1.

Define phonetics and phonology and explain thr difference between

them

Phonetics studies the sounds of speech:articulatory (production of

sound),acoustic (transimission of sounds),perceptive or auditory (reciving and
decoding sounds).
Phonology studies sound patterns in languages;prosody (stress,rhythm an
intonation).
Phonetics deals with the physical realization of the elements of the sound
system,how the sound is physically produced or the acoustic characteristics of
the speech sound;phonology deals with systematic organization of sound in
languages:prosody,intonation,stress and rhythm.

2.What are the three branches of the phonetics and what do they study?

They are articulatory (production of sound), acoustic (transmission of sounds)and

perceptive or auditory ( receiving and decoding sounds).

3.Is English a phonographic language? What does that mean? Why is

English spelling inconsistent with its pronunciation?

English is not a phonographic language,because many different sounds have

same spellings( go,though,foe) and many 'same spellings' have different sounds
(though,cough,bough,through).There are not enough vowel letters for vowel
sounds;English does not use accents,umlauts,rtc;English spelling reflects many
archaic forms of pronunciation e.g. night in the past was pronounced with a
fricative /niht/. English spelling became fixed in the 16th-17th c. With the arival of
printing.English has borrowed from other languages and has tended to maintain
original spelling.

4.Define the terms phone,phoneme and allophone.

The phone:Each time a speech sound is produced it is different.Each time you

produce a /t/ it will be ever so slightly different.The phone is a physical realisation
of a speech sound.
The phoneme: The smallest speech sound that has libguistic value.
An alophone is a phonetic form that doesn't contrast and is the various
proununciation of phoneme.

5.What does IPA stand for?Who uses the IPA charts?

The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation

based primarly on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic
Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of oral language.The
IPA is used by lexicographers,foreign language students and
teachers,lingusts,speech-language pathologists,singers,actors,constructed
language creators and translators.
6.Define the meaning of accent in sociolinguistics and in phonetics and
phonology.What English accent is most commonly taught and why?

There are many variations in the proununciation of English.These speech

differences are called accents.In sociolinguistics,an accent is manner of
pronunciation pecular to a particular individual,location or nation.An accent may
be indetified with the locality in which its speakers reside (a regional or
geographical accent) the socio-economic status of its speakers,their
ethnicity,their caste or social class ( a social accent) or influence from their first
language ( a foreign accent).Accent tyypically differ in quality of the
voice,pronunciation and distinction of vowels and consonants,stress and
prosody.Although grammar,semantics,vocabulary and other language
characteristics often vary concurrently with accent,the word 'accent' may refer
specifically to the differences in pronunciation,whereas the word 'dialect'
encompasses the broader set of linguistic differences.
The second meaning of accent-the phonetic prominence given to a particular
syllable in a word,or to a particular word within a phrase.Bre accent is most
frequently used as the bases for textbooks and pronouncing dictionaries for
overseas learners of BrE,and it is used by most announcers and newsreaders on
serious national and international BBC broadcasting channels.

7.How can speech organs be grouped? Name the speech organs? What
are articulators?
The organs of speech fall into three groupings: raspirathory system (lungs
generating air stream),phonatory system ( larynx and vocal folds) and
articulatory system ( vocal tract).
Speech organs are: nasal cavity,oral cavity,pharynx,larynx and lungs. The parts
of the vocal tract that are used to form sounds are called articulators.

8.What is the difference between the voiced and the voiceless speech
sounds? Are vowels voiced or voiceless?

All vowels are voiced.A voiced sound is one in which vocal folds vibrate and the
voiceless sound is the one in which they do not.

9.What parts of tongue can you name?

There are five areas of the tongue: tip (at the very front) blade (bellow the
alveolar bridge) front ( bellow the hard palate) back ( bellow the soft palate) and
root ( towards the rear wall of pharynx)

10.How does nasal cavity participate in the production of some speech

sounds?

In the nasal cavity there is no possibility to perform an articulation since there are
no moveable parts.Sounds produced with lower velum.
11.What is the difference between hearing and perception ?

Hearing is when sounds are received and converted into a nerve impulse,while
perception is post processing in the brain-the sounds heard are interpreted and
given meaning.

12.What are parts of the ear?

The parts of the ear are:pinna,eardrum,meatus. Eustachian

tube,cochlea.Ossicles,inner ear,middle ear and outter ear.

13.What are the two main approaches to the teaching of the

pronunciation?

1.An intuitive-imitative approach depends on the learner's ability to listen to and

imitate the rhythms and sounds of the target language without the intervention
of any explicit information.
2.An analytic-linguistic approach utilizes information and tools such as phonetic
alphabet,articulatory description charts of the vocal apparatus, contrative
information and other ids to supplement listening,imitation and production.

14.What practices did the IPA phoneticians advocate regarding the

teaching of pronunciation?

1.the spoken form of a language is primary and should be taught first

2.the findings of phonetics should be applied to language teaching
3.teachers must have solid training in phonetics
4.learners should be given phonetic training to establish good speech habbits

15.Explain the minimal pair drill.Give examples.

Two words that differ in only one sound ( phoneme)

1.word drills ship-sheep green-grin

2.sentence drills
a)syntagmatic drills ( contrast within sentence) Don't sit in that seat.
b)paradigmatic drills (contrast across two sentences) Don't slip on the
floor/Don't sleep on the floor

16.How is pronunciation taught within the Community Language

Learning approach?
It is a method developed by Charls A. Curran for teaching second and foreign
language.Students sit around the table with a tape recorder-a key tool
method.Students utterances are recorded on a tape recorder and later played
back.This is repeated until satisfactory level is reached.The audio tape recorder
not only captures what is said in a students-genereted utterances but also
provides a way for students to compare their pronunciation.

17.What is the attitude of the Communicative Approach to the teaching

of pronunciation? What is the goal of teaching pronunciation according
to the Communicative Approaach? What level of pronunciation is aimed
at?

The Communicative Approach which took hold in 1980s and is currently dominate
in language teaching ,holds that since the primary purpose of language is
communication,using the language to communicate should be central in all
language clasroom language instruction.This focus on a language as
communication is being renewed urgency to the tteaching of pronunciation,since
both empirical and anecdotal evidence indicates that there is a threshold level of
pronunciation for nonnnative speakers of English,if they fall bellow this threshold
level,they will have oral communication problems no matter how excellent and
extensive their control of English grammar and vocabulary is.

18.What is phonetic enviroment?

Phoneic enviroment is when the nearby sounds around a phoneme is often

determined by those nearby sounds: pat /paet/ / p t / enviroment for ae

19.What is complementary distribution?What is constractive

distribution? How do we know if two sounds are in complementary or
contrastive distributiion? What is the third type of sound distribution?
Define it.

Two phones are in complementary distribution when there is a specificaion in

enviroments such that hey don't occur in the same enviroment.Contrastive
distribution is the relationship between two different elements,where both
elements are found in the same enviroment with a change in meaning. We
perform minimal pair test to know if two sounds are in compl. Or contr.
Distribution.The third type of sound distribution is free variation-it's the rare
phenomenon of two (or more) sounds or forms appearing in the same enviroment
without a change in meaning and without being considered incorrect by native
speakers.

20.What is a distinctive feature? What do we use Distinctive features

for? Distinctive features are binary-what does that mean?

It's a basic building block of the phonemes-it is any trait that distinguishes one
phoneme from another.We use distinctive features for making minimal
pairs.Features are binary ( + or values) ,each speech sound may be described
as a 'bundle' of featured,each member of every pair of phones is distinguished
from the other member by at least one feature value.

21.Explain the classification of speech sounds according to the type of

articulation.
There are two types of aarticulation: vowels and consonants.Vowels are voiced
and consonants can be voiced or voiceless.

22.Explain the classification of consonats and vowels according to the

manner of articulation

CONSONANTS: plosives,affricates,fricatives,nasals,laterals,continuants
VOWELS: monophtongs, diphtongs,triphtongs

23.What are the phases in the articulation of plosives?What are the

phases in the articulation of affricates?

Phases of articulation of ploesives are:implosion,occlusion and explosion

/p,t,k,b,d,g/
Phases of articulation of affricates are: implosion,occlusion and friction

24.Explain the articulation of nasals.Which speech sound are nasal?

In the articulation of nasals air goes through the nose as the velum is lowered.

25.Explain the articulation of laterals.Which speech sounds are lateral?

In the articulation of laterals the airstream preceedes along the sides of thr
tongue,but is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth.

26.Which sounds are called semivowels? How are they different from
other sounds?
Continuants semivowels (glides) /w,j,r/
If there is a strong voiceless consonant in front ot them and if they are in stressed
syllable-then they are fricatives PROUD / prad/ , PURE / pj /
If there is a weak voiced consonant in front of them or if they are word initial,then
they are continuants. YOUR /j:/

27.Name the division of consonants according to the place of

articulation.
Bilabial/p,b,m/ , labio-dental /f,v/ ,labio-velar /w/, dental /, / alveolar /d,t,l,n,s,z

28.Explain the division of sound according to the force of articulation.

Colesely related to voicing is the overall force of articulation-the general degree

of muscular energy and breath effort invested in production of voiced
consonants,so they are usually described as lenis or weak. More effort is needed
to produce a voiceless consonant,so they are said to be fortis or strong.

29.Explain voicing
There are voiced and voiceless sounds.Vowels are voiced ,but all strong
consonants are voiceless.They can also be fully v-ed or partially v-ed.

30.What types of explosion may occur in the articulation of plosives?

It can be oral (put,talk,kite) nasal ( behind,sudden,mutton) lateral

(before,bottle,middle) no explosion (at the end of the word-part,deep,talk..)

31.What is aspiration?

Aspiration is burst of breath heard after the explosion.Aspirated are /p,t,k/ and
unaspirated are /b,d,g/

32.Explain the difference between the clear and the dark l

1.Palatalised /l/ /tongue is raised towards the velum) occurs before a vowel
(lap,lord) or before the glide /j/ (billiard,seallion) CLEAR L
2.Velarised /l/ (tongue is pulled back and the tip of the tongue is on the alveolar
ridge) occurs at the ent of the words ( call,trial) and before consonants
(milk,hold) DARK L

33.Define plosives and list them

The air flow from the lungs is interrupted by a complete closure being made in
the mouth. The closure is then opened.The released airflow produces a sudden
burst.Glottal plosive a phone,not a phoneme alternative to /p/ , /t/, /k/

34.In which positions are /p/ and /b/ labio-dental? Give examples.
When they're before labio-dental consonants /f,v/ capful,obvious

35.In which positions are /d/ and /t/ dental? Give examples

When they are before dental consonants / , / eight,width

36. In which position are /d/ and /t/ postalveolar? Give examples

When they are before postalveolar consonant /r/ tree , dream

37.In which positions are /k/ and /g/ back velar? Give examples

When they are before back velar vocals /u,u: ,a,a:, / cool, goose

38. Which plosives are strong and which are weak?

Strong plosives are /p,t,k/ and weak are / b,d,g/

39.In which positions are /p,t,k/ aspirated ? Give examples

They are aspirated in three cases: when they are at the begining of syllable
( initial) , when they are before vocal ( prevocalic) and when they are at the
accented syllable (accented).

40.,Define the articlation of fricatives and provide a list of fricative

sounds.

They are produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two
articulators close together,also they have continual release of the air through a
narrowpassage possible,they are produced in the vocal tract. Type of
articulation /f,v, , ,s,z, ,,h,w,j,r/ consonats; manner of articulation-fricatives.

41.Explain the classification of fricatives according to the place of

articulation ( without the allophones)
Labial/w/ when it is before strong voiceless consonant twist /twist/ , sweet / swi:t/
Labio-dental /f,v/ fan / faen/ safer /seif/
dental /, / thumb /m/ , breath /br/ father /f/
alveolar /s,z/ zip /zip/ facing /fes/
post-alveolar /s,z/ before /r/ horserace /hsres/
palato-alveolar / ,/ ship /p/ , Russia /r/ , measure /m/
glottal /h / him /him/ behave / bi'heiv/ ; /h/ can be initial or in the middle,but
never word-final

42. In which positions are /s,z,/ postalveolar? Give examples.

post-alveolar /s,z/ before /r/ horserace /hsres/ , newsreel /njuzril/

43.Which fricatives are strong and which are weak ?

/f, ,s, ,h/ strong /v, ,z, / weak

44.Which plosives and fricatives are always voiceless?

/f, ,s, ,h/ and /ptk/ - strong

45.Explain voicing for /v, ,z, /? Give examples.

A. Fully voiced (when found between two voiced sounds) /v/ - covered /kvd/
saved / sevd / // mother /m/ buzzed /bzd/ /z/- easy /izi/ rouged / rud/,
// measure / m/
B. Partially voiced ( when word initial) voice /vs/ those /z/ zoo / zu/
C. Devoiced (when word-final) give / gv/ with / w/ does /dz/ garage / gr/

46.Describe the articulation of affricates. Which sounds belong to this

group?
Affricates begin by fully stopping the air from leaving the vocal tract,then
releasing it relatvely slowly so that a friction-sound is produced. Obstacle: tongue
presses against the back of the tooth ridge. Realeasing: by only allowing a slight
opening between the tip of the tongue and the tooth ridge. / t, d/

47. Which africate is strong and which one is weak?

/ t/ is strong and /d/ is weak

48.Describe the articulation of nasals? Which sounds belong to this

group?
The air escapes through the nose and not through the mouth,as it is blocked by
the lips or tongue. The oral cavity still acts as a resonance chamber for the sound

49.What is the place of articulation dor /n/ ? In which position is it

dental and which is it postalveolar? Give examples

It can be dental in front of labio-dental consonants /f,v/ invest /in'vest/ , comfort /

kmft/
dental in front of dental sounds / , / month / mn/
alveolar- night / nat/ minor /man/ sun / sn/
postalveolar /n/ in front of the postalveolar sound /r/ Henry /henri/

50. According to the palce of articulation ,which positions can the

lateral /l/ assume? Give examples
a)dental-in front of dental sounds // walth /wel/
b)alveolar light /lait/ meal /mi:l/
c)post-alveolar in front of postalveolar sound /r/ ballroom / blrm/