Budapest University of Technology and Economics

Department of Strength of Materials and Structures

English courses
Reinforced Concrete Structures
Code: BMETKEPB603

Lecture no. 2:

Modelling, bending of rectangular sections

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/1

Content:
1. Modelling of an rc. beam, elements of the reinforcement system
2. Basic suppositions of the machanical behavior
3. The cross-section of an rc. beam, notations
4. Deformations and stresses of rc sections subjected to flexure,
equilibrium conditions
5. Cases of cross-section check and design
6. Special cases: steel in elastic state at rupture of the concrete
7. The minimum quantity of the tensile reinforcement
8. Limitation of the compression force absorbed by the compress-
ion reinforcement
9 Principles of the realization of the necessary steel area
10.T-sections, flanged beams
11. Approximate design of section subjected to flexure
12. Numerical example

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/2

1. Modelling of an rc. beam, elements of the reinforcement system

pd

t ln t

Position of the theoretical support point

h h h

ai ln ai ln ai ln
leff leff leff

t t t

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/3

Model: pd

leff

h / 2
The effective span: leff = ln + a1 + a2 a i = min ,
t / 2
pdleff/2
VEd

0,2MEd,max

MEd
MEd,max

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/4

The reason of 0,2MEd,max negative moment due to partial restraint
at the simple supported but by the wall above downloaded beam
end:

Wrmedmmung-
thermal insulation
Stahlbetonplatte-
rc. slab
b=t (in figure on page 3)= support length

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/5

 steel on top, designed
for 0,2MEd,max

steel on bottom of beam

to equilibrate tension due to positive moments

links to held in position longitudinal bars

more intensive at VEd,max (near the supports)
designed for shear

min. links here

2

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/6

 2. Basic suppositions of the machanical behaviour
-idealizad - diagrams of concrete and steel
-c +s
fyd
fcd
tg= Es=200000N/mm2
c 3,5%o
s
0,7%o 3,5%o s,u=15-25%o

Concrete fyd
Steel
-the cross-section has vertical symmetry axis
-plane sections remain plane after deformation
-perfect bound between concrete and the surfice of the steel
(no slip of steel occurs)

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/7

 3. The cross-section of an rc. beam, notations

b width of the cross-section

h the height of the cross-section
c concrete cover, minimum c=20 mm
d effective depth of the section
(distance between centroid of the ten-
sion steel and the extreme concrete fibre)
diameter of the longitudinal bars
l or s diameter of links (stirrups)
a clear distance between longitudinal bars
xc depth of the compression zone
As area of the tension reinforcement
As` area of the compression reinforcement
z internal lever arm: distance between center of the compression
and tension zone respectively

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/8

4. Deformations and stresses of rectangular rc sections subjected
to flexure, equilibrium conditions

Special case:
if s=s1 and c= 3,5%o than
x
xc =xco o = co = 0,49 for steel B60.50
d

Equilibrium conditions: As
1): N= 0
2): Mi= 0
i: any point in the plane
(generally the centroid of the compression
zone or that of the tension steel (s)

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/9

 5. Cases of cross-section check and design

a) Check of simply reinforced sections b) Check of doubly reinforced sections

N= 0xc xco! N= 0xc xco

Mc= 0 MRd MEd xco= cod
(or: Many point= 0 MRd ) Many point= 0 MRd

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/10

b) Design of simply reinforced sections d) Design of doubly reinforced section

xc
Ms= 0 M Ed bx c f cd (d )=0
2
2M Ed
x c = d (1 1 2
) x co if not xc= xco MRd,o=bxcofcd(d-xco/2)
bd f cd
M Ed
Mc= 0 A s = A s, min MRd= MEd- MRd,o
zf yd
z=d-xc/2 Ms= 0: MRd=As fydzs As
N= 0: As fyd+bxcofcd= Asfyd As

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/11

 6. Special cases: steel in elastic state at rupture of the concrete

in case of in case of
x>xco: x< xco:
560 560
s = 700 ,s = 700
c c

The equilibrium condition should be reformulated in these cases by

considering the reduced stress in the steel

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/12

 7. The minimum quantity of the tensile reinforcement:

Reason: the tensile reinforcement should be capable of absorbing the

tensile force developing in the reinforcement after cracking of the
concrete
f
As,min= minbd min= max(1,5%o, 0,26 ctm )
f yk
Tabulated in the design aids
If As<As,min , rigid failure may occur just after cracking: due to the rupture of
the tension reinforcement.

8. Limitation of the compression force absorbed by the

compression reinforcement

Reason: to prevent buckling of the compressed steel bars.

As maxAc max= 4% = 40%o

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/13
 9. Principles of the realization of the necessary steel area

-As,prov As,requ As,prov - As,requ < = 0 to cca 100 mm2

-diameter of the bars: not too great (better crack control)
not too small (not economic, placing problem)
not too different (uniform force distribution
better)
-possibility of placing of the bars in one row
-conserve symmetry of the section
-respecting diameter of bars designed in nearby sections

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/14

 10. T-sections, flanged beams

a) Prefabricated beam sections b) Flanged beams: slab and rectangular

beam section cast intergral
Plan:

Compr. trajectories

Section:

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/15

Effective width (beff) of flanged beams: b1
beff beff1 2

beff = bw + beff1 + beff2 b beff1 bw beff2 b

beff2 22
b i / 2 t
0,2l
o
b effi = min 0,1b i + 0.1l o
6 t (for cantilever flange 4t ) b1 bw b2

Reason: compression trajectories

xc should be checked for t !

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/16

 11. Approximate design of section subjected to flexure

To avoid the solution of 2nd order equation, for preliminary manual

design calculations the following procedure can be applied:

Let be xc= xco! zo= d- 0,5xco MRd,o= bxcofcdzo MEd ?

M Ed
Variant 1: As = (frequently used in practice)
z o f yd
M Ed
Variant 2: z= d(1- co ) to get better approximation for the
2 M Rd , o
internal lever arm z
M
A s = Ed
zf yd

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/17

 12. Numerical example

C20/25-32/KK
B 60.50
cnom: 20 mm (conc. cover

leff = 3.5+min 2
2
0,35
0,226
} = 3.76 m
2

Design load intensity:

pEd = G gk+ Q qk = 1,3523.7+1,512 = 50,0 kN/m

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/18

 l 2 eff 3,76 2
MEd = pEd = 50 = 88,36 kNm
8 8
The top reinforcement will be neglected, the area of 320 on tension side:
As = 942 mm2 (VS. 8. o.)
Effective depth:
d = 350 - 20 - 8 - 20/2 = 312 mm
Constructional rules ( min = 0,13% , As,max= 0,04Ac ) will not be checked now

Calculation of MRd

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/19

 20 20 500 500
fcd = = = 13.3 N/mm2 fyd = = = 435 N/mm2
c 1,5 s 1,15

Supposing, that c < c0 (the tension steel yields at rupture of the concrete):
942 435
N = 0 ): Nc=Ns fcdxcb = Asfyd x c = = 123 mm
250 13,3
x 123
Check: c = c = = 0,394 < c0 = 0,49 (DA. Page 7. ) OK!
d 312
( M c = 0 ):
xc 123
MRd = Nsz = Asfyd z z =d = 312 = 251mm
2 2
MRd = 942 435 251 = 102,66 10 6 Nmm = 102,66 kNm > MEd = 88,36 kNm

OK! The section is safe!

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 2/20