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Generalized equivalent circuit model for ultra wideband antenna structure with double steps

for energy scavenging

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2013 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 16 012073

(http://iopscience.iop.org/1755-1315/16/1/012073)

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4th International Conference on Energy and Environment 2013 (ICEE 2013) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 16 (2013) 012073 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/16/1/012073

Generalized equivalent circuit model for ultra wideband

antenna structure with double steps for energy scavenging

Oon Kheng Heong1, Goh Chin Hock2, Chandan Kumar Chakrabarty3 and Goh
Tian Hock4
1,2,3,4
UNITEN Putrajaya Campus, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor.

Email: 1oonkh87@yahoo.com, 2chinhock@uniten.edu.my, 3chandan@uniten.edu.my,

4
hock321@hotmail.com

Abstract. There are various types of UWB antennas can be used to scavenge energy from the
air and one of them is the printed disc monopole antenna. One of the new challenges imposed
on ultra wideband is the design of a generalized antenna circuit model. It is developed in order
to extract the inductance and capacitance values of the UWB antennas. In this research work,
the developed circuit model can be used to represent the rectangular printed disc monopole
antenna with double steps. The antenna structure is simulated with CST Microwave Studio,
while the circuit model is simulated with AWR Microwave Office. In order to ensure the
simulation result from the circuit model is accurate, the circuit model is also simulated using
Mathlab program. The developed circuit model is found to be able to depict the actual UWB
antenna. Energy harvesting from environmental wirelessly is an emerging method, which
forms a promising alternative to existing energy scavenging system. The developed UWB can
be used to scavenge wideband energy from electromagnetic wave present in the environment.

1. Introduction
Electromagnetic wave sources always present in the environment such as wireless local area network,
global positioning system, global system for mobile communications and 4th generation mobile
communication. According to federal communication commission definition, UWB refers to a wireless
technology that employs a bandwidth larger than 500 MHz or 20% of the center frequency. Ultra
Wideband (UWB) antenna is able to scavenge [1] the available energy into the operating bandwidth.

Until now, there are many equivalent circuit models proposed by antenna researchers from the
aspect of input impedance or admittance matching. For examples, Wang [2] introduced a degenerated
Foster canonical form for electric and magnetic antenna model; Wang and Li [3] circuit refinement
method consists of a narrow band model augmented with a macro model; Ansarizadeh [4] circuit
topology for rectangular microstrip patch antenna by using non-linear curve-fitting optimization
technique to determine exact the parameters of the equivalent circuit model; Ma [5] lumped equivalent
circuit model for antenna by using parallel resonant circuit and Zhou [6] conceptual circuit model by
connecting input impedance with a parallel and a series LC resonant circuit.

The equivalent circuit of a rectangular narrowband microstrip patch antenna is been related to the
physical dimensions of the antenna. Cavity models were being used to model the geometry of a
rectangular microstrip patch antenna. Most of the microstrip patch antennas are usually modeled as a

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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
4th International Conference on Energy and Environment 2013 (ICEE 2013) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 16 (2013) 012073 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/16/1/012073

simple parallel resonant RLC circuit. There are a lot of work has been done to calculate the RLC
values in the circuit model. For UWB antenna, its radiating element can be seen as several parallel
RLC circuit in series due to its matching bandwidth are the result of several adjacent resonances.

2. Research Methodology
The steps taken to accomplish this research work for energy scavenging are as shown in Figure 1.

Design and simulate the

equivalent circuit model with
Design and simulate UWB AWR microwave office
antenna structure (double
steps) with CST
microwave Studio
A mathlab code is written for
the equivalent circuit model in
order to verify the accuracy of
the model

Comparing the Not match well

simulation results
between
electromagnetic model
and circuit model
Improve the circuit
model until the
simulation results
Match well match the
electromagnetic model
The circuit model is
finalized and used for
energy scavenging

Figure 1. Flowchart of research workflow for UWB antenna with double steps

Figure 1 the design of antenna structure and circuit model simultaneously. To design the ultra
wideband antenna for energy scavenging, it is essential to determine the material used for the antenna
structure. In this case, the material used is FR4 board due to its ease of fabrication. The printed circuit
board has the substrate thickness of 1.6mm and dielectric constant of 3.8. While the patch shape for
the antenna is chosen to be rectangular in order to ease the designing process. In designing the UWB
antenna with the bandwidth of 3.1 to 10.6GHz, several parameters such as patch shape, patch
dimension, feed line width, steps, slots and ground plane need to be taken into account. In this research

2
4th International Conference on Energy and Environment 2013 (ICEE 2013) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 16 (2013) 012073 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/16/1/012073

work, steps and slots are introduced to design the antenna to obtain good return loss result. Moreover,
the width of the feed line is also fine tuned using CST microwave studio for a better impedance
matching in order to increase the efficiency of energy scavenging.

After several trials with different prototype circuit model, patch cavity model is chosen. It is used
as the basic design of the equivalent circuit model for ultra wideband rectangular printed disc
monopole antenna. It consists of a series resistor and inductor which represent the surface resistance
(RS) and surface inductance (LS) with combination of parallel inductor and capacitor (LC) circuit or
also known as resonant circuit to oscillate at its resonant frequency. Figure 2 shows the general ultra
wideband equivalent circuit model for rectangular printed disc monopole antenna with double steps. A
tuning capacitor (Ct) is also introduced into the equivalent circuit model to set the resonance frequency
for a better impedance matching with the antenna. In order to determine the accuracy of the equivalent
circuit model, a Mathlab program code is written for the circuit model as shown in Figure 3. By
simplifying the circuit model, the input impedance Zin and the reflection coefficient can be calculated
using the impedance at the ports, and then the return loss is plotted. The simulated return loss of the
Mathlab and AWR microwave office is compared in order to verify the accuracy.

Figure 2. Equivalent circuit model for ultra wideband rectangular printed disc monopole antenna with
double steps

3. Results and Discussion

The coupling effects between inductors for same patch cavity model is improved by introducing
inductor coupling coefficient (k) between L1a and L1b, L2a and L2b, L3a and L3b, L4a and L4b as
shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Improved Equivalent circuit model for ultra wideband rectangular printed disc monopole
antenna with double steps

Figure 4 illustrates the comparison of return loss result between the circuit model with inductor
coupling coefficient (k) and electromagnetic model with CST. It shows that the equivalent circuit

3
4th International Conference on Energy and Environment 2013 (ICEE 2013) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 16 (2013) 012073 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/16/1/012073

model with inductor coupling coefficient (k) match very well with the electromagnetic model. The
operating frequency and depth of resonant frequency from both simulation results are quite close to
each other. There is no shifting in frequency between circuit model and antenna structure simulation
result. Hence, it shows that there are coupling effect exist between inductor which need to take account
during circuit simulation. By tuning the values of inductor coupling coefficient (k) and other LC
component values of the model is sufficient to solve the frequency shifting which happens with basic
model as shown in Figure 2. From the Figure 2, the developed UWB antenna has a excellence
performance in scavenging energy into bandwidth of 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz.

Figure 4. Comparison of return loss result between circuit model and electromagnetic model

References
[1] A. Georgiadis, G. Andia, A. Collado Rectenna Design and Optimization Using Reciprocity
Theory and Harmonic Balance Analysis for Electromagnetic (EM) Energy Harvesting 2010
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, IEEE Journal 9 444-446
[2] S. Wang, A. Niknejad, and R. Brodersen Circuit Modeling Methodology For UWB
Omnidirectional Small Antennas 2006 IEEE Journal on Selected Area in Communications 24
871-877
[3] Y. Wang, J. Z. Li, and L. X. Ran An Equivalent Circuit Modeling Method for Ultra-Wideband
Antenna 2008 Progress In Electromagnetic Research, PIER 82 433-445
[4] M. Ansarizadeh, A. Ghorbani, and R. A. Abd-Alhameed An Approach To Equivalent Circuit
Modeling of Rectangular Microstrip Antenna 2008 Progress In Electromagnetic Research B 8
77-86
[5] Ma, T.G. and Wu, S.J. Ultrawideband Band-Notched Folded Strip Monopole Antenna 2007
IEEE Trans. Antennas Proprag. 55 2473-2479
[6] H. J. Zhou, B. H. Sun, Q. Z. Liu and J. Y. Deng Implementation And Investigation Of U-Shaped
Aperture UWB Antenna With Dual Band-Notched Characteristics 2008 Electronics Letters 44
1387-1388