
.

pr e s en t i s r eally l e ss an d co n s e qu e n tly wh en a dd e d A t a f e w mi n ut e s afte r n in e o clock t h e m e e tin g
, ,

t o t h e soil though t h e immedi a te e ff e ct upo n t h e a dj our n e d to n e xt Tu e sd a e v e n i n g at s e v en o clock

y
,
, ,
crop be gr e a te r th e -whole e ffe c t may also b e con wh e n th e discussio n of th e s am e subj e c t will b e re
,

sid e rabl
y l e ss .

O n e t on o f d ry foo d an d s tr a w giv e s a qu a n t ity sum e d .

of fa rm y a rd du n g which w e ighs
-

L OO K T O Y O U R PE A R TR EE S l Pe rso n s c u l tiv a
Wh te n re c e n 46 t 5 0 l b o s.
A ft r 6 w k e ee 40 t 44 l b
s tin g dwarf p e a rs o r oth e r low t r e e s shrubb e ry or o s ,
A ft r 8 w k
.
,
e ee 3 8 t 40 l b
s
v rgr s must h v e e t o th e m an d a
o s.
h l f r tt d e y
e e e e n a an
Wh en a o30 t 3 5 l b
e o s. ,

Wh f l ly tt d
en u 2 0 t 25 l b
ro e shov e l t oo wh e n th e gr e a t body of sn o w n ow ly o s.

A p a r t o f this loss ma y n o doub t b e a scrib e d t o in g on th e grou n d b e gi n s t o th a w It W ill S e ttl e

, , ,

th e e v a por a tio n o f a portio n of t h e wa t e r of t h e re about th e t e n d e r t wi s durin g t h e d a a n d fr e e z e

g y ,
 442 N EW ENGLAN D F A R ME R . MA R CH

th e m a t n ight but th e e arth b e i n g wa rm an d th e pro

, Thursd a y n oon at L on don I n this aff a ir it is n o t .

c e ss of th a wi n g an d s e ttlin g still goi n g on will dr a g

,
n e c e ss ary a sh i p should go rou n d th e world o n t h e
,
e qu a tor it is su f ci e n t if sh e p a ss e s through t h e
d ow n t h e sm a ll e r br an ch e s a n d br ea k th e m Off ,

s e v e r a l m e ridian s a s all n avig ators must wh o go

wh e r e th e y u n i te w i th t h e m a i n s t e m So 1t W l ll ,

round th e glob e eas tw a rd o r we stw ard

.

b e wi th r a spb e rry a n d bl a ckb e rry c a n e s an d e v e n F or e x a mpl e suppos e a tra v e ue r e mb a rk a t R e

,

curra n t an d goos eb e rry bush e s ch e ll e t o go to th e E ast I n di e s wh en h e sha ll ar

.
,

A s soo n th e r e for e a s a th a w comm en c e s t h e riv e a t th e distan c e of 180 d e gr e e s e a st lon gitud e

,
,

h a lf t h e c irc umf e ran ce of t h e e a rth it will b e mid

E
sl o l
sgfijt
I
:
,

;g :
l

l ri s XI
a
y 1 n igh t th e r e an d n oon at R och e ll e It follows th a t . ,
ei
in m akin g th e w hol e circl e of th e glob e h e w ill ,

Of this we h aV e k n o wn some 0 f th e n e s t you n g g ai n t we n ty-four hours upon th e da y at R och e ll e

: .

fruit tr e e s an d shrubs of o ur gard en s u t te rly ru in e d If it is W e d n e sd a y a t R och e ll e thus th e r e are t wo . ,

Thursd a ys in a w e e k To f i n d a third in th e s am
w e ek we must dis? a tch an oth e r n avi a tor to saie
.

THR E E THUR S D A Y S I
, ,
N ON E W E E K from ea st to w e st W h e n h e h a s r e a .
ch e d 180 de
O f a ll th e p a r a do x e s th e r e is n o n e mor e surpris gr ee s of lo n gi tud e h e will n d hims e lf Opposit e to ,

in g o r c a lcul a t e d to disturb t h e mi n d th an th a t th a t of R och e ll e a n d it will be Tu e sd a y mid n igh t , ,

which a ss e rts t h e possibility of h a vin g thr e e Thurs wh en th e y will h a v e n o o n on W e d n e sd a y at R o

days in on e w e e k I t is n ot w ithst a n di n g possibl e ; ch e ll e

.
, th e y would n d a d i ff er en c e o f twen ty-four
,

an d duri n g t h e l a s t c e n tury it was d e mo n str a t e d hours b e tw e e n th e ir r e cko n i n g Th e W e dn e sd a y .

mor e th an o n c e Circum n a vig a tors in th e ir v o y at R och e ll e is Thursd a y for thos e wh o w en t to t h e

.

a g e s rou n d t h e world h a v e discov e r e d t h e fa ct ea st b e c a us e th e y g ai n e d a day S e co n dly t h e

.
, .
,

Th e a n ci e n ts n e v e r e n t e rt ai n e d an id ea of th e pos ~ F rid a y of R och e ll e is Thursd a y t o thos e wh o

sibility of such a thi n g It wa s a m a tt e r o f a sto n s a il e d w e s t b e c au s e th e y h a v e lost a d ay Th e
.
, .

i sh me n t to s ea m en s a ili n g rou n d t h e w orld to fi n d Thursd a y at R och e ll e is t h e third ,

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,

on th e ir r e turn to t h e pl a c e from w hich th e y com d i n g to th e tim e th e r e a re thr e e Thursd a ys in on e ,

me n c e d th e ir voy a g e th a t th e y h a d g ai n e d a d a y w e e k N a n tu cket I
, n q u i r er . . .

I t wa s Th ursd a y with th e m an d W e d n e sd a y a t t h e ,

pl a c e of th e ir a rriv a l
m N w E g l d F m e"
.

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,

ro un d t h e worl d cou n t e d on th e ir r e turn on e d ay

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L I TT L E TH I N G S :
,

l e ss to h a ve p a ss e d th an thos e did wh o h a d con

O R A W AL K I N M Y G A RD E N N 0 6
ti n n e d a ll th e whil e a t t h e pl a c e from wh en c e t h e '

shi p s e t o ut ; so th a t it w as W e dn e sd a y with t h e Col d w e a th e r you will e xcl aim Mr E di t or to , , .

,

circum n a viga tors an d Thursd a y a t t h e pl ac e of walk in th e gard e n with th e th ermom et e r dow n to

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th e ir arriva l A s th e pilots an d oth e rs k e pt j our z e ro But l e t u s se e Ye st e rd ay w as a pl ea san t

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n al s an d p aid strict a tt e n tio n to e v e ry occurr en c e J an u ary d a So with saw in h an d I v en tur e d out

, y .
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duri n g th e voy a g e th e y w e r e in th e rst in stan c e on th e s n o w-b ank s a n d w a lk e d i n to t h e tops of my

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at a loss to a ccou n t for t h e di ff e r e n c e th e y foun d

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A PP L E T RE E S .

a n d thos e wh o h a d t ak e n a w e st e rly cours e Th e y N 0 W d on t km d 3 3 d e r t u m U

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l e d to a stro n g co n t e st S e v e r a l a bl e math e mati geon do ,

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u t l e t me e t ov e r this s n ow b a n k a n d look i n t o
.

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,

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L on do n th e ir n oo n w ill b e an hour l at e r th an a t I w an t t o t e ll your fa rm e r r ea d e rs how th e y may

,

L o n don A t 3 0 d e gr e e s w e st it will be n oo n two ha v e a fron t ya rd ll e d with t h e most thrifty tr ee s

.

hours l a t e r th an a t L on do n an d W h en th e y g et an d shrubb e ry without an y e xp e n s e A gr e at m an y

y .

rou n d to L o n d o n a g a i n thro ugh th e 2 7 m e ridian s p e rson s build a hous e put up a fron t yard fe n c e
, , , ,

t h e ir n a tur a l d a y will b e 24 hours l a te r th an a t a n d s e t out four e l m or m a pl e tr e e s a n d l e a v e th e m ,

L on do n or I , V e d n e s d a y n oo n with th e m whil e i t is t o t ak e c a r e of th e ms e lv e s
, Th e prob a bility is th at .
 185 6 . NEW ENGLAN D F AR ME R . 14 3

a b ou t one of t h e n umb e r will liv e in a sor t of doub t its way i n to t h e n ew c a pitol e xt e n sio n at W a shi n g
f u l co n d i ti o n for s e v e r a l y e a rs an d th e n e i th e r co n t on an d i n to t h e p a rlors of t h e rich in N e w York
.

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o l
an d P a ris Th e committ ee for th e e r e ctio n o f th e .

fron t yard thirty-six by e ight e en fe e t fe n c e d in

,
a n e
,
:

from a common I sp a d e d up th e grou n d m an ur e d it for th a t purpos e a ft e r su bj e ctin g it to th e s e v e r e st

.
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an d pl an t e d 1t w i th pota to e s an d cultiva t e d th e m t e s t s of h eat cold , an d pr e ssur e Th e V e rmo n t

, , ,

thoroughly an d Obtai n e d a crop W hich mor e t h an It alian qu arry of D ors e t pr e s e n ts a bold fro n t on
,

p aid me f or my l abor Th e n e xt y e ar I sp ad e d th e Sl de o f th e m ou n tain h alf a m1le lon by 15 0

.
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took ou t th e small S ton e s m an ur e d an d so we d w ith ,
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c arr ots b e e ts an d oth e r roots an d a t th e sa m e fee t high an d O f a br ea dth W hich a g e s ean n e t e x

, , ,
,

t im e se t out a row of tr e e s a rou n d th e ga rd en c on h a ust R utl an d a lon e turn s out h a lf a millio n dol ,
.
.

sisti g mostly of rock m a pl e s Th e n e a t looki g l a rs worth a ye a r
n - n . .

b e ds w e r e n o m ean orn a m e n t a s t h e we e ds w e r e Mr Man ly s p riz e Off e r for a se win ma chin e a

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tr e e s I h a d shoots e ighte en in ch e s m l ength S ixt e en Pa t en ts h av e a lr e a dy b een gr an t e d for 13

, .
'

Th er e is n o tr e e th a t lov e s good tr e a t m e n t lik e t h e chi n e s of th e ch ar a c t e r propos e d an d s e v e r a l of ,

m apl e A S O p portumt v occurr e d I In tIO d UC e d tr e e s th e s e are n ow doin g s a tisfa ctory work I n a shor t
an d shrubb e ry an d di m

, .

i n ish e d t h e spa c e f o r ga rd en tim e a n umb e r mor e will h e a dd e d to th e lis t

v e ge tabl e s un til I h a d a compl e t e for e st in my lit
,

tl e fron t y a rd without an y r e a l e xp e n s e wh a t e v e r

bu t which e n h an c e d t h e va lu e of t h e prop e rty in A Y O UN G M A N S C H A R A C T E R .

th e m a rk e t a t l ea s t t wen t y-f iv e p er c en t On e o f N o you n g man wh o h as a just s en s e of his own .

th e s e m apl e s h a s b e en pl an t e d s e v e n t e en y e ars an d v a lu e will sport with h is o wn ch ara cte r A wa tch ,

h a s gro wn from o n e mob a n d a h a lf 1 d l ame te r t o

.

ful r e ga rd to his ch a ra ct e r in e a rly youth w ill be o f

for ty i n ch e s in circumfe r e n c e a n d t h e lu x urian c e of in co n c e iv abl e va lu e to him in a ll th e r e m a in i n
,
,

t h e t r e e s h a s b e en s o gr ea t th a t m or e th an h a f of g
l y e a rs of his li fe W h en t e mpt e d to d e via t e from
,

th e m h a v e b e e n c ut out I d e pr e ca t e th e h ab i t of S trict propri e ty of d e portm en t h e S hould a sk him

.
.

,
diggin g a hol e in h a rd soil an d crow din g in a tr ee s e lf can I a ff ord this ? c an I e n dur e h e r eafte r to
wi th t h e e x p e ct a tio n o f h a vi n g a sh a d e tr ee in t h e look b ack u po n this P ,

P128 5 9 1? g n e mt ion W h en a g O O d Sh a d e may b e Ob I t is of a m a z in g w orth t o a you n g man to h av e a

ta m e 5l n gVe y e ars b y th e me th e d I a dopte d A S pur e mi n d f or this is t h e fou n d a tio n of a p ure

e v er I
;
a m som e tim e s z eroica ll
, y an d at oth e rs th e r ch a r a ct e r Th e min d in ord e r to b e k e pt p ur e
,

moic al ly yours , ,
N T must b e e mploy e d in t opics o f thought which are . .
.
, ,

B ethel M e" J a n 2 6 185 6

th e ms e lve s lov e ly ch a st e n e d an d e l e va ti n g Thu s

, .

th e mi n d h a th in its o wn po we r t h e s e l e ctio n of its

V E R MO N T MA R BL E th e m e s o f m e di ta tion If youth o n ly k n e w h o w d u
.
.

r a bl e a n d how dism a l is t h e i njury produc e d by t he

Mr M M Man ly 0 f South D ors e tV t" W h o Is
' ' '

i n dulg en c e of d e gr a d e d thoughts i f th e y o n ly r e a l ,
larg e ly e n ga g e d in t h e m a rbl e busi n e ss a n d W h o re iz e d h o w frigh tful a re th e mor a l d e pr a viti e s which

c e n tl y o ff e r e d a priz e o f for th e b e s t mar a ch e rish e d h abit of loos e im agi n a tio n produc e s o n

b l e s a win g m a chi n e fur n ish e s t h e S ci en tic me ri th e soul th e y would S hu n th e m as th e bit e O f a
,

ca n wi th som e i n t e r e sti n g i nf orm a t io n in r e g a rd t o

e rp en t T h e Pe w e r 0 h h O Ok S t 0 e xel t e t h e I m a
g

ma tion is a fea rful e l e m en t of mor a l d e a th wh en

this impor t an t in t e r e st H e says th e qu arri e s of e mploy e d in th e s e rvi c e of vi c e ,

V e rmon t a lon e are n ew V a lu e d b y th e own e r s at Th e cultiva tio n o f an a mi abl e e l e va t e d an d glow ,

n ot l e ss th an Th e m a rbl e form a tio n in g h ea rt a liv e to a ll th e b e auti e s o f n a tur e a n d a ll , ,

e x t en ds t h e e n t ir e l e n gth of th e S t at e an d ru n s a lso t h e S h hh mities O f truth In vigor a t e s t h e mt e t

,
l ect , ,

v e s t 0 t h e W 111 I n d e p en d en c e 0 h h a s e r P3 3 310 11 3
. .

t h r ough B e rkshir e Cou n ty in Ma ssachus e tts g l

, ,
:

an d t o t h e a ffe c t i o n s th a t pow e r o f a dh e s i o n t o
t hr ough we s t e r n Conn e cticut an d h e thi nks in t o wh a t e v e r is pure an d good an d gr an d which is
, , ,

N ew J
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e rs e y A n d prob ably th e s e m a rbl e in t e r e s t s a d a p t e d t o l ea d out th e whol e n a t ur e of man i n to

are n o t a moi e t y of t hos e which e xist in t h e cou n thos e sc en e s of a c tio n a n d impr e ssio n by which it s
try Th e busin e ss is yet in it s inf an cy a lthough it en e rgi e s ma y most a ppropri a t e ly b e employ e d an d
.
,
,

b y which i t s high d e sti n a tio n m a b e mos t e ff e c t u~

h as in cr ea s e d mor e th an a hu n dr e d-fold in t e n y
a lly r e a ch e d
y e a rs I n V e rmo n t m arbl e of a lmost e v e ry ki n d is
.

,
Th e Oppor t u n iti e s o f e xciti n g t h e s e fa culti e s in
.

foun d from th e ebo n y bl a ck t o th e sn owy white b e n e vol e n t a n d s e l f den yi n g e fforts for th e we l far e
, ,

an d v a r yin g n e a rly a s wid e ly in t e xtur e Sudbury of o ur fe llow-me n a re so m an y a n d gr e a t th a t it .

, , ,

Br an do n an d Middl e bury h a v e statuary m a rbl e r e ally is worth w hil e to liv e Th e h ea rt which is

,
.

truly e v an g e lic a lly b e n e vol en t ma y luxuri a t e in a n

e qu a l t o t h e b e s t I ta li an a s t h e bus t s of o ur n a tiv e
, ,

a g e l ik e t his Th e promis e s of G od a re in e xpre s si

,

sculp t or Ki nn e y t e stify R oxbury h a s an in e x bly rich th e m a i n t e n d e n ci e s of t hi n gs s o m an ife st

.

, , .

,
h aU S tih le supply 0 f th e t ru e Ve rd n tiq u e S O l in a ccord an c e with th e m t h e e xt e n t o f mor a l
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id en tic a l in composi tio n an d a pp ear an c e with t h a t i n u en c e is s o gr e at an d t h e e ff e c ts o f its e mploy ,

hith ert o ob ta in e d from a n ci en t ruin s th a t th e b e s t

judg e s h a v e mistak e n th e on e for t h e oth e r A h
m
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t visibl e th a t h oe v e a s

e n t a ct i o n a n d re a c1 e s fortp
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for us to t h e tru e dign ity o f his n a tur e can fi n d
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n gs tia t r e m ai n
.
.

,
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w
t hough th e s e q uarme s ha v e been Op e n e d bu t a C ou fr e e scop e for his i n t e ll e ct an d a ll a spirin g th e m e s '
,

,
-
,

pl e of y e a rs t h is b e a utiful s t o n e h as a lre a dy fo un d th e f or h eart

, .
185 6 . NEW ENGL AN D F AR ME R . 145

GI EN T R E VV OD som e sixty p a c e s bu t h a v e b e e n a rr e st e d b e for e

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r e a c hi n g th e en d by m a ss e s o f wood which h a d f al
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tm om o th e rs st i ll are st an d in g n ot i n fe r i or to th e m i n
. .

Th h i l e c wi d a n e ss d v r m n s s c , an e e co e, ,
m gh t y m e g S i z e a n d o f whi ch t h e h e ight ast omsh e s t h e b e hold
$ g gI lg Iz l m i m y g gl g3
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meri ca by D r P IP E R of W oburn Ma ss an d as to a pp e a r to h a v e b e en Pl an t e d Purp osety t 0

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by h i s co n s e n t th e a bov e spl e n di d sp e c i m en o f t h e
produc e th e e ffe ct A fourth is r e m a rk abl e in h av .

in g b e t we en 5 0 a n d 100 fe e t from t h e gro un d it s

,

V ege ta bl e kin g i om t h e G iah t R e d h O O d 0 ? th e trun k divid e d i n to thr e e en ormous br an ch e s of th e ,

t !

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.

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porte d t o h av e b een f our hu n dred a n d y f eet tan c e of mor e th an 3 00 fe e t O th e rs are distin .

h iS h e d b h e S tr ai ght n e ss 0 h th e ir tru n k C omp a r

hig h I
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ati v e l
y a s d e lic a t e a n d e r e ct a s th a t of a pi n e tr e e
ure as wh en sk e t ch e d 3 p ortl on Of th e top wa s
,

a n d which a re n ot l e ss th an 3 5 0 fe e t in h eight At

bre h e h 0 th som e dista n c e may b e s e en a sp e ci e s of k n oll risin g

D r HUN T E R 1D S p eaki n g 0 f o n e t h e gl g an tl c from th e sur f a c e o f th e grou n d an d which is m e r e
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in y a h a lf-d e v e lop e d k n ot t h e l a s t r e m ai n s of on e of
,

th s e mo n st e rs which h a v e fa ll e n c e n tur i e s ag o an d
circum fe r en c e s a ys W h en comp a r e d to thi s al l

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are n o w buri e d u n d e r t h e soil

oth e r t r e e s a re but ch ildr en o f th e fore st Thi s I am in form e d b Mr L a ph a m th at th e wood .
.

en ormous oak W e h l d sc a rc e ly ma k e a b ran eh f or
on e o f th e s e gig an tic Ca lif or n i an s
y .
,
of on e o f th e s e tr ee s is r e m ark abl e f o r it s v e
A dr awi n g of slow d e composition W h en fr eshly cut th e bre . .

this oak a n d th e big e l m o n B osto n Commo n a re is whi t e ; but it soon b e com e s r e ddish a n d by lon g ,

e xposur e t o t h e air a cqu ir e s a color n early a s d a rk

sho wn in t h e pl a t e dr awn on th e s a m e sc a l e as th e
as M a hogan y Its co n s i st en c e i s ra th e r fe ebl e
,

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.
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n e arly r e s e mbli n g t h e pi n e or c e d a r but t h e b ark

D 1" F W IN S LO W ah A me me ah t r a v e ll e r e o m cov e rin g it di ff e rs m a t e ri a lly from t h e l a tt e r
,

2 It is :
'

mun ic a t e d a g ra phic d e scriptio n of this tr e e t o t h e e xc e ss i v e ly thick n ea r t h e foot o f t h e tr ee s en sibly ,

C a lif orn i a F a rmer which we in t roduc e h e r e t o e l a stic on pr e ssur e an d I S re a d i ly d i v i d e d i n t o a ,

, ,
m a ss of br e s clos e ly r e s e mbli n g thos e co n s tituti n g
th 111 t e r e s tmg r e m ar k 8 fmm t h 8 c oun hy
'

e th
t h e husk of t h e coco a- n ut but much n e r A bou t
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this portio n o f th e trun k it is spli t in e v ery dire c

The G r ea t T ree (thu s h e dis tin guish e s th e S e tio n by d e e p cr a cks b ut at t h e e l e v a ti on o f 100 o r
, ,

q uo ta g ig a n tea ) is p e culi a r t o t h e Si e rra N e v a d a 180 fe e t i t is a lmost smoo th a n d n ot m or e th an

, , , ,

a n d gro ws n o wh e r e e ls e o n t h e glob e I may e v e n two in ch e s in thickn e ss A t this poi n t th e b ark is . .

a dd a s f a r a s my i n form a t io n e xt en ds t h a t it is r e mov e d from th e

, livin g tr e e for e xport a tio n , .

e n t ir e ly co n n e d to a n arrow b a si n of 2 00 a cr e s a t H n such a s a cril e g e b e tol e r a t e d ! ) A hot el

( o w ca

most o f which t h e soil is silicious a n d str e w n with h a s b ee n bui lt alon g sid e of th e G r e a t Tr ee th e
, ,

blocks of L ign it e This b a sin is v e ry da mp an d b a rk o f w h ich wa s e xhibit e d l a s t y e ar a t S an F ran

.
,

r e tai n s h e r e a n d th e r e pools of w at e r ; som e o f th e cisco an d on its ov e rturn e d tru n k a sort o f l a di es , ,

l a rg e st of t h e tr e e s e xt e n d th eir roo t s dir e ctly i n t o p a vilio n h a s b e en e r e ct e d which s erv e s a s a n e le ,

th e st a gn an t w a t e r o r i n to th e brooks Th e re are gan t prom en a d e I

, n ord e r to fe ll it t h e tr un k w as
. .

mor e th an a hu n dr e d which may b e con sid e r e d a s bor e d by m e an s o f a v e ry lo n g an d po werful au gu r , ,

h a vin g r e a ch e d t he e xtr e m e limits o f gro wth which with m an y hol e s v e ry n ear t o e ach oth e r an d ar
th e sp e c ie s can a tt ain O n e of o ur cou n t rym e n r a n g e d circul a rly ; bu t e v e n wh en a lmost d e t ach e d
.
,

Mr B l a k e m e a sur e d on e of which th e t run k im from its b as e s its imm en s e m a ss r e sist e d a ll e ff or ts

.
, , ,

m e di a t e ly a bov e th e root wa s 9 4 fee t in c ircum t o ov e rthrow it F ou r d ays subs e qu en tly i t was

, .

f e r en c e A n oth e r whi ch h a d fa ll en from o l d a ge blow n dow n by th e wi n d

.
, It shook t h e e arth wh en ,
.

o r h a d b e e n uproot e d by a t e mp e st wa s lyi n g n ea r it f e ll an d m a d e f or its e lf a d ee p furrow in t h e , ,

it o f which th e l e n gth from th e roots t o t h e t o p o f grou n d in whi ch it li e s a t thi s mom en t h a lf buri e d
, , , .

bran ch e s was 4 5 0 fee t A gr e at por tio n of this

e C ou n try G en tl ema n adds
.

mo n ste r still e xists a n d a ccordi n g t o Mr L aph a m T h

, , .
,

t h e propri e tor o f th e loc a lity (an d wh o h as n u

N o w to r e a d simply of a tre e four hu n dre d an d
,

doub te dly a ppropri a te d to h ims e lf a l l tr e e s by right f ty fe e t high we a re struck with l arg e gur e s bu t , ,

o f occup a tio n ) a t 3 5 0 fe e t from t h e r oots t h e t ru n k we can h a rdly a ppr e ci a t e t h e h e ight w ithout som e
,

m e a sur e d 10 fee t in di a m e te r By its fa ll t his t r ee comp arison Such a on e a s th at t hrough w hich .

, .

h as ove rthro wn an oth e r n o t l e ss coloss a l s in c e a t t h e ho rs e b a ck j our n ey was p e r f orm e d w ould , ,

th e origi n o f t h e roots it is 4 0 fe e t in di a m e t e r str e tch a cross a f i e ld o f tw e n ty-s e v en rods wid e ; if .

This on e which a pp e a r e d to me on e of th e gr ea t s ta n din g in t h e N i a gar a ch a sm at Susp en sio n Bridge

, ,

e s t wo n d e rs o f t h e for e st a n d comp a r e d with it would t ow e r two hu n dre d fe e t a bov e t h e top o f

,

which man is but an imp e rc e ptibl e pigmy h a s b een th e bridg e if pl ac e d in Broa d wa y N e w York a t , , ,

hollo we d by m e an s of re throughout a co n sid e ra th e h ea d o f W a l l Str e e t it would ov e rtop Tri n ity

, , ,

bl e por tion o f i t s l e n gth s o a s t o fo rm an imm e n s e st e e pl e by o n e hu n dr e d a n d si x ty fee t an d would

, ,

wood en tub e of a si n gl e pie c e Its size may be b e two hu n dr e d an d t hir ty fee t high e r th a n Bu nk e r .

i m agin e d wh en it is k n o wn th a t o n e o f my c ompa n Hill mo n um e n t B osto n or t wo hu n dr e d a n d s ev ,

io n s two y e a rs ag o rod e on hors eb a ck in t h e i n t e e n ty abov e W a sh in gto n mon um en t B a ltimor e If

, , , .

rior o f this tr e e for a distan c e of 2 00 fe e t without cut up for fu e l it would m ak e a t l e a st thr ee thou , ,

an
y i n co n v e n i e n c e My comp an io n an d mys e lf s a n d cards or a s much a s woul d be yi e ld e d by six t y
.
,

h a ve fr e qu en tly en t er e d thi s tu nn e l a n d progre ss e d a cr es of good woo dl an d I f s aw e d in to two in ch .

14 6 N EW ENGLAN D F AR ME R .

bo ards it w ould yie ld a bout thr e e mi l l ion fe e t a n d

, , usu ally chilly s e n s a tion which is an ythin g but ,

fur n ish e n ough thr ee in ch pl an k for thirty mil e s of a gr eeabl e Th e n if th e r e is an y v e g e tabl e m a tt e r

.

pl an k ro ad This w ill do for t h e pro d uct of on e

. in t h e v e ss e l i t wil l c e rtain ly g e n e r a t e c arbo n ic a cid
, ,

lit tl e s ee d l e ss in size th an a gr a i n of wh e a t
, . a n d pupils will compl a i n v e ry soo n O f h ea d a ch e .

By cou n tin g t h e an n u al rin gs it a pp ears t h a t ,

W a t e r k e p t in an op e n v e ss e l in an y oth e r p art Of
som e o f t h e old e st sp e cim en s h a v e a t tain e d t h e a ge th e room will supply a ll t h e m oistur e n e c e ss a ry I .

O f thr e e thous an d y e a rs If this comput a tio n is . h av e n o t k e pt w a te r o n a stov e for t we n ty y ea rs ,

corr e ct an d w e s ee n o r ea so n to doubt it th e y must

, ,
an d n d it much b e tt e r th an form e rly for t h e com

h a v e b een a s l a rg e a s our b e st for e st in N e w York ,

fort of pupils B ut f e w p e rso n s disti n guish b e twe en
.

in t h e tim e s of Hom e r an d t h e proph e t E lij a h ; vitia te d air a n d w arm air A room may b e cold
, .

an d v e n e r a bl e an d tow e ri n g gi a n ts durin g t h e but h a v e impur e ail 0 1 it may h e W a rm an d Pur e

C a rth a g e n ian w a rs I n oth e r words Th e R om an

.
,

H en c e th e n e c e ssity of som e r ea dy m e an s of v en ti
E mpir e h a s b e gu n an d e n d e d si n c e th e y comme n c
l a tio n . N T T . . .

e d gro wi n g W e hop e th e sm a ll pl an t a tio n which

. B ethel M e J an , 14 185 6 .
, .
, .

compris e s th e ir whol e n umb e r w ill n o t sh ar e th e ,

fat e o f t h e world r e n o wn e d c e da rs O f L eb an o n on
- R E MA RK S Ca pital This a rticl e a lo n e is worth
.

th e i r n a ti v e m ou n ta i n s n o w r e duc e d to a doz en in ,

mor e th an a y e a r s subscriptio n to an y p erson wh o
n umb e r b ut th a t th e y w ill b e prot e ct e d an d
,
pre
o
d e s i r e s to k e e p hi s hous e warm a t a ch e ap ra te
s e rve d an d o n ly thos e th a t fa ll b y O ld a g e be re
.

_
,

mov e d for e xhi bitio n It woul d of cours e b e idl e .

t o t a lk of tr an sporti n g such a mo n st e r to this p art

of t h e cou n try we ighi n g a s it do e s som e v e thou
A HOR SE W ITH TH E H E A VE S
w I B U HR E
,

sand to n s a n d a portio n of its S h e ll o n ly may b e Ho O G HT A O S T H A T H AD T HE H s a v ns , AN D H OW I

,
T RE ED D IE SE AT '
rn a r S A
s e cure d a s a fr agm en t o f such a sp e c i m en i n n a tu
.

ral history .
B Y H EN RY F F RE N C H . .

MR E D IT O R D id you e v e r r e a d t h e A dven .

F N / N ew E g l d t ur e s o f a G en tl e m an in S e arch of a Hors e ? I
O le n an

r e a d it e a rs ag o a n d h a v e n e v e r b e e n so fortu n a t e
AI R -T I
a s to s e e
'

GHT S TO V E S it si n c e I f Ir e coll e ct a right i t giv e s t h e

.
,

A r e c e n t a rticl e in t h e F a rme r r e min d e d me of e xp e ri en c e of a man wh o s e t o ut to purch a s e a p er ,

an id e a in r e l a tio n to A ir-tigh t S tov e s Th e fe e t hors e a n d with a bout th e s am e succ e ss th a t .

,

t ru e pri nci pl e O f an air-tight h as a lmost b e en lost Ki n g S olomo n h a d in tryi n g to n d a p e rfe c t wo

sigh t of w ithi n a f e w y e a rs by m ak i n g th e m sm a ll man an d t e lls h o w h e lik e a l l t h e r e st of us go t
, , , ,

u n d e r th e m is tak en n otio n th a t t h e sm a ll e r th e stov e ch e a t e d a gai n an d a gai n in d i ff e r e n t wa ys a s t he, , ,

th e gr e at e r t h e s a vi n g o f fu e l Th e r e is n o b e tte r best of p eop le w ill an d i n d ee d a re mor e li k e ly to be

.
,

m e thod ye t discov e r e d o f s e curi n g a soft b a l my a ir th an an ybody e ls e O n c e h e bought a n e an im a l .

in a room a t a ch e a p r a t e th an from a n a ir tight o f th a t wa s a dv e rtis e d a s s old f or n o f a u l t o n ly the

-
,

l a rg e siz e M an u fa ctur e rs m ak e sm a ll stov e s t o o w n er wa n ts to lea ve to w n a n d th e n e w propri e to r

.
,

suit custom e rs but t ru e e con omy will l ea d a man wa s l e d to fe e l t h e full forc e O f t h e l an gu a g e t h e

, ,

to i n quir e wh e th e r a sm a ll stov e is n ot r e a lly t h e rst tim e he wan t e d to l e av e to wn for his n e w ,

mor e e xp e n siv e It r e quir e s mor e l abor t o pr e par e st e e d could n ot b e i n duc e d by an y su a sion m ora l
.
,

t h e fu e l Th e a ir-tight pri n cipl e is a lmos t e n tir e ly or physic a l to budg e a si n gl e rod from his sta ble
.
,

lost Th e high t e mp e ra tur e of t h e stov e s p e e dily door

. .

b urn s i t out a s we ll a s ch an ge s e v e ry p articl e o f P e rh a ps it wa s n ot tha t g en tl e m an but a n oth e r

, , ,

dus t i n to c a rbo n ic acid which w ill soo n pro d uc e wh o h avin g purch as e d a n ag which wa s r e pr e s en t
, ,

h e a da ch e s whil e it r e quir e s a lmos t con stan t a tte n e d a s f ree f ro m a ll f a ults an d f o un d h im sto n e bl in d

, , ,

t io n . brought him b a ck to th e s e ll e r an d r e mi n d e d him ,

I h a v e an a ir t igh t m a d e t o ord er from th e b e s t of his st a te m en t .

of R ussi a iro n whi ch h a s b ee n in co n s ta n t u s e for I hop e r e pli e d t h e s e ll e r coolly you do n t c a ll

, , ,

fourt e e n wi n te rs, a n d i t is n ot wor n out ye t It is blin d n e ss a f a ult wh en it is on ly t h e poor hors e s .
,

t wo fe e t six in ch e s in l e n g th an d Of th e s a m e h e ight misf o rtu n e !

,

an d wil l wa rm a n y room givi n g ou t a l a rg e vol E v e rybody k n o w s th a t I h a v e n o gr e a t pr e t en

,

ume o f h e a t a t a low t e mp e r a tur e which is t h e tru e sio n s to much k n o wl e dg e about hors e s a n d in o r

, ,

s e cr e t of a good a ir-tigh t A mon g a ll t h e co m d e r th er e for e to giv e my t e a chi n g d ue w e ight you

.
, , ,

forts of life in my poss e ssion I h av e n e v e r ye t foun d must be in form e d how I c a m e by my e duc a tio n in
,

o n e to e qu a l t h e som e wh a t u n fa shio nabl e looki n g this d e p a rtm e n t of sci e n c e B e it k n o wn th en .

, ,

air-tight . th a t about v e y e ars ag o I ch an c e d to b e t h e pro ,

I b el ie v e t h a t a littl e att en tio n would gi v e u s ai r prie tor of a m ar e t h e v e ri e st vi x e n th a t e v e r w e n t ,

tigh t stov e s th a t w ould wa rm our church e s sch ool on four fe e t A mo n g h er oth e r a miabl e we ak ,
.

r ooms an d priva te d we llin gs much ch e ap e r an d b et n e ss e s was a stran g e prop en sity to kick I t wa s ,

.

t e r th an t h e pr ese n t clumsy an d e xp e n siv e m od e O f h e r fa vorit e a mus e m e n t to kick a t a n y oth e r cr ea

brick fur n a c e s A n y m e thod by which a l a rge ra tur e qu a drup e d or b ipe d h t h at c a m e w ithi n r ea ch ;
.
,

di atin g surfa c e is Ob ta i n e d (a n d n o m a t e ri a l ye t di s a n d wh e n ti e d a lo n e sh e would k e e p h e rs e l f in ,

cov e r e d will do it a t a ch e a p e r r a t e th an sh e e t-iron ) pr a ctic e by kickin g up h e r h e e ls a s high a s t h e ,

an d a corr e spo n di n g vol u m e of h e a t at a low t e m sc a ffold a bout o n c e in v e mi n ut e s a ccomp an yi ng , ,

p e ra t ure an d th e Obj e c t will b e a ccomplish e d

, th e p e rform an c e with a squ e a l th a t could b e h e a rd
. ,

I h av e n otic e d an oth e r fa ct in th e school-room by a ll th e n e ighbors . .

Th e h abit of put tin g wa t e r on a stov e is in most Such a n an im a l was r a th e r diffi cult to dispos e
c as e s an i nj urious on e Th e r e is a l arge a mou n t of of a s you ma y suppos e Mr Pick wick an d h is
.
,
. .

e v a por a tio n an d th e mom en t a p e rso n wh o h a s n o t fri e n d a ft e r th e y h a d l e d th a t dr e a df ul hors e six

, ,

b een e x e rcisin g st e ps out of doors h e fe e ls an n u mil e s in th e h ea t an d dust of a summ e r s d ay with
, , ,
185 6 . N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . 147

o ut bein g able to mount him were in a scarcely gle politics with agriculture an d did n o t want m y , ,

worse dilemma F inally my precious K ate wh o was h orse to run a political course
.
, , .

more of a shre w than even P etruchio s having
Having dreame d of horses all night besides h av

, ,

withstood most manfully (woma n/id ly occurred to in g the n ig htma re once or twice Iawoke betimes , ,

me but I wont say it ) all my endeavors to tame anxious to learn the condition o f my new treasure
, ,
. .

her commenced a new species o f gymnastics by E verybody knows h ow mu ch more pride one feels
, ,

kicking up in the carriage every time sh e felt the in his h orse than in any other property and espe '

, ,

breeching in going down hill c ia l ly h o w it takes the conceit out of h im to be

.

N o w as s h e would n o t work on the f arm f or cheated in a horse -trade

, .

any man s persuasion a n d w as n ot precisely the Iwent to the stable with fear and tremb ling
,

,

kind of animal to sell to one s particular friend a s doubting whether the G eneral had not been t rans

a steady family horse and as I did not dare to formed like fairy gold to dust a n d ashes during the
,

risk my o wn wife and chil d ren behind her I began ni ht or whether he might not have been a witc h s
g ,
,
t o read the M uck Manual with the idea o f co m horse an d be found turned into a broomstick !

,
puting her agricultural value for the compost he a p B u t he was th ere in full shape and proportion , .

when fortunately I had ocasion to drive her to t h e He gave a slight cough as Iopened the door a ,
good old town of D erry in a sleigh A s I came up sound which a man wh o has owned a h orse with .

t o C ameron s Hotel at about a three minute lick
as the j oc keys sa
y I s a w at the sign -post a ne
the heaves will never forget ; an d on examination I
, , ,
found he had a strange wa y of breathin g his ank
, , ,

stately horse harnessed to a sleigh I wa s exam heaving two or three times at every expiration of th e .

ining him pretty care fully when a man whose ap breath Iwa s told at once that my horse had the , .

p e aran c e announced him as o n e o f the fancy hea ves

, .

stepped out and accosted me with Well friend I had heard of the disease frequently and had , , ,
do you want to buy such a horse as that P Ithe impression which Ind is quite comm on that
, ,
should like hi m was my reply if he is as good as it renders the animal worthless However as it
,

,

.
,
he looks and you will sell h im at a fair price a n d was a complaint which struck at my purse and my
, ,

ta ke mine with out any steel e n graving feelin gs and not lik e K aty s heels at my hea d I

.
, , ,

Wh y w h at sort of a beast have you got ? S h e concluded to h e resigned an d avail myself o f my
,
,
looks well and came up the street a s if sh e had legs very manif est a d vantages for observations on its
,

en o ug h
symptoms an d treatment
I h Op e Ishall be forgiven if Isuspected he would My horse went home to E xeter sixteen miles in
.

n ot believe m ore than half Isaid when Irepli ed

, ,

n e style with n o symptom of disease e x cept once , ,

,
giving him the literal truth S h e is six years o ld in a mile or two a slight cough S tra ightway I , .

an d sound can trot a mile in three minutes an d

, s trove to learn all that books a n d stablemen ca n ,

w i l l be likely to kick your brains o ut if you take tell o f the heaves an d to try all known remedies ,
,
.

her in the course o f a week

, He assured me that I
n its common form it is thought to be a forma
.

his horse was perfectly sound and kind ; that his tion of air-cells on t e outside o f the lungs ro m
h ,
price wa s three hundred dollars and that he would which the air escapes with dif culty S ometimes , ,
swa p right addin g coolly Ishould l ike t o see on dissection the proper air-cells o f th e lungs are
.

o n e horse that is uglier than I

,
am foun d to be ruptured an d generally there is in a m .

Iproposed to drive his horse alone to which the mation of the throat and windpipe Th e theories
,

, ,

owner at once assented an d Isteered straight o ff to about it are various I

.

, t is often said that the lungs .

the stable of a man famous for his skill in horse have n o t room f or action an d t hat food should
,
e sh whom Ihad known when Iwas a boy there at t h erefore be given in a condense d form and in a
,

,
,
P inkerton A cadem y and asked him to examine the moderate quantity and this Ishould regard a s
,

animal with me We drove him out of sight an d correct were it not notorious that horses at gras s
.
,
, ,
gave him a thorou g h investigation We tried him where they eat enormously and keep their stom .
,
in all h is paces walk trot an d canter forward and a chs distended are usually relieved of their worst
, , , , ,
backward examined his teeth his feet his knees symptoms
, , , , .

his eyes We observed his breathing spoke of the Itried all sorts of heave powders on my patient
.
,
,
glanders the heaves broken wind and various oth with n o effect whatever I
, , t is said that in a lime , .

er ills which horse d esh is heir to He was youn g stone country this disease is unknown an d lime wa
-
.
,
,
and large an d handsome and eet and to all ap ter wa s prescribed with no apparent advanta ge
, , , .

p e aran c e sound and mana g eable ; and yet we were S ome o n e told m e to give the horse ginger and ,
perfectly satised that the horse had some defect strange to tell Ifound th at a tablespoonful of gin .
,

However Iput a bold face on the matter drove ger given to the G eneral with his oats would cure
, , ,

back to the hotel an d told my m an Iwould give him for the day in half an hour after he had eaten
, ,

him fty dollars to h oot or go along with my o wn it but on giving it daily the e ff ect soon ceased I
, t , .

horse With out d riving m y mare an inch he qui is a j ockey s remedy an d will last lon g enough to
.
, ,

e t ly unhitched his own horse from h is sleigh and swap upon F inally Iwa s advised to cut my :
,
.
,

exchanged harness put him to my sleigh an d pock horse s fodder an d give it always we t Ipursued

, , ,
.

eted his fty dollars hardly losing a whi ff of the that course carefully keeping the G eneral tied with
, ,

cigar he was smoking Iconf ess Iwas a little so short a halter that he could n o t eat his bedding
.
,

startled at hi s perfect composure but with a frien d gi ving him chopped hay an d meal three times a day , ,

1y caution to beware o f K ate s heels Ibade hi m an d n ever more th an a bucket of water at a time

,
.

farewell . He improved rapidly Ihave kept him ve years .

,

Ihad but ve miles to drive that afternoon to making h im a f a ctotum carriage horse saddle , ,

my native town of C hes ter where Istabled my new horse plow and cart horse an d he bids fair to re
, ,

horse for the ni g ht Ig ave him the name of the main uss f ul for ve years to come K ept in t his
. .

G eneral it being a ti me of political excitement way his disease does n o t lessen his value for speed
,

, ,

when both candidates bore that title Inever min or labor a single dollar When the boys grow ca r e .
,
.
148 N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . M ARCH

less , give him dry hay he informs m e o f it in a Veterin a ry I

an d n s titu te which gives a brief history of the
, ,

f e w d a ys ey the Pe ee h e r c o ugl k l have me n t 0 n e d 3 horse his uses treatment and importance and al so
.

} , , ,
but somet i mes f or s1x month s together no i nd i ca of the a bu se s which revail and the necessity of
, ,

t ion of disease is visible and he would pass or a f P ,

a cm the Ve t e rmal y me d l cme Of our C ountry up

,

sound horse with th e most knowing in such matters p l g

"

There is no doubt th at clover hay probably because on the b aSiS W h iCh it merits Th e paper is a capi
,
.

o f its dust often induces the heaves

, S table keep tal one and ought to be read by a ll wh o have t he .
,

e rs with u s refuse it altogether for this reason

, charge o f horses There is also an E ssay on D iet, .
, ,
M any suppose that t h e W l n d of the horse 1s a ff e c
a paper on C hronic C ough one on th e present
1:9 d b y t h e h ea l es so t h at fast d rm n g a t any ume
,

prevalent d i sease among horses one i ll u sm -

will as we express it put him o ut of breath With
, ,
on g .
,

my horse it is n o t so ,
horses wh i ch we 1n ten d to copy an d several t O p
, , ,

When the G eneral was at the worst rapid driv ics are di scussed all of an interesting an d practical

, ,

mg W hen J
, ust from the S table W e l ld mere e se b l e character Th e work ought to be well sustained : . .

di ffi culty but a mile or two o f m oderate exercise Th e number for F ebruary has a most S pirited en
,

would dissipate the symptoms entirely We have

m 0 f the horse W owned J S
,
.

av l ld A 11 b y
occasionally what are called w in d broken horses g
- r
g : 3
o

which are nearly worthless for want of wind They D urgin 0 f F iSh e rS Viue N H the C on C I
, ,
U S iO 0f : o o
,
. ,

c an never be dri v en rapidly W ithout great distress the article on diet articles on horse i nuenza
O , , ,

and frequently gi ve o ut ent i rely by a few m i les black leg m cattle &c , .

driving This is thought to be a di ff erent disease

. .

Th e G eneral s case is Isuppose a fair example

, ,

o f the he a ves .

I have no doubt that regular feeding with A SN A K E CO MBA T .

chopped and wet fodder and e xclusion of dust from C ombats between th e rattle an d black snakes are
,

h ay fed to other animals in the same stable would certain if they meet and the black snake is with ,

render many horses now deemed almost worthless rare exceptions t h e conqueror Upon seeing each ,
, ,

and which manifestly end ure great su ffering equal other those animals instantly assume the ir respect ,
, .

l y valuable for most purposes wi th those that are ,

sound ive attitudes of deance and display,

the great dif ,
.

A n d now my dear sir i f you will call on me

ference in their organization Th e rattlesnake coi l s .

,
itself u
p ready
when the snow has gone and the birds begin to snake being a constrictor m oves about from side for,
attack o r defence ; the black ,
,

sing Iwill show yo u the G eneral fat an d sleek to side and is in constant activity naturally ex
, ,

.
, ,

Ishall be glad also to show the coun try g en tl emen citing each other s passions Th e rattlesnake n al
, ,
,

o f our neighborhood o n e whom they already know

.

ly settles down into a glowing exhibition of an imos

,

by his works as a man who h as done much to ity its fan gs e x posed its rattles in constant agita
,

make the earth fruitful and beautiful and to en tion Th e black snake seemingly conscious that ,
, ,

hance the enj oyments of R ural L ife the moment o f strife has come now commences .
.
,

circling round its enemy absolutely m oving so ,

Th e above account of How Ibought a Horse swiftly that it seems but a gleam of dull light ; the

t hat had the Heaves and how Itreated that D is rattlesnake attempts to follow the movement but
, ,

ease was furnished some time since for the col soon becomes confused and drops its head in de
,

,

umus o f the C oun try G ent lema n by H E NR Y F spair ; then it is that the black snake darts upon , .

F R E N C H E s q o f E xeter N H Th e spirited style the back o f its deadly foe seizes it between its teeth
, .
, , . .
, ,

in which it is narrated will give double effect to the and springing upward envelopes the rattlesnake in ,

lesson it teaches Though extensively C opied at its folds Th e struggle though n ot long is pain
. .
,

th e time of its publication we think it well worthy ful ; the combatants roll over in the dust and get, ,

of a wider circulation as well as a convenient form entangled in the bushes ; but every m oment t he
,

f or frequent readin g I llus tr a ted n n ua l R eg i ster black snake is tightening it s hold until the ra t ,

qf R ura l a i rs t l esn ake gasps for breath becomes helpless an d

'

.
, ,

dies F or a while the black snake stil l retains its l .

R E MA RK S W e have oft en had an agreeable grasp ; you can perceive its muscles working with
.

ride at the e xpense of

Th e G eneral s stren gth and
constant energy ; but nally it cautiously uncoils it

self and quietly betakes to the water where re cov ,

have seen h i m at the plo w an d in all sorts of har ering its energy it dashes about a moment as if in ,
, ,

,
n e ss an d everywhere conducting himse lf as a very exultation and di sappears from the scene
,
,
.

s e n sible an d powerful animal Proper treatment .

in feeding working and stabling will accomplish

, ,

more than all the nos trums of the shops as will be F th N ew E g l d F mer or e n an ar .
,

seen in this c a se A t the age of een the G en .

ME A SUR E MI LK , .

eral is still s ound as he w a s when one o f the F an

"Hotel and accosted

M R E DI T OR W e are accustomed t o look t o .

c
y stept out of C amerons

o u r th ose in authority for guidance in the ways of life .

A ssociate with Well friend do you wan t to buy Ih ear much said about the meas ure of milk
, , , My .

s uch a horse as that ? milkman has lately altered his measure from beer

measure to wine measure and his price fro m seven ,

to six de n ts per quart Iwish you or some of y our .

TH E VE TE R I N A RY J ou t ru n Th e number of this statistical c orrespondents would inform which gams ,

useful work f or January co n tains a lecture by D D by t h is change P . .

SL A D E M D del vered at the opening o f the B os ton F e b 1 85 6

i
.
, . .
.
,
185 6 .
N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . 149

TH E TR E E S OF A ME R I
CA .
force the formation o f fruit as to keep the vine ,

with in bounds for in good soils they a re all rapid ,

Under this title D r R U PI PE R of Woburn . . .
, ,
growers Th e small limbs branching from the
Mass has issued the rst number of a work o f sur
.

.
,
main stem may be cut back to three buds ; each
passing interest and beauty I t is in quarto form ,
,

o n e of these buds will make fruit S o if each one

.

pr inted on ne heavy paper with large and hand , ,

of the lateral branches pro duces three bunches of
some type and illustrated with a beautiful vignette ,
,
grapes the vine will m ake a splendid yiel d Th e
an d a portrait of the G ia n t R edwo od copied by
.
,
,
main vine may be cut back when it is necessary
permission and g iven in another column of this , ,
,
but if fruit be the obj ect only prune the laterals
paper the A ss ab e t O ak on the R andall estate at , .

, ,
I f the vine wants invigorating dig in a mould from
S tow a n d th e A very E l m at S tratham N H ,
. .
,
, ,
the woods and swamps with a li ttle good guano ,
D r PI PE R is a genius We have seen various S pec
,

o r hen manure with it around the roots not mere

. .

, ,
im ans o f his artistic skill which are wonderful His .

l y a t t h e b a se b u t t e n o r t wen t y f ee t f 1 0 111 I t

I llustrat i ons m s urgery wrth the i r e xq msrte color i ngs ,

Train the vine t o trellis or posts before the buds
,

would alone g i ve any man an e n V1abl e reputat i on

b e g m t o SW 8 1o th erm se the b U d S may be m h b e d
,

and so would his transfers of the frost-work on win

O " and lost P rune Imme dl a l e ly before the warm
,

dows also colored in any desirable tint That th e

sun and a n starts t h e S ap
.
,

reader m ay better unders tand the purpose of the

D octor we give below his own explanation .

Th e subscriber proposes to publish a work on F the N w E g l d F m 01" e n an ar er .

TRE E S O F THI S C O U N T RY accompanied with steel

e ngravings of such trees as are of interest on ao
ST A TE R E,
F O R M S C H OOL .

co unt of their size and hi story & c L ike their com MR E D IT OR Iwas pleased with the inquiry in
, . .

patriots the S oldiers o f the R evolution many of your last as t o t h e S tate R eform S chool at w est
, ,

these venerable trees will soon have passed away borough I t seem s to me your correspondent w a s , .

and it seems an obj ect of much interest to preserve right in considerin g this on e o f the noblest of the ,

their memory for t h e future E very other civilized institutions of the S tate both in its o rigin an d in
.
.

country has done this work makin g it a matter of its object Th e generous founder wh o appropria , .
,

national concern We have trees in our c ountry ted nearly on e hun dr ed thous a n d doll a rs o f his pat
.

as beautiful a s any o f which foreign coun tries c an rimon y to t h is institution had enlarged views of ,

b e ast and 0 f far greater magnitude ; m any oi W hich its utility I

, t is the bounden duty of the S tate to .

possess to us also much historical interest

, , see that these views are carried out to their full ex .

To the description o f each particular tree will be tent ,

added whatever may be deemed o f interest in re C ompare it with other public institutions such as ,

gard to the culti v ation o f the species to which it the S tate Prisons the S tate A lms Houses th e
belongs giving the best meth od of transplanting & c S tate Hospitals and the like all these are well
, , .
,

I n this department the author has in addition to enough I n their place ; but what is this to provide
,

his o wn exp rience the promise of the aid o f th e for those that are us ed up and from whom there is
e , ,

most eminent A rboriculturists in this country no longer hope of bene t t o the community N ot .
.

It is intended to give twelve or more P lates dur s o with the youth sent to Westborough To be sure .
,
mg the year addin g perhaps a few fore i gn trees of they m ay have the misfortune to be without the
,

note for compar i son

, protection and guidance of parents but they are
.
,

Th e work will be issued in Quarterly P arts each not wanting in physical and mental energy ; an d if ,

Part containing at least three plates with th e de properly guided they will be found the seed of hope ,

scription Price o f one year s subscription t wo dol ful promise
.
, .

lars payable in advance

,
R U PI P E R There are several hundred boys between the
. . . .
,

ages of ten to twenty entirely under the control of ,

th e guardians o f this institutio n Provision is made .

TH E G R A PE V I NE for binding them out to s ervice ; but this is n o t c om .

ulsory i f they can be better instructed and em

p
O ur people are taking a great interest in the ployed on the farm ,

culture of the grape and since the success of Mr Where could there be a better opportunity to .

BU L L in introducing a variety at once excellent educate and discip l ine good farmers ? Th e connec
, ,

in avor and so early and hardy as to ripen before tion of this school with the B oard o f A griculture
,

o ur usual autumnal frosts and withstand the low

was a happy idea Here you have a board o f su .

e rvisio n drawn from every section o f the S ta te

,
p
temperature of our winters there is great e n cour selecte d by the best o f farmers in those sections
,
,

a e men t for renewed e ff orts coming together not for the purpose o f enriching
g .

O ur object n o w is however to make a suggestion themselves by pocketing high salaries but for the
, , ,

or two to those already possessing vines in di fferent noble purpose of doing good if it be possible to

stages of growth an d those we nd at hand in nd an organization from w h ich much is to be

,
hoped this is the one With all my heart I say
T he S o il of the S outh an excellent paper pub
.
, , ,

Ja n 2 8 185 6 , S PE E D TH E PL ow
I
.
, . .

li sh e d at C olumbus G eorgia t says Whatever , .

,

pruning is to be d one should be done n o w Th e R E MA RK S Th e writer of the above is not only

,
.

native vines are found only to succeed well in open well acquainted with the institution a n d the farm 0
c ul ture They will n ot need prunin g s o much to whi ch he S peaks but from an e x ten ive kno wledge
.
, s
 15 0 N E W E N G LA N D F A R MER . MAR C H

and constant observation of other farms in the I f your land is already in sward and n eeds re
S tate knows what may be accomplished at the
, setting another method is to tur n th e so d under
,

S tate farm under a j udicious management

, T here . eight to twelve inches dress with compost manure , ,

is an opportunity to implant a love of rural l ife that harrow n ely and so w grass a n d turnip seed to ,

shall guide hundreds of these unf o rtunate boys gether in the last of July o r rst of A ugust Th e
, .

thr ough l ife in the paths of usefulness a rd peace We . turnip n ot exhausting the soil much costs l ittle
, ,

regard the a g ricu ltu ra l t eachings there properly more than the expense of gathering and will a fford ,

d irected to be of as much importance as the m oral

, an excellent change with the dry food o f winter .

and educational in their schools and be lieve our , (b ) C rops that precede seeding down to grass
.
,

Opinion would be sustained by the facts if the lives , should be such as leave the ground mellow and ,

and characters of all wh o have left the i n stitut ion , free from weeds ; and for this reason hoed crops
could be ascertained . are to be preferred such as turnips potatoes corn , , , ,

peas and beans .

E X TR A CTS A N D R E PL I
ES .
If your farm as you s ay is stony and rather , ,

O L D DA Y S C .
wet you w ill be quite l ikely t o commit an error
,

common to most o f us that O f atte mp ting to culti

his month has had an uncommon number Of

c old days Ihave kept a minute so far as follows

vate too much land S uppose you 88 16 a S mg e

1 856 J a n ua ry 5 , M e rc u ry at 7 A M 26 b e l o w z e ro .
acre or eld thorough ly dral n It plow d eep ma

J b
. .

a n u a ry 7 , Me mo ry at 7 A M 24 e l o w z e ro . nure liberally an d cultivate w ell every w a y an d

J M 12 b
. .
, ,
a n ua ry 16 , Me rc u ry at 7 A e l o w z e ro .
J m 10 b keep an exact account with it for three years doi n g
. .

a n u a ry 2 1 , Me rc u ry at 7 A e i o w z e ro , ,

J M 20 b
. . .

2 2 Me rc ury 3 7 A e l o w z e ro '
a n u a ry '
the sam e by an equal am ount of land m anaged in the
Mon tp eli e r Vi :
C H A RL E S B O WE N .
ordinary way and then compare prots an d let us , ,

know the result This would be the wa y to asc e r

SEE DIN G L A N D T O G RA S S D IF F E RE N T M OD E S 0 F tain whi ch mode would ensure the largest prots .

DO IN G IT W H A T C RO P S SH O UL D P RE C E D E IT .

MR E D IT OR A s you have a column dedicated

TH E N E W E N G L A N D F A R M E R
.

t o E xtracts and R eplies

Ishould l ike to inquire ,
.

what is the best crop to seed land down with ? (a ) D E A R SIR Th e specimen n u mbers of the N . .
'

A lso what the best crop to raise before that wit h a E F a rmer sent m e some weeks ag o were read ,
.
,

good coating of manure ? (b ) M y farm is stony n ith n o small degree of satisfaction I kno w n ot
.
,
.

and Iwant to know the grass that will be the most how a farmer can spen d a dollar to better a dv an
ro t abl e and still leave the land in the best pos tage than to enroll his n ame on your subscription
p ,

sible condition for grass list P a y i n a dva n c e makes subscribers like both
. .

I am not able to drain my farm yet and as it is editor and paper a hundred per cent better than , .

rather we t to work to advantag e at all seasons it when they kno w they are in debt to both ,
.

is very desir able to have it produce well as long as

possible when once down to grass J B F
C RO P S IN C H E S T E R C O UN T Y P E N N
. . . .

L eba n on O ct 185 5 , .

, , .

IV e had a ne fall but January h as b een severe

R E MA RK S (a ) Th e quer i es Of J B F mg wi th good sleighing Wheat appeare d well before
a n , ,
' . . . .

gest a e p y e xtended to a co m mn or more b i t

.

f l f
i

the ground wa s covered an d there is a large quan

he may be afforded some my put in W e h a d good crops o f co m a n d p o m
,

we th i nk I n a e w words , .

reli ef I
. f your land has been planted a year or toes There will n o t be as much corn put in the .

two a n d yo u wish to la y it down in t h e S pring coming spring as last because so much of the
, ,
,

plo w deep manure and pul v e ri ze well and 1f th e ground is occupied w ith wheat
.
0
.

, ,
N ea r L ewis vill e P a C R . .

soil is a heavy loam inclined t o be wet and tena

.

,
,

cions sow oats with your grass seed at the rate o f

,

two and a half or th ree bushels to the acre ; but if TO C OR R E SP ON D E N Ts A rticles have been rs .

the land is a gravelly loam sow barley from ve to ceive d on Willow F ences How to raise C olts Sin
, , ,

seven pe eks per acre according to the richness of gular A pple Things in V ermont S outh D own
, , ,

Yo u m ay S heep I

th e soil a n d the stat e of the season n R egard to C e pt S ymms s H e ie L iq ui d. , ,

plant corn cultivate without hills and at the Ma nnre S Horse R acing at C attle S hows Preserv
, , , ;

third hoeing sow grass seed and rake it in Th e in g F ore S tS B arn S F arm B uildings Use O f Plaster . , , , :

corn keeps the ground moist facili tates the sprout Planting C ut P otatoes Poultry R earin g Prepara
, : . ,

i n g and springing of the germ and shelters t h e tion for M arket & c O rcharding for S tock a ne , , .
, ,

young plant when it is up I n harvesting the corn A yrs hi re C o w S cience an d the F armer G reen C orn
.
, , ,

the stalks should be level with the ground s o as for S oiling R eports on C e Sh mel e G oats E xp e ri , ,

,
'

not to interfere with the scythe when mowing the ments With superphosphate 0 f L ime Th e O pen P0 ,

grass crop t h e next season This is one o f the s ur l e l S e e Th e P10 W G reen e e d Management Of
.

: ,
r
,

es t methods of seeding down land to grass and we S tock S tate R eform S chool & c These articles a re , , , .

believe one of the cheapest ; we have never known mostly from practical farmers and wi ll be given as ,

a crop to fail when seeded in this way o ur limits will pe rmit . .

185 6 . N EW ENGL AN D F A R ME R . 15 1

AN O C E AN RI
VE R I
N TH E PA CI
FIC .
F or the N ew Englan d F ar mer .

L ieut B ent o f the U S N avy read an interest COMME N D A BL E F E A TUR E .

.
, . .
,

mg p a 1)er be fore the N e w Yorl G e o ra p hical and o

If c ommen d llnon g omn mn ly a mma te s man kmd

would the ment i on o f the commenda ble features of

S ta m s ma l last W eek o } the e mst en ce of an the F a rmer animate i ts contributors to perfect an d
f f
ocean r i ver i n the Pael c owmg to the n orthward to perpetuate them 9 Th e hope that it would has
,

,
,

an d eastward along the coast of A sia and corres incited m e to mention on e which every contributor ,

pondi ng in every essential particular with the G u lf can h lp perfect an d p erp e tuat eg an d t l C h a dd }
, ,
not a h t t le to the i nterest and C i rculat i on of thi s
stream of th e A tlantic e nd a brief report of
r
valuable paper w h ose inuence for popular educa ,
this valuable paper in the N e w York E ven i ng P ost tion is inestimable I t is the distinct signature of ,
.

from which we condense a fe w of its facts each contributor an d the town from whence th e .
,

Th e e x istence of a strong northeast current on communication comes How natural before read .
,

the coast of Japan wa s noticed by C ook an d other in g a piece for the e y e to glide down the colum n ,

t o see what town is represented Will each writer

early navigators a n d the Japanese have given it the .

,
give his town thereby ensuring extra interest to ,
name o f the K uro-S iwo or B lack S tream from his communication and oblige many a

,

,

,
its dark blue color as compared with the adjacent B rookeld D ec 185 5
, YE O MA N , .
, . .

ocean S pringing from the great E quatorial cur

.

rent o f the Pacic the oceanic stream extends from ,

MA N A G I N G BE E S
t he Tropic o f C ancer on the north to C apricorn
.

, ,
SA X T ON C O MPA N Y N Y have published a lit
with a width on the south of three thousand miles , . .
,

tle M a n ua l or a n ea sy Method of M a na g ing B ees

,

and a velocity o f from twenty to sixty mil es a day .

, ,

wi th i nf a llibl e r u l es to p reven t their d es tru cti on by

Upon reaching the coast of A sia it is di verted to
the M oth I t is by JO HN M W E E K S o f S al isbury
,

the west and in passing through the great Polyn e

.
.
, ,
,
Vt and has an A ppendix by WOO ST E R A F L AN
sian A rchipelago is split into innumerable streams , ,
. .

,
DE RS of N o rthe ld V t We have had su f cient
which di ff use a fertilizing warmth over that portion
.
, ,

experience as a bee -master to know that both these

of the globe Th e in f luence of the K uro-S iwo up
,
.

gentlemen must have had a good deal of experience

o n the climates o f Japan and the west coast o f
l n their subj ect to write as the y have a s the work
,

N ort h A merica is as might be expected as strik ing ,

as that of the G ulf S tream on the coasts border ing

, ,
ab ounds with excellent suggestions and directions ,
.

th e N orth A tlantic
I t s descriptions of the bee an d its management are
F rom the insular position of
clear and pleasantly written Hav i n g never seen
.

Japan with the intervening se a between it and the

.

,
the practical worki n gs of the hive which they rec
continent o f A sia it has a more equable cli mate
omme n d we cannot speak o f it from any personal
,

than we enj oy in the U nited S tates Th e soften

,

I
.

in g inuence is also felt on the coasts of O regon

knowle d ge t is for sale by B e dd in g C o B os . .
,

t on price twenty-v e cents

and C aliforn ia but in a less degree perhaps than
.
,
, , ,

t hose of the G ulf S tream on the coasts of E urope ,

owing to h e greater width of the Pacic ocean over
t B O YS D E P AR TM E N T .

the A tlantic S till the winters are so m ild in P a

.
,

get s S ou nd in lat 4 8 deg north that snow rarely
, .

E A R L Y ME N TA L A CTI
.
,
VI TY .

falls there and the inhabitants are never enable d to

,
xperience says r S pu rz h e im demonstrates

E D
ll their ice houses for the summer a n d vessels tra , .
, ,

that of an y number of children of equal in telle c ,

d ing to Pe trop aulowski and the coast of K amtsch at

tual power those wh o receive no particular care in ,
ka when becoming unwieldly from accumulation of chi ldhood and w h o do n o t learn to read and write
,
,

ice on their hulls and rigging run over to a higher until the constitution begins to be consolid a ted but
, ,

latitude on the A merican coast an d thaw out in wh o enj oy the benet of a good physical education , ,
,

very so on surpass in their studies those w h o c om

the same manner that vessels frozen up on our own , , .

mence earlier and read numerous books when very

coast retreat again into the G u l f S tream until f a young Th e mind ought never to b e cultivated at .

v ore d by an easterly wi nd the expense of the body ; a n d physical education

.

ought to precede that of the intellect and then pro ,

cee d simultaneously with it without cultivati n g one

HO W T O R A I SE ME L ON s W e would in vite the faculty to the neglect of others ; for health is the
,
.

attention of all lovers o f good melons to the a dver base an d instruction the ornament of education ,
.

t isement on the cover o f this N umber of S C L et p a rents then check rath er t h a n excite in , . . ,

A beel Th e e d itor of the Wis co n si n F a r mer says :

.
their children this early disposition to mental ao ,

tivi ty o r rather let them counterbalance it by a

F rom what we kno w of Mr A b ee l s method we , , ,

due proportion o f physical and g ymnastic exercises ;

.
,

think there is n o humbug about it When a resi f or it is n o t so much the intensity as the continuity .

dent o f J an esv ill e we live d neighbor t o him thr ee o f the mental action which is inj urious to the con
, ,

years and know that he has unbounded success in

,
s t itu ti on L e t them not cause the a e of cheerful
g .

cultivating melons raising from on e to ten acres

ness to be spent in the midst of tears and in slav
ery ; let t h em not change the sunny da ys of child
annually

.
hood into a melancholy gloom which can at best , , ,
 15 2 N E W E N G L A N D F AR ME R . MA R C H

onl y be a source of misery and bitter recollection in L A DI E S

D E P AR TM E N T
maturer year s
.

P hysical e x ercises and the cultivation o f the p er

c e p tive faculties should with the reading o f moral D O ME STI , C R E CE I PTS .

and instructive books for m the principal occupations

M I
,

o f children Their expanding frame requires the

.
T o A K E N D I AN P U DD I N G R ea l G en ewi ne .

Y -Take three pints of scalded

invigorating s timulus of fresh air ; their awakening a n k ee P u dd en .

organs seek for e x ternal obj ects of sense ; their milk add a s much ne yello w I ndian meal as will
d awning intellect incessantly calls f o r the action o f be S um
, ,

eie n t to m ake a s ti batter a n d a teacupful ,

t h eir observant powers This is the g mat law of of molasses Wi th salt to your taste B oil it fo ur
.
, .

N ature Sh e h as given to t h e child th a t restless hours or even longer for boilin g does n ot hurt but
, , , ,

acti ity that buoyancy of animal spirits that

v ,
I mproves i t A few ripe che rries or whortleberries
,

rying I nquisitiveness which makes him delight W 111 also impro v e it M any think a small portion
I n constant motion an d in the observation of n e w 0 f Suet (bee p s ) C hopped n e W ithout t h e l m3
p
o

, ,

obj ects I
.f these wise intentions of Providence be good an d even better addition It is to b e eaten .

not frustrated ; i f he b e allowed to give himself up with butter a n d molasses of course , .

to the sportive feelings of h is age he will acquire a This ne dessert of R evolutionary mem ory should ,

healthy constitution and a physical and perceptive occasionally have a place on every man s table
,
.

development which are t h e best preparation for D own E ast it often c omes to hand O ut West it
,
.

I quite too rarely foun d O hi o F a rmer

mental labor .
s .

O f the men wh o have conferred benet on soci BA K E D I N D I A N PU DD I N G Take three pints of

ety and have been t h e admiration of the world the scalded milk one han d ful of wheat our three
.

, ,
, ,
greater number are those who from various causes e gs an d as much I ndian meal as will mak e the
, ,
g ,
have in early li fe been ke p t from school o r from w h ole thick lik e batter for pancakes A d d on e ,
serious study They have by energetic an d well gill o f molasses and salt to your taste B ake thr ee
.

.
,
.
,
directed e fforts at a period when the brain wa s hour s Ohi o F a rmer
,

ready for t h e task acquired knowledge and dis

.

, ,

played abilities which have raised them to the high B E S T N E W E N G L A N D JO H N N Y C A K E Tak e on e

est eminence ih the different walk s in li fe in litera quart of buttermilk one tea-cup of our two-thirds , , ,

ture the arts and sciences in the army the senate o f a tea cupful of mol a sses a little salt on e tea
, , , ,
-
, ,

the church and even on the throne Th e history S poonful of saleratus o n e egg (beat o f course )
, .
, , .

o f the most distingui shed among those who have Then stir in I ndian m eal but be sure an d n o t put ,

received an early classical education su f ciently in too much L eave it thin so th in t h at it will ,
.

proves that it is not to their scholastic instruction almost run Bak e in a tin in any oven a n d to ler ,
.
,

but to self education after the period of school that abl y quick I
-
f it is n o t rst rate a n d li ght it will ,
.
,

they chiey owed t h e ir superiority be because you make it too thick with I ndian meal . .

D avid t h e sublime author o f t h e P salms follow S ome pre fer it without molasses
, , .

e d in his early occupations the dictates o f nature ;

A N I C E D I S H F OR B R E A K F A S T Take o n e egg
he h ad in his youth muscular power to tear asun .

der the mouth of a lion to resist t h e grasp of a and beat ,

it up add a teaspoonful of salt p our into , ,

bear and to impart to a pebble velocity suf cient it about two -thirds of a pint of water then slice
,
,
,

t o slay a giant N apo l eon when in the school o f

some bread d ip it in and fry in a little butter , ,
.

S erve warm and you wi l l nd it an excellent dish

.
,

B rienne was noted in t h e quarterly reports of that

.
,
,
O hi o F a rmer
instit ution as enj oying good health ; n o mention .

was ever made of h is possess i ng any mental supe

riorit y ; but in physical e x ercises he u as always
, A PIT Y Th e you n g P rince of Wales a lad o f , .
,

foremost S ir I saac N ewton accor di ng to h is own about thirteen or fourteen is it seems alrea d y by a
.
, , , ,

statement was inattentive and ranked very low in sad mixture of bo yishness and d issipation giving no
, , ,

the school which he had n o t entered until after the little uneasiness to the matern a l heart of the Queen
, ,

age of twelve Th e mother of S heridan long re wh o has honestly enough no doubt tried all that a
.
, ,

garded him as the dullest of her children A dam mother could to keep h im out o f harm s way .
, .

C larke was called a grievous dunce by his rst With the education learni n g power an d religion of

, ,

teacher ; an d young L iebi g a booby by his em all E n g l and with its S tate C hurch at their backs
, ,

ployer Sh aksp e a re M oliere G ibbon N iebuhr the royal pair possessing n o little education and
.
, , , , , ,

B yron Humphry D avy P orson a nd many others taste th emselves nd the same difficulty that G eorge
, , , , ,

were in like manner undistinguished for early a p I IIdid and all other kin g s have do n e from Henry .
,

p lication to study and for t h e most p art indulged I II downwards the difculty of providing the
, , , .

in those w h olesome bodily exercises and that free right kind of m oral education for on e born the heir
d o m of mind which contributed so much to their apparent to the British throne This a rises in part
, .

future excellenc e l m ed no doubt from the anomaly of his position He is . .

a child educa t ed with th e knowledge that he is one

C O U R A G E A N D D I SC R E TI O N A courageous ram
day to be a kin g the ki n g over every inhabitant of
- ,

G reat B ritain and its dependencies embracing hun

.

took it into h is head to resist a locomotive Th e ,

brave old sheep heard th e whistle the roar and the dreds of millions of human beings with a territory
.

rumble ; he saw the shower of re and glaring eye on which t h e sun never sets A lad with his head
,
.

balls of t h e monster ; he curled u p h is maj estic lled with these ideas su rroun d ed by those w h ose ,

head and he battered his brow into the foe A las ! interest it is to atter an d indulge a ll the w hims o f
,
a child in hopes of being remembered hereafter by
.

poor ram ! n ot a lock of wool n or a p eice of horn ,

the powerful youn g m an may well have his h ead

could b e found Th e owner in lamenting the loss ,

turned had the wisest as well as h e best o f

.
,
h t
of poor rammy said Iadmire his pluck but e ,

confound h is discretion mothers

,

.

,
.
 D E V O TE D TO A G R I
C U L TUR E A N D I
TS KI
N D R E D A R TS A N D SC I
E N CE S .

V OL V I I I. . B O S TO N A P R I L 185 6 , , . NO 4 . .

J OE L N OU RSE PR RI R OP E TO
I
S M ON D IT O R F R E D KH O L B ROOK A S S OC I
A TE
BR OW N E
R
, , ,

HALL .
, .
H EN RY F RE N C H
F .
,
ED I TO S .

G R A SSE S A N D TH E SMA LL GR A I
NS thousand wonders the A lmighty C reator o f heaven .
,

S G RA S S
L L F L E SH I
and e art
.

A n d yet the grass crop so importan t in every

N ever were words ,

m ore true or more respect has n o t received an equal attention with

,
,

full of m e a n i n g the animals that are to be supported by it ,

.

Th e grasses comprise a numerous family some

than those o the
f ,

Prophet Isaiah four thousand varieties ha v i n g been noticed scat ,

,

when he said A l l te re d over various parts o f the globe ; but among,

esh is grass these only some twenty kinds which will in one .

, ,

These four words summer produce rich food independent o f the dry

,
,

simple and unimp ortant as heat and rigid cold o f our climate have been ,

they at rst seem lead to a chosen and some three

,
four or perhaps hal f a , , ,

train of thought and investi dozen of these are under general cultivation among
a tio n that results in the con us Th e grains as we ter m them our c at s rye
g , , ,
.
,

v ic tion that all esh is literally barley wheat and even I ndian corn are as much , , ,
-
grass ; that this is the prim e grass as the meadow cat s tail or red -top Their , .

basis upon which rests all o ur seeds are larger than those of the herds -grass and
,

ag ricultural operations and therefore more conveniently appropriated to o ur

,
,

that without it ci vilization use s o we distingui sh them from the other grasses
, ,
,

n ay life itself could not b e by a specic name and at length are apt to forge t
, , ,

susta ined that they belong to the same genus

.
.

C otton is a ci vilizer and

G rasses said a distinguished philosopher are
, , , ,

m ore than all miss ionary e f N ature s rst care They are the most general ex .
,

fort is introducing th e com forts o articial life tensive and hardy of the earth s productions They
,
f , .

among the ru de and u n tutored in every part o f the are nearly of endless variety and adapted to almost ,

world L ike the introduction of s toves and win dow every climate They endure the trampling of men
. .

g la ss it has shed n e w blessings o n the race ; only and beasts the browsin g of cattle the parching
, , ,

in its importance it far transcends them both D e droughts of summer and the sno ws and ice of win .
,

p rive d of the glass the stove the cotto n and even ter and sprin g into n e w and often more vigoro u s
, , , ,

o f wool a limited number might still supply a few li f e under inuences which to other plants would
, ,

o f the rst physical requirements and live B ut prove destructive

, . .

not so with grass S trike that out an d all anima

.

0 n mountain tops where the warmth of the
, ,

ted existence dies without it : rst the insect race summer s sun is n o t su fcient to ripen their ,

then the gramini vorous or grass-eating animals seeds they live by their roots and with thick clus
, , , , ,

then the c arnivorous or esh-eating an d then in tering leaves protect these roots producing there
, , , ,

the dismal train m an hi mself A n d as if to stamp by the densest and most beautiful verdure A n d it
, . .

the grasses with the seal of usefulness in every is reported by one writer that for the preservation
, , ,

way what a noble an d exalted purpose they di s of the grasses in those localities where the ripeni n g
,

charge in covering the earth with unnumbered of their seeds is importan t the wild beasts guided , ,

forms o f grace and beauty of coloring How beau by a remark able instinct leave untouched the
.
,

tif ull y they adorn the s urface and thus make man stems that support the owers
,
Th e m anifesta .

if est to u s in their very existence and in all their tion of such an instinct would n ot be more wonde r
, ,
 15 4 N E W E N G L AN D F A R ME R . A P RI
L

f ul, command our admiration in any greater de in 185 5 it would undoubtedly reach
or ,

gree than that exhibited in m any other things tons and at ten dollars a ton would be , , ,

yet a more simple and natural explanation o f the 000 Th e cotton crop of 185 3 is valued at $ 12 8 .
,

fact would be that these owers possess a avor of

, Th e hay crop o f M as sachusetts in 185 0 at , ,

some pungent sort which the ani mal feeding does $ 15 a t on amounted to nearly ten millions of dol
, ,

not relish . lars while the cotton crop of S outh C arolina at 4 ct s ,

.

We have said that cotton is a civilizer it would a pound was less th an two an d a halfmillion We b e , , .

indeed be difcult to estimate or appreciate the lieve the corn an d grass crops of Massachusetts will
, ,

blessings it confers on mankind I t not only c om equal in value any t wo leading crops of an y o f the
.

prises the clothing of vast numbers some of whom S outhern S tates leaving our vast mechan ical m an , , ,

would wander naked without it but it enters into ufa cturin g a n d artistic products out of the question
, ,

nearly all the domestic articles we use I t shows in an estimate o f the results o f o ur industrial pur .

the fair page of the book we read or gives us the suits , .

paper on which we write makes a part of the bed C ompared with other c rops very little h a s bee n ,

on which we sleep or the carpet on which we tread ; written o r said in relation to the grass crop We .

is a part of the stock used by th e tailor t h e book know n ot their number or names or but that amo n g , ,

binder cabinet a n d shoe maker and carpenter I

,
- t those indigenous to our soils th e re may be those far ~
.

protec ts the hay o f the farmer encloses his wheat better than 0 11 1
,
h erds -grass re d-t o
p 0 1 CIOV G IS In
,

, ,
'

our and other products in sacks an d gives wings E ngland there are two hundred an d ft een varieties
, ,

to commerce to waft them to the waiting nations of W ell known named an d C U l tiVd t e d With U S a , ,

o

the world ! C otton is also a staple article in our dozen v arie tie S Perhaps W OUI
, ,
d 9 3 113 11813 o ur li st ; , ,

manufactories and gives employment to thousands and ye t some think there is 110 m ore l o0 m for inve s
,

o f the sons and daughters o f N e w E ngland I t tig a tion a n d f o r more accurate knowledge o f the ,

does not only civiliz e it h as rened and elevated thi ngs around 115 3 that hard h an d W O Ik is better '

civi lization itself and given it a thousand forms of and more prO table than seeking after n ew thin gs
,

the beautiful while it h a s supplied our wants ; it is by head-work .

the utile dul ci the useful with the pleasant and Who knows but that in our elds or on the way
, ,

,

its era o f general introdu c tion will be marked in side trampled on a n d despised o f men or perhaps , , ,

the annals o f the world U nlike the grasses how all unknown there is an unobtrusive plant spring
.
, , ,

ever it does n ot ourish except under certain de ing up blossoming an d struggling from year t o
, ,

grees of tem p erature beyond whose limits it is cul year for notice and f or a rmer hold but as often
, ,

t iva t e d in vain . sought an d eagerly fed off by the gra z ing anim al
R ice is another ar ticle of great value and like wh o only knows how to appreciate it ? ,

cotton enters largely into our exports amounting

,
L ike the potato as large as walnuts in its native , , ,

sometimes to nearly four mil lions o f dollars in a state or the peach bitter and dry an d o ff ensive or
, , , ,

single year I t is admirably adapted as sustenance the pear with its hard woody esh or the apple
. , , ,

to t he human system affording a healthful propor tree with its thorns so this humble plant may only
, , ,

tion of nutritive matter to the bulk req uired I t want the fostering care of man to outvie the beautiful .

may be easily an d long preserved and annually purple bloom o f the herds-grass heads or the car , ,

feeds its millions many o f whom eat but little b e mine Of the gracefully tasse lled red-top and yield
, ,

side But like cotton this article c an never b e in nutritive m atter more than either o f these or the
.
, ,

come on e o f general culture as it requires a high richest clovers , .

temperature throughout its growth and to be Why did I nnite Wisdom creat e ,
varieties
grown on alluvial soils not only irrigated but o f grasses ? Was it that man should avail himsel f
, ,

ooded for periods of considerable length of but one or a dozen of these varieties and the . , ,

U ntil lately these two articles cotton and rice others remain unsought untasted and un app ropria
, , , ,

have been prominent in our tables of exports and ted ? O r did He expect that the reason wi th which ,

the nation believed that they were the chi ef p rodu cts he is endowed and the intelligence which he migh t ,

of our agricultural industry that they gave us gain would lead to investi gation and a choice o f ,

credit and character abroad and fed us or prope lled these numerous varieties I ? s there not room then
r
,

the looms in o ur manufacturing districts at home for study and resear ch P W h o shall estim
, ,

ate th e .

We mentio n these particul a r ly because the politi number of our grasses ? Who shall classify them P
, ,

wh o
cal economist seems never to have investigate d and A n d what is a far more important question

compared some other leading crops with them and shall test them in the crucible of science so that the , ,

to afford opportunity for a partial comparison practical farm er may wi th certainty avail himself of , ,

n ow . the advantages which will result from the cultiva

O u reference to the last C ensus we nd the hay tion o f the best varieties ?
crop o f the United S tates for 1840 se t down at Th e two grasses familiarly kno wn an d generally , ,

tons ; in 185 0 it wa s tons ; c ul tivated in Massachusetts are timothy (so calle d

, ,
185 6 .
N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . 15 5

from its introduction into Maryland by the R ev gets such root-hold as to withstand the e ffects o f .

T imothy Hanson ) a n d the red -t o

p and the re d and frost u n less it i s very ,
sever I
n the succe e ding
,
.

white clover or honey-suckle There are the mead summer such elds often yield more than a ton per
.

ow fox -tail the rough co,oks foot or orchard grass acre an d the second ,
S ummer if the operation W as , , :

ta ll fescue rye grass & c but f e w person s however all right from t wo 00 three ti on s We have aecom
'

, , ,
, , .
,

a re able to apply the name with certainty t o the right ph Sh e d this in our own practice
.

variety and the terms are seldom used

,
A more common practice is t o plow in the , ,

N ext t o the adoption o f the best varieties is the sprin g manure an d sow grass seed W ith about three , .

importance of a proper cul tivation o f them Th e bushels of oats t o the acre This course frequently ,
.

a verage product at present is probably about on e

Operates W e h h ut in many ca se s failure is the , ;

ton per acre B ut this is n ot a paying crop and sul t

. Th e c at s sometimes spring into a rapid .

n o good farmer will cease hi s e ff orts u ntil he adds growth shadin g an d ta king entire possession of
'

, ,

half a t on to this average or doubles it When the groun d and utterly precluding the tender grass
, .

the expense o f reclaiming plowing manurin g and plants from an y participation in the rays of the sun
, , ,

seeding down is taken into account it will be seen and with scarcely a place whereon t o stand They ,
.

that on e ton brings little or no prot and thus there gain li ttle in root and but a trie in height are , , ,

occ urs a waste o f energy of time and interest in slender succulent and weak an d when the oat crop
, , , ,

vested in th e land I n order t o accomplish the is cut

.
and the sun blazes in upon their tender ,

result three thin gs mus t be regar d ed

,
heads they quietly lie down an d die just as an y . , ,

1 Thorough drai ning

.
sensible plant would be expected t o unde r such
. ,

2 D eeper plowing
. tre atment
. .

3 Higher m a nurin g
. .
B arley is a better grain to seed down wi th than
Without the rst as a basis to star t upon both oats because it does n ot send out s o many off
, , , .

of the others will in a degree fail to accomplish the S hoots or tiller as much as oats
, ,
.

expected purpose When this is e ff ec t ed there A nother course an d on e f o r which we have much
.
, ,

will be n o standing water t o rep ulse the roots and partiali ty is to hoe the corn crop hat an d at the , , ,

the deep p lowi n g wil l enable them to roam at pleas thi rd hoeing in A ugust S OW th e grass seed an d , ,

u re in search o f agreeable locality or food Here rake I t in Th e process I S n ot a S low o r disagree .

,
.

then is the superstructure ; n ow add the fer tilizing ahi e on e ; in deed I thi nk it ooh h e d on e at muoh
, :

agents subj ectin g the land to hoed crops as far as less cost th an some other mo oes o i seeding to
,
-
,

possible for t wo or th ree years before devotin g it grass I

,
n this POSition the y oung Plants h e"e ,

t o grass fee d in g it liberally j ust before it receives 80 0 d Opportunities for a fair an d Pleasant start i n
,

the seed an d then you have a b as is from which to the world Th e ground is me now an d moist an d
,
,

gather protable crops through all time so long as PIOt ee te d from high W ind by the C om so th at When ,
'

the same process is observed I the tin y seed S t rts an d the tender germ takes
t is simply actin g .
a
hold of a ne i ghb or ng m orsel o f r i ch muck or other
on the consistent rule F e e d your crops and they i

,

f tili zm ma t ter I t I s n ot t o m m aely away b the

wi ll feed you Th e food m ust n ot only be there
.
e r g y ,
:

but under such conditions that they can reach an d W i h a but left t o extrae s its s upph e s an d grow f at i

appropriate it I f it is in cold sprin g wa t er th e y upon them

.
Th e com also breaks the d h e ot rays '

will n o t touch it ; or if t oo near the surface where of the Sh h from the Young grass but leaves su fh ,
,

the sun will smite them by day or cold win ds or oieh t heat to Pass t o Promote their n th When ,

e ol d er vapors C h m th e m by nigh t they will have the sun becomes less ver ti cal an d intense the corn,
,

n o appetite to feed on your pro f fered bounty B ut is us h any topped an d the rays are more freely a d

.
:

give them a m ellow seed bed min gled wi th ferment mitt e e so that W ithout Purposely f aVol ih g the n ew
'

:
,

ing vegetable and animal matters through whi ch crop the operations on the old on e or com seem ,
: : ,

the sun in heaven shall send his cheering beams and exaotly to suit its wants Th e oorh stahs W hen ,

the blessed showers shall percolate and nd their gathered Should b e out olose to the ground 0 1 Wi th

, :

gladsome w ay fructifyin g every little rootlet with a h at oh e t may h e W t a h ttl e below so as to be eh

,
;

t h e l y ou t Of the W ay o f the scythe a t the rst mow

their moistu e a d then you shall have not only
'

r n , ,

your t wo tons but Often three t o the acre ! Under in g

,

these cond tions heat or cold ood or dr aught will

i ,
O h the S h hj e ot o f seeding a n d or h arVeS tih
, g ,
:

have little inuence on a g rass crop ; it becomes some thoughts occu r but we S hould he excee ding ,

on e o f great cert ainty and of generous prot reasonable hmits t o spe ak Of them n ow
, .
.

Where grass is principally desired an d the land We have s aid nothing of the grasses for our pas ,

is not wanted f or ot her crops a practice is now Oh tures and this is a subj ect to o whi ch intimat ely
, , ,

served o f plowin g the sward in A ug us t or S ep tem concerns us all N o branch o f our husbandry so .

ber and seeding at once I

, f the season is favor much re quire s con sid eration as thi s an d w e trus t it
.
,

able a s to mois ture thi s course Operates w el l wil l be th e subj ect of yo ur e arnest in quiry an d in
, .

Th e yo ung grass comes rea d ily gro w s rapi d ly and ve stig a tion , , .
 15 6 N EW ENGLAN D F A R ME R . APR IL

There are many among us wh o seem t o think people would only take the tro uble to weigh a load
0 f the S e nd material intend ed f or f o
tha t t h e earth is possessed of a constitution so p d re s in g in
the mommg O f a dry day before b e mg S pre ail t en

strong so stout and so healthy that n o extreme o f

, ,
at n i ht after bein e x se d to the s un and for
,

ll l l O U S l ; but Ti me
y i o or 12 hour: M i s f it w ill b 9 found that the
,
bad usage can a ffect i t l l lJ y the on l
'

,
,

great ln Stl uetOI is d emonstrating 0 111

'
an d
: diminution of weight is nearly on e-h alf ; the liquid '

warning us to change our m odes of farming W hile and only fertilizing properties of the m ass being .

the husbandman carries forward his works of agri nearly all dissipated in that S hort Pe riO d S h O U I d

cultural improvement he must not forget the in the drought continue b ut for a few days longer n o t ,

one particle of the fertili z in g properties will remain

,

j unction L et the earth bring forth grass I

,

f dis to perform the functions for which they were in .
,

regarding this mandate he shall continue to n e tended O n t-h e other hand li quid preparations go
, .
,

gle c t the investigation an d cultivation of grasses immediately to the roots o f the grass and produce , ,

alm ost instantaneous and saluta ry e ffects provided

.

the annual depreciation of his crops o f corn and ,

o ther grain s will ultimately qua l ify h i m to a

the preparation has been properly fermented and ,
, ppre is o f th e requisite strength L iquid manure can be .

ciate full y the force o f the B elgian maxim JV O provided on almost every farm in ample quantities ,

, ,
r n o s tock n o s tock n o ma n u re n o ma at
third the e xpense o f solid and when pro
g a s s , o n e , ,
perly prepared and applied its e fects are certain
n u re n o cro s
, p . f ,

L et us e hort you then to a more earnest study

x
whereas the former is but a ga m e at chance at the
, ,

o f the cultivation of the grasses their names their

best as far at least as top -dressing grass and m a
, , ,

n urin
g fruit trees are concerned N o t on e p ra c t i ,
.

qualities an d the best modes of cu l tivation L ike cal farmer out of a hundred has given due con sid
, .

rice or the potato for man s o good high -land grass e ra tion to this important subj ect ; and it is al most
,

is adapted to all herbivorous animals a n d as a gen impossi ble to suppress laughter at the absurdity of ,

e ral food will sustain them better than any other

,
many of them purchasing stable manure in B oston \
.

A n d as so large a proportion of the food upon

and other cities at a high price a n d carrying it , ,

sometimes 2 0 miles into the countr y after it has , ,

which we ourselves subsist comes from the grasses been denuded of nearl y every particle of ammonia ,

an d from the animals which they sustain we can n o an d other fertili zing properties by over-heating in , ,

longer wonder at another declaration of the same the cellars in which it is collected ; w h ile the in
prophet whom we quoted in the beginning that valuable liquids in abundance on their o wn farms
,

Sur ely the people is grass

are completely neglected
; their only u se being to
produce pestilential e ff luvia for t h e comfort of the
.

family during the summer months !

F th N w E g l d F m To farmers on a small scale w h o have n o t t h e
or e e n an ar er .

means to provide themselves wi th that i nestimable

L I Q UI D MA N UR E convenience of a water tig ht cellar under their .
-

MR E D IT OR I
,

. n your paper of the 1 2 th inst barns a simple and cheap substitute is easily pro .
, ,

I read with great pleasure an article on this subj ect vided That substitute is nothin g more t h an a ,
.

by Professor J A N ash in which h e describes very ta n k or cesspool bui l t under g round of suitable
. .
, , ,

comprehensively the mode of preparing and dis capacity in proportion to the extent of t h e farm ,

tributing liquid manure by some of the rst far m placed in the most convenient situation for receiv
ers in E ngland and the success attending it , ing the whole liquid refuse of the dwelling house .
-
,

the system thus described however is on too gi the urine of every description from the barn an d
, , ,

g a n tic a scale for general introduction in to this also water from the house pump to dilute the li
country I shall here state in as few words as pos quor a n d prevent smell W hen require d Th e tank
, .

sible my o wn experience in such matters

,
may be constructed o f stone or brick or even ,
, ,

I t has long been a matter of surprise to me that wood as being the cheapest in the outset S pruce , , .

farmers in this section o f the country do n o t avail plank is good enou g h for the purpose an d comes ,

themselves m ore generally o f the many advanta g es C heaper than an y Other material ; a n d if bed d e d ,

to be derived from the proper application of liquid in clay to prevent it f IO rrl decay oh the O utS ld e t h e

fertilizers especially as regards the t O p-dressing of liquor will preserve it in the inside for generations
,

grass lands ; as more prodigal waste has taken to com e ta n k 12 by 6 feet and 4 feet d eep .
, ,

place in the appli cation of solid manure for that C O U l d h e bml t O f this W ood for e hout a n d W ill ,

purpose than in all the other branches of ag ricu1 hold over 17 2 8 gallons which IS su ff ic i ent during
,
_

ture combined I t is easy to perceive that t o

.
p
the season to supply liquid m abundance ,
to top
d ressing grass with barn m anure either clear o r d re ss from 12 to 2 0 acres 0 f grass land a n d il l , ,

composted or any soli d material whatever in com C rease t h e quantity of hay l n a most astonishing
.

, ,

mon u se for that purpose is less or more depend manner I t should have a close cover for the top
, .
,

ent on the quantity of rain that may happen to fall pa rt O f W hieh h O W e Vel Sh O P ld be moVe hl e at ,
'

immediately after the dressing is put o n in order Pleasure W ith a View to cle amng out the bottom , :

to produce the desired e ffect I f that operation is W hen re qmre d ; and in the Permanent part a h O le
.

succeeded by very dry weather little o r no benet Sh ml ld be le ft to admit a W OO d e n Pump W hi e h is

, ,

is derived from it an d the m a terial and also t h e essential for discharging the liquid into t h e dist ri
,

labor are lost ; and even when heavy rains ch an e e bution cart A lso a n aperture for the discharge of .

to fall immedi ately after the process has been com the hawk-house 0 f the fa mily W hich S hould h e in
p l e t e d only about 2 0 per cent
, of the fertil i z in g variably placed rig t a h ov e the cess pool
hst l butl on.
:
-

properties of the manure go to nourish the grass ; A cart f 0 ! the (l l r 0 f the l l q md c a n be

the residue being waste d in atmospheric evapora made in different ways Those used In many parts .

t ion. Proof of thi s ass er tion is always at h a nd if of E urope for that purpose are on the same prin , ,
 185 6 . N EW ENGLAN D F A R ME R . 15 7

ciple , and similar in construction t o those used in accelerates its growth often in a very wonderful
, ,

this country for watering the streets in cities dur degree ; an d h ow much more may n ot be rea son a ,

ing dry weather in summer ; but o n e o f much bly expected from such a combin ation of the kno w n ,

easier and simpler construction may answer all use elements o f fertility as such liquids con tain With , .

ful purp oses to th ose of small means A large a plentiful supply o f such liqui d preparat i ons wh i ch
, . ,

band xed on a pair o f old wheels with a spire f o r are within the reach o f every cultivator o f the sorl
, ,

oxen or shafts f or a horse attached to the axle is from the small garden t o the extensive farm there , ,

all that is wanted ; or the barrel may be placed in is nothi ng to prevent an increase of the crops o f
an ox or horse cast as convenience may di ctat e hay an d fruit four -fold at least if people interested
, ,
a
, ,

with a spout or bo x behind pierced with many holes in such matters would give it a fair trial .

in the bottom f or the even distribution of the liquid Ihave been a practical cultivator of the sorl for
o n the grass With such a cart on e man c an ma over f ty years in different parts of the world an d
.
, ,

nure from 4 to 6 acres in a day whi ch is a great it is only wi thin the last ve years that Ilearned
,

saving in the expense o f labor compared with the the secret of properly prepa rin g an d apply i ng 11
common practice of top-dressing with composted quid manure t o growing crops ; and smee then I ,

manure a topic worthy of some consideration in have seen two three , and even four crops of strong
, ,

this frugal land . grass cut fr om the same ground i n on e season by

I
n order to derive all the advantages fr om this the copious application o f liquid preparat i ons ; and

mode o f manuring grass land special attention for that valuable discovery Ihave to thank Prof e s
,

must be paid t o the p roper fermentation o f the li sor L ieb eg s fami liar letters on chem i st ry ; altho u gh

quid before application as properly fermented an d deadly Opposed t o book farming prev i ous to that
, ,

unfermented liquid may be compared to stro n g date , To C . o

m anure and no manure at all E very o n e at all B everly Wes t B ea ch J

, . an 16 185 6 , , .
, .

conversant with the m ak ing of wine beer and cider ,

knows that these liquors require to undergo a cer R E MA R Ks W e are u nder ob li gat i ons t o the .

tain degree o f fermentation before the y impart that writer o f this article his suggestions an d de scrip
invigorating and stimulating e ffect on those that tions will l ea d many persons to a d o t a system for
p
drink them for which alone their value in propor
l e servmg the best Port i on 0 f the manures 0 f the
,

tion to their relative strength is estimated I n like p .

manner does liquid manure Operate in all its stages f a r m Will he f e v e r us W ith an i n t erVi e W ? o

of fermentation ; as it has to undergo several

chemical changes during that process before it b e
comes t food f or plants Th e next imp ortant A.
G R IC U L T U R E I N M A INE .

consideration connected with this undert aking after som e 0 f the farmers l n Mame h a d a mee tmg at
the fermentation has subsided is h o w to x the the S tate House on F ri day evening I
,
an 18 and , , .
,

am monia and o ther volatile matter that the liquid fr om th e report given in th e M a in e F a rmer it must ,
m ay contam 3 and h o w to a scertam W hen they a re have been an interesting an d pro table on e There
xed Many substances may be use d wi th good
.

0 f opl mo n s an d among
.

e ffect for xin g these volatile princip l es in li quid was amte a p

ree I nterchange t i

manure A n y ingredient o f an acid nature if others the discussion evolved the following
,
, ,

added in su f cient quantity t o decomposing urine

Mr C arr o f B angor said we did n ot do , .
, , ,

x es and neutralizes the ammonia as it is evolved enough in farming ; if it were protable on a small
from the urea and the other nitrogenous bodies of scale it would if rightly pursued be more prota , , ,

urine ; and in consequence very much enriches the ble on a larger scale .

ultimate liquid manure Water as P rofessor N ash I . f we could demonstrate t hi s an d convince o ur

, ,

says is an excellent absorbent of ammonia and is in youn g men o f it it would induce them to stay
, , ,

all c ases a su ffi cient deodorizer provided enough of here instead o f going West and a great obj ect
, ,

it is used This Ihave invariably found to b e cor would be attained

. .

rect ; and would therefore advise a certain quan , Mr Parlin of Winthrop being called upon
, .
, , ,

tity to be pumped into the tank every other day in sta ted that he was a mechan ic but farmed it on a ,

proportion to the amount o f other matter it may small scale he had to h ir e his labor he kept a strict , ,

contain This will completely subdue an y o ffensive account with his farm and nds that this year a f
.
, , ,

odor that may arise from the fermentation of the ter paying all expenses he has $ 45 0 for oversee ,

liquid and add considerably to the bulk o f the ar ing the business
, .

tiele S hould this course be ob ec te d to on account Mr B utman said he had been a f arme r 5 0 years
'

of such quantities of water mak

. .
,

ing the preparation labored with his hands had a sick wife no sons , ,

too weak Iwould sa y add gu ano ni ght-soil cow no daughters has had to hire help an d yet had
, , , , ,

dung or even green succulent vegetables and many made m oney by farming ; when he bought where he
,

kinds of weeds from the garden an d eld to thick n ow lives found six acres o f swamp land near his , ,

en the mass and bring it up to the proper strength b u ildings not wantin g a fr og pond there he com
, .
,

B efore application Iinvariably u se a small quantity me n c e d clearing it and nally got it in a condi tion ,

o f di luted sulphuric acid a s a deodorizer and neu to plow plowed it into beds made the dead furrow , ,

t raliz er o f the am moni a ; and the surest and safest pretty deep and then se t a man to dig it deeper , ,

criterion to j udge by when the li quid is t for us on the 13 th of June following hauled on 100 loads
, ,

ing is its bein g destitute of any disagreeable odor o f manure and sowed to oats and grass had 6 5
,

when stirred about with a stick from the bottom o f bushels o f c a ts per acre which he sold for 5 5 cts , .

the tank That shows conclusively that the whole per bushel ; this paid all the expenses except for
.

volatile principles of the manure are xed an d m anure then laid it down an d has mowed three , , ,

neutralized and prepared for application to the tons to the acre ; has mowed it ever since and h as
, ,

grass or other crops A n y on e may s e e that even cut 120 tons of hay from it during this time Th e
. .

water alone put upon grass While in a growing s tate whole of the labor cost $ 28 to the acre , .
 15 8 N EW ENGLAND F A R ME R . A PR IL

Mr C rane did not agree with Mr G ood a le s rea
. . Many other excellent thi n gs were s aid during
soning he had been left an orphan without pro the evening an d will have an inuence to call out ,
,
perty and whe n twenty-one years o f age he had more to attend the meetings and to turn attention
,

not $ 5 worth of property He had done nothing .

,

but farmin g and was ow ut o f debt and the as

n o,
to the subj ect o f higher modes of cultivation O ur
,
.

sessors rated him the whole made by farm obj e ct mainly in these quotations is t o show the , , ,
\

in
g and by nothi ng else
, opinions o f the speakers wi th regard t o f a rming
.

Mr G oodale said on e reason wh y f arming is n ot a s a r t a bl e a voca tion

p o
.
,
.

more protable is because the farmer does n o t use ,

c apital enough I
n addition t o hi s xe d capital of
.

farm fences buildi ngs & c he should use working

, , , . F
,
th N w E g l d F me or e e n an ar r.

or circulating capital
F A RM W O RK I N TH E W I N TE R
.

What condition would a m anufacturer be in if a f , ,

.

t e r his mill was ready he had n o worki ng capita l ? MR E D IT OR Th e subj ect o f farm work gener
,

.
,

A t this stage o f the meeting Prof B oody was ally i s on e u pon which much has been said with ,

prot and much more nee ds to be sa id particularly , .

, ,
call ed on wh o said he had been in the western by those wh o can talk from experience S om e
,
.

country and from observations and experiments he farmers can n d abundance o f work on the farm in
,

had m ade there he would say that a young man the winter whil e others c an nd b ut little that can
, ,

in Maine need n ot go to the West for fear there be done to a satisfactory prot L et the result of .

wa s n o prot in farming in Maine He had no every one s experience be given through the a gric ul

tural press and at length the e xperience o f each .

,
doubt whatever that if the farmers here would cul will become the wisdom of all and a true system be
,
,
t ivat e less land feed it better and pulverize it well reached
, , ,
I
.

it would be a protable business Th e N e w York Tri bun e recommends farm work .

Mr F rench said t wenty v e years ago he went
-
in winter and I have great respect for th e teachings ,

of the M fr ie n d L D urand of C on
.
,
Tribu n e y
i n to the woods with a wife an d two chi ldren and .
, .
,

n ectic ut thi n ks that b u t little farm work can be done

,

had but two hundr ed dollars in the world bought in winter ,

A llow m e though a plain workman t o

,

a farm o n mortgage family increased to nine chil . , ,

give a specimen
,
of
dren when his so n was sixteen and began to be where cold weather and abundance o f snow are themy experience from a region ,
,

h elp to him he died his buildings were soon after

,

a ll burnt the weevil took his wheat and the rot hi s

u sual accompaniments
,
o f winter A t the falling .

potatoes ; never hired help excepting in haying of the snow I hauled u

p a year
s supply o f wood ,

He now had a farm free fro m debt had a c o m and then commenced hauli n g muck from the muck
.

f ortable home had educated 9 children with c om

bed an d shall continue in th e business as lo n g as
, ,
,
,

mon school education had plenty to eat and s e t b e

the sleighing shall last which will p robably be until ,

i ore his friends and he left it to the meeting to say about the middle
,
of M arch I nd that with on e .

whether farming was protable or not

,
horse I c an average two cords of muck each day ,

Mr Hersey from L incoln stated that he did deliver ed on e mile from the muck bed
.

Th e muck on the bed is eight to t en feet deep

.
, ,

some lumbering business but farming wa s h is prin .

c i i al business ; u sually raises 1000 bushels o f grain

I remove the snow,
an d the frozen muck to the ,

0 j different kinds per year this last year rai sed depth of about a foot is c u t u p and removed from ,

1800 bushels 800 on burnt an d 1000 on plowed

,
the surface of a pit ve feet,
wide an d ten fe et lo n g ,

and then there is no di f culty in shovelli ng the muck

,

land ; as near as he c an j udge his grain costs about

one half what it would bring in market
-
into t h e box on the sled .

Th e advan tages of gettin g out the muck in th e

.

Mr Morrow of S earsmont said the question is

.
,
winter are that an
this is farming protable compared with other reached which cannot be done in th e sum mer y part o f the
,
muck bed
,
c a n be ,
, ,

callings ? I t is the primary business of the S tate

, .

There is a decided advantage in hauling it upon the ,

all depend upon it Th e idea is abroad amon g our

y oung men that farming is n ot protable in M aine
snow
.

and when there are n o pressing calls for labor ,

Thi s idea is maki n g a gainst the best interests o f the

elsewhere on the farm Th e muck load by load
.

.
, ,

S tate it is injuring the commun ity ; n o w if a n y thing g ets well exposed to the action of frost a n d som e ,
,
advantage is gained in compostin g it partially at
can be done to correct this belief by your organi least with stable dun n night soil so that in the , ,

g a d
z at io n or by the L egislature it should be done
, ,

spring I have only to shovel

We will suppose a young man when of age hires and it is ready to be used in the drill There is
,
it over once as it th aws .

, ,
, ,

o ut by the month until he has earned $ 12 00 o r

.

also an advantage in spreadi n g the muck on the

$ 15 00 Th e question comes up to him is farming snow a s a top dressing for grass lands
.
,

protable ? How shall he invest thi s to obtain a Th e muck which Ihauled out last winter w a s .

living ? You can now hardly procure a respecta used last sprin and my crops were h ighly sa tis f ac
ble f arm for $ 1500 but he nevertheless buys a tory an d protable g ,

s o that thi s is not hypothesis

,

farm for $ 12 00 and uses $ 300 to stock it with but experiment and practice
,
, ,

tools an d animals N o w can he sustain himself I might say much on the subj ect of ve etable
.
,
.

rai se a family la nd keep the m in comfortable cir muck not swamp mud as a manure but that g
cu mst an c es through life ?
,

This is the question ( ) m at , ,

ter is perhaps too we

the sentiment is abroad that he cannot and hence M o wn experience has proved it to be highly vall l understood t o require this .

the young men rush into trade go to C alifornia n y , ,

into the professions & c &c
a
N o w he believes that
F rom this brie f statement I think it must be
. .
,

f arming can be made prota ble ; but the farmer ,

conrmed
must have his farm and stock and a l ittle surplus advantage in the winter that f o r me there is work to be done t o , ,
,
MI C HA EL
capital an d he can then by proper mana gement
,
B a n g or F eb 185 6 , ,
. .

make it pro t able .

, .
, .
 185 6 . NEW ENGLAN D F AR ME R . 15 9

v e r been delayed so as to be m ore than fteen

F or the N ew E n g l a nd F ar mer .
e ,

BR A K E S SA W D UST MA N UR E S
- - minutes behind making time on this road some ,

tim e s late caused by non-arrival o f tr ain s on con .

MR E D IT OR .
A cting upon the suggestions in n e c tin g roads
F rom Burli ngt on to R ouse s P oint .
,

y o ur paper I have housed all my manure Ibed (5 7 miles ) lat

,

the trains have n ot been de . .

all my cattle l iberally with brakes an d sawdust It ain e d on e minute by sn ow We have had near . .

allow my bedding to remai n in the stables on e two m onths of uninterrup ted good sleighing an d a ,

week B y this process the brakes are pulverized fair prospect o f a month more
.
, , .

and with the sawdust become per fectly saturated If you are buried in sno w in B oston I advise you
, .
,

Th e knowi ng ones tell me my manure will be burnt t o migrate to V ermont Here yo u would at all . .

What is your opinion ? (a ) How shall Imanage times have found m de paths on our side -walks

in the spring when Icart it ou t ? (b ) Permit m e about to wn m ade by snow plows except in the .
,
-
,

to suggest to the readers of your paper the e con o bus i n ess parts ; and n o day so cold but you might
my o f cutting brakes Iput under cover the rst have se en o ur young ladies walking a mile or more
.
,

year about seven tons of brakes ; with my oat straw j ust for the fun of it ; and as to sleigh-rides ,
7,

an d a few roots and occasionally a little meal Iin the city you can only imagine what sleigh-ridi ng
, ,

have kept t o the p resent time nine head o f cattle is C G OODR I C H . . . .

I n many pastures grass grows with the brake ; the , B urling ton F eb 11 , . .

cattle will not eat this in summer but when made ,

into hay an d fed o ut in winter they readily eat F m N ew E g l d F m

, or ,
n an ar er.
both grass and brake B y yearly m owing the
cane brake gives way to a n er quality and in R UR A L E CON OMY OF TH E BR I TI
.
,

SH ,

ti me the pastur e becomes entirely rid of them

, I SL E S - NO 3 . . .

Yours truly
I
N QUI R ER , .

B ud l a n d F ebru a ry 7 i h 185 6:
Ishall n ow proceed to show how rich E nglis h
, '

agriculture is in cattle as well as sheep E ngland .

R E MA R K S When there is much coarse v eg possesses the nest milch co w r ace in those beauti
.

etable matter there is dan ger of ref a ng as it is ful intelli g ent g entle-looking animals which go n u

,
, , ,

called To prevent this a good supply of peat der the name o f A lderney a n d i n the S cotch A yr ,

shire that ch armin race of cows whose graceful

.
,
cr

mu ok S h od be S tored up an d mmgl e d Wi th the ma ,

forms speckled bi d ez quiet dispositions large ud

'

, , ,
mu e ; bU t if thi s 0 1 103 m is n e t at h an d the h eap ders and rich luxuriant supply o f milk realize the

:
'

: : , ,

must be watc h ed A s long as it is kept dry there idea of pastoral life S h e possesses also the short
.
, .
,

horned D urhams animals W hi ch ma be fattened

wi ll be li ttle danger (b ) A few days be fore using it
throw it up ng htl y wet It and S twk t wo or three
. . y ,
as early a s t wo years ol d a n d a t t ain a t that age a
, , ,
,
we i ght wh i ch no other breed can arr i ve at so soon
, . .

PO le s through it When yo u nd POD dra w Their heads legs and bones have been reduced to

"

b ean !
, ,
mg on e o f these poles out that the heap l s warmed such small proportions an d the more eshy parts
.

,
,

t o blood heat and that it has remained at about o f the body so lar ely d ev e lo p e d th a t nearly three
g i

that temperatur e a f ew days it wi ll be ready f or fourths 0 f t h e W el gh t l s me a t ,

A fter the D urham sh ort-horn whic h amon o
an d i f i t h as been c overed Wi th loam o r muck
, , t
cat tle is what the D ishl ev bree d is among sh e e p:
u se :
,
will have re tained nearly all it s fertili z ing quali ti es come the Hereford an d D evon breeds which in

, ,

Your good example ought to be imitate d in cutting their turn m ay be compare d to the S outhdo wns
the brakes . and C heviots Th e Hereford breed follows closely .

upon the D urham and is even more generally ,

F the N ew E g l d F mr sough t after as o ffering almost an equal precocity

or n an ar e .
, ,

and the same aptitude for fattening but with gre at

WI N TE R I N VE R MON T er hardiness Th e county of Hereford fr om which
,

.
,
MR F AR ME R 3 A S SO mueh IS 881d 0 f Sh ow and it comes lies at the foot of the Welsh mountains , ,

cold weather from Mai ne to L ouisiana we fear our an d possesses a soil of but in diff erent fertility , .

f ri ends abroad may suppose that in t his hyperborean Th e E nglish farmer looks upon cattle with the ,
reg i on we are hopelessly frozen up an d buried in instinctive ca lculation which distinguishes his class
OD S I
, ,
Sh ow To qu i et S U Ch e Pre h enSI WI 11 gl ve you and argues that there are three descriptions o f ro
.
R p,

a short S ketch o f our Wmte r duce which man may demand from cattle besides
.
, ,
We had S h OW early 111 D ecember an d Smee h e the manures the hide and the offal namely their , : ,
quent add i t i ons so that now i t i s full 2 % feet in labor their mil k and their esh O f these he deems
.

, , .
,
f oreS tS D ecember was a ne W l n te l month 110 e x their labor the least protable and therefore looks

: ,
t reme cold January was uniformly cold ;
.
chiey to their meat and their milk .

colder than 185 5 colder than the mean o f H e dem a nds o f his milch cows the greatest sup
the last 18 years but warmer than 1840 or 1844 ply o f milk an d a good A yrshire cow will give four
, .
,
Th e mean tempera t ure o f three observations daily thousand quarts of milk in the year ; an d it is reek ,
Suml se 1 0 9 O C l oek P M h as been 13 9
t

'

,
g oued that the three million cows in G reat B ritain
o
u

Th e lowest pomtS at Sun rl se was 5 th 7 th produce three thousand milli ons quarts in a ye ar y ,

9 th , 2oth 2 2d 2 5 th
a 26 th an average of a thousand quar ts for each cow Th e
, : , .

makin g seven days when the mercury h as stoo d h e F rench cows many of wh ich are worked do n ot , ,
l ow zero .
average as a whole over ve hundred quarts a
You c an j udge o f our snow dr i fts when Itell you head
0 , ,

To g e t the greatest quantity o f mi l k from ,

that the trains on the C entral R ailr oad from Wind the c o w the farmer h as S tudied and la , ,
s or over C onnecticut river to B urlin ton on L ake bored till he has spread over h is elds the nest
g ,
Ch a mplain have never lost a trip n or have they herds of milc h cows in the world
, , .
16 0 N EW ENGLAN D F A R ME R . AP R IL

I t appe ars at rst si g ht that the work ou r ca tt le th eir clim ate being unsuitable for it and S pite of the
, , ,

are made t o go through with would have but little e fforts of wealthy amateurs t h e occupation has
, ,

inuence upon the return the y give in meat I t hitherto obtained but little f a vor ; wh ere a s in F rance .

might be supposed that this work si n ce it turned the annual production o f eggs alone is estimate d at ,

t h e life o f the animal to account admitted o f a twenty mil lions of dollars and th at of all ki nds of , ,

cheaper production o f meat But n ot so argues fowls at an equal sum . .

the E nglish farmer He believes that habitual la S uch are t h e advantages obtained by B ritish a g
.

bor cause s animals to become hardy vigorous and ric ul ture from the best breeds a n d the best m an , ,

slow to eat much and fatten little to increase in ag e men t of them in rearing domestic animals
, , ,
.

bony structure m ake little available esh and that Imust n ext show what crops support th is animal
,

slowly ; that habitual inaction on the contrary pro production o f E ngland ; for crops are both the ,

duces a soft lazy race which fatten early assume causes an d consequences of a great pro d uction of
, , ,

rotundity o f form and esh in e s s and on an equal domestic animals ,

M . .

amount o f food give a better product o f butc h er ,

meat Th e E nglish farmer argues further that

.

where labor is the rst consideration the animal is F th N ew E g l d F m or e n an ar er .

not killed till it h as nished its o f ce ; but on the

TH E C O UN TY OF O R L E A N SV E R MON T
other hand where meat only is sought it is slaugh
, ,

t e re d at that period when it gives most an d that MR E D IT OR I improve the Opportunity to , .

when the breed is precocious this period comes m ake a few remarks with regard to this pa rt of ,

early and that thus by raising cattle f or slaughter V ermont which may be of some interest to your
, , ,

h e gets t h e best return for what they c onsum e Th e numerous readers in other parts of the country . .

E nglish farmer s reasoning on thi s m atter is I F i rs t with reference to our winters in particular , , , ,

have no doubt right wh en he possesses a preco and our climate in gener al We are frequently
, , .

c io us breed of cattle like D urham or improved amused by the rem arks w e meet with in one of o ur
Hereford A n d this reasoning would be true in newspapers from C incinnati O hio People there
.
, , .

any country possessing similar breeds o f cattle n u seem to think that the unfortunate people of N e w ,

less the prot of working oxen wa s g reater th an it E ngland (V ermont in particular ) live under snow , ,

is in E ngland Th e results of B ritish agric ulture drifts through a terrible winter or that spring thaws
.
,

in raising cattle are that G reat B ritain feeds eight t h em from the heart of an ice mountain where ,

millions o f horned cattle slaughters two millions life is preserved by a miracle E ven the good .

annu ally from which she realizes a hu ndred mil people of your S tate seem inclined to pity u s in
,

lions of dollars for meat alone the north ern part o f V erm ont on account of t h e
.
,

Th e ot h er species of domestic animals are horses terrible cold storms a n d snows o f o ur winters S uch .

a n d pigs A s regards horses t h e pre -eminence of used to receive my assertions while I re s ided in
.
, ,

the E nglish breeders has lon g been recogni z ed A s Massachusetts that the winters in northern V e r .
,

for the race horse a n d his rival the hunter ever y mont are less uncom f ortable than they are in Mas
-
, , ,

body knows by what a combination of effort the s a ch us e t t a l most with incredulity B ut as I have S
,
.
,

E nglish have succee ded in producing a n d keeping spent more than thirty years of my li fe in t wo of
u
p t h ese s u e rio r b re e d s
p T hey are productions of the northern counties
. o f the S tate a n d some ten or ,

hum an industry real works of art obtained at a twelve years in M assachusetts Ithink Ican make
, , ,

great e xpense and designed to gratify a national a correct comparison We know here very little of
, .

passion A ne horse constitutes with everyb ody the searching winds th e deep falls of snow an d the
.
, ,

the ideal of fash ionable life it is the r st dream of terrible storms to which the eastern part of your
the young girl as it is the latest pleasure of the S tate is subject
, .

aged man of business B ut the E nglish have breeds D uring t h e time in which the great storms pre
.

for draught w h ich are equally valuable S uch for vailed on the 6 th an d 13 th of the present month
,
.
, ,

e x ample are the plo w horses the best of whi ch in southern N e w E ngland w e in this c ou n ty h a d
, , , , ,

perhaps come from S uffolk Ihave already stated n o idea of anything unusual on the coast My par
, . .

that tillage with horses has been generally substi ish io n e rs a re scatt ered over a co n siderable extent ,

t u te d by the E nglish for that of oxen ; they thou g ht but the meetings for prayer o n those S aturday , ,

and with reason that the quicker action of the horse even ings and the congregations on those Sabbaths
, , ,

made its work more pro ductive an d that an idle life were not characterize d by any considerable di mi ,

made the meat o f t h e o x more productive B ut n ution of n umbers in attendance Ireside a mil e . .

they have done more ; they have substitute d horses from our meeting-house and did not experience the ,

for men wherever manual labor the most e xp en s lig h test inconvenience in attending with my fami
sive of all could be replaced by a machi ne set in ly D uring more th an fteen years my meeting . ,

motion by horse power The bre wers horses and house has n ever failed but once o f bein g Open for
-
.

those used in coal wagons are celebrated for their worship on the L ord s day and then wors h ip was ,

strength and bulk The best fetch ver y high prices attended in a smaller room Th e S a lem R eg is ter
. . .
,

I t is the same wit h t h e carria g e horses ; t h e breed of a late date speaks thus of stormy S abbaths z ,

o f C leveland bays from Yorkshire is reckoned one Th e oldest inhabitant can not remember a parallel

of the m ost perfect that exists for average work to t h e long series o f unpleasant Sabbaths with .

E n g lish pi g s on an average are n ot very large which w e have been visited for the last fo ur mo n ths ;
but they are killed young e xemplifying the great or a former period when for consecutive S abbaths
, , , ,

principle of precocity contended for by B akewell our houses of worship have been closed at least for , ,

and applied to all kin ds o f a n imals destined for a portion of each day S uch was the case in this .

food Th ey are all of breeds which fatten rapidly city on the 6 th and 13 th of this month at least on
.
, , ,

and whose shapes have been improved for a length a portion of each day in consequence of the in cl e m ,

ened period . ency of the weather F rom th e 14th of O ctob e r .

,

Th e E nglish rear few fowls the dampness of 185 5 to the 13 th of J an 185 6 inclusive e mbrac
, , , , ,
185 6 . N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . 16 1

in g 14 S abbaths , only was pleasant fr om morn has been lower in some villages contiguous t o
on e

in g t o night
. streams in our valleys though n ot so far as Ihave , , ,

In this county durin g those 14 S abbaths we learned so lo w as 3 0 We have in all som e t wo

, , , .
, ,

hardly noticed a diminution o f the usual congrega feet o f snow in the north part of the county an d ,

tions o n more tha n one or t wo o n account o f th e probably more than that at the head of the streams
, ,

state of the weather Two only do Iremember which flow in to M emphremago g lake Th e town
.
, .
,

which may be said to be stormy and on e of these i n which Iwrite is 12 miles south of C anada line and
, , ,

only in the morning O ur house o f worship is on 18 general ly three or four hundred feet ab ove the
.

high ground and exposed to wind from all points level of the lake or about one thousand feet above
, ,

o f the comp a ss Thermometer has been once o r the ocean

. Th e weather thus far has n o t been .
, ,

twice 2 1 o r 2 2 degrees below zero and on usual such as to make it uncomfortable t o perform out-o f
,

days from 2 to 10 below in this to wn but our door work with the exception o f a very few days
, , , , .

stages have not lost a single trip or been delayed There has been hardly any interruption to travel
,
.

much beyond their usual time Th e thermometer J an 185 6 .Yours & c O RL EAN S .
, .
, .
, .

E ME R Y S R A I H OR SE -POWE R

L WA Y .

Th e time has been says the R u ra l N ew Yorker, , quiring the investment of a grea t am oun t of capi
wh en the implements used in agriculture were of tal A mong those establishments which have b e
.

the rudest and simplest construction ; when the ig come distinguished may be reckoned the works o f
,

n oran t hind who used them possessed an intellect , ME S S RS E ME RY . C o at A lbany N Y Their .

, , . .

scarcely ab ove th e ability to yoke a pair of bullocks manufactory occupies a bui lding four stories in
t o a forked stick for a plow and t o tread o ut the , height built o f brick and the machinery an d i m
, ,

ripened grain by means o f cattle A s civi lization l e me n ts turned o ut by them are m odels of their
.
p

advanced and intelligence became di ffused among
, kind E ME RY S HorseP owers and Threshers are
.

the people the agricultural laborer was not slow to

, especially known and appreciated in the grain
avai l himse lf of the lights o f science in order to growing distric ts o f the N orth and West Those o f .

ameliorate his condition He has tened t o adopt . our readers desirous o f procur ing information rela
improved implemen ts of husbandry until at length , tive to or purchasing these or other machine s
, ,

compli cated and elegan t machinery h as superseded manufactured at the above -named Works will re ,

a vast amount o f m an ual labor The horse -power .

, ce iv e prompt and faithful attention by addr es sing

the threshing machin e the gang-plow the mower

-
, , the proprietors as above .

and reaper & c & c must n ow be reckoned among

, .
, .
,

the necessities of the farm . To J . D .

,
WA K EF IE L D R I How s c attle -leader
, . .

To keep pace with the demand f or improved will be f or sale at the A gricultural Warehouse s
machi nery vast and extended workshops for its
, soon .

manu facture have been erected in various parts of Th e price of the C ider Mi l l you inquire f or is
the country employing hu n dreds of men an d re
, , abou t $ 40 .
16 2 N E W E N G L A N D F A R ME R . A P R IL

SI X TH VE A G R I
S L A TI
LE GI CUL TUR A L to apply it in w et rainy weather T here are so , .

ME E TING many circumstances t o be be considered in its u se

.
,

RE OR T O P E F RM R
ED Y H E
F R. TH ROCKW E LL A that its application is quite diff i cult He h ad seen
E . B . . .
.

Th e sixth regular meeting o t he L egislative A gri

f an entire farm in A yrshire S cotland of a hundre d .
, ,

cultural S ociety wa s held on Tuesday evening the acres m anur e d by liql d m an ure Th e Props were ,
:

number present being about the same as heretofore Very large another farm it is S al d th at Ve
.
;
,

on t tm s 0 f I a aon grass taken n a S eason

.

Th e subject f o r discussion was

P rep a r a tion a nd g l k r
ye W e re I ,
,

a pp l ic a tio n of M a n u res

,
the whole of wh i ch produced at the rate of seventy
Th e meeting w as called t o ord e r b y D r F I S H E R tons per acre He considered the story t oo large to be .
,
.

wh o invited E W B UL L o f C oncord to take the told generally a n d h e wa s in the habit of sayin g

. .
, ,
,

chair H e said h e did n ot consider it so much a

.
thirty -ve tons instead o f seventy in order that it
,

question how much land a man cultivates as how might S e em more credibl e He had seen on e f arm ,

much manure is appli ed I f a hundred loads are o f forty acres thus manured by irrigation : A bou t
.

applied to an a cr e it may be as protable as to cup

,
two acres were cut at a time and immed i ately af
,

tiva te a hundred acres applying o n e load to an ter m l l ing a quantity 0 f the manure made b y
, , i , :

a cr e , He avy dressing amends soils improves mach i nery to ow over so much of the eld ,
Then , .

their texture and makes them valuable for a long two 0 1 three acres more W ere Cut an d the manure

,
,

period o f time .
appli ed upon it in the same manner as before .

H e thought it necessary t o ferment manures T hus the whole eld was cut and man ured a h ttl e
.
,

at a tim e ve or six times in a single eason By

H e ha d tried pe at muck b y putting two pounds of , s :
,

t1 Process the grass W 111 become el gh t

. .

muck to one o f manure he had found it m ore fer ,

l h 1 t h ree 0 1 four d a 5 ~ Th e "M ia a n d me o f
.

t iliz in g than manure alone O n a dry soil he did g h . y

'

not nd it protable to u se unfer mented m anure a

pp l i c a ti on of manure is of the utmost importance
,
.

as it would dry up and its virtues would evaporate

,
He then referred to the practice in B elgium They
.
.

He pre p ared about forty loads of compost by mix there cover manure at the time of its being p ut up
,
,

ing peat mud wi th the m anure of one cow and on e

- on the ground T h e manure made in the summer .

is put in the ground in the autumn I t there as

pig for a year by the application o f which he ob
.

,
s imila t es with the soil and is ready f or use in the
t a in e d fty bushels o f corn to the acre where he ,
,

had never obtained more than thirty before spring S o the manure made in the winter should
.
.

D r F I SH E R thou g ht something might be said to

.
be composted in the barn cellar in order to make it

reconcile the differences o f Opinion as t o using ma t for u se in the sprin g With th ose two simple .

n ure s in a fermented or un fermented state Um principles he thought farmers coul d not go very .
,

fermented manur es do well on a clay soil when the far wrong in applyin g manure , .

season is dry I f the season is W et the manure

.
B V F REN C H of B raintree followed ,
He . .
, , .

rather produces acids than ammoni a Th e impor did n o t believe farmin g could be carried on with .

ta nce o f using li quid manure and applyin g it in a any prot without manur e E ven where lands are
,
.

l iquid state wa s next suggested

, F or grass he rich there will come a time when m anures must be .
, ,

p re ferred it to any other form because it may be applied A ccording

,
to D r D ana a co w will make
, ,
. .
,

in that form thoroughly and equally distributed a bushel of m anur e in a day by mixing the drop
, . ,

He believed that if a cord o f manure were leached pin gs with muck or some simil ar substance A bout ,
.

and the liquid app lied its e ffects wo ul d be greater seven cords of good m anure may be made from a
,

than if appli ed in a soli d state E ven to other c ow in a year by saving and composting all the ma . ,

crops he thought it equally valuable with solid ma nure When a farmer has made all the manure he .

n ure N o man is j ustied in sending to P eru for can he might still u s e more to advanta ge
.
He ,
.

g u ano while he
, fails to save the li quid manure of preferred apply ing the manure to the soi l and plow
his an imals ; because as he beli eved the li quid ma in g it in 60 C ompostin g I
n order to show of how lit

, , , .

n ure o f every grown animal was worth $ 2 0 a year tle value fermented manure m ay be he stated that he . ,

R S F A Y of L ynn thought there were d ifc ul applied ve cords of n e manure which had been fer
. .
, ,

t ies in the application of l iquid m anure whi ch men tin g two years upon one end of a lot six rods , ,

should be better understood than they generally W ide an d fty long and Plowe d it i n He then , ,

are be fore they can be reli ed upon

, Th e appli ca spread long manure over the whole eld equally . , ,

ti on o f liqui ds should not be made to plants until but he found n o advanta ge from the Ve C O i dS
' '

t hey have acquired some degree o f growth in o r plowed in that part o f the eld producing n o bet , ,

der that it may be imme di ately take n up by them ter cr 0 p than the other I t was an entire failure .
. ,

I
'

t may be applie d in such a way as to destroy the as he never saw an y benet from it in t h e rst sec ,

L iqui d m an ure o f the s trength of urine o n d third or any future crop O n a eld of poor
'

c r0 p .
,
.
, ,

s hould receive from ve t o ten t imes its bulk o f wa land he applied three hun dred pounds of guano to
ter . If it is applied in a h ot sun much o f its a m the acre annually an d had found its results very , ,

moni a is evolved in th e air I t is bett er therefore good for three or fo ur ye ars in producing rye
.
, ,
.
 185 6 . N E W E N G LAN D F A R ME R . 16 3

Th e application o f liquid manure he thought might Mr M M F I S KE adde d his testimony to the . . .

be o f great advantage in a very dil uted state He value O f li qui d manures He di d n ot beli eve in . .

with ed farmers could agree as to the manner of ap composting Th e expense might be saved by put .

plying manur e in the best wa y when that w ay is ting the manure upon the land and plowing it in
, ,

di scovered ; and it was important t o experiment an d equally good results might b e ob tained He ,
.

a n d record and compare experiments in order t o had never s een an

y good results from the u se o f
arrive at the desired result whi ch was Of more im l ime but he knew that long manures plowed in t o
, , ,

portance to them than the commerce o f the S tate a gravelly soil were benecial Th e great want of .
, .

Th e C hairman repeate d that his own experience N ew E ngland soil was the application of v egetable
s atised him that unfermen t ed manur e upon a matter a s a fertiliz er .

dry sandy soil was n o t o f much value even if it Mr F RE DE RIC E M E R S O N of B oston thought
,
.
, ,

was not entirely lost He would certainly never that lime was valuable upon soils that were moist
.
,

apply raw manure to such a soil in t h e spring and where there was iron in some form in connec , ,

t hough it might do better in the autumn tion with an acid condition of the water He thought
. .

MR F RE N C H stated that in the application of farmers needed to know the results of the applica
,

guano he had found it necessary t o have it pulver tion o f particular C rop 8 and he gave his own ex ,

il ed an d spread when there i s n o win d blowing p erie n ce in a single in stance He cultivated a small ,
.

an d better still if rain is falling He thought it piec e o f land wh ich had once bee n a garden and
. ,

better to put th e manure into t h e soil at a proper was consequently rather fertile with beets an d ca r ,

depth than to compost it as the labor and expense l ots B oth the beets and carrots were sown in
, ,
'

of composting is thus saved dr ills about two feet apart and nearly at the sam e
. ,

Mr F A Y wa s disposed to b e modest in di sputing time the beets occupying half Of the lan d and the
. ,

the experience o f the C hairman as to the e ff ect carrots the other N O manure W as P P0 11 the
of long manures on a sandy soil but he still piece with the exception Of the adjacent rows o f
,

considered it well to cart out such m anure in beets an d carro te - Oh e 0 f each Which W ere twO ,

t h e fall an d t o plow it in a n d h e was conrmed feet from each other

,
TO these an equ al quantity .

in hi s Opin ion by th e Vi ew of Mr F RE N C H W h at [the exact quantity n o t speci ed ] of superphosphate

. .
.

ever manure might be put upon a s a ndy soil an d of lime was applied being put into the drills when , ,

plowed in would be retained until it was taken up the seed was sown Th e yi eld upon the whol e piec e
, .

by plants There might be a good reason f or the was fair of each crop ; b ut the adjacent rows told
.
,

f ail ure of Mr F RE N C H t o obtain an y benet from somethi n g in the experimen t

, Th e rows Of carrots .

th e manure whi ch he applied to his piece o f six which had the superp h osphates Of lime appli ed p ro ,

rods in wi dth in the fact that the land was sui duce d on e-thi rd less than any other ; an d the row
, ,

c i en tl y rich with out any manur e or that b th e a O f b eets treated the same way produced on e third -
y p , , ,

pli cation Of the general coating which was spread more th an an y Other IOW thus showing that 811139 1 ,

equally over the whole it had become s o ,

phosphate o f li me is goo d f or beets but bad for car
. ,

Mr C OO L E Y of C onway gave the result o f hi s rots

.
, ,
.

experience in th e appli cation o f long m an ure t o a Th e subj ect for di scussion at t h e n ext meeting is
san dy soil His farm was upon a river bottom h av A gricultural E ducation an d a lecture on this t opic
.

,
.
,

ing a sandy loa m of two feet in depth upon a sub Will be giv en by G E WA RIN G J 13 Of N e w York .
, ,

s tratum o f gravel When he went upon the farm S tate

.
,

much o f it was so poor that it would produce scarce [W e believe that Se v en farmers ou t Of t en in th e
l y anything n ot hal f a ton Of hay to the acre F or S tates may save more t h an the
, .
Of this Pap er :

the pur pose o f f ah experiment he plowed up a b un for on e year by the careful perusal of the abov e
.
_ ,

dred rods and got from it without manure three remarks on the app li c a ti on of ma n uree We he
,
'

bushels of buckwheat Th e next spring he put on h eve the d e et h e sound an d h o w certain ly 8113
. ,

eight loads of long manure an d planted t o potatoes t ain e d by hi gh an th ority that the sooner man ure s i

and hoed twice getting f or a crop forty bushels Th e are applied to the s e ll an d Plowed under th e more
, . :

next year nine loads Of long manur e were applied Valuable they are 111 Winter W e ee mPO St becaus e ,

and potatoes again plant ed and the crop was eighty W e c anne t P10W un d el ]
,
'
o

bushels The third year ten loads of man ur e w e re

.

use d 3 d one hn ud re d an d ft y bu sh e l s O f po ta toes

,
C o i N iN G B Y A IR P O W E R A ll the gold an d sil

were harvested ver co rns o f E ngl a nd ar e struck by atmosphe ric

pressur e or i n other words the air we breathe coms
.

, ,
H IS pract i ce
.

regard t o 1113 corn la nd w as to money a complicated ar rangement o f pneu .

ve
put twenty loads o f long manure to the acre matic valves levers springs and other mechanic al , , , ,

an d plow it in about eight inches deep an d then app l iances the air is made t o exer t i ts vast weight
, ,
,

from ten to twelve loads more t o the acre are put { m apid a lt e ma tion e upon 3 se i s 0 f
f i P istons W hich

i n the h i ll a d from
a ga i n connected W i th the com i ng presses
to e i ghty bushels of down the dies upon t h e pieces of met al t o be coine d
carr y ,

n ,
seventy
corn are obtai ned umforml y He woul d n ot plo w With un er n precision an d force
.

g
.
.

de eper than eight inche s .

16 4 N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . A PR I L

F or En gland F
I d o not believe it an advantage to keep colts
the N ew ar mer .

HOW T O R A I high ive them such food as will develop heal

"
S COL
E TS g .

thy bone and muscle ; an d though they w ill n o t

MR E D IT OR I
. n your paper of the 19 th inst
get their growth as young they will ultimately .
,
,

I nd some important inquiries u nder the above grow as large and have far more s ta min a and are ,

heading to which S u bs cri ber requests an early much less liable to accident
,
,

answer th rough the columns of the F a rmer A s I I

.

t is g enerally a matter of economy to halter

.
,

h ave for several years been a subscriber f or the break c olts while running with the dam This m ay
F a rmer an d have n o t directly contribute d to its
.

,
easily be done by fastening them either by strap
columns and h aving had experience in relation to around th e neck or halter t o the breast o f the
,

the subj ect matter o f a subscriber s inqui ries Iharness giving them a chance to go either side or
,

,
offer the result of my experience and observation to in front of the mare when in harness ,

,
the consideration of all those o f your readers who I
.

f the mare is ush in milk at the time of weaning ,

f eel an interest on this subj ect
S pecial pains should be t aken lest her health suffer
.

I shall not attempt to answer the inquiries of a in th e change

subscriber in the order in which he has placed I have u n iformly found my colts when weaned
.

them but will endeavor to make myse lf intelligi ble as above directed gain in esh even within ten
,
,

on the whole subject I t is n o damage either to a

.
days ,
PHIN E HA S F IE L D
, ,

mare or the colt to work her moderately up to the E a s t C ha rl emo n t J

.

,
a n 2 1 1 85 6
day of her bringing forth ; and regul ar exercise is
.
, , .

benecial .
R E MAR K S W e have never had the pleasure of
A fter s h e has foaled the mare should be allowed
to rest for one week ; meanwhile she should be
,
raising a colt but believe the course suggeste d ,
,

handled every day so as to accustom the colt to above will le ad to the best results Too many of our
,
.

meet you without fear . horses are injured or spoiled before they arrive at
A fter the rst week the mare may be worked four years of age , We shall be glad to hear from .

regularly ; but care should be taken that she n ei M F I E L D a al m

ther become we ary heated o r th irsty under these r g

, ,

restrictions no harm will arise either to the mare

, ,

o r her colt . F th N w E g d F m or e e n l an ar er.

C olts may be weaned at an y age as well as a

calf or a baby ; and they should be at once i f it is R U R A L E C O N O M Y
,
O F TH E B R I T I SH
I
,
S L E S -No 4
required that the mare be put to hard work ; but . .

in such cases there is danger of injurin g the mare

, C RO P S . .

I t is generall best to w an a colt the latter part of

y
e
I come now t o co m i d e r t h e crops of E nglis h 3
g
,

s eptemberW l th b ut r e g a rd to ag e Pre ee S S C O h ric ul ture the causes and consequences of t h e great

T
ne the b e lt m the bam W here there 15 h e animal production of E ngland Th e obj ect of all .

C hance O f h
W y b "
y 71 m g to g e t O h t a n d remove cultivation is to produce t h e greatest quantity o f
the mare to such a distance that ne i ther can hear h urn an fo od up on a given surface o f land This O h .
.

the other s call V isit the colt several times the j ect can h e obtained by several di fferent means
.
.

handle it rmly but k i ndl e a e h me

.

h rS t
b a
y ,
y We sa y naturally that wheat is the most d es ira , ,
A t mgh t l e 1h two quarts 0 h h e w h ulk from the ble human food and therefore we will so w wheat ,
, , .

C OW ; S e le e h h
g the th a t has m e et recently But the E nglish farmer after a careful considera
,
e a l ve d an d W hose h ulk 13 Poorest f or butte h
:
Th e tion of the whole subj ect and the clim ate says no
, , ,

next day and onward feed three t i mes a day from t o the proposition to so w wheat on his lan d I
, , , _ u

the same A fter two weeks h hh 0 h twelve must t ake a more c ircuitous course and pass m y
:
,
hours etah dl h g may be used ? an d l h b h e month land through other crops before Isow wheat : for :
, ,

S o ur ml u W h e conned in northern climates one great drawback attends

le J u S t a s g 0 0 d 3 3 ah Y
h
the 00 S hould be C Oh St ah tl y s upph e d W l th h h e h e y wheat ; it exhausts the soil which h ears it I
.
:
,

t is .

an d mello w apples ? a n d ma y be S u ffered to run true there are certain favored lands capable of pro
ab e ut t h e y a rd as soon a s I t becomes f e nd 0 f you d u cin
,

; g wheat almost uninterruptedly an d where : ,

W h l eh be m a few days They make the Pret land is plenty and population scanty wheat can be

,
b eet ets I n the W orld grown on the best soils an d then they can lie fal
P
I
,
t no dam age to the mare 130 gw e suek through l o w ; but a period at length arrives when land too
the W l h ter u nder favorable e l reh msmh ees A S 1 often required to bear wheat refuses to do s o I
.
,

t is .

general rule I Prefer W e e h l h g l n s eptember for impossible for m e to take many wheat crops from
,

: :

the following reasons 1 I t is favorable to the my land .

; but my land a ffords S pontaneously an

mare the feed being short and dry and her milk abundant growth of grass f or cattle ,

scant 2 I
.

t g ves her th e t o recover from the

;

i h
e ff ects o f her m i l k before W i nter 3 I
O n these t wo facts to wit that wheat exhausts
t i s the most h is soil and that h is soil S on t an e o ug
. , ,

p y gro wggrass
. .

, ,
conven i ent t i me to learn the colt t o stay contented the E nglish fa rm e r builds his S ystem of agriculture
an d
f m
u e A less e n 0 h gr e at 1m 0 rt 3 h e e
P o r Im ay sa
y hi s in d i rect and circuito u s method , ,
t may be gw e h c e l l s W h l l e yo u have {t to of raising wheat Th e spontaneous grass in vites
S pare an d t h e n sub sum
.

H I have h o w e l gh t the feeding of cattle the manure of cattle is the

,

:
te S W I '

C e lts three ear ? O ld a h d under e a e h O f them as best agent to renew the fertility of the soil after
, Y : : ,

glad to see 1 Pal l 0 f dJSh W at e r 01 Pe t h qu or as a the e x h austion of a wheat cr 0 p Th e argument is

'

S hoah simple Th e more cattle Ifeed the more manure . ,

I b e h e v e r e e l s e re valuable fe e d for c e lts 0 h ah y Ih ave ; the more manure the greater the richness
o ats 0 1 gram 0 f an y kmd sh OU I
,
age
'
d h o t be of the soil and the production of wh eat .
,
e h before they are t f or the harness 3 unless by A t r st the E ngli sh farmers contented themselves :

so m
,
e means the colt is pining and then roots or wi th natural pastures f or their cattle an d upon thi s
, ,
mi l k are bet t er .
185 6 . N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R ~ 16 5

s ystem on e-half the land remaine d in pasture and folk rotation ; upon its success depe n ds the rest o f ,

the other ha lf wa s divided between wheat an d fal the course N ot only is it capable of insurin g the suc .

lows B ut by-and-bye the idea o f the cultivation cee din g crops fr om the abundance of m anure g iven
.
, , ,

of certain grasses and roots excl usively intended for by the number o f cattle it can feed n o t only does it

t h e food o f cattle s u ggested itse lf and the fallows produce much butcher s meat milk and wool from , , ,

were reduced by thi s cultivation A fter a time the the quantity of food it supplies for all domestic a n i .
,

land given to wheat and oats wa s reduce d and mals but it clears the l and by the frequent dressings , ,

more given to grass an d roots till a f th of the soil it requires an d by the nature o f its growth Th e , , .

only was gi ven to oats and wheat Thus the cattle E n glish farmer spares no pains on his turnip .

increased but the harvests of wheat and oats in crop ; to it h e gives almost all hi s manure the
, ,

creased also on a di mini shed breadth o f soil owing most thorough weeding a n d his most assiduous care
, , .

to an in crease o f manure turn ip requires a li ght soil an d we t summers

.
,
F inally through the genius of A rthur Young the and E ngland has both
, , .

cultivation of E ngland settled down in to the N o r S uch are the results of the crops we h ave men
folk system so called of the rotation of crops t io n e d in the E nglish system of agriculture that
, , .
,

Half the cultivated soil is m aintained in permanent B ritish Isles produce more food for cattle than
grass that composing what is called ara ble land is the whole o f F rance with twice the extent of acres , .

p ut the rst year in roots turnips or potatoes s e c , quantity of manure is proportionally three or
,

o n d year in oats or barley ; th ird year in articial four times greater in E ngland than in F rance ye t
, , ,

grass and clover ; fourth year wheat F o r exam this m ass o f manure is not considered suf cient , . .

ple upon a farm of 17 5 acres 7 5 would be in per E verything tted for increasing the fertility of the
, ,

manent grass 20 in potatoes an d turnips 2 0 in soil bones blood rags o il-cake the refuse of , , , , ,

barley and oats 2 O in clover and 20 in wheat manufactories all kinds of animal and vegetable .
,

In this consists the whole system o f E nglish waste gypsum and lime are assiduously collected , ,

farming A l arge extent o f grass whether natural and put into the ground Ships go in quest o f
.
,
.

o r articial occupied f o r the most part as pasture guano chemistry works to discover new m anures
, , ,
two roots the potato and the turnip two spring and a round sum every year gures in the far
, , ,

cereals ba rley and o ats and a winter on e wh eat ; mer s accounts for the purchase o f fertili zing ma
, , , ,

all these plants linked together by an alternating n ures .

course of cereals with green crops commencing L and requires not only m a nure an d fertilizers , ,

with roots which require hoein g and ending with but it must be dug pulverized levelled weeded , , , , ,

wheat A n d the E nglish have establishe d this a g drained worked in every direction so that the we t
.
, ,

ric ul tura l law that to reap largely of cereals it is may pass through wit h out lodging be rendere d
, ,

better to re duce than to extend the breadth of pervious to the atmospheric gases in order that ,

land sown ; an d that by giving the greatest space t h e roots of plants may strike down and exten d
,

to the forage or gree n crops n ot only is a greater themselves A host o f implements and machines , .

quantity of butcher s meat miik an d wool obtained have been invented in order to facilitate these vari
, ,

but a larger production of wheat also o us operations which economize labor an d supply .
,

Th e extent o f pastures is certain ly on e of the the place o f a large number o f hands These lled .

most striki ng features o f B ritish farm ing C om a large space at t h e great exhi bition . .

pa ra tiv e l y little hay is made in E ngland the winter G ardens and orchards occupy as compare d to , ,

food of c attle being chi ey obtained from the arti other countries a small space in E ngland and , ,

c ial meadows and from roots Three -fourths of their produce is much inferior to our s Th e E n
. .

the E nglish meadows are grazed and as on e-half glish are n ot great consumers o f fruit an d vegeta ,

the articial grasses are also an d as turnips are to bles ; and they are right for both the one and the
, , ,

a great extent e a ten off the ground by sheep and other with them are very tasteless A ll their eat
, ,
.

as the uncultivated lands cannot be turned to ac in g as well as production is conned to a few arti ,

count except in the shape of commons two thirds cles obta ined in great abundance I n fact the na ,
- .
,

o f the whole soil are thus given u

p to l ive stock In t ion al genius o f E ngland in agriculture as well as .
,

this consists the pecu liar charm of B ritish elds A manufactur es and everythi ng aims at quantity in .
, ,

land has a smiling aspect whose greensward is de uniformity in agriculture it produces two or three
,

pastured by ne animals at large large crops upon a large scale by great simplicity
, .

Th e system of pasturage has many advantages in o f means ; in manufactures it produces the great ,

t h e eyes o f E n g lish farmers It saves manual la staples of woollens cottons and iron ; in food it
.
, ,

bor is favorable to the health of animals admits of delights in beef and m utton and the potato fol
, , , ,

turning to account lands whi ch otherwise would lowed by crackers and cheese while the F rench , ,

give but small returns and which are in cour se o f genius in all these things and others aims at quality
, , ,

time improved by the deposits of the cattle ; it in variety

, .

supplies food always springing up afresh and the L et me ask here a f ew questions Have we any , .

s u m o f whi ch is foun d in the long run to equal if system of agriculture in N e w E ngland ?

, Ithin k , ,

n ot exceed that which wo uld have been obt ai ned t h e answer must be we have none
, Probably suf , .

b y the scythe G reat importance is therefore at cie n t capital is not yet applied with us to ag ric u l
.
, ,

t ach e d to having o n every farm a su f cient extent ture to develop one ; probably neither labor n or
o f good pasture N o where has the art o f improv capital are yet chea enough with us to be so ap
ing meadows and pasture lands been car ri ed to such plied ; perhaps untipwithin a few years the mar
.

extent as in E ngland ; they have been rendered kets for farm produce with us have n ot been high
sound by draining fertilized by irrigation manur enough to demand a good agricultural system
, ,
.

ing subsoil plowing and improvements of every S hall we ever have one ? I think so Th e fertile
, ,
.

sort for the encouragement of nutritious p lants an d West is against u s B ut the cost o f transporting
, .

the destruction o f weeds farm produce from the \Vest is large Th e markets
. .
,

Th e turnip amp is the starting point o f th e N or which our manu facturing mechanical city and town , ,
 166 N E W E N G LA N D F A R ME R . A PRIL

opulations will a ff ord for f arm produce wi ll call for F or the N ew E ng l a nd F ar mer
p
.

a N e w E ngland agricultural system What wil l it O R N A ME N TA L G A R D E N I

.

NG .
.

be ? N e w E ngland minds will work out that ques

t ion . B ut is it not clear th at be f ore we have or I un derstand O rnamenta l Go ardening to refer ,

to that department of rural aff a i rs wh i ch relates t o

i

w hen we have a system of our own we must so f a r , ,

f ol l o w E ngland as t o have a race o f sheep o f our the layin g Qut arraligin g an d embellishing o f ,

groun d s I
,
t IS b e mn l n n o w to be pretty ge n er
o wn o f which meat will be the chief and wool the g g .

accessary product and which will produce a large

,
ally understood that the farm er may have a home
weight of meat at an early ag e P Must we n ot have that sh al l be extremely attracti ve Th e means are ,
.

a lso a good a n d xed race o f milch cows a preco

,
within the reach of the humblest if he have the .
,

cions race of c a ttle giving a great weight Of bu tch

,
taste .

e r s meat Must we n o t have a xed rotation o f S uppose the house to be located a l i ttle back from
,

crops Must n ot the cult ure o f roots be a part o f the highway it is out Of the dust an d safe from the , ,

it ? Must we not f eed many cattle and have much gaze 0 h the S taring traveller I S there h O t 13 n d
,
enough I n t h e world th a t a he w r e ds may be allowe d
,

m anure t o make our agricul ture protable ? Must :

w e not in on e word study though we may n ot adopt for ornament m fro m 0f one 8 home ?
I
, , ,

th e E ng li sh syste m ? M t seems in accordance with good ta ste that the . ,

grounds in front o f one s house should be occupied
with orn a men ta l trees a n d ow ers a l on e A mis .

F the N ew E g l d F mer taken practice is to introduce almost every variety

or n an ar .

o f fruit in beautiful confusion B ut the foreground

ME A SUR E ME N T OF CR OPS in the home picture is like the parlor in character .
.

Th e uncertainty an d want of uniformity in th I t should be neat clean trim as elegant for the , , ,

diff erent modes of determining the quan tity Of pro guest to walk through as the parlor to sit in N OW .
,

duce o n a given quantity of land makes it very de fruit trees will n ot permit o f the neatness an d order ,

sirable that some u n ifor m mode of measurement that c an be mainta ined with forest trees F r ui t .

should be adopted . trees require a l wa ys that the ground should be c ul

Take for instance I ndi an corn a crop more ex ten tiv at e d and annually enrich ed F orest trees when
, .
,

siv e l y cultivated than any other This crop is usu once growing vi g orously in decent soil allow of an
.
,

ally e stimated by the bushel B ut what is a bush unbroken turf N ature s o wn beautiful carpet F ruit
. .

e1 Th e statute denes it to be a measure contain trees do not admit of such shapes as are natural to
ing a certain number of cubic inches and it further forest trees They scatter blossoms over the ground .

prescribe s the number o f pounds a bushel shall in S pring an d in A utumn litter the ground with , ,

weigh These would seem to be limits su ff i ciently imperfect and decaying fruit Th e limbs bend and
. .

pre cise but experience sh ows that corn gathered droop over needed avenues to be propped by fence ,

be fore it is fully ripe will shrink from twelve to rails or old slabs
, , .

twenty per cent before it is t f or use I

. t is co m It is best to have forest t rees by t h e ms e lv es an d .
,

mon in some places Plymouth C ounty for instance frui t trees t ogether also A n elm will dwarf an y
, , , .

t o select out a part o f a eld that will yield an aver fruit tree in the v icini ty an d is an expense and an ,

age product o f the whole and t o mark O ff an exact annoyance in cultivated grounds anywhere B y the
, .

ro d and to gather the corn that grows upon this roadside in lanes and pub l ic squares it stands un
, , , , ,

and to multiply this by 140 an d thus ascertain the rivalled as the proudest of trees Th e sunny side
, .

quantity upon an acre . o f one s home it stands the m ost grateful of guar ,

A few years since 7 5 lbs weight in the e ar was dians ; so temperin g the scorchi n g heat of the sum
, .

estimated a bushel ; o f late 85 lbs green corn in the mer s sun that the dwel ling is deliciously cool .

ear is estimated a bushel I t is apparent that all through the day and is a place for rest at ni ght in
.
, ,

such estimates must be essentially m odied by the stead of an heated oven to su ffer in .

kind of cor n raised the state o f dryness when gath When the cold weather comes and the sun shine ,

ered and wei g hed the size o f the c ob always is needed for health and comfort the e lm hi n gs ,

supposing the purpose o f those measure in g to be down it awning and waits f or the right season to get
equally honest . u
p a n ew o n e .

R emarks o f like character wi ll apply to almost N ow instead o f plantin g deciduous trees (those tha t
every variety of cr 0 p grown Iwould respec tfully shed their leaves in A utumn ) on the south side o f
.
,

s uggest that some denite and certai n mode of the house

, some mistake by setting evergreens ,
.

measurement should be prescribed either by the These aord a poor shade in summer when the , ,

B oard of A griculture or by the L egislatur e and that sun is nearly vertical an d obstruct the desire d , ,

the same should be requir e d in all the counties o f warmth and light when the sun runs low

the C ommonwealth that presume to use the m oney I t is very obvious where evergreens belong Their .

o f the S tate a s rewa rds of cultu r e E SSE X place is on the n orth sid e of a dwelling There . . .
,

F eb 19 185 6
.
, . their thi ck lower branches check the fury of the col d
winds an d are a great protection ,
.

R E MA RK S This should be done but wh o will I do n o t mean by any means to exclude f ruit
trees from the grounds but these sh ould occupy a
attend to it if E ssex does not ?
,

compact regular lot by themselves They may o c ,

.

cu py and become a part o f the kitchen garden ; n o t

-

Th e WOO L G RO W E R AN D S TOC K R E G I S TE R of m i nor importance to the forest trees b ut only ,

only fty cents a year T C PE TE RS E di tor pub occupying like the kitchen a more retired posit i on ,
, , .

,
I have spoken only Of trees Th ey are to the
. .
, ,
.

lish e d at R ochester N Y is the best work devo , . .

, ,

ted t o sheep husbandry in the country I t is print , .

e d w ell handsomely illustrate d and all righ t

, , .
185 6 . N E W E N G LA N D F AR ME R . 16 7

E X TR A CTS AN D come particularly disag R E PL I

reeable durin g the process
ES .

YO UN G P EA R A N D PE A C H TRE E S of decay I t is said that by makin g an excavation

.
.

in the earth accor di n g to the amount of sh it is

MR E D ITOR , Ishould like t o inquire through
.
_

th e medium o f your valuable paper where I ca n desired to work over llin g it with sh and cover ,

obtain a few thousand p e ar stocks an d at what price ; in g it with peat muck or loam that in a few days it , ,

ishmg o s t th a t a mo un t o ut the 00 m n S Pn h g will b ecome soft I

Xl80 Were i can b b y some youn g peaci ?rees
t should then be we t with di lut .

,
ed sulphur i c acid and the muck sand or loam stirr

D a n vers F eb 2 0 185 6 A S UB SCR IBE R .

ed i n W i th i t Then the whole may be rem oved an d .

,

H ow To R A I SE c oms the same process gone through with a fresh supply ,

.

If I had a g ood colt I would take him from the They are excellent composted in alternate layers
,

mare at four m onths Old an d feed him in the barn o f leaves peat muck 10 am pulverized charcoal or
,
.
, , , ,

I f in W arm weather give h i m o0 d room d e ir even saw-dust E xcellent plowed under in a crude
n late I W O 1 3gw e state E xcellent when four are laid around th e hill
g .

an d some g reen f w d d el l )

him half a pint of oat meal with a quart o f out c ar .

an d covere d 11P W h eh t h e 1s
P1a h t e d a n d excel
rots and continue t h is through the rs t wi n ter to

keep him in good esh and g rowin g I would lead lent dug in in moderate quantities aroii n d frui t . ,

him '50 water a n d let him play A fter this W ith 3 trees say thr ee t o ten feet from the tree according . , , ,
decent ch ance he would take care o f on e n o mis to its S ize
'

, ,

take without grain ti ll he came t o work Ireckon

.

.
, ,

this better for mare and colt than remaining longer T A L L TRE E S
,

together .
.

Isaw accounts o f some large trees in your paper

DO P O TA T O E S MI X last week an d read them with interest Icut a , .

R ock M aple from my woo ds the 14 th inst which

.

I n answer to A Pixby permit me to s ay po ta ,

.

is less than two inches in diamet e r a n d measures

, ,

t oes never mix any m ore t h an beets carrots or tur,

4 1 feet in lengt h A P ine less than 3 inches diam
,

nips by the roots growing in proximi ty Ihave eter 4 5 feet

,
.
.

planted di ff erent kinds in my ga rden an d Ihave We don t boast of our lar e trunks but we stump ,
, .

taken the ball s from one k ind and then raised as the readers o f the g ,

N E F a rmer t o measure p oles

,

many kinds o f seedlin g s as there were diff erent with u s in V ermont ,

B EN J F W H I ITIER
. . .

'

varieties of potatoes in blossom and also some h y H a rtf ord Vt ,

. . . .

b rid s Ionce planted the kidney p otatoes a lon e

.
,
, .

an d took the bal l s an d planted t o renew them an d

my seedlings were o f only on e k ind the ki dney F L O W I
N G C RA N B E RRY M EA DO W S P RUN IN G
,
,

,
.

which afte rwards produced ab u ndantly an d very MR E D IT OR Will spring water have the sam e .

ne quality Iconsider it an esta blished law o f e ffect whe n used to cover cranberry vines in win ter
.
,
N ature that li ke p r oduces li ke an d that the hy br i ds as common river or rai n water ? O r will the sprin g
. . .

, ,

in animals fruits and vegetables are the co p se wa ter so used be an injury to said vine s ? (a )
, , .

u en ce of mi n hn l eren t S PE C IE S We m l ht What benet is derived from th e top -dressing with

'

q g g d g .

r ai se every var i ety of fruit without buddi ng o r graft sand on peat o r swamp lan d f or the cultivation o f
in g could we get the un ming l ed s eed
, the cranberry ? (b ) .
.

F o r many years I raise d and sold t he nest v a What m onth is best f or pruning Old apple e

rie ty of peaches and peach trees the product o f o n e trees ? T C KIN G SL E Y

(c ) , . . . .

tree standing alone till I procured ot her kinds for , xflllen ton R 185 6 .
, . .

the sake o f variety and se t out in the same garden

when 10 ! I had n o more of the k ind pure but b y
,
R E MA R Ks We h ave n o doubt that sp rin g
,
.

b rid s enough in my nur sery raised from the pits o f wa t e r W in answer an Purposes f or OW ih g a erah

thi s same tree I have had th e same experience in berry meadow

. .

apples B E N J A M IN W IL L A RD
.

(b ) A s a general thing wherever we have found .

.
,

L a n c a ster F eb 12 185 6 , .
a l uxuriant growth Of cranberries we have found
, .

F I S H F OR MA N UR E
sand usually wh i te sand within six to twelve inch
.
,

MR E D IT OR C an you or any Of your corres

es o f the surface This has led u s to believe that .
.
,

on d en t s give m e t h e best m ethod o f applyi n g the cranberry plant requires considerable san d and
p ,
,

sh to the land as a manure for corn ; they are that therefore it will not ourish well on meadows
, , ,

Very e xt en S iVe ly used in this Par t Of the country ; composed or nearly so o f pure vegetable matter , , .

s ome re fer to them on broadcast an d

P spread Hence the benet of sand when appli ed to a peat
them i n i mmed i ately ; others to stack them wi th
.

,
m eado w T h e sand coming in co n ta c t with some
di rt a n d sand We ge t them duri n g the month o f
.
;
May B y giving your Opinion upon this subj ect Isalt w h i ch acts as a base i s d i ssolved and i s then
i

. , , ,
,

shall be m uch obliged G W P ready to be taken up by the roots o f the plants

. . . . .

L ittl e C omp ton R 185 6 , I t has the e ec t on meadow lands to m ake herd s
. .
'

,
,

R E MA RKS Personally we have n o expe rience in grass and red-top stand up by coating the surface ,

the use of sh manure but have Often heard opin of th e stem with a substance which is brittle an d
,

ions of it expressed an d have seen lands dressed almos t as hard as glass , .

with it I t adds great value t o the compost heaps

.
(c ) P rune in mid summer or in O c t ober or N o .
-
,

o f the barn -yard and w hen mingle d with them in ve mb e r

, N o t in March or A pril unless you wi sh .
,

moderat e quantities will decompose and n o t be to spoil your trees A n d when you prune cover
, .
,
16 8 N EW EN GLA N D F A R ME R . A P RI
L

up t h e wou n ds you m ak e as c ar e fully as you would b ee n discove r e d t hat will pr e v en t i t Man y h ave
, .

your n g e r if a pi e c e o f it w e r e cut off S e e a re be en sugg e st e d bu t t h e ir ef c a cy h as n ot b e e n uni

.
,

c e n t a r ticl e by N T T on this subj e c t . . .

form Th e curculio con tin u e s its work on ly for a .
.

s hor t t im e an d ma
y b e pr e v en t e d from doin g much ,

W HITE W A S HIN G R OO F S mischi e f by t h e tim e ly a ppli ca tio n of n e li m e

.
,

MR E D ITO R Ishould b e pl e as e d t o h a v e your a sh e s or pl a st e r sifte d ov e r th e you n g fr uit as soon

.
,
O pi n io n or t h e opi n ion s of som e of your n um e rous a s it b e gin s to form an d con tin u e d t wic e or thr ee
,
,
con tri butors on t h e pr a ctic abili t y o f white w a shin g e s a w e e k f o r a mo n t h
t h e roofs of bui ldi n g s
,

W ould n ot whit e w a sh b e.
tim , .

B e low we i n troduc e four w e ll e s tablish e d v a ri e

as good a pr e s e rv a tiv e for t h e roof as for th e sid e s ,

o f buildi n gs P A n y on e will co n fe r a fa vor by a n t ie s e ith e r of which is worthy of a pl ac e in th e ,

s we rin g t h e abov e through th e colum n s o f t h e ga rd en O th e r v a ri eti e s e qu a lly as good p e rh ap s

, .
, ,
N ew E ng la nd F a rmer .
b e t t e r we may sp ea k of a n d illustrat e at an o th e r ,
Yours truly O RRI N P A LLE N
,

P ro ctors ville 185 6

tim ,
e
. .

L A W R EN C E S F A V O RITE
.
,
.

R E MA KS W ould n o t th e whi te w a sh lodg e on

.

th e e n ds of t h e shi n gl e s an d pr e v e n t t h e w a t e r from ,

r unn in g off r ea dily an d thus c aus e t h e m t o d e c a y P

,

I t is s a id th a t shi n gl e s p a i n t e d a f t e r th e y a re la id
, ,

h a v e this e ffe ct an d d o n ot l a st so lon g a s thos e un

,

p ain te d u n l e ss th e y are dip t in p ain t or p ai n t e d on

, ,

both sid e s b e for e th e y are l a id .

A TA LK O F PLUMS .

F ew frui ts a re mor e b eautiful on th e t r ee or ,

mor e t e mptin g in th e dish th a n plums A s a , .

d e ss e r t th e y are e v e ry wh e r e e st ee m e d an d are
, ,

e x te n siv e ly us e d a s a pr e s e rv e a n d i n e ith e r form , ,

t a k en mod e rat e ly th e y are whol e som e an d n utri

,
R a th e r l a rg e ; roun dish S lightly o v a] wi t h at , ,

tious Th e b eautiful abou t us a dds som e thin g to tis}, e n ds ; ye l lowishg ree n clou d e d w ith d a rk e r
.
,

o ur h a ppi n e ss if our ta st e s a re rightly cultiv a t e d str e a ks

, light gr e en ish b loom at full m a turity , , ,

a s w e ll as a mi n is tra tio n to our physic a l w an ts ; bro wn ish blotch e s an d r e ddish sp cks

e a ro un d t h e

S t e m ; S t a lk S hort a S l end e r n a S m a ll c aw t
a n d wh a t can b e mor e a ttr a ctiv e th an a sm a ll w e ll ! i y s
e sh gr e e n i sh m e ltin g v e ry J u i cy of a br i sk d e
.
, .

, ,
n an ag e d plum orch a rd n e a r a fa vori te W ie d o wo r
, ,

f sun n y S pot 0 f th e ga rd en W h e r e th e Il e h d rk l i i vi n ous a vor r e s e mbli n g a n d a lmost e qu a l

c o u s , ,
In a a to t h e G r e e n G a g e an d l a rg e r A lm ost fr e e sto n e
, : ,
. .

re d of t h e G old e n D rop t he fa i n t gr ee n of t h e L a st o f A ug , to S e pt 15 Vigorous uprigh t . . .

,

Imp e ria l G a ge t h e gold en y e llow of t h e Je ff e rso n g IO W th ; mO d e l at e h ear e r O rigi na te d b y Mr L

, ,

. .

u L a wr en c e Hudso n N Y
or th e p a l e crimso n o f t h e W a shi n gto n gl e a m in
'
, , '

th e sun a n d r e e c t th e ir colors upo n e a ch oth e r !

, p UR p L E G A G E ,

How d e lightful to l ea d your fri e n d u n e xp e ct e dly ,

t o h im wh e r e plums in v a ri e ty h an g in clust e ri n g
,

profusio n an d in vit e him to g a th e r at will of thos e

,

r ea dy to drop wi th fuln e ss an d p e rfe ction ! Th e

W ork of your own h an ds t o o th e re sul t of o d d , ,

mom en ts a f e w a t a tim e wh e n th e body r e qu ire d

, ,

a littl e e x e rcis e an d t h e mi n d a ch an g e o f sc e n e
,

an d e mploym e n t
So t h e plums cost me n othin g
.
,

si r ; i n d e e d th e y a re mor e th an cl e a r ga i n ; for in
,

cultiv a tin g th e m I cultiva t e d my o wn mi n d for a

,

lov e of t h e b e a utiful a n d us e ful an d a wok e n ew ,

e mot io n s o f gr a titud e a n d lov e F ill thi s b a sk e t .

,

sir a n d t a k e th e m to your wife a n d childr e n

.
,

P lu m tr e e s a re h ardy an d e a sily cultiv a t e d a n d ,

a re suit e d to o ur clim a t e u n l e ss th e bl a ck w a rt is a ,

clim atic dis e a s e Th e y our ish b et te r howe v e r on

.
, ,

so ils th at are r ich lo a ms th an on rich s an dy soils Me dic a l ; IOUIl diS h a tt en e d at th e en ds She LOW
, . , :

sutur e ; ski n r a t h e r thick viol e t y e llow do t s blu e

of l a t e yea rs thous an ds are d e t e rr e d from s e t ti n g
,
, , ,

bloom ; st e m n ea rly an i n ch lo n g r a th e r stout ;

plum t r e e s by t wo di scour ag e m en ts th e bl a ck e sh y e llowish r a th e r rm o f a rich suga ry high ,
,

, , , ,
[me t a n d th e eureulee Th e rS t is d e s t royin g th e m luscious a vor a lmost e qu a l to G r ee n G a g e F r e e .
,

in l a rg e n umb e rs an d n o r e m e d ie s s e e m v e t to h a v e sto n e
, A ug 2 5 to S e pt 2 5 an d l a sts through t h e . . .
,
 185 6 . N EW ENGLAN D F AR ME R . 16 9

mon th F rui t v e ry h ardy h an gi n g lon g on th e

.
F or th e N ew E n g la n d F ar mer .

tr ee shriv e li n g slightly E xc e ll e n t for t h e d e ss e rt

, .

PL A N TI
N G P INE S
an d for pr e s e rv e s G r e a t b e are r F or eign
.

MR E D ITO R : m
. .

i n te n din g to pl an t out
.

. As I a
I MPE RIA L G A G E P R IN C E S IM P E R IAL GA GE

. a n d r a is e a f e w a cr e s of w hi te
p i n e timb e r I wish ,

to l e ar n th e b e st m e thod of prop a g a ti n g th e s a m e
from t h e s e e d a n d a lso t h e b e s t m e thod o f n ursin g
,

an d cultiva ti n g th e tr e e s I h a v e s e v e r a l acr e s al .

re a dy o f this v alu abl e timb e r gro wi n g (in dig en ous ) , ,

on l an d form e rly cov e r e d with h a rd timb e r an d i s ,

a bou t tw e n ty -t wo ye a rs si n c e it wa s f irst discov e r e d ,

pro ba bly th e rst ye a r o f its growth Th e s e w e r e .

but sm a ll bush e s in 1839 I h a d th e m trimm e d .

up a n d thi nn e d o ut a littl e at th a t tim e an d Ha v e ,

thi n n e d th e m out for re -wood occ a sio n ally sin c e ,

an d t h e qu an ti ty an d v a lu e o f t h e timb e r a si d e ,

from its b e auty is f ar gr e a t e r th an it woul d b e if

,

,

t h e firs t gro wth ha d b ee n a llo we d to sta n d till n o w .

A n y sugg e stion s by you or a n y of your correspon

d en ts in r e l a tio n to this subj ect will b e duly a ppre
c ia te d . J OH N M W EE K S . .

W es t F a rms , S a l is bury, Vt , F eb 15 . . .

L a rge m e dia l ; ov al dis ti n ct su tur e ; p al e gr e en, ,

R E MA R Ks L a s t summ e r durin g a v isi t t o t h e ,
with a y e llow tin ge an d cloudi n g o f d a rk e r gr e en
.

thick white bloom ; ste m m e di a l in a mod e ra t e
, ,
Ca p e an d Marth a s V i n e yar d we s aw m an y a cr e s ,
,

c a vi ty ; e sh g r een ish m e lti n g v e ry juicy o f a rich

, , ,
cov e r e d with you n g pi n e s u n d e r cultiv a tio n W e .

sprightly d e licious a vor M ostly fr e e ston e 1 to

, . . are n o t a bl e t o sta t e t h e proc e ss but h a v e n o doubt ,

15 S e pt A vigorous gro we r a n d pro digious b e ar

.
th a t broth e r P H INNE Y of B a r n stabl e will e n light e n , ,
er. D a rk shoots a n d l e a v e s F ruit r a th e r i n cli n e d .
us with th e whol e s t ory through t h e P a triot which ,
to rot A d a pte d to r a th e r dry soils N a tive of ,

we sh a ll b e h a ppy to spr e a d b e for e o ur r e a d e rs

. .

F lushi n g N Y
.

, . .

TH s O R LE AN S

SMI .

F or the N ew E n g la n d F ar mer .

P L A N F OR A C H E A P S UMME R H O U S E .

MR ED ITO R - I. n a n s we r to th e i n quiry of M r .

Hill o f Ya rmouth in th e l a st N ew E ng la n d F a r
, ,

mer for a pl an for a sm a ll a n d ch e a p summ e r

,

hous e upon which vi n e s may run a n d in an un pre

, ,

t e n din g g a rd en I will sta t e th e cours e a dopte d by

,

mys e lf a f e w y ears si n c e to obt ai n such a summ e r

, ,

h ou s e H avi n g occ a sio n to use about on e hu n dr e d

.

whit e c e d a r posts for fe n ci n g I h a d t h e b a rk c a r e ,

fully stripp e d o ff an d l aid a sid e for a n e xp e rim e n t

i n rur a l a rchit e ctur e This I proc e e d e d w ith in my .

o wn wa
y I s e t in t h e grou n d a t o n e sid e of my
.

ga r d e n four re d c e d a r posts ab out t en fe e t lo n g , ,

l e avi n g s ay s e v e n fe e t in l en gth abov e th e surfa c e .

Th e s e w e r e se t abou t e ight or t e n fe e t a p art in t h e ,

form o f a p a r a ll e logr a m an d we r e th e posts of my ,

summ e r-hous e I th en n ail e d pi e c e s of r ail aroun d

L arge rou n dish ova l ; broa de s t at t h e b a s e dis
.
-
,
t h e top for t h e pl a t e s o f t h e roof an d o n t wo sid e s
t i n c t sutur e o n on e sid e ; r e ddish purpl e a zur e
, ,
,
fa s t en e d t h e ribs for t h e s am e m ad e of strips of ,
bloom ste m short sl e n d e r in a d e e p n a rrow cav
, , ,
bo a rd a n d a cross th e s e ribs lo n gitudin ally n a il e d
ity ; e sh y e llo w ra th e r rm juicy of a sprightly
,
, , , ,
oth e r strips I h a d thus a sti ff fr a m e f or a roof ,
vi n ous a vor Cli n gs t on e S e p t 1 to 20 Tr e e
.

. . .
which I proc e e d e d t o cov e r with th e bro a d e st strip s
h ardy an d vigorous an d a d a pt e d t o v arious c lim a te s
,
o f t h e b a rk n a ili n g th e m on up a n d dow n in t h e
an d soils V e ry good for m ark e t R ath e r i n clin e d
. .
o ld s tyl e of bo a rdi n g roofs
,

Th e roof h a s a sha rp
,

t o rot wh e n h an gin g v e ry thick

.

,

.
pitch an d a proj e ction a t th e e av e s of a foot or
,
C o le s F rui t B o ok .
mor e O n thr e e sid e s of t h e hous e I form e d a
.

door-wa y o r O p e n sp a c e by s e tti n g sm a ll e r posts

, ,
C O RR E C TI ON -O ur a t t e n tio n h a s b een c all e d t o
.
in t h e grou n d a n d n a ili n g th e m a t t h e top to t h e
,

omissio n in t h e r e por t of t h e t r an s ac tio n s of th e pl at e s Pi e c e s of bo ard we r e n ail e d cross -ways f or

.

U S A g ricultur a l S oci e ty a t its l a t e m ee t i n g a t

. .
,
ribs l e avin g th e Op e n sp a c e s for door-w ay s on t h e
,

W a shin gt o n Th e n a m e o f FR EDER I C K H OL
fron t an d sid e s an d ru n n in g e n tir e ly a cross t h e
,
.

r e ar p ar t o f th e buil din g Th e s e ribs w e r e th e n .

B ROO K as Vic e Pr e sid e n t for Ve rmo n t wa s n o t

, , cov e r e d bo th in sid e a n d out with th e bark b e i n g ,

giv en Th e e rror prob ably occu rr e d in ch an gin g

.
n ail e d o n in s t rips l e n gthwis e .

t h e a rr an g e m en t of t h e n a m e s from o n e so l id col I thus m a d e mys e lf a v e ry ch e a p an d pre tty sum

u mn a s we foun d it i n to two colum n s as i t s tan ds
,
me r-hous e a rou n d which h a v e b ee n pl an te d t he v a
,
,

In o ur p a p e r
,
rio n s climbi n g ros e s an d which in tim e I hop e to , , ,
.
17 0 NE W ENGL AN D FAR ME R . A P R IL

s ee env e lop e d by t h e ir foli a g e an d flow e rs Th e I am a w a r e th a t th e l arge r structur e r e qu ir e s a .

e xp e n s e for t h e m a t e ri a ls of this structur e i s com h e avi e r fr am e th a t is a ll Th e bo a rds an d shi n gl e s , .

ara tiv e l sm ll though t h tim t k i ili g t h s m i ith r c s e I k n o w too th a t t h e

p y a e e , a e n n n a n a r e e a e n e e a .
, ,

on t h e strips wa s co n sid e r abl e S till I h a v e fe lt wid e roof is wor n by r ai n Th a t obj e ction howe v e r
. . , ,

a mply r e mu n e r a t e d for t h e outl a y th e hous e h av is n o t of gr e a t we ight , .

in
g stood t w o y e a rs without n ee di n g r e p a irs , A I hold M r Bro wn th a t o n e p a r t o f a l arg e b a r n .
, .
,

rusti c s e a t i n th e i n te rior will compl e te t h e w ork a ccommod a te s an oth e r p a rt I t is a s a vi n g of st e ps

.

.
,

wh e r e Mr E ditor w h en you visit me o f a summ e r to h a v e your hors e n e a r th e v e hicl e to which you

, .
,

d ay we will s it a n d t a lk ov e r t h e p a st e x ploi ts o f wish to a tt a ch him

, W h y go s e v e r a l rods to a t e n .

fa rm in g a n d t h e futur e prosp e cts of this h e a lthful foote r an d op e n an oth e r se t of doors in t h e win d

, ,

i f n o t prot a bl e occup a tio n to g e t out th e ch a is e P W h a t comfort in r e turn

.

,

B ut a s to summ e r hous e s I mus t say th a t in in g from m ark e t o r to wn -m e e ti n g on a stormy day

-
. ,

an
y g a rd e n pr e t en tious
, or u n pr e t e n tious th e y an d drivi n g i n to a s n ug oo r-wa
y th e r e to u n t a ckl e
, ,

s hould n o t b e m a d e a s th e y too o ft e n a re of strips an d put a wa y hors e a n d w a go n w ith e a s e a n d e x p e ,

, ,

o f bo a rd pl an e d a n d p a i n te d a n d n ish e d off with ditio n Th e r e is n o d ii c u l ty in disp e n sin g with t h e .

much e x a ctn e ss a n d n ic e ty a s a dw e ll in g-hous e c arria g e hous e th e b a r n is t he pl ac e for a ll th e v e .

1 h e y h a v e m or e t h e m a rks of art th an is in k e e p h ic l e s t h e c e ll a r t a k e s in a l l t h e c arts an d co ars e , ,

i th g rd H r tr s shrubs go s a room a t th e sid e of t h e d riv e wa th e

.

in
g W t h e a e n e e t h e e e t h e . w a n , y ,
-
,

t h e pl a n ts h a v e a ll t h e irr e gul a r a sp e ct th a t n a tur e light e r v e hicl e s

, .

g iv e s th e m B ut if you choos e to cut an d sh a p e Th en wh a t n ee d is th e r e for a s e p a r a te buildin g

.

t he s e i n to pyr amids an d oth e r a rtis tic forms th e n for tools ; wh a t pl a c e so c e n tr a l as an ampl e room
, ,

you may m ak e your summ e r~hous e to corr e spo n d by t h e sid e of th e oorway P Yo u st a rt from th e ,

a n d yours e lf w e a r a bob wi thr e e cor n e r e d h a t b a r n usu a lly to go to di f fe r e n t p a rts of t h e fa rm

-
g , , , , ,

a n d br e e ch e s W i th k n e e -buckl e s wh e n you w a lk o r a n d you r e tur n thith e r a ft e r t h e work is do n e .

,

w ork a mo n g th e m . Ih a v e thought Mr Brown th a t port a bl e bi n s , .

,

Yours truly A LL EN W D OD G E ,
for c or n might be put u
p i n this
. l a rg e tool -
room .
.

Ha mi lton F eb 4 185 5 , .
, I n the . busy s e a so n of t h e y e a r cor n -bi n s a re a t t o
p ,

e t pr e tty l ow so th e y would n o t b e in th e wa y
g ,

R E MA RK S C apit a l sugg e stio n s th e s e

. A n d much w h e n t h e tools we r e most us e d , .
I should .

wh en did hi p e n e v e r writ e th a t h e did n ot m a k e

s pr e f e r th a t
,
t h e bi n s b e w h e r e th e y could b e s e en to

such ? W e co n sid er yo ur wh en you visit me a s

oft en O n e might st an d a b e tt e r ch an c e th e n of
.

k e e pi n g t h e r a ts from d e stroyi n g th e corn I h av e ,

.

a bon a de i n vita tio n a n d sh a ll a pp ea r to you a t

littl e fai th in th e s e o u t-o f-t h e -wa y pl a c e s to k e e p
,

th e e a rli est opportu n ity corn it is sur e to w a st e an d i njur e

. .
,

I n co n cl u sio n ma y I a sk thos e r e a d ers of th e ,

F a rmer wh o h a v e h a d e xp e ri e n c e if a ppl e s ca n b e ,
F th e N w E g l d F m k e pt through t h e wi n t e r in a p a r t of t h e b a rn -ce l
or e n an ar er .

B A RN S lar w ithout .
b e i n g t a i n t e d by t h e m a n ur e in t h e vi
,

i i ? VV h do e s Mr Morriso n of S om e rvill e
MR BR OW N Ia m gl a d to se e th at you pro c n t y a t ,
' .
,

W D B
.

sa ?
p os e a ddi n g still furth e r to t h e i n t e r e st an d v a lu e y . . .

o f t h e F a r mer by pub l ishi n g som e pl an s for good

C on cor d M a ss J an 185 6 ,
.
, .
, .

b ar n s This W i n t e r a good m a n y o f your r ead e rs

E M A RK S E xc e ll e n t w e r e gr e t th a t it got out
.
,
R
a re m ak i n g pr e p a r a tio n s to build in t h e Spri n g n o
.

doubt , a n d a n
y hi ts o f a pr a c tic a l ch a r a ct e r may
n of sight a n d h as b e e n postpo n e d so lo n o'.

s av e th e m m o n e y .

Hopi n g b e for e I a m m an y ye a rs old er to occupy F th N w E g l d F m or e e n an ar er.

a b e t t e r b a r n th a n I n ow do I h a v e h ad my a tt en

N E MOW I
,

t i o n par ticul a rly dir e cte d to this subj e ct an d h a v e S C YTH E A N D MA C H I ,

NG .

b ee n i n to a good m any n e b a r n s I n e e d n o t go F a th e r Buckmi n st e r is do wn u po n th e m o win g .

o u t of tow n a s you v e ry w e ll k n o w s ir to f i n d
,
m a chi n e s W h a t a ils t h e ma n ? H e s e e ms to thi n k
, ,

t h e m A n d I u n d e r tak e to sa y th a t t h e e x c e ptio n scyth e mo wi n g a s ch e a p a s m achin e an d so f ar a s

.
.

i s n ot k n own in Co n cord wh e r e a j u dicious outl ay h p a s t is con c e r n e d h e ma n ot b e f ar from right

,
t e y ;
for a sp acious co n v en i en t b a rn has n ot b e en fol but it c an n ot be so w ith t h e futur e Th e m achi n e s
, ,
,

l o we d by un mist a k abl e e vid en c e o f thrif t a bout th e

.

w e mus t h a v e A n y m a chi n e which in o ur h ur

whol e pr e mis e s ri
. , ,

e d clim a t e substitut e s brut e for hum a n l a bor in

.

,
Thos e wh o build n ow a re pre ttl y g en e r ally t h e m on ths o f Ma J ,
u n e an d J u ly must b e ch e r
,

a gr e e d upo n o n e poi n t ; th a t it is m or e e c on om y , ,

is h e d If a mo wi n g m a chi n e w ill cut t h e gr a ss a s

i c a l to build on e buildin g for th e various farm pur we ll an d ch e a ply a s th e scyth e w e should s a of it .

y ,
pos e s r t h e r th an t he gr e a t n umb e r which a re a s Pa trick H e n ry did of th e war L e t it com e
, a

s een so commo n about old e s tablishm en ts b c us it s s t h s v e rity o f sum m e r l a bor

.
,

e a e e a e e e
L e t us look a t a f e w gur e s which w o n t li e A But m or e is to be e xp e cte d It will do t h e work
.

, .

bu i ld in g ten fee t squ ar e co n ta i n s on e thous an d cu ch e ap e r an d b e tte r after a f e w mor e such y e ars as

.

b i c fe e t N o t to sp e a k of t h e roof th e outsid e pre h p ast h as b en for improvin g t h e m achi n e s It

.
,
,

t e e
s e ts a sur f ac e to t h e w e a th e r o f four hun dr e d fee t prob ably do e s it ch eap e r a lr ea dy A t l e a st such is
.
,
n
.

we h a v e th e n t e n fe e t i n sid e t o four fe e t outsid e

.

t h e Opi n io n of m an y wh o h a v e us e d it ; an d n o t a
, , , .

T ak e an oth e r e x a mpl e A buildi n g twen ty fe et

f e w w h o h a v e tri e d it two or thr ee y e a rs d e cl a r e
.

,
s u a r e co n t a i n s e i h t thous an d cubic fe e t out
n

q h
a t a lthough a good mo we r will e x c e l it in t h e
g t
; e
th
s i d e m e a sur e s on e thous an d six hu n dr e d fe e t H e r e good n e ss of th e work et i t a lr ea dy do e s its work .

w e h a v e v e fe e t i n sid e to o n e foot ou ts id e y ,
W e b e tt r th an t h e m aj ority of such h an ds as can b e .

e
W i ll n o w t a k e a bu d d in g forty fe e t squ a r e Th e in
hir ed
.
JA N
s id e t o t h e outsid e is a s ten to on e !
. . .
.
 185 6 . N EW ENGLAN D F A R ME R . 17 1

S E VE N TH L E GI
SL A TI
VE A GR I
CUL TU 4 p er c en t phosphoric a cid whil e t h e b e st wh e a t
. of ,

ME E T I NG RAL .
l an d in Ma ss achus e tts con t ai n s on ly 2 % p er c en t .

RE ORTE D F OR THE F A R ME R BY H E R ocs u

P . . . . Th e importa n c e o f a t mosph eric fe rtiliz e rs was p ar
Th e s even th re gulur m ee ti n g o f th e L e gi sl a tiv e t icu la rl y comm e n t e d u pon Th e a ir suppli e s to .

A gricultur a l Soci e ty wa s h e ld on Tu e sd a y e v e n in g ,
soils qu an titi e s of a mmo n i a c arbon ic a cid an d o xy , ,

in t he H a ll of t h e Hous e of R e pr e s e n t a tiv e s Th e . gen . Th e s e n o t on ly e n te r pl an t s thro ugh t h e

m e e ti n g wa s c a ll e d t o ord e r at half pa s t 7 o clock
-
,
l eav e s bu t th e y e n t e r in to th e composition o f th e
,

a n d G e n S A L E M T O W N E of Ch a rlto n w as c a ll e d o n
.
, ,
soil t o a gr ea t e xt e n t .

to pr e sid e H e e xpr e ss e d som e r e gr e t th a t t h e

.
B ut f e w r ea liz e to how gr e a t an ex ten t m an ur e is
m e e tin g was n o t mor e full an d th a t a n otic e o f it ,
los t in th e cou n try I n ridi n g from N ew York to .

h a d n o t b e en p ut in th e d aily p a p e rs B e for e th e .
B os t on h e h a d tak e n p a i n s to n otic e t h e b ar n s alon g
,

clos e of th e m e e tin g howe v e r th e a tt en dan c e wa s

,
th e rout e s o f a r a s h e cou ld do so a n d h e h a d
, , .
,

a s good a s usu a l .
s e e n bu t on e b a rn upon t h e sid e o f th e r ailroa d
H e th e n i n troduc e d a s t h e l e c tur e r o f t h e e v e tr a ck which h e wa s in a positio n to se e wh e r e t h e ,

ni n g G E O R G E E W A R I
, N G of N ew York s ta tin g a t
.
,
m an ure was n ot thrown out of th e s tabl e wi n dow
,

t h e s a m e tim e t h e topic of t h e l e c t ur e to an d l e ft e xpos e d t o t h e a ctio n o f th e a tmosph e re .

c u l tu r l E du ca tion
a

.
Th e w a s te o f m an ur e e sp e ci a lly in ci ti e s is en or , ,

Th e l e ctur e r comm en c e d by p ayi n g a h igh trib mous Som e v e ry i n t e r e sti n g statistica l sta t e m en t s
.

u te to t h e p e opl e o f Ma ss a chus e tts as h a vi n g do n e w e r e m a d e in this co n n e ction which we r e w e ll tt e d

mor e through th e ir L egisl at ur e for th e promotion
, ,
to impr e ss t h e audi e n c e with th e impor tan c e of
o f a gricul tur e th an a n
y o th e r p e opl e on th e con t i
gr e at e r att en tio n to s avi n g m an ur e s Man is bu t .

n en t .
a t e nan t of t h e soil a n d h e is g uilty o f a c rim e if ,

He th en S pok e of th e re l a tiv e impor t an c e of a g h e impov e rish e s t h e soil a n d l e a v e s it poor e r by h is

ric ul ture as n o t only surp a ssi n g an C U l tl v a t I
on th a n he n ds it S O com e
y oth e r occup a
/
, ,

tio n b u t all oth e r occup a tion s Th e n e c e ssity o f

, .
a ft e r him su ff e r from his w a st e ful n es s In c o n cl u .

e duc a ti n g thos e wh o are t o b e fa rm e rs in s uch a ,

S io n th e Ie ctur e r sa id th at fa rm ers were ye t t0 a
: ,

man n e r a szto t th e m for t h e ir a pp r opri ate busi n e ss ,

gr eat e xte n t workin g in th e d ark an d W ere g uid e d
: :

was in sist e d upo n a n d i t s n e c e ssi t y illus t r a te d in a

,
by su pe retitie n in m an y in S tan C e S r at h e r t h an by
v a ri e ty of wa ys A gricultur a l Coll e ge s a re n e ed e d ; 1 e 3 5 0
.

b u t in ord e r to b e mos t highly b en e ci a l th e y must A t th e C los e 0 f th e l e c t ur e R ev R A L P H S A N , .

b e support e d by thos e wh o a t te n d th e m But whil e G E R 0 f D ov e r S a id th a t h e W a s much pl e a s e d with

. : ,

w e h a v e n o A gricul t ur a l Coll e g e s th e ir pl a c e ma y th e l eC ture a n d h e C OD Sid e l e d it r - t o us e a n e x

b e a n d should be suppli e d by givi n g a n a gricul tur a l Pre s siO n su it ed t o hi s o wn PrO f eSS ie n Pre tty v 1

e duc a tio n to boys in t h e commo n schools Th e in C los e Preaehin g an d t o c a rry o ut th e same j de a
. , v
,

tro d u c tion of a gricul tur a l s t u d i e s i n to t h e schools th y h d m a k e an applicatiQni o f

e a g o t t o He r

o f G r e a t Brit a i n h a s b e en t ri e d with succ e ss Ch e m th en re fe rr e d t o t h e co mp a r a tiv e res ults of cultivat

.

i s try should b e m a d e subs e rvi e n t t o an a gricultur a l in g wh ea t in O hio a n d in Ma s sai hus etts Th e a v .

e duc a tio n b y m aki n g boys a cqu a i n t e d with t h e e r a g e crop o f wh ea t in O hi o has be en st a t e d to b e .

fu n d a m en t a l prin cipl e s of agricultur a l ch e mistry sixte en bush e ls t o th e a cr e I n N Qrf o lk Cou n ty h e

. .

P hilosophy a lso should b e studi e d w ith re fe r en c e t o h a d k n own for t y bush e l s to b e rai se dj o the a cr e .

m ak in g boys a cqu ain t e d with a gricul t u ra l m e ch an Of th r e e e n tri e s for pr e miu m s on wh ea t t he low es t ,

ics W ho e v er is to b e a fa rm e r h as a righ t t o
.
w a s a bout t w e n ty -v e
bu sh el s to th e a cre an d th e .

k n ow a ll th a t r e l a te s t o th e rs t pri n cipl e s o f his high e s t wa s thirty two -

.

busi n e ss N 0 on e can be a good p r a c tica l fa rm er Mr J B R OOKS O f Pri nc e t o n s a id t h a t th e a v e r

. . .
g , ,

withou t k n owi n g th e n a ture of t h e raw m a t e ri als age crop of corn i n Illin ois is thirty-six bushels t c v
,

from which h e is to produc e his crops H e must t h e a cr e an d in Massa chus e tts i t is t hirty oi . , , ,
, y

k n o w wh a t h e is t o g e t fro m hi s soi l in an y partic u Th e r e is th e r e for e mor e m a d e in Mass a chu sett s

, , .

lar crop a n d co n s e qu en t ly h e mus t k n ow wh a t to th an in I lli n ois by t he c u ltiv a tio n o f an a cr e of

, ,

a pply to t h e soil in ord er t o ena bl e him t o ob t a i n cor n

, The pr ic e of a bush e l of cor n in Illi n ois wa s .

th a t crop . 40 c en t s th e l a st y ea r m aki n g t h e v a lu e of t he , ,

Th e m at e ri a ls whi c h co n s t i t u t e pl an t s w e r e th e n crop fro m an a cr e I t is s aid to cost $ 5 an

sp e ci e d t o a co n sid e r abl e e x t en t an d th en th e acr e to cul tiv at e i t which would l e a v e a prot o f
,
'

m an n e r o f th e ir growth was con s id er ed an d pl ain ly p e r a cr e Cor n has sold in Ma ss achus e tts

, .

poi n t e d out . f or p e r bush e l this y e a r an d th e v a lu e of th e ,

Th e us e s an d a bus es o f so il s w e r e n e xt r e fe rr e d a v era g e crop of an a cr e would th e r e fo r e b e

to I
. n t h e co n sid e r a t io n of soils it is n e c e ss a ry t o A dm itti n g t h e cos t o f cul t iv a ti n g a n a cr e t o b e
$ 20 ,

re g a rd e s p e ci a lly th e ir a shy or i n o rgan ic m a tt er which is co ns id e r e d high en ough th e pro t is.

,

I n a l l fe rtil e soils th e r e is a l arg e q uan tity of phos

p e r acre or mor e p er a cr e t h an in ,

ph oric a c id Th e soil of th e Mia mi v all e y co n tains Illin ois

.
.
17 2 N EW E N GL AND F A R ME R . AP R IL

Mr BROO K S stro n gly urge d

. i mport an c e of a n y furth e r th an was n e c e ss ary to c a tch an d s a v e
th e
s avin g m a n ur e s o as to produc e l a rg e r crops W e liquid or oth e r m an ur e s th a t would oth e rwi s e b e
, .

a re t rust e e s of t h e l a n d an d w e h a v e n o right to los t To use his own l an gu a g e th is composti n g

,
.
, ,

s t a rv e our childr e n wh o are to i n h e r it it Th e f ar or u s i n g phosph a t e s is all g a m mo n . W e do n t , .

mer is th e rs t man in t h e world ; e v e rythi n g d e kn ow an ythi n g about it in our s e ctio n ; n or are we

p en ds upo n him I t is impor t an t th a t h e should u n ig n or an t
. .

d e rst a n d th e th e ory of soils an d m an ur e s a n d k n ow A fa rm e r in his vi ci n ity wh o h a s r e a d t h e discus

, ,

th e ir ch e mic a l e l e m e n ts A ll k n owl e dge may be sion h e r e on t h e subj e ct o f th e a pplic a tio n of ma

. ,

brought in to use in f armin g H e did n ot quit e mur e s e x pr e ss e d his surpr is e th a t th e r e was so

_ . ,

a gr e e w ith t h e l e ctur e r th a t in e v e ry c a s e cor n much s a id in fa vor o f compos tin g H e s aid th a t h e .

,

should n o t b e hill e d H e h ad tri e d b illing a n d appli e d his m a n ur e in a fr e sh sta t e an d th en a ft e r

. ,

l e avi n g corn to grow withou t it a n d h a d fou n d th a t spr ea di n g upon th e surfa c e plo w e d fur ro ws just
, , ,

which wa s b ill e d to stan d b e s t wh e n e xpos e d to t h e fa r e n ough a p ar t to cov e r it cut a n d cov e r h e ,

wi n d .
c all e d it an d l e a vi n g th e sp a c e b e t w e e n th e r a is e d
Mr S I MO N BR O W N o f Co n cord e xpr e ss e d his furrow s for th e wa t e r to subsid e i n to Th e m an ur e
.
, ,
.

gra t ic a tion with t h e l e ctur e an d e sp e c ia lly with thus cov er e d w a s composte d i n t h e soil an d n o n e
, ,

tha t p a rt which r e l at e d to t h e e duc a tio n of t h e of it wa s lost .

you n g fa rm e r H e though t much o f t h e e duc a tio n Th e fa rm ers of Ma ss achus e tts a re a s i n t e llig en t

.

o f t h e child wh o is i n t e n d e d to b e a fa rm e r to b e a s a n y cl a ss of p e opl e a n d th e y bri n g u p th e ir so n s ,

wro n g I n st e a d of s e l e cti n g th e bright e st boy of a an d d aught e rs in a m an n e r as r e puta bl e to th e m as

.

f a mily to e duc a t e a t Coll e g e h e should b e t h e on e an y oth e r profe ssio n

,
.

wh o is i n struc t e d in fa rmi n g O f al l pro fe ssion s W ith r e g a rd to t h e cultiva tio n o f cor n h e s a id h e

. ,
,

t h er e is n on e which r e quire s such v ari e d an d d e e p ha d n o doubt it could b e r a is e d h e r e with m or e

l ea r ni n g a s th a t of th e farm e r B ut th e m e thod pro t to us th an it could be to an y fa rm e rs a t t h e
.

n o w pursu e d is t o push a sid e t h e boy wh o is in t e n d W e st if th e y h a v e to com e h e r e for a m a rk e t , .

e d to b e a fa rm e r so th a t h e los e s m an y o
, pp tu
o r
M r C L F L I N T th e n ros e a n d e xpr e ss e d hi s . . .
,

n itie s which oth e rs e njoy H e h a s fe w e r holid a ys Pl e a sur e W it h t h e l e ctur e Of Mr W a ri n g an d 0 f

.
,
.
,

a n d h e do e s n o t e n t e r i n to comp an y so oft e n a s t h e f e re d t h e followi n g r e solutio n which wa s u n ani ,

child of th e m e ch an ic Th e s a m e is tru e of t h e mousl y a dopt e d

.
.

daughte rs of fa rm e rs Th e r e should b e a ch an g e in R eso lved Th a t th e th an ks of this L egisl ativ e

. ,

th e m a n n e r o f e duc a ti n g you n g fa rm e rs A gricultur a l Soci e ty b e a n d a re h e r e by p aid to

. ,

A gricultural Coll e g e s an d schools a re importan t G E O R G E E VV A R I NG for his a bl e an d v e ry i n te r ,

.
,

doubtl e ss but th e r e are schools e n o ugh a rou n d us e sti n g l e ctur e on A gricultur a l E duc a tio n at t h e
,

a ll t h e whil e which are n o t us e d E v e ry g e n tl e St a t e Hous e F e b 2 6 th 185 6

, . , .
, .

man pr e s en t might s e t in m otio n a school in hi s Th e subj e ct for discussio n a t t h e n e x t m e e ti n g

own n e ighborhood by coll e cti n g t og e th e r som e doz wa s an n o un c e d to b e G r a ss es a n d S ma ll G r a i n s
, .

e n youn g me n a rou n d hi s p a rlor re an d w w w ,

a gi n g an d i n structi n g th e m in a gricultur e an d by F th N w E g l
,
d F m or e e n an ar en .

providi n g th e m with such p e riodica ls a s will in N EW I D EA S I N A G R I C U L TU R E .

s truct th e m Th a t h as b e en don e in on e tow n an d Pumpki n s e e ds should n o t be f e d to milch co w s

.
, ,

it h a s a lt e r e d th e whol e fa c e of thi n gs in a f e w u n l e ss you wish th e m to d e cr e a s e in milk A ge n .

t l e man in this vicini ty h as tri e d i t b e li e v e s it an d

y e ars E v e ry o n e can d o much in th a t wa y
.
, ,

w ould h a v e m a d e it k n ow n e a rli e r but for fe a r of

.

Th e Ch a irm an s a id h e hop e d th e y w e r e n o t s o ,

ridicul e .

much b e hi n d t h e ag e in his vici n ity as h a d b ee n G ir d li n g a n appl e tr e e th e l ast of J un e or wh en ,

sugg st d
e e H .e did n o t th k t h e f a rm e rs da ugh its frui t is of t h e siz e o f a commo n w a l n ut will n ot
in ,

t e rs w ork e d a n y h a rd e r th an girls did in form e r ki ll t h e tr e e but improv e t h e fruit , .

tim e s .
A clos e ch a mb e r is a b e tt e r pl a c e to k ee p a ppl e s

th an a c e ll a r A ppl e s b e a r fr ee zi n g o n c e without
Mr D O D G E o f Sutto n corr e c t e d a s ta t e m en t i njury if th e y
.

.
, ,
are n ot h an dl e d till th a w e d L i n en , .

m a d e by him a t a form e r m e e ti n g in which h e h ad cloth l ai d o n or a rou n d a ppl e s pr e ve n ts i njury from

,

pu t th e n umb e r o f b a r n s in th e S ta t e at t hirty-six fr e e zin g A ppl e s h av e b e e n foun d in good ord e r .

thous an d H e h ad b e e n sin c e i n form e d by the in t h e spri n g th a t h av e l a in in b arr e ls u n d e r t h e

. ,

S e cr e ta ry o f th e B o a rd o f A gr icultur e th a t th e r e tr e es al l wi n t e r R o x bury R u s s e ts a re co n sid e r e d .

t h e lo n g e st k e e p e rs
,

w e r e se v e n ty six thous an d H e took occa sio n a lso G a th e ri n g fruit from t h e a ppl e an d curr an t tr e e s
.
-
.

to re -a irm th a t in his opi n ion t h e busi n e ss of ag wh en gre e n or b e for e th e y a re fully rip e m ak e s

,
, ,

ric ul t u re h as d e pr e ci a t e d with in t h e l a st t we n ty th e m mor e ro lic t h e followi n g y e ar

p .

y e a rs o n t h is sid e o f th e Co n ne cti cu t riv e r Th e

Tr e e s d e sig ne d for cl ay e y soils do b e st wh e n.

import c a n e o f s avi n g e v e rythin g in th e sh ap e 0} tr an spl an t e d i n t h e spri n g .

Curr a n ts b ea r in thr ee y e a rs from cutti n gs Ap

m an ure o f an y kin d was a lso urg e d H e was de pl e s b e a r in t e n or ftee n y e a rs from s e e d usually
, .
.

,
c ide d l y of op in i o n th a t compos ti n g was u n pro ta bl e in a
bout tw e lv e y e ars J N B A GG , . . . .
1 85 6 . N EW EN G LAN D F AR ME R . 17 3

Fo r th N w E gl d F m there a week I will conne myself to what he h a s

e

e n an a e? "
,

N O T E S FR O M TH E S O U TH e ff ected Mr B inheri t ed his planta t ion abou t . . .

se v enteen years ag o toge ther W i t h some hu n dred

.

Weldon J V J an 10 185 6 negroes he at that time li v in g at the N or t h a l

, . .
,
.
, , , ,

D EAR s Ag r eeably to m y promise to ) OU tho ugh of S ou thern bi r th and at that time o f de

, ,

to g i v e my ideas of S ou thern agricul t ure I am H O W cided anti slav ery tendency H is rst business a f ,
-
.
e

wri ting you from this town or rather collection of t e r ta king possession o f h is property was t o in v e s
,

houses in N o r t h C arolina tig a te how he could best dispose o f his sla v es for t heir
.

W eldon is t he junction of three lines of railroad o wn ad v antag e ; and in h is researches oc cupied se v ,

N or t hern S ou t hern and W estern and W ere it in eral years

, I n the meantime he also applied his , .

Y ankee land w ould long ago have ri v alled m any of t hou ghts to be tt ering his lands whils t en g aged in
,

our N o r thern ci ties but it is a mere indus at this libera tion scheme toge t he r wi t h his bro ther
,

, ,

prese n t . he imported a hund r ed I rishme n so as to try w hi te ,

T he changes from t he N orthern practice of agri labor whi c h pro v ed a n enti r e failure cos t ing t hem , ,

cul ture may be seen t he moment one leav es Phila abou t $ 2000 A mind t hus a c ti v e had n o t failed .

delphia ; t he g r ass crops become of less importance o f course to study the plan t ation economy and se e , ,

the grai n of more ; and instead of carts and wag ing us plant deep and l ibe rab ly manu r e a t t he
o n s t hat m ay be drawn well loaded by two horses N orth he t ried the same thi n g on h is lands and
, , , ,

or mules t he wagons and car t s need at least two pu tt ing in his plows t en in ches ins t ead of t hree
, , , ,

mules to draw them wi thout minding t he load I found t he bene t ; he also su ffered v e r y much from .

repea t edly s a w at W ashington four and e v en S ix standing wa t er which m a de his clay subsoil so t e ,

rnules dra wi n g loads that Ishould send into 1 30 8 n ac io us as t o be almost un w o rkable ; to remedy that
t on fr om my farm at L exington w i t h a t t he best he dug di t ches and besides innume r able c o v ered
, , , ,

two ho r ses and in most cases onl y one A v ery and blind di t c hes h a s one si n gle s t r ai gh t di tch
, ,
.
, ,

rema r kable feat ure too is that no one dri v es his t wo miles long P robably all o f his di t ches would
, , , .

load a s we do si tting in the wagon or on top of out-measure eight miles W hen he rst com
, .

the load bu t whe t her he ha v e two or four horses men ce d there w as not a single eld in one crop on
, ,

rides one in the saddle and drives the others e ith t he R oanoke that would exceed a hun d r ed a c res ;
, ,

er by r eins or t he v oice h e had las t year nine hundred acres in w heat ;

.
,

T he a g ri c ul tural implements too strik e a N orth four hund r ed and fty in corn and v e hundred in , , ,

erner wi t h amazement H oes as la r ge as four of clo v er ; and he h as fo r thi s year nine hundred in
. ,

ours plo ws t hat a man can h a rdly lift and o ft en clover an d nine hundred in w heat the corn not yet , ,

not r unning more t han three inches in the soil plan t ed T o manure the whea t of last year he not

. .

S eein g a l l these things and ha ving been told e v only applied se v eral t housand dollar s wor t h of lime
,

er since I can remember that the S outhern people and ar ticial m anures but also t urned in clo v er ,

do everything by hal v es only I wa s not surprised a t enough at present prices to come to six or eight
,

the sta t e of t hings that Ifound pre v alen t in this thousand dolla r s more O f t he n in e acres of c lo v er .

S t ate Iha v e been staying here se v eral weeks t his year he will cut a por tion feed a por tion and
.
, , , ,

and have there fore had a pre t ty good chan c e to s ee turn in the remainder T he rs t wonde r is how .
,

things a s t hey are N o w remembering w hat Ihe cu t s h is wheat ; he had last year six four-horse
.
,

ha v e said about the poor t ools the negligen t reapers in the eld at once his whea t is cu t t hen , ,

habi ts o f the people the carelessness of t he n e bound and stooked a n d then thra s hed i n the eld
, ,
.

gro es &c as well as the hi ghly cul t i v ated elds

, .
, T he th r ashing goes alm ost simul taneously wi th ,

t ri m g r ass lands nice barns and large yields of our t he cut ting T o t hrash t his wheat he h a s a steam
, .

best N e w E n g land farms shall you n o t be su r prised thrashing ma c hine of twenty horse po wer that
, , ,

to h ear me say t hat e v en here in N or th C aroli na wi l l thrash one thousand b ushels in a day and I
, , ,

a S tate rarely heard of and generally considered saw i t shelling corn at the rate of t wo t housand
,

en t irely behind the times Iha v e see n better farm bushels a day H is wo rki n g force is on e hundred
, .

ing be tt er t ools better discipline and be tt er crops and se v enty-ve negroes f t y-ve mules and horses
, , , , ,

than Ihave ever see n before in my life and one hundred and ft y head of cattle about .
,

I t may seem to you somethi ng lik e exaggeration one-third of which are oxen H is plan t at ion at , .

but it is ne v er theless true that any of o ur N or t h this season o f the year is of course much less in
, , , ,

ern farmers might v isi t the estates of Messrs H en v itin g t han at the gro wing season the more p artic .
,

ry and T hom as P B ur wyn on the R oanoke R iv ularl y that it snowed the day aft er we got there
g .
, ,

er near H ali fax to their very great ad v antage

, , and has not thawed ye t S o se v ere cold h a s not . .

T hese gen t lemen farm or more properly plant been kno wn these t hirty years here ; the R oan
, ,

some t hree t housand acres of land and show a per oke being co v ered wi t h ice and the th e rmo me , ,

se v erance a g ainst obstacles and a grasp of mind ter at eight degrees above zero I n spi te of t he
, , .

agri c ul turally that would do them credit in any wintry appearance howe v er it i s easy to se e his im
, ,

p o r tion o f t he w o r ld T heir lands consist of a rich prove men t s particularly for one w hose business is
.
, , ,

all uv ial r iv er bottom some hi g h and some l o w tha t like mine to a dge of nature s beau ties and capa
,

, ,

wi t h reasonable culture will yield twenty-v e bush bilitie s H is house s t ands in a gro v e of oak t r ees
, . ,

e l s of w heat o r less of cor n to the acre ; land much and has directly in front of it a eld of whea t of ,

o f which t hey bou ght for less than ve doll ars per six acres not one great square eld but beau tifully , ,

acre be c ause it wa s w orn out broken and di v ersied wi t h g roups o f trees : a n d

.

T he t ex tu r e of t he land is loamy clay and when when fully grown under the inuence of t he wind , , ,

they t ook their plan t ations they had been so long i t mu s t e v en ri v al the beauty of a water landscape ,

cul ti va t ed in t he old way plo wing three inches a s i t rolls s wells and wa v es according to t he p o w
, , ,

deep t h at all t he surface below that depth had be er of t he blast

, .

co me hard as a rock A s Imore particularly stud S uch a plan tation is a v illage

. in itself ; it has its
i e d Mr H R B urg wyn s p lantation having staid carpenter s and blacksmi t h s shops its wheel w r ight

. . .
, ,
17 4 N E W E N G L AN D F AR ME R . A PRIL

and harness maker ; and this one its steam engine extent go to pay the British holders o f P e r u v ian
- .
,

F ro m the nine hund r ed bushels of w heat Mr go v ernment bonds gi ving t hem to a ll inten t s and , .
, ,

B measured off t we n ty-three hundred bushels of purposes a lien upon the prots of a t reasure in
.
,

w hea t whi c h sold in P etersburg Va for

, per trin sic ally more valuable than the gold mines o f
, .
,

bushe l C alifornia T here are deposits of this unsurpassed .

Bu t a word for the character of the country fer tilizer in some places to the d ep t h of sixty o r .

P r obably no S tate in the U nion can surpass it in se v enty feet and over large extents of surfa c e ,
.

it s capaci ties N o t only are there these immense T he guano elds are generally con c eded to be the
'

and fer tile elds but almost all the tempera t e excrement of aquatic fo wls which li v e an d nes t le
, ,

and many t ropical frui t s ourish the r e ; the apple in great numbers around the islands T hey seem , .

pear plum c herry peac h persimmon grape cur designed by nature to rescue at least in part t hat
, , , , , , , ,

rant gooseberry s trawberry blackberry and huckle untold amount o f fertilizing m aterial which e v ery
, , , ,

berry gro w wild toge ther with which may be cul t i ri v er and brook is rollin g into the s e a T he w ash
, .

y ated t he g and pomegranate amongst t he fruits o f allu v ial soils the oating refuse o f th e eld an d
, .
,

I n th e eld crops w e hav e all t he cereals Indian forest and abo v e a ll th e w asted materia l s of great
, , , , ,

corn tobacco cotton hemp ax indigo madder ci ties are constantly being carried by the ti d al cur
, , , , , , , ,

the grasses and several of t he root and green crops rents out to se a T hese to a certain extent at , .
,

and las t ly bu t no t leas t the sweet po t ato t ha t may least go to nourish direc t ly or indirectly sub ma
, , , ,

t ruly be called t he staple of t he S o uth I n t he rine v egetable or animal life which in t urn go es to .
, ,

mountai n s are almost e v ery kind of v aluable miner feed the bird s which in our day are b r o ugh t away ,

a l and i t s immen s e sand plains are co v ered w i t h by the shi load from the C hincha I slands
, p .

t he lon g-lea v ed pine t ha t gi v es turpen tine rosi n T he bird is a beau tifully arran ge d c hemical labo , ,

tar pi t ch a n d yello w pine lumber

, ra to ry tt ed up to perform a si n gle O pera t io n v iz :
.
, , .

E v ery one h as heard of the immense herds of to t ake t he s h a s food burn out t he carbon by ,

hogs tha t li v e in t he woo d s here re t urning t o the means o f it s respira t ory func tio n s an d deposit t h e
, ,

o wner only w hen hun t ed for or star v ed ou t in the remainder in the shape of an incomp arable fe r til
,

winter : a si n gular fea ture o f t he pine tree is that iz e r But h ow m any a g es ha v e these deposi tions , , .

it s mast and y o ung roo t s are a fa v ori t e food wi t h of seventy feet in t hickness been accumula t i n g ?

hogs upon whi c h t hey fa tten rapidly s o tha t the long ,

lea v ed pin e may be c onsidered t he protec ting ge

nius o f t he S ta te gi v ing a s i t d o es shel t er when
, S A V E C O A L A S HE S , .

w orked into lumber the materials for ship building

r e in i t s w as t e po r tions light by it s fa r famed
- AR T H UR Y OUN G in h is v aluable R eport of the
,
,

light wo o d kno t s and fo od for t he pi g s w hich in Agricul tural S ur v eys of se v eral E urope an c oun t ries
, , ,

their tur n supply the only one t hing t he pine tree speaks of cases wh ere coal ashes were used wi t h
d oes not animal food for man
, grea t and astonishing success though the sta t e
.

,
T he great desidera tum here is intelligent w hite ments made to him he says w ere qui t e discrepant
labor ; any intelli g en t and willing N or therner e ith , ,

I
,

er as farmer or mechanic or t r adesman is sure to

,
and contradictory n one of his articles upon the
,
.

succeed if he will but c ome here and apply t he subj ect he remarks : ,

same po wers of mind here that h e w ould a t home C oal ashes are used fro m fty to sixty bushels .

L and can be pur c hased for three dollars an acre to the sta t ute a cre for a common d r essing ; t hey ,
,
which by simply deep plowing and t he applica t ion su c ceed w ell so wn on clo v er in March or Ap r il on ,
,
of a small amoun t of lime will yield ft een t o twen d r y lan d s and do much good applied to sward
,
,
t y bushels of whea t t he rst year lands during any part o f the win t er or sp r ing
.
.
,
Mr B urg wyn t old me of numerous instances of T hey are ne v er used on wheat I
.
n v ery d r y sea
this sor t ; ins t an c in g one of his o wn planta tions sons coal ashes do v ery lit tle good ; t hey a s well as
.

, ,
t hus purc h ased fo r t hree dollars per acre from whi ch most o ther of those d r essings requiring rain aft er ,

he sold $ 3 0 pe r acre the r st year

,

being so wn to se t them to work .

T he only dange r t o be apprehended is t hat such

.

men comi n g he r e would become sla v e o wners ; for C oal ashes like the ashes of w ood pos s ess many , ,

the ins t i t u tion as seen here presen t s no obnoxi o us v aluable quali t ie s and are g enerally found to P0 5 .

f eature s and p ro vt des s o well f or the a n ima l h a pp i sess great e f cacy on s o ils which are c hara c te r ized
,

n ess o
f the s l a ve t ha t it necessi t ates one to con tm by a deciency o f alkali W h y t h e ashes o f coal
, .

ua ll
y summ o n up his prin ciple to resist falling in should not be re ga rded as v aluable on wheat lands
with and hear tily appro v ing t he W hole S ys t em ; but ,

18 a p rob l e m we are wholly u nable to sol v e N o crop

to on e who c a r es no thing about S la v e r y and who is .

minded t o put ene r gy into h is ac tion here 1ies a is mo r e d e cidedly impro v ed by alkalescent manures , ,

cer ta i n f or t une . as a general thing an d as coal a s well as w oo d , ,

E xcuse t h e leng t h 0 f th f s le t ter ; In future I W 111 ashes possess certain alkaline proper ties as well a s
be more conc i se Iremai n yours truly
, , ,
.

other energ e t ic p rin cip les their a pp lica tion to the ,

R M om us C OP E L AN D
t rop must necessarily we think he produc t ive of
. .

, ,

ad v antageous results .

B R IE F H I S TO RY OF G UAN O -T he L ondon F a r I n the 4 th v olume of the F a rmer for 1 85 2 page

.
, ,

me r s Ma g a z in e furnishes the followin g brief h is 4 7 4 may b e found an excellent ar ti c le b Mr

y
.

t o ry of guano G uano a s most people under TOR E R O f w e Ha rt fO l d c onn H IS e x e n men ts

,
,

,
p
v

stand is imp o r t ed fr om t he islands o f the Pac ic '

m o s t ly of the C hin cha g r oup o ff t he coast of P e r u m the u se of coal had S uf

p results
l
s n
g '

ashes ,

t s T here i s also an ar t i cle on the subJ

,

a n d unde r t h e dominion of t ha t go v ernment I e c t l n the v ol

. .

sale is made a monopoly and the avails t o a grea t ume for 185 3 wi th an analytical table by Pro f
, , ,
.
185 6 . N E W E N G LAN D F AR M E R . 17 5

N O RTON This subj ect is introduced because in they are now apparently enj oyi ng t heir morning
.
,

uirie s ha v e been re c ently made wi t h regard to the a p preparato r y to sprin g labors with a commend
q ,

value of coal ashes as a fertilizing agent able a n d h e al thhh

S h ie t
.

F rom the facts In the case s o far as t hey ha v e ,

been presented I hav e concluded that the drye r ,

Fo r th N w E gl d F rmer and more dormant bees can be kept until spring

e e n an a .

has fa i rly s e t In t he less will be the loss in winter

WI N T ER I N G B EE S
ing bo t h in numbers and food and as a matter o f '

,
,

, ,

MY D E A R S IR : Y our paper of F eb 16 con course the more prosperous t hey will be the fol . ,

t a in e d a timely caution T ake care of your Bees lowing summer

,

Y ours truly ,

.
,

whi c h in the p r esent in c lement season meri t s more E l mwood F eb 26 W ILLIAM B A CON
, , . . .

no tice t ha n heedless and inexperienced bee-keepers

gi v e T he greatest peril 0 h the S eason W i t h regard R E MA R Ks T he above fa c ts and suggestions are .

to the n} I? l e t t o c ome W hen the warm d ays 0 valuable T here is more capital in v ested in b e e s 0
0
v

s rm
g mv rte them abro ad and the heavy body of i n N e w E ngland than many bel i e v e
. .

p I
snow n o w upon the ground by imparting a c h mi
,
t is a n e r .

,
n the W i nter

00 S uppose they need the 81111 I
.

ness to t he atmosphere t o which they are unac ,

customed disenables them and will if proper cau they want an e q uable tem pe rature and that may be
, , , ,

tion is not exercised in their behal f ruin whole c o a pretty low one do wn to the freezing point o r ,
, ,
lonies in a short time o .
e e n l ower all wmt e rIf It be regU I arl so o H IW
:
r
S
v

As i de from th i s unnatural atmosphere there

O

IS
l 0

ano ther cause of a fatal effect attending their going protected on the north and O pen on the sout h
o ,

abroad while the sno ws are dissol v in g especially if W here the 5 1m W 111 Strl ke them freely W 111 beco me , ,

a warm sunshine in vites them from their winter so warm e v en i n F ebruary as to se t the bees all , ,

T hey become Sh o w hlmd ose t h e: ay in motion ; they will then pass out o f the hive to
an i g
qu r e s
a f1 upon S h ow ne v er t o 88 ence 1t l s d8 relie v e the promp t ings of nature become chilled or

sirable to keep them in as dormant a s t ate a s p o s ,

sible un til t he sno ws have fairly dissol v ed T o e f bl i nded or h O th fall u h h the S h o w a n d d l e

P .
T hey , :

feet this a c ool locali t y wi th li t tle if any light is ma y be s afely kept in a 0old C h amber 0 1 attic in a
, , ,
'

decidedly the best T he cool may be found in cool dry cellar and we have heard it stated buri e d
.
, , ,

O eh
P buildings W here the sun s rays W ill h O t f a n in the cen t re o f a hay-mow
: the aperture being ,
upon the hi v e and if the building i s t oo light a closed wi t h stout wire gauge T he article of our
, ,

rug or piece of matting m ay be t hrown o v er t he

.

hive so a s to shut out all the light from the aper correspondent is timely and excellent for which we ,
,

tures and yet leave a free circula tion of air if that beg t o express our thanks
, ,
.

is necessary though we doubt the utili ty of giving

,

too free an access of the lat ter

O FF I C ER S O F S O C I E T I E S F O R 185 6
.

O ur vi ews on this matter are established from

.

the experience we once had of burying some light B R I S T O L C OUN T Y S O C I E TY

hi v es in the earth on the approach o f cold weather
.

AT A N D U R EE F ll i r Pr i d
,

and a llowing them to be buried until frost came N H R t F a ve es en

J H N D A G G E TT A t b o r o
.
, ,

out the following spring H ere they lay froze in S L C R O CKER T u t o
.
t l
V Pr d t
, ,
O ,
a
e
n n,
,
i ce e si e n s

S A D E AN T u t o T r u r r
. .
,

and mu ch of the t ime c overed with sno w yet when a n n, ea s e

T T A L OT T r r
. .
.
,

they were taken out they were a s fresh and li v ely L u to S t y

,
. . B ,
a n n, ec e a .

a s t hough no winter had disturbed their dreams ;

H OU S ATON I C S OC I E TY
the loss in number was v ery small t he quanti t y of .

food consumed wa s triing indeed ; the air t hat J A M E S H R OW LE Y E g r mo t P r

,
i d t e n es en
W ILL IAM D E W E Y Gr t B rr i gt o
.
.
, ,
,

reached them must have been v ery small in quanti V P d t , ea a n n,

i ce re s l e n s'
A E S Y S t kb i d g LL N A LE , OC r e,

t y yet we never saw bees heal thier in s p ring or W R T H Gr t B rr i gt o T r ur r

.

E P W O OD O ea a n n, ea s e
t B rr i gt o C o ll to r
.

C K Gr
.
,

W
.
, ,
W BO a n, ec
work bet t er in summer than these ,
JA ME S S E G W IC K Gr t B rri gto S r t ry .
. . LL E N BEE
D
,
ea
ea
a n
n
n, ec e a
.

W e left a few hiv es sta nding unprotected the

.
,

present winter T he consequence was i n one of .

VE RMON T S TA TE S OC IE TY , .

our earliest severe storms t hey were all burie d in a F RE ER ICK H OL OO B r t b o r o r id t

,
K t l P
D BE a e es en .

hea v y drift which we remo v ed in front in order

,
, ,

that t he necessary e v aporation of moisture arising

from the breath of the bees might be going on and ,

pre v ent the formation o f ice in the hi v es But our .

t y c re a r .

labor in this matter wa s soon counteracted for an E W AR S E YMOU R V r g T r ur r ,

D D e e n n es , ea s e
other storm came and buried them still deeper
.
,
,

while the rapid succession of storms and blo w s to WIN D SO R C OUN TY (VT ) S O C IE T Y . .

which we ha v e been s ubject deferred our labor in

J O H N P S KI ER W i d o r P r i d t NN n s es en
the clearing away process so that they remained J H N L L ER I G H r fo rd V w P r d t
.
, ,
.

S L D AN OM B r rd t
, OV N a t
O
buried in snow some four weeks L ast week how
.
.
, e n s.
.
e e si
O ON F H, a na

IC H MON D W oo d t o k T r ur r
.
, ,

ever the wind stopped blowing long enough for us L O RE R N Z O s c e as e .

L ORE Z O K E N T W oo d to k S r t ry
, ,
,
N s c ec e a .

to ta ke breath and among our earliest labors we ,

, ,

exhumed the hives from the cold tomb that the C ON N E C T I CUT RI V E R VA LL E Y S OC IE TY
winds had raised around them W e found they T i So i
.

had by their breath probably melted the sn ow from N [w H mp h i r d V rmo t ]

h ty w i ll m b r .

to w b o th i d th r i r i s c e e a ce n s on s es e ve n

, ,
e a s e an e n .

the immediate fron t of t heir hi ves and were a s li v e A B C L S ON H o r N H P r i d t ,

OS an ve es en
ly as a cool morning would permit the m to be
.

G E OR G E PR IC H A R
. .
. .
, , ,

They were removed to a cool dark room where AL E N D E M c L I E

S r t r y
.

XA R
D
A N
,

,
ec e a

, ,
17 6 N EW E N G L AN D F AR ME R . A P RIL

A VI
LL A G E O R F A RM C O TT A G E .

one O f the beautiful designs which we

is H ow con v enient to dri v e to the door or turn an d ,

ha v e promised from the wo r k en t i t led Vi lla g e

,

dri v e a way t o t he s t able N o sharp angles in t he
.

a n d F a rm C otta g es by t he Messrs C LE V E L AN D
,

. way no fr igh t ful sinuosi t ies to torture your c a r ri a g e
,

B AC K U S BR OTH E RS of N e w Y o r k C ome and

, .
, w heels and gi v e t hem a c r amp for life
,
E v ery .

look at it and s e e h o w in v i ting it is in e v ery par

, thing is easy and n atu ra l and unsophist ica t ed
, ,

tic ular . C r iticise it s p r oportions obser v e it s a p . about it .

pro ach es and surroundin gs S ee h o w rural it is

.
, \Vill a l l t his ha v e a n i n uence on i ts o cc upa n t s ?

and yet how modestly dignied and attra c ti v e N O .

W ho can tell H a s a r chi t ec t u r e and art w h e ther , ,

wo n der a wom a n app r oaches it last bes t gift ,

, .

on the H ouse or on t he S oil any moral bea r in g on ,

B eyond the c lose fence is the garden ; n ow be the heart ? on t he cha r ac t er ? on the h appi n e s s o f
se at ed on the piazza under the luxuriant g r a pe
, the family ? W ho c an tell ? W ill the shade of
v ines and see how completely that agrees wi th the Ini o J on es rep l y ?
g
,

mansion itself I t is no t an orna mental ga r den i t

.
,
I n ex t erior and future t his design h a s c on s id
ce r tainly is no t pu r ely a kitchen gar den I
,
t h a s no .

crable clai m t o o r iginality T h ere are t wo la r ge .

pre t ensions but like t he house it supplies t he wants

, ,
bays o n the fr on t one in t he parlor an d t he o ther
,
of the family wi t h e v erything it can in it s in the hall T he m ain entran c e is at the side of
,

the la tt er T his is fr om a porch par t ly en c losed

.
,

by t hese proj ec tions and covered by an ove r han g

,

in g roof .

T here are four good chambers on

IX
Z

t2 X | 6

I
O X l2

I
O X 12

TH E FIRST FL OO R P LAN . TH E SE C ON D F L O OR P L AN .
 185 6 . N E W E N G L AN D F AR M E R . 17 7

Of these three h ave clothes presses attached T he J ust a s the concentration of propert y in E ngland .

front windo ws of t his story are double two in one i s very much o v er-rated so t he inuence wh ich ,
. ,

T his makes the rooms more v aluable while it gives larg e proper t y exercises in t he su pe r iori t y o f it s ,

agriculture is also exaggerated L arge farm s usu ,

di gnity to the exterior Many house fr onts are , .

ally though no t al ways imply capi tal that is

.

, , , ,
spoiled by ha v in g too many windo ws T he wall means to command labor manures tools farm .
, , ,

veil h as no bread t h or dign ity and the house h e buildin gs stock & c in possession but where t he
, , , .
,

comes a l arg e lantern owner o f a small farm has a proport ion ate command
.

T he roof is low and h a s a bold cornice T he of these means a small farm will be be tt er cul ti v ated
t han a large one and produ c e more in proportion
.

,
back veran dah is plain with solid po sts and v isible to its size L a r ge f a r ms in E nglan d ha v e gen eral
, .
, ,

frame work T here should be a rear building the

-
.
l y belonged t o m en or bee n cul t i v a t ed by men ,

I of large means hence their su c cess I

IO O f S joining n winter the middle p a rt of the

. n N ew .
,

verandah may be enclo sed making an entry to the E n gland small farms are cul t i v a t ed by men of ,
,

kitche n and wood-room small means and marke t s near at hand have ,

stimulated this cul ti v ation hence th e state of

.

It s general for m makes it suitable for a spot

farmi ng in N e w E ngland T he I sl a nd o f J ersey .
,

,
W here it may be seen from se v eral points T he wi th it s dependencies is a country of small propri .

lot on whic h i t is to stan d should be open and t ors ; t here is scarcely t o be found in th e whole
, ,

smooth ra t her above than below th e grounds about

,
islan d a property of forty acres many vary from , ,

it H eight of each st ory 9 feet C ost v e to ft een ; but ye t i t is cult i v a t ed like a garden .

T he great bane of agriculture of manufactures of

.
.
,
, ,

commerce of e v ery business is in fac t d ebt and , , , ,

Fo r the N w E g l d F mer want of means no t debt contracted to make im e n an ar . , ,

rov e me n t s but to hold t he pro per t y u sed and

p
RUR A L E C O N O M Y O F TH E B R I T IS H stock i t and carry it on I n fact t here is no dis
, ,

I
.
,

S L E S -N o 5 tinction between ag r iculture and manufactures

. .
,

TU TION OF FA RM IN G A N D MA RKE TS
C O N S TI thou gh it is so oft en made ; bo th are processes to .

produce results useful to man b oth are processes

In my last I submitte d a f e w questions respe c ting
,
t o produce results by the aid and co-o perations of
the sys t em o f agricul ture which would in ti me be the powers O f nature and by th e blessing of G o d
, , ,

adop t ed in N e w E nglan d and h ow far we should a beet a carrot a pota t o an ox a sheep grass are
,

c opy t he E n g lish sys t em I v enture to say w e each as much a manufactured ar ticle produced by
, , , , , ,
.

shall ne v er adopt the system of lar g e fa r ms w hich man by the use of means and labor and capi tal as a ,
,
,

,
is by many considered t he dis t inguishing feature O f
piece of cloth or a plo w or a machine or any im
the E nglish system O ur ins ti tu t i ons are O pposed plemen t G od aids by the po wers of nature and
.
.
,

,
, ,

to the system o f large farmi n g and sound poli c y is t he qualities he h a s imparted to crea t ed t hi n gs a s
,

O p osed t o it and t o it s tendency

p W hate v er the much in th e one case a s the o t her ; and man co .

,
,

sys t em we adopt the farmer here will o wn his farm O perates wi t h his Maker in t he one case a s well a s
, ,
, ,
and where t he laborer owns t he soil he tills the the other in produci n g t he results by h is t ho ught ,
, ,
spade digs deeper the scythe takes a wider sweep h is labor and h is capi t al A small manufactory of
, ,
, .

and t he muscles lift a hea v ier burden A f e w rural any ar ticle wi th proper capi t al and skill will pro .

, ,
popula tions owning t heir own farms is in dis pen sa duce a s cheaply and often cheaper than a large one
, ,
ble t o the las ting prosperi t y of a c oun t ry and to its
.

A small farm wi t h proper capi tal and skill will

m i l i tary streng th E ngland feels n o w a s R ome produ c e as cheaply and oft en cheaper t han a large
o
, ,
.
,

felt be fore her t he e v ils of the poli c y she h as car one T he pro ducts o f t he fa rm and of man uf a ctur
,

r i ed so far t hough not a s far a s is thought t he ing require markets and will no t be produced un
.

, ,

conversion o f smal l holdings into large farms in less there are markets for t hem W hen money is
her inability to ll up her armies S he h as dri v en worth three per cent per annum as in E n gland
.

, ,
by the con v ersion of small farms into large ones t here will be better and cheaper farmi n g than with
.

m any o f her rural popula t ion to her cities and oth us here where i t is worth se v en and t here will b e , ,
er lands whom she now w ould fain ha v e in the be t ter and che aper farming especially on a lar ge
,

C rime a ; t hough perhaps this populat ion is better

,

scale where labor is cheap as in E n g land than , ,

O ff sca t tered where i t is in o t her lands and even in
,
wi t h u s whe r e it is dear ; there will be be t ter farm
,

cities than i t would be in the C rimea But the in marts population is de n se and c ongrega t ed in
,
g
.
,
martial pride o f E ngland can no lo n ger glory as it the where of commerce and manu factures largely , ,
once could in its rural military strength A j ust than with u s where i t i s sparse and sc at t ered T he
, .

,
retribu t ion fruit of an unjust policy
.

same is true under the circumstances stated of man .

L arge farming is indeed carried very far in E n g ufac turin g ; in fact farming part ak es of the nature ,
land but as we be fore remarked n o t as far a s is of manu facturin g or is manufac turing an d su b e c t to
f j
, ,
,
t hou gh t T here are the immense possessions Of all t he laws to which farmi n g is subj ect T he best
.

the nobility ; but there are also the modest domains constitu tion Of property for agricul t u r e is that which
of the gen t ry T here are dukes who own whole attracts to the soil most capi tal ei ther o wing to the
.
,

prop r ietors of the o wners being richer rela ti v e to the ex t en t o f land

.

coun ties but there are ,

soil of t he U ni t ed Kingdom ; and t wo -thirds of the t hey possess or because they are indu c ed t o lay ,
soil is in t he possession of what may be called sec out a larger proportion o f their income Ibelieve .

ond ra t e proprie t ors ; and farms of 2 00 acres are t hat with us sma ll proprietors are most liberal to
v ery com mon An er r oneous impression pre vails t heir lands N t hing can exceed the imp licit con
.
,
,

o
t ha t landed Property in E ngland does h Ot C hange de n ce wi t h whi c h t he E nglish farmer makes a d
.

hands H ere a par ti cular fac t h as been unduly vances to his lan d a matter in which our farmers
.

generalised C er t ain lands are under entails hm do not rival him though they may do so hereaft er
,
.
,
, ,
most are free .
17 8 N E W E N G LAN D F AR ME R . AP RIL

as markets and means tempt t hem to it T he E n g ulation a s a country ad v ances in popula t ion then .
, , ,

lish ascribe t heir subs t i tu tion of h o rses for oxen as a coun try ad v ances the processes of a gr i cul t ure , ,

their large out-lays for man ures and fer tilize r s for mus t improve t h e pr oduc t s of agriculture on a g i v en , , ,

le v elling subsoil-plo wing draining an d t o large s urfac e be grea t ly i nc r eased and t he pr i c e of agr i
, , , ,

farming but these t hings are signs of rich and intel c ultural products must ad v an c e
,
.

l ig e n t ra t her t han O f large farming

, S mal l and T here is a feel ing of d i sc ourag ement i n N e w E n g
, .

middling far mers unders t and the benet of these land respe c ting agri c ul ture ; bu t i t W i ll pass a way ;
things qui t e as well as g r eat ; t hey are unkno wn s h e h a s t aken t he t wo grea t s t e ps to w ard a gri cu l s

only where far mers are poor a n d ignorant W ha t tural p r osperi t y ; sh e h a s de v eloped commer c e and .

c harac t erizes E nglish farming is no t so much la r ge manufac t ures and t hus mul t i pl ed c onsumers and
i ,

farming so c alled as the raising O f farming in to a imp r o v ed t he means o f com mun i ca ti on w

, , h i ch br i ng
business of i t sel f and the amount of capi t al a t t he c onsumers and p r odu c ers toge t her W i ll t he fer
,
.

diS p os a l o f farmers W e have set t led h ow mu c h tility of t he W es t keep N e w E ngland agr ic ul ture at
.

c api t al is needed to ca r ry on mos t manuf ac t u r ing a s ta nd ? M .

O era t io n s but not how much is needed to carry on

p ,

the O pera tions of a farm which is a s we hav e sho wn , ,

Fo r the N w E g l d F m ,
e n an ar er .

no more nor less than a manufac turing O peration ;

but t he E nglish farmer before 184 8 held t ha t to S EE D P O T A T O
,
E S ,
.

conduct a f arm h e must ha v e a capi t al of $ 40 t o MR E D IT OR A s much h as been writ ten in

, .

t he acre and n o w he t hinks $ 80 to t he acre not too your paper abou t seed potatoes permi t me t o gi v e
, ,

much the v ie ws t ha t Iha v e O b t ained from my exper i ence

.

B ut ma rkets ma rkets are the greatest and most and O bser v a t ion in gro wing them
, , .

p r essing require me n t o f agricul t u r e H ow to pro As respec t s small po t a t oes for seed I hav e some
.
,

du c e is a ques tio n w hich t housan d s O f minds set t le times plan t ed them and ha v e had a good crop ; ,

after t he demand f o r produ c ti o n c omes I n mar but exper ience h a s taught m e tha t by c on t inu i ng
.
,

ke t s the E nglish farmer has the ad v an tage of far to plan t the smallest size a f e w years successi v ely
, ,

mers o f all o t her countries F r om the de v elop you will ha v e small potatoes And this w e m i ght
. .

men t of m anufac t ures an d comme r ce in E ngland reasonably infer from t h e n a ture of things , .

the farmer t he r e is surrounded by indus t rial and I think w e should sele c t for seed those that are
commerc ial popula t ions whi c h exist no where else most perfectly gro w n and matured Iwould not
, .

in t he w orld O n e-third o f the E nglish na tion is sele c t all t he larges t size t o plant for they are o i
.
.
,

c ongrega t ed a t t wo poin t s L ondon in t he sou t h and t e n t imes defec t i v e

, N ei t her would I select those .

the manufac t uring to wns of L ancashi r e and W es t tha t are co v ered w i t h prongs or in any way d e f e c ,

R iding ; t hese human -ant hills are as rich e s the y are tive , .

numerous I f t he Y ankee farme r s were thus s ur

.
P otatoes intended for seed Ithink should be ,

sounded by m a r kets t h ink you t hey w ould n o t se t grown upon a soil whi c h h as no t been made so ex
,

tle as t he E nglish ha v e done the ques tio n s what ce ssiv e ly rich by m anuri n g a s to fo r ce t he i r growth
, , , ,

produce brings t he hi g hest price rela t i v ely t o its t o an e n ormous size ; such are no t likely to be ma
cos t o f produc tion an d by wha t means t he cost of tu re d in a v ery heal thy state and consequen t ly are
, ,

produc tion is t o be reduced in order to inc r ease t he un t for seed T his rule will apply t o m any other .

net prot ? T he E n g lish farmer for example th ings Animals raised upon v ery high keeping , , . ,

gi v es a preference to the produc tion of mea t bu t may be for c ed to an un usual grow t h but t his will ,

t his is not only because t he animals by their ma exhaust the po wers o f t heir na tu re s and t hey will ,

nure maintain t he fer tili t y of t he land bu t because become unheal thy an d b e short li v ed S uch would , ,
.

meat is an ar ti c le mu c h i n demand and t he p O pula be poor breeders O n e t hing more in respect to . ,

tion are ric h enough to buy it S O of milk an d s o seed po ta t oes T hey should be gro w n in a soil i n
.
, .

o f wheat . which po t a t oes are least a ffected wi t h the rot .

It hink an O bser v er can se e that the markets of I p s w i ch F e brua ry 1 85 6 , , .

N e w E ngland begin to speak in a v oice w hi c h t he ,

farmer must hear in many a farm-house whose oc R E M A R K s O n e thing seems generally to be for
,

c up an t h a s thus far raised but li tt le more than w a s

.

needed for his o wn consu mp t ion and t hat the in got t en i n speaking of
,
seed potatoes and t hat is

crease ih the popula t ions of the t o wns and ci t ies of t hat w e do n ot use the s eed for plan ting but the tu
, ,

N e w E ngland por t ends an agricul t ural re v olu tion ber

, W e ha v e experimented for years by using .
.

T he agricul tural popula t ion of E n gland ha s d e la r ge and small potatoes and hav e ne v er been able
ve l op e d a la w of increase which I
,
t rust will not be I
d eveloped by o urs ; and yet t here are indic ations
,
to disco v er any di fferen c e in the product
.
ndeed .
,

that we tend in t he same direction T he more pop we heard M r B UC KMIN S TE R of the Ploug hma n
.
. , ,

u l o us E ngland has become the less propor t ion h a s state a f e w evenings since at a F armers C lub that
, , ,

t h e ag ricul t ural popula t ion borne to the whole o u it w a s highly probable that an u n r i e potato is a c
p p p
lation A t the end o f t he last cen t ury t he a gricul tual l be t ter fo r planting than one that h a s come
.

y
tural population was sixty per c ent o f the entire t o perfection and we are more than half inclined .

populat ion o f E ngland ; it is now but t wenty-ve ;

per cent of t he entire population I n 1800 i t was

to agree wi th him In times of scarci t y some per
.
,
. ,

reckoned that t here were about nine hundred t hou sons Cut out t he eyes and use them on ly and s t ill , ,

sand agri c ul t ural families ih G reat Bri t ain ; n o w wi t hout any diminution o f crop T his is usually .

there may probably be a million But n o w the the case w i th s wee t potatoes nobody thinks o f.

,
nonagri c ul tural families amount t o v e million
while in 1800 they did not probably amount to a plan t ing t he whole po t ato to remain a s the sour c e
,

million .
of a hill T oo much care cannot be obser v ed in . ,

If thi s be the law of increase of agricultural p op using the mos t perfect seed when seed is used .
185 6 . N E W E N G L AN D F AR ME R . 17 9

eral years B ut an annual applica tion of t e n to

F or the N ew E n g la n d F a rm r e .
.

H OW T O G E T G R A SS C R OP S ft een bushels of ashes per acre would be required .

.

Ol d Fi l d A h L i m - S l t
e s s d B r i K p i g S to k p
es e(b ) Mix your salt and brine and lime wi t h peat
a an ne ee n c u
S wi t h i g th m fo r E x r i V ti l t i o R m r k
.

c n e e c se en a n e a s.
muck for a t op -d re ss sing
MR E DIT OR Iam in trade H a vo e 145 acres o
c ) Y our doctr i ne i s undoubtedly correct W 1t h re
, .

(
. .

o f land three nml e s fro plac e of b usmess ; th i rty

b 0 O

n a S unny day t u m o u t t hree

,
g a rd to the S toc k O
acres in grass S oil c oarse gravel bears one half
.
-
,
!

to three -f0 ur ths ton good hay per acre N o w as 0 1 four 0 f the cattle to S tay an hour or two and .

h a i s the mos t pro t a ble crop gro wn in this l u m on the next as m any more until all t h e stock have
y

h en h g region I W ish to keep t he s e ll i f PO S Sib le in t heir turn

: T he ca rd drawn in v er tical lines down : : .
,
C ondi tio n to hear one ton e r a cr e by t o d re SS i n
P p g t he sides of the cattle with a careful hand w ould
'

and sell my hay Ashes can be deli v ered on the ,

far m for t we n t y cen t s per bushel (unleached o )

.

be an excellent subst i tute for the s wi tch T he

,
.

R ockland lime $ 1 6 2 5 per bbl P las t er $ 10 per e v apora t ion from the m anure w i t h t he breath and
, .
,
,

ton Wil l all or a n y o f t he m be profi t able t o b uy pe r spira tion o f the cat tle will soon des t roy t he
.
,

for t O P d re S Sih g 9 H ay is worth (a v erage Price ) strength of the timb er and boarding of the barn
'

, ,

$ 10 per t on on sa i d land I f so when and h o w making it w eak and rotten as punk

.

.
But, not .

,
.

S hould t hey be a liE d ? (a )

pp wi t hstanding your
nei hbor
'

is mo r e than half

Iha v e t he sal t a n d brine t hat remains in retail g ,

ing fift y bbls o f p o rk and sh annually would it g

.
rl hh A l e h
g e X
P e m e h e e has sa h S h e d h e th a t ca t

be righ t t o sc a tt er t he salt and brine on to the t le do better t ied up most of the time .

mo wing eld or mix wi th muck lime or ashes , , ,

or e v en ch arcoal ? I n ans we r ing t hese questions I ,

dee m it of the g r eatest importance to be sure be WO N D ER S O F TH E C RE A T E D UN I ,

yond a reaso n able d oub t t ha t it will p a y fo r in v es t ,

V ER S E ,

ment in manure is O ften like railroad stock t he

,
.

balance shee t may show money out of po cket (b ) W hat mere assertion will make any one believe . .

A n e ig hbor of mine asks your O pinion of t he pol th a t in one second of time in one beat of th e pen

icy of keeping stock tied up all t he time in t he dulum o f a clock a ray of ligh t tra v els o v er one , ,

barn I . n his c ase it is less labor to drop t he ma hun dred and ninety-t wo thousand miles and would
, , ,

nure into the cellar and w ater the stock at the stan therefore perform th e tour o f the w orld in about
, ,

chions than to turn t he m out of t he barn But the the same t ime tha t it requires to wink our eyelids
, .
,

main ques tio n is is i t a s well for the health of the and in mu c h less t han a swift run ner occupies in
,

stock O n e argument ad v an c ed by him in fa v or of taking a single stride ? W hat mor tal can be made
h is n e w plan is t hat t he stock are more comfort to belie v e wi t hout demons t ration th at t he s un is
, , ,

able or warmer and hence will do be t ter Ano th almost a million times larger than the earth ; a n d
, , .

er is that t hey are in no danger of inj uring ea c h that although so remote from us t hat a cannon
, , ,

other as is O ft en the case t he stronger bea ting the ball shot dire c tly to wards and maintain in g its full
, , ,

weaker ; and co ws especi lly being more q uiet speed would be t wenty years in reachin g i t it yet
, a , , , ,

W ill gi v e mo r e milk a ff ects the ear th by its a tt rac tion in an in apprecia

.

I n answer to my obj ection that they will suffer ble instant o f tim e ? W ho would not a s k for

for wan t O f exercise he proposes to make them demonstrat ion when told t hat a gnat s wing in
, , ,

stand about to the r i gh t and left pretty li v ely w i th it s ordin ary ight bea t s many hun d red times a , ,

a s wi tch once each day H is ba r n is forty by ft y second ; or that t here exist animated and re g ularly
, .

fee t three s t ories hi gh incl udin g t he basement and organized beings many t housands o f W hose bodi es
, , , , ,

clapboarded I urge to ventilate by raising the laid close together would not extend an inch ?
.
,

windo ws in ei ther gable end fro m the fact that the But what are t hese t o t he astonishing truths whi c h
moisture fro m ft een head is so great the roo f and modern O p tical ii i q uirers have disclosed which , , ,

e v e n the walls of the ba r n are comple t ely co v er e d tea c h us t hat e v ery point of a medium through,

wi t h frost a n i n c h thick in places and constantly a c which a ray o f ligh t passes is affected with a suc ,

cumulating A s our neighbor is a reader o f yo ur c ession of periodica l m ovemen t s regularly recurring

.
,

v aluable paper I h Ope should you agree with me at equal intervals no less t han v e hundred mil
, , ,

in my su g ges tions for mo r e ven tila t ion to his barn lions o f millions of times in a single second T hat ,

it might induce him to reduce it to practi c e (c ) it is by such movements con mun ica t e d with t he . .

C S WE LD ner v es of our eyes that we se e ; nay more ; that . . . ,

Ol a mon P en o bs cot , M a 185 6 i t is the difference in the frequency o f t heir recur

, .

rence whi c h affects us with the sense o f the divers

R E M A R Ks I f your grass land h a s been ity of color
.
T hat for ins t ance in acquiring the . ,

sensation o f redness
mowed for se v eral years the roots are prob ably hundred and eightytwo millions of times of yel our eyes are a ffected four ,
,
;
scattering and feeble so t hat if you manure ever so lo wness ve hundred and for t y-two millions of
,
,
highly a good crop could not be reasonably expect millions o f times ; o f viole t se v en hundred and
, ,

e d un til the new grass stimulated by the dressing se v en millions Of times per second D o not such
, ,
.

had formed new and v igorous roots TO do the things sound more like the ra v ings of madmen than
the sober conclusions of people in their waking
.

work properly therefore the land should be plowe d senses ? T hey are ne v er t heless con c lus i ons to
, ,
,
,
and re se e de d i t h en W i t h a Plentiful application O f which any one may most cer tainly arri v e who will
'

ashes together wi t h a lit t le barn manure p oss i only be a t t he t rouble of examinin g the c hain of
, ,

ble for the firs t year you would probably g e t an a v reasoning by which they have been obtaine d H er
, ,
s chel
erage crop o f a ton and half of the best hay for sev
180 NEW EN G L A N D F AR M E R . A P R IL

N UM BE R O F TR EE S ON A N A C RE .
I S ON ON .

T b l h wi g th mb f T
a e s o n e nu er o re e s re q u re d i to pl t an a n a c re Will th e F a rmer tell us h o w to raise this usefu l
.

of g ro u n d , f ro m on e to fty f e e t a p a rt . article ? Thus far I have n ot made th e business ,

F E ET . TR EES . F EE T . T R EES. protable Please give us some nam e s to whom an

.

1 26 64
2 27 59
address would be satisfactory N ear D etroit we .
,

3 28 55 could nd an ampl e market ,

4 29 51
5 30 48 PA R SN I P S A N D C A RROT S .

6 31 45
7 S89 3 2 43
O n e o f my neighb ors raised v e h undr e d bush els
8 6 80 3 3 40 to the acre He turned ov e r a piece o f sod mel.
,
9
10
3 87 3 4
43 3 35
37
36
lowed it wi t h harrowing did the necessary work , ,

11 36 0 36 32 and received t h e above rich re w ard The carrots .

12 3 02 3 7 31 h e f e d to hogs co ws and horses in t he place of corn, .

13
14
25 7 3 8
22 2 39
39
28
an d oats A li t tl e information as to the modus op
.

15 19 3 40 27 era n di would b e th ankfully r e ceive d .

16 17 0 41 26
17 15 0 42 24 C ORN A N D OA TS .

18 13 4 43 23
19 12 7 44 22
These grains do well amo n g the roots just so far ,

2o 1 08 4 5 21 as the seed has a chance to the mellow e d e arth b e

21
22
8 46
9 o 47
2o
19
low th e muck I fully agree wi t h an old farm e r . ,

23 82 48 18 wh o writes in o n e of your n u mbers p l a n t corn a n d ,

,

a gain I s ay p l a n t com This is a grain nev e r out

24 7 6 49 18
, .

25 69 50 17
of place save when o ut of the crib or ou t of the
, ,

stomach o f man or beast .

F or the N ew England F a w l er.

E B EN EZ ER M D ON A L D .

S UN F L O WE R S .
Uti c a M i chig a n J ,a n u a ry 1 85 6 , , .

MR E D ITOR z M y r e sidence is in the w oods

and my exp e rience as a farmer is small having R E MA RK S
.
,
P e rhaps some of our readers ,
.

spent the most o f my life in professional ma t ters have cultivat e d the sunower as a crop an d u n d e r . ,

B ut e ven the deser t pr e s e n t s its oasis or green stand the true mode ; if so they will con fer a favor , ,

spot and wa t ering place so those o f small e xp eri upon us and o ur correspond e nt by replying The
,
-
,

ence m ay have so me thing to say

.

suno wer contains a very nice oil wo u ld it n o t be

.

L ast fall I planted a f e w sunflower seeds aroun d

,

the stum p s and abo ut the corn e rs of t h e fe nc e s well to cul t ivate it on that account ? It is said to .

Three of t he larg e st sized h e ads r e pr e sentatives of burn W 811 in lamps and as t he Plant is hardy an d
, . ,

the mass I co unted one numbering a t housand of vi gorous grow th it se e ms that a s ufcient product
, , ,

seeds th e second o n e tho usand t wo h un dred a n d might be atta ined to make it an obj ect of c ul t iva
, ,

f t y th e third one t housand ve hundred

,
The
,

same stalks yi e ld e d i n addi t ion to the above from t ion P e rhaps a difc ulty would be m et in n d
.

o n e to fo u r more heads
in
g some expeditious method of expressing the oil :
.

N o w i f one s e e d will raise a thousand the small but means would soon be devised to accomplish
, ,

est n u mbe r counted in one h e ad the seed b e ing on e that i f th e crop were found protable , , .

foot apart in the ro w and two fe et apart wid e on b ) There is among u s a great variety o f tur
an acre we hav e as I hav e co unted and measured (, , .

two hundred a n d t w e lve bush e ls

,
nips but the common ruta
.
-baga or S wedish t ur
,
, ,

Why might n o t t he seed b e sown and harrowed nip tak ing its quality an d productiveness into c on ,

in the same as oats care b e ing tak e n to have the sid e ration is perhaps as good as an y
, It is hardier , .

seed far eno ugh apart I harveste d the h eads wi th an d more nutritious than any of the common sorts
.
,
a knife and pu t th e m u nder cov e r and fed th m o ut and in addition to its being more esteemed for the
, ,
e

to my poul t ry who do all the threshing and pro

,

n o un ce d a bushe l of sunower seed eq u al to a bush

table and as food for stock thro ughout t h e turnip
,
,

e l o f oats .
season is better adapted for spring fe e ding gener ,

A s this is m y rst attempt at the business I ally It howev e r requires a somewhat deeper an d , .
, ,

should like to be infor med as to t he best m ode of superior class o f soil and more g enerous manuring
seeding and harves t ing The stalks wo uld make than t he common at t u rnips
.

good kindling or bak e r s wood for both city and
.

,
F or th e ruta-baga the gro u nd s h ould be plowed
,

countr y (a ) . .
,

RU TA-B A G A S deep an d n e ly p u lverized an d the manure thor

. ,

A mon g th e stumps very ro ugh an d so da y I oughly ,

incorporated wi t h it H a rrow level and ,
.
,

raised some roots weighing eight pounds Th e sow with see d sower the rows two an d a half or .
,

C rop was Q t Over half the quant i ty as r a te d b y t hree fe e t apart and the plants at least o n e foot .
,
good farmers an d yet I nd it v e ry pro t able a a l t m the l ow an d th e? the W ho mgro und n
, .

I ke e p only one c ow whose fe e d is half a bu shel of p

i
be cov ered i f the crop 1s a good one e avm
,
L
roots per day wi t h corn stalks a n d straw at a p ro
,
g
,
.
, .

t o f o n e dollar per week This c o w but for the th e m too th m .

k m the row must be ca re f uny g u ard
,

roots would probably have dried up in th e fall an d e d against as their l e aves are broad and e xtend
, ,

have been a dead expens e until S pring A S i t (3W fre e ly on ever y side s o t hat even as widely apart .

,
is I a n ticipate n e ar a pail o f milk per day wh i le as we have stated above th ey wrll e nti r e ly co xe r
, ,

t h e fros t and sno w of 185 6 remains

,

t h e ground l o r g before th e crop h a S F O me PO uf a

.

Please t e ll u s the b e s t se e d t he time for sowing

f ,
'

There i s another advanta g e i n cul ti vati ng

.

_ _
t h e quality o f soil t h e mode o f cultivation (b ) t un ty , .
.
1 85 6 . NE W EN G L AN D F AR ME R . 181

the ruta-baga as it may be tra n sp l a n ted succesfull y, The Initial lett ers are gems an d the th oughts they ,

where the seeds have failed to come . uggest Wi th the exception o f those of moving
s

Preparation of land for onions should b e in May are of the most pleasing character The .

much like that for ruta bagas The seeds of b oth -

. G ard e n has not been forgotten N o t only its out .

a re small and r e quire a very ne tilth in order to

, lines are given but we have specic d irections for
,

ens u re germination CH A RLE S B C L A R K E sq o f . .

, .
, planting pruning & c Then there are selections
, , .

Concord Mass has raised the nest cr 0 p we have

, .
, of the best fr uits shade -trees o wers shr ubbery , , , ,

seen this year and would undoubtedly communi , a n d climbing plants to complete the whole and ,

cate to you his mod e o f make it in reality A H O M E , .

dressing of ashes will be quite lik e to bring a In reading the work in looking at its attrac t ions , ,

good crop . and admiring the genius which we found on every

page and ending only with the en d we felt that
,

,

V I LL A G E A N D F A RM
C O TT A GE S . we were admitted to the hearts of the a uthors and ,

The most beautiful and what will prove the ,

knew them w e ll A nd when we sought them in .

most useful book which we have seen o n this sub

,
their seventh story Ja un ce y Court 4 1 Wall S treet , , ,

j cet is n ow be fore us with the above title By

, , .
N Y we found them not a whit different from the
. .
,

H EN R Y W C L E VE L A N D W I LL I AM B A C KU S and
.
, ,
opinions we had formed .

E very perso n int e nding to build or alter a house

.

S AM UE L D B A C KU S young int e lligent and enter

.
, , ,
,

prising men and published by A ppleton Co

, .
,
should o wn the book which m ay be found at Tick ,

N Y
. .
nor s 13 5 Wash i ngton S treet B oston
, , .

We cannot half so well in an y other way give the

reader a true idea o f the work as in the words of , F or the N ew E n g la n d F ar mer .

t hose who made it They say In preparing the .

following pag e s of desi g ns and prints we have had ,

A N AY R SH IRE C O W .

in vi e w a class numerous and important in every , MR E D ITO R The recent no tice in your paper of
.

th e A yrshire c o w B eauty prompts me to give

community but sp e cially so in ours comprehend
,

ing mechanics an d tradesmen o f moderate circum you a few facts touching my A yrshire a c ow which ,

though n ot graced wi t h th e nam e B eauty was

,

stances the small f armers and the laboring men

,
perhaps never examined by an admirer o f good
general l y A m oderate home which h e may call
.
, cows but he exclaimed What a Beauty !
, ,

his o wn is beyond the search o f no capable and in

, She was a gift to me July 1846 then a three , , ,

d us trious man It is a laudable ambition which .

year o ld heife r some two months after her second
,

prompts him to strive for such an obj e ct We have calf F rom ve t o seven years o ld sh e rose a s
.
,
.

high as seventeen and I think for a short time , , ,

endeavored to provide the villager of limited means upwards o f eighteen quarts ; I have regretted I did
wi t-h a pla n for his small house in which strict econ , not pr e serve a critical min u te o f her yield at this

o my shall be combined with comfort good looks age Two years ago this season then almost
.
, ,

and s ubstan t ial value .

el e v e n s he milked six mea s u red q u a rts thi rty da ys
bef ore comi ng i n Th e calf wa s dro pp e d A pril 10
Conveni e nce facility in doing the family work ,
,
.

4 from which time to F e b 22 following (when

,

, .
,
a n d pleasantness o f internal aspect and arrange
Isent h e r into the country to b oard ) a period of ,

ments were o ur rst aim

, . 3 18 days her total yiel d wa s 26 18 qu arts av e rag
, ,
I
> = l
= =
l
= = l
= = I
= = l
= = 1 ing 8% quarts nearly p e r day an d giving n e arly ,

We believe that every improvement in the s even a n d o n eh q u a rts per day for 3 6 5 days ,

abodes o f men which renders them more neat c om ,

entir e year I have amused myself wi t h gur
.

,
ing a little farther an d ascertained that this gives
f ort abl e a n d pl e asing contributes n o t only to phys
,
, ,
be e r 7 9 8 wine gallons or 2 6 % wine barrels , .

i cal enj oyment but to mental an d moral advance , I regret to add that I lost this cow by milk fever
, ,
ment .

t hir t y-six hours aft er calving in last J une I have , .

These gentlemen do n ot seek to contribute alone a heifer of promise from her coming three sired by ,

to the physical enj oyment but to the mental and a pr e mi um A yrshire .

,
A llo w me to trouble you with the rem ark that
moral as well and t his gives the whole work a tone ,
the above cow some nine years ago incidentally
,

, ,
and a value which it would not otherwise possess . sugg e ste d to m e the mode of s ta lling of which I ,

The descriptions are pr udently written by one made furnished you a descrip t ion and ro ugh diagrams , ,

c dm e te n t for the task by r e ading reection and

p ,
some year an d a half since over the signature Pro ,

Bono P ublico ; from whi ch ho wever the p ublic

observation ; and he h as accomplished it with as have d e rived n o benet pardon me it having

, ,

much of genuine feeling as of art .

never been publishe d But s t ill there is n o mista ke .

They have not giv e n us the perspectives on bar about that mode o f stalli ng F or u pwards of eight .

ren h e a t hs wi t h forbidding approaches The sur . y e ars that co w (and oth e rs of min e ) h a d come o ut ,

roundings exhibit as m uch good taste as do th e of her stall in the morning wi t h hair as clean as ,

architectural proportions and ornaments N othing the b e st dr e ssed mustache in your city My broth .

er (name d in th e description all ud e d to ) put up

, ,
that tends cheaply to embellish and render the home '

fo urteen stalls u nder my direction in his Big Stone

.
,

lovely and attractive is o mitted , .

Barn in D anvers some year ago and without ex
,

, ,
182 NE W EN G L AN D F AR MER . APR I L

ce th e y conrm my statement to u ching th em

pt io n , , the o ld motto
o u ght t o be improved in orde r to ,

as occ upied by ox e n co ws and calv e s from six to , apply tr u thfully an d read th us what man has ,

twelve months old M y brother valu e s them v e ry . don e man may yet outdo
, I am a farm e r an d .

,

highly Charl e s L a w r e nce E sq a n eighbor wh o

. , .
, , read m uch u pon t he s ubj ect an d co n cl ude that t he ,

in trod uced t hem in t o his barn six months since h as , .

A B O s of farming are n o t learned yet
. . .

expr e ss e d to me his admira t ion o f them and allows , By t he way reading has a curio u s e ff ect u pon ,

me to assure you an d t he public if I choose in h is , , my mind especially the reading of th e N e w E n g

,

nam e t hat t h e y p e rfe ctly answer my promise re

, la n d F a rmer for it always s e t s me into a Brown ,

S pecting them They use chain ties In honor of . . stud y Thine for the ear t h s b e st products
.

,

my lost cow please spe ak o f them if at all as the

, , , Wa re N H F eb 2 5 185 6 , L BRE E D
. .
, .
, . . .

A yrshire S t all .

Yours &c J OS M D R IVE R , R E MARK S The appl e s s e nt were very b e auti

.
, . . . .

f ul in shap e co l or an d avor an d other things b e , ,

R E MA R Ks VV e fe e l obliged to o u r correspond
.

ing favorabl e o ught to be extensive ly cul t ivated ,

.

ent for his favors ; we did n o t und e rstand his dia

grams sufcie n t ly to c om e to a cl e ar perception o f
EIG HTH L E G I S L AT I V E A G R I CUL TU
their merits Will t ake t h e m up again
R A L MEE T IN G
. .

RE O E F R F ME Y H E ROCKWE LL P RT D O TH E AR R. B . . .

m
F th N ew E g l d F
The eig hth L egislative A gric ultu ral me e t ing was
or e n an ar er .

G R ANI T E BE AU TY APP L E held in t he Hall of the House of R epres e n t a t i ve s ,

F RI E N D BR OW N Itak e th e lib e rty o f s e nding Tuesda y evening agreeably t o adj ournmen t The , .

along a specimen of an appl e much priz e d in this s ubj e ct for discussion as pr e vio u sly anno unc e d was
,

, , ,

vicinity the history of which as r e lated by thos e G ra sses a n d the S ma ll G ra i n s

, ,
.

wh o know is as follows Years ago w hen our

,

grandfa thers and gran dmothers rst cam e to seek The meeting w as less fully attende d than usual
,
.

t h e m a hom e in t he wilds o f N e w Hampshire their N o member of the E xecu tive Commi tt e e b e ing pres ,

only mode of conv e yance from p lace to place w a s ent Mr W J BU C K M IN STE R in their b e hal f in v it , . . .
, ,

on horseback The grand mo ther of the family that ed Mr HA RV E Y D OD G E of S ut t on t o pr e side He

.
.
, ,
.

liv e d 0 11 t h e farm I n o w occupy wa s one day said on taking the chair the grass crop in Massa ,
, ,
re turning from a v isit to her old home an d friends h s
c u e t t s was of great e r value than that of any other
,

m oun t e d on a slo w horse ; a long ride was before

crop in e State It has been consid e rably i m
h e r and wishing to accomp ish i t in one day she
,
l t h
,
.

fe lt t h e nec e ssi t y of using m e ans to incr e as e t h e proved wi thin the last q u arter o f a cent ury by ,

speed o f her pony L ooking about for so me thing cl e aring swamps by under -draini n g on clay soils
.
, ,
t h at would s ui t h e r purpose s he spi e d by the way and seeding in A u g u st ,

side a sl e nder s tripling o f an apple tr e e which

.

she pl u cked roo ts a nd a ll and cam e on her way D e e p plowing and man u ring as wh e n corn is to
,
,
,
t
,

rej oicing S oon aft er arriving home it b e ing the

.
be planted and h e n so n ing h erds -grass re d-top
, , ,

s e ason for s e t ting out trees an d t he subj e ct of and turnip seed in July h as b e e n b e necial The , , , .

planting an orchard decided upon sh e b e tho ugh t her sowing o f turnip seed h as b e e n par t ic ularly u seful ,

o f h e r riding s t ick this sh e t ook in t o the li ttl e o r in shading t he grass see d d uring t h e hot d r w e a th
y
chard to be and wi th it nish e d a row of t rees

,
,

er o f A u g u st and S e pt e mb e r In the Spring

,

j ust trans plan t ed It lived ourish e d and from i t ,

s uc
,
.

were taken the scions t hat produced these apples c e e din g a roller will mak e the s urface ev e n It has
.

.
. ,

The tree is exceedingly hardy natu rally low in be e n thoug ht that t he grow th of t urnips wo uld mak e ,

stature ourish e s bes t in a rich gravelly soil and th e grass to o thin the n e xt s e ason bu t it is n ot s o
,

, .

bears every yea r They are good for cooking ear The rolling should b e done when the soil is n e i th e r
.
,

l y and w i t h good car e k e e p t ill in t o March I

very sof t nor ,
very hard A good crop o f grass may
.
,

t hink Cole describ e s t his apple as what he calls ,

.

the Mo ther A ppl e but as it probably has a dif b e obtained in this way \Vhen g rass is sown wi t h .

f e re n t origin and t he nam e not conveyi n g a n y idea oats it is apt to dry u p in the fall aft e r the oats are
, ,

of the appl e and as i t originated as sta t e d above taken o ff He nev e r had an oat crop that paid for
, ,

the ad mirers of i t in this vicini t y have christe ned i t raising He wo uld not sp e ak of t he small grains
.

, ,

the G rani t e B ea uty

.

u t leave o t hers to introduce tha t part

.

With this his t ory and w ith thi s name I intro at present ,
b
,
,

duce this beau t iful and l uscious apple to t he pub of the evening s disc u ssion .

lic That the c ul tiva t ors of nic e fruit for home Mr P A R S ON S of L udlo w had had but little e xp e ri
. .
, ,

u se and for mark e t also may know its value wh e r e ence w th r gard to t he s ubj e ct He said the sug
, i e , ,

it is kno wn I will j ust s ay that in this t ime o f ges t ions o f t he chairm an as to sowing t urnips wi t h
.

, ,

gre at ab u ndance of a pples w hen selected Bald wins

bring only $ 1 2 5 p e r barrel in Manchester I c an grasses was entir ,
e ly n e w to him i t w a s n o t p ra c
,

sell t he G ranite B e auty for $ 1 00 p e r bushel or t iced by any one in his vicinity They practic e d the
, ,
.

$ 2 5 0 per barr e l I took $ 5 00 for 2 barrels E a t ro t a t ion of cr e ps plo wing and plan t ing for a few
, ,

Manch e s t e r w eek b e fore last Mine are the lar years and then stocking do w n w i t h clov e r The
,
.

gest and nic e st t hat I eve r s a w of t he kind b ut o th idea of so ing grass seed wi th turnips str uck him
.
,
,

ers can do t he sam e if they c u l tivate as I do for n

what man ha s don e man ma y do was the motto favorably I t is well worth consid e ra t ion and of
, ,

.

, ,

o f the ancien t school master exp e riment if a crop of turnips is d e sire d an d t hen
-
.
, ,

I t hink in reference t o gardening and farming a crop o f grass for the next summer
, , .
185 6 . NE W E N G L AN D F AR M E R . 183

Th e chairman suggested t hat he used the Michi Mr H OW A RD of Boston had se e n the p ractice .
, ,

gan plow so as t o bring t he s o d in plo wing en t ire of plowing in clover to a consid e rable e xtent In
, , , .

ly under and then the br ush harrow is used instead N ew York i t is considered the m ost important ,

o f the common harrow and the roll e r the next m e ans of enriching wheat lands , He referred to .

S p ring makes the sur fac e smooth eno u gh an experiment made by the late G en H A RRI S ON . .
,

Mr PA R S ON S sai d that the soil in his vicinity was at N or t h B end in O hio The farmers in his neigh
.
, .

natural grass land an d it is devot e d almost e n t ir e ly borh o o d had been in the practice of plowing in the
,

t o raisi n g grass When corn potato e s o r oats are whole crop of clover He tried an e xperiment on
.
, .

rais e d i t is done f o r the p urpose of enriching the twenty v e acres H e mowed a part and plowed
,
-
.

land and then it is stocked down an d the aft er in t h e stubble A part he pas tur e d and then plowed
, , .

grow t h is plo w ed in He tho ught it an excellent in ; and the crop for sev e ral years was as good
.
, ,

plan to stock with clover so as to plow it in to e n where a part had been cut or fed o ff as wher e the
rich the soil He gen e rally permit t ed the clover to whole had b e en tur n ed in If a large quan t ity o f
. .

become pretty ripe befor e it is plowed in Clov e r vegetable ma t ter is plowed in while full of sap it .
,

is b e tter t han an y other grass for that purpose becomes acid in fermentatio n an d is inj urious ,
.
, .

The farmers in his vicinity cultivated bu t a small Some soils are liable to b e too loose when there is ,

s urface but tried to cultivate thoroughly It pays a large quantity o f veg e table matter plowed in
, . .

better to cul t iva te two acres o f corn well than to Wheat land needs to be w e ll pulverised and n ot
cultivate thr e e times that quantity less thoroughly very loose Clover ro ots brin g up a large portion , . .

There is a ne kind of grass which comes up spon of alkali from a great depth to the s urface ; a n d ,

t a n e ousl y in the soil in his vicinity S ometim e s t he then when plo we d in they furnish the alkali for .
,

grass wil l come in w ithou t seeding t hick and n e plants that could not reach to so great a dep t h , , .

on n e w land wi th white clov e r and red -top making L ands may be e n riched even by the crops which
, ,
,

excellent pasturag e grow upon them Clover obtain s m u ch nourish

.
.

Mr D AVID CH OA TE of E ssex county thought ment from th e air and thus become s a good ferti
.
, , ,

th e subj ect u n der consideration o n e o f the greatest li z er when plowed in .

importa nce The hay crops are n ow the b e st in A s to Canada thistles he thought a good way t o
.

Massach usetts Two tons of E nglish b ay to the kill th e m was to cause the grass to grow about them
.

acre pays better than any other crop The great so as to smother them But the best way is to cut .
.

desid e ratum is to ke e p grass lands in good condi t hem thoroughly as fast as they grow .

tion enough to prod uce that am ount The difc ul Mr D A RL I N G of B oston spoke o f the impor .
.
, ,

t y is that when manure is ap plied on the surfac e it tanc e o f plowing in clover for enriching the soil as
, ,
,

often evaporates very much O ne farmer in his v i sho wn in a case he had wi t nesse d in western Mas
.

cin it y h a d mo we d a good crop from some of his sac huse t ts

\
The crop o f oats obtained was over .

elds for twenty-ve years without plowi n g The sixty three b ushels to the acre , . -
.

Boston m arke t heretofore h as calle d for coars e Mr H O W A RD spoke of the importance o f using a
, , .

h erds -g rass ; b u t now th e n e grass is more de drilling machin e in sowing wheat

, V ery few farm .

man d e d Wh e re th e Canada thistle grows it is ers in N ew York n o ws ow wheat broadcast

.
, .

better n o t to plow often F req ue nt plowing ao~ Mr CHIL D S of Waltham s uggeste d that where
.
, .
, ,

cording to his experience ha d caused them to spread he resides the land is so rocky that they cannot be
,
,

very much He said he wa s much surprised to see turne d thoroughly with the Michigan plow They
.
.

an article in an a gricultural paper recently recom plow in the spring and plant to corn and then the ,
,

mending plo wing Canada thistles t o destroy them next y e ar if they wish to seed down they plant an .
, ,

He n ever tried to raise any wheat till last year early kind o f potatoes and dig them in A ugust an d ,
, ,

when he raised a good crop by so wing the wheat in then s ow to rass seed and turnips They thus get ,
g .

drills It is a slow proc e ss but h e tho ught it paid a crop o f potatoes and urnips in the same season
.
, .
t
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Two quarts produc e d a b ushel o f good wh e at The and a good crop o f grass the next y e ar .
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wheat which he sowed broadcast produced but lit A top -dressing to grass land does best when ap ,

tle E very farmer ought to try to raise his own plied ia the spring when th e grass is growing so as
.

, ,

wheat an d to do it if possible Barley is a good to shade it some The next best time is in Sep
, .
.

crop in E ssex coun t y It is worth from a dollar to tember or O ctober when the fall rains have com
.

a dollar and a quarter a b ush e l They ge t f rom men c e d When barley is highly manured it pro .
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,

thirty to thirty-v e bushels to the acr e Barley and duces too much straw an d the grass which comes .

Indian corn mak e an excellent material for bread up with it is liable to be too sl e nder to end ure the ,

and many farmers in E ssex county use it consider heat and dry weath e r aft e r the barley is taken o ff .

ably an d are quite pleased wi t h it He had n ot Rye is raised in Brighton Waltham an d Water
, .

succe e ded in raising t wo cr e ps of barley in succes to wn and vicinity ; an d it is believed that the straw
sion from the same e ld
,
pays for the c u l t ivation
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The chairman desire d gentlemen to state their The chairman spoke of having visited a farm in
exp e rienc e in plowi n g in clover a s a fe rtilizer , .
 184 NE W EN G L AN D F AR M E R . A P RIL

G reat Barrington where u pon the same land a F th N w E g l d F mer or e e n an ar .

, , ,

good crop (abo ut twenty -eight bushels to the acre ) WA RM D RIN K F OR C O W S .

had been taken for tw e nty-eight years in succession F R I E N D BR O W N : Having been a careful peru .

The soil was of a limestone character s er o f your paper for several years a n d not o b s e rv .
,

R ev Mr F A RN H AM o f Bos ton spoke of the in g much wi t h regard to warm drink for cows I
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, , ,

value of salt marsh hay He had been acquainted

- will with yo u r permission give my exp e rienc e dur , ,

in g t h e pr e sent winter My cow dropp e d her last

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W ith salt-marshes in Marsheld and vicinity from calf A ugust 2 7 185 5 A t the a e of four w e eks it
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,
g , .

which place much hay was form e rly carried into was taken a way She th e n gave fo u rteen quarts of .

the interior R ecently its value has decreased milk daily and con t inu e d to do so as long as the
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for some cause he thought it might be made w arm weath e r lasted When I put h e r in t h e barn
,
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valuable for the winter I adopted the follo wing plan for ,

fe eding v iz : 1 pint cob meal 1 pint rice meal

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