3. The seismic input is modelled using either modal spectral analysis or time history analysis but in both
cases, the corresponding internal forces and displacements are determined using linear elastic analysis.
4. The advantage of these linear dynamic procedures with respect to linear static procedures is that higher
modes can be considered. However, they are based on linear elastic response and hence the applicability
decreases with increasing nonlinear behaviour, which is approximated by global force reduction factors.
5. In linear dynamic analysis, the response of the structure to ground motion is calculated in the time
domain, and all phase information is therefore maintained. Only linear properties are assumed.
6. In general, linear procedures are applicable when the structure is expected to remain nearly elastic for
the level of ground motion or when the design results in nearly uniform distribution of nonlinear
response throughout the structure. As the performance objective of the structure implies greater inelastic
demands, the uncertainty with linear procedures increases to a point that requires a high level of
conservatism in demand assumptions and acceptability criteria to avoid unintended performance.
Therefore, procedures incorporating inelastic analysis can reduce the uncertainty and conservatism. This
approach is also known as "pushover" analysis.
7. A pattern of forces is applied to a structural model that includes non-linear properties (such as steel
yield), and the total force is plotted against a reference displacement to define a capacity curve.
This can then be combined with a demand curve (typically in the form of an acceleration-
displacement response spectrum (ADRS)). This essentially reduces the problem to a single degree of
freedom (SDOF) system.
8. Nonlinear static procedures use equivalent SDOF structural models and represent seismic ground motion
with response spectra. Story drifts and component actions are related subsequently to the global
demand parameter by the pushover or capacity curves that are the basis of the non-linear static
procedures.
9. Nonlinear dynamic analysis utilizes the combination of ground motion records with a detailed
structural model, therefore is capable of producing results with relatively low uncertainty. In
nonlinear dynamic analyses, the detailed structural model subjected to a ground-motion record
produces estimates of component deformations for each degree of freedom in the model and the
modal responses are combined using schemes such as the square-root-sum-of-squares.
10. In non-linear dynamic analysis, the non-linear properties of the structure are considered as part of a time
domain analysis. This approach is the most rigorous, and is required by some building codes for
buildings of unusual configuration or of special importance.
11. However, the calculated response can be very sensitive to the characteristics of the individual ground
motion used as seismic input; therefore, several analyses are required using different ground motion
records to achieve a reliable estimation of the probabilistic distribution of structural response. Since the
properties of the seismic response depend on the intensity, or severity, of the seismic shaking, a
comprehensive assessment calls for numerous nonlinear dynamic analyses at various levels of intensity
to represent different possible earthquake scenarios.
When loads are applied to a body, the body deforms and the effects of loads are transmitted throughout the
body. The external forces induce internal forces and reactions to render the body into a state of equilibrium
All loads are applied gradually and slowly until they reach their full magnitude
After reaching full magnitude the loads remain constant
Inertial and damping forces to small velocities and accelerations are neglected
Answer: There are 3 characteristics that differentiate a linear problem from a nonlinear one.
Linear Nonlinear
Geometric
Nonlinearity
This is a linear elastic material, the This is an elasto plastic material, the
behavior is linear since the force behavior is nonlinear since the force
linearly proportional to displacement, applied is no longer linearly proportional
the behavior is elastic because the solid to displacement, the behavior is plastic
returns to original shape after loading since the solid is now permanently
deformed
Boundary
Condition
(Contact)
A rigid contact body makes directs
Some FEA packages include linear contact with another body (rigid to
contact, but usually, you would need deformable contact), alternatively, you
to include geometric nonlinear and can have 2 solid meshed bodies touch
material nonlinear effects, which each other (deformable to deformable
require a full nonlinear analysis contact)
Linear Nonlinear
Natural frequency and fundamental frequency are two wave related phenomena that are very important.
These phenomena are of great significance in fields such as music, construction technologies, disaster
prevention, acoustics and most of the natural system analysis.
What is Natural Frequency?
Every system has a property called the natural frequency. The system will follow this frequency, if the system is
to be provided with a small oscillation.
The natural frequency of a system is very important. Events such as earthquakes and winds can do destruction
on objects with the same natural frequency as the event itself.
It is very important to understand and measure the natural frequency of a system in order to protect it from such
natural disasters. Natural frequency is directly related with resonance.
Systems such as buildings, electronic and electrical circuits, optical systems, sound systems and even biological
systems have natural frequencies.
They can be in the form of impedance, oscillation, or superposition, depending on the system.
What is Fundamental Frequency?
Fundamental frequency is a concept discussed in standing waves.
Imagine two identical waves, which are travelling in opposite directions. When these two waves meet, the result
is called a standing wave.
The equation of a wave travelling in +x direction is y = A sin (t kx), and the equation for a similar wave
traveling in the -x direction is y = A sin (t + kx). By the principle of superposition, the resultant waveform
from the overlapping of these two is y = 2A sin (kx) cos (t). This is the equation of a standing wave. x being
the distance from the origin; for a given x value, the 2A sin (kx) becomes a constant. Sin (kx) varies between -1
and +1. Therefore, the maximum amplitude of the system is 2A. The fundamental frequency is a property of the
system. At the fundamental frequency, the two ends of the systems are not oscillating, and they are known as
nodes. The center of the system is oscillating with the maximum amplitude, and it is known as the antinode.
The natural frequency tells us how many wave cycles are there in a second, for example, a 3 Hz frequency
means that there are 3 complete wave cycles in one second time.
w (omega) is the angular frequency. a single cycle of wave covers a distance of 2 pi radians. thus w denotes
how many radians are there in a wave in one second, for example, a wave having an angular frequency of 50
rad/s means that a wave covers 50 radians in one second.
Edit: and also, x = 2 pi * natural frequency, just like the guy above said.
In physics, angular frequency (also referred to by the terms angular speed, radial frequency, circular
frequency, orbital frequency, radian frequency, and pulsatance) is a scalar measure of rotation rate. It refers
to the angular displacement per unit time (e.g., in rotation) or the rate of change of the phase of a sinusoidal
waveform (e.g., in oscillations and waves), or as the rate of change of the argument of the sine function.
Angular frequency (or angular speed) is the magnitude of the vector quantity angular velocity. The
term angular frequency vector is sometimes used as a synonym for the vector quantity angular velocity.[1]
where:
is the angular frequency or angular speed (measured in radians per second),
T is the period (measured in seconds),
f is the ordinary frequency (measured in hertz) (sometimes symbolised with ).
Circular motion[edit]
In a rotating or orbiting object, there is a relation between distance from the axis, tangential speed, and the
angular frequency of the rotation:
An object attached to a spring can oscillate. If the spring is assumed to be ideal and massless with no damping,
then the motion is simple and harmonic with an angular frequency given by[4]
where
Answer:
0.075 h0.75
Soft storey is one lateral stiffness is less than 70% of that in the soft storey above
A.
single storeyed buildings
B.
multistoreyed buildings
C.
D.
none
Incorrect. The correct answer is : B
1.
Seismic design methods are described as
A.
Rigidity (serviceability)
B.
Strength (damageability)
C.
Ductility (survivability)
D.
all of these
Incorrect. The correct answer is : D
2.
What are the various methods of restoring an earth quake damaged masonry buildings = ________
A.
Grouting
B.
guniting
C.
prestressing
D.
In earthquakes all buildings sway horizontally producing differential movements of each floor relative to the one just
below it, called
A.
Storey drift
B.
final drift
C.
middle drift
D.
intermediate
Incorrect. The correct answer is : A
When the tension steel content is low and the compression steel content is high, the tension steel reaches the yield
strength and then a large increase in curvature can occur at near constant B.M, this type of failure is known as =
___________.
Answer:
Tension failure
The ratio of the element response to the floor response is called = _____________.
Answer:
Magnification factor