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Horticulture: Urban natural

resources management
for poverty reduction

Contribution of Remi Kahane to the


Africa Local Government Action Forum (ALGAF) Phase X
Module “Natural resources management, pro-poor governance and ICT”
GDLN, 05 February 2010
GlobalHort
Acts locally, thinks globally

Secretariat seats at Arusha, Tanzania


Light and flexible organization (4 staff) registered as
NGO in Belgium and in Tanzania
Consortium of 10 international organizations (Board of
Directors) including ISHS, AVRDC, CIRAD, GFAR, IFAP
(farmers), ISF (industry)
Mandate: poverty reduction and health improvement
through horticultural innovations
GlobalHort
Acts locally, thinks globally
Core activities
Advocacy and promotion of horticultural science for
development
Networking the diverse and dispersed community
Granting program of research for development
Strengthening education and training in horticulture
Examples of added-value
Nutrition: PROFEL-PROFAV promotion and facilitation
City supply: Advocacy for studies on Urban Horticulture
IHC Seoul 2006 - Symposium (15)
Urban and Peri-Urban Horticulture
• Situation and study cases over the
world
• Multifunctional role of urban
horticulture (human health,
environmental impact, …)
• Innovative practices in urban
horticulture (urban wastes recycling,
IPM, …)
• New strategies for planning urban
growth (GIS, market information
systems, …)

Convener(s)
T. Lumpkin/AVRDC Taiwan
Co-convener(s)
R. Kahane/CIRAD France, A. Hodder/FAO
Italy, D. Aldous/Australia, Lee J.S./Korea

Acta Horticulturae, vol. 762, 2007


IHC Seoul 2006 - Symposium (15)
Urban and Peri-Urban Horticulture
• Situation and study cases over the world: Yaounde (photo) and Dakar

In Million 2005 2020


inhabitants
Yaounde 1,5 M >4 M

Dakar 2,5 M >5M

Growth rate 1990-95 2010-15


In Africa** 4,16% 3,35%

Increasing population > Food security issues > Imports + intensification


or alternatives ?
*Source : Nations Unies, World Urbanization Prospects, The 2001 Revision
GlobalHort and UPA/City Supply
A common challenge
Mainly horticulture and integrated horticulture in
agricultural systems
Lack of visibility, coordination and support meets
the objectives of its core activities
Advocacy and promotion
Networking for knowledge sharing
Capacity strengthening and education
Attract additional funding for innovation
Major challenges faced by
cities in Africa in respect to
natural resources
HEALTH RISKS
related to food trends, environment and,
contaminated products
HEALTH
Food trends: nutrition transition – double burde

Competition between traditional and exotic food


Fresh products are more expensive
Poverty combines with deficiencies
Food deficiency and malnutrition cumulate

Studies to reveal, awareness raising, promotion campaign


for good nutrition and higher consumption of F&V
HEALTH
Threats on the Environment

A city to live in, with human face


Competition for space, for land, for soil
Competition for water: city, industry, agriculture
Quantitive and Qualitive aspects

Studies to reveal, awareness raising, promotion campaign


for good nutrition and higher consumption of F&V
HEALTH
Contaminated products

Food distribution and retail are not transparent enoug


What is the real status of food safety, of water quality
soil or waste levels of contamination?
Poor practices and polluted environment do not
encourage consumption of urban grown products

Studies to reveal, awareness raising, promotion campaign


for good nutrition and higher consumption of F&V
POVERTY increases among urban
populations because of food prices,
unemployment and security issues
POVERTY INCREASE
Food prices

No information about urban and peri-urban


production
Poor logistics and infrastructures (roads, wholesale
markets, retail markets)
Competition with imports or food aid

Reveal the place and role of agriculture in the city


Relative importance of urban agricultural
productions in Yaounde, Cameroon

Consumers’ prices (DSCN 1998, Temple Dury 2003)


For F&V average price was computed from 3 major crops
Average annual prices increased according to seasonal index (Temple, 2002)

Sources: Annual Report 1999/2000 – DDA Agriculture Mfoundi BELINGA M. 15


POVERTY INCREASE
Unemployment - Unsecurity

Cities are attractive for young people who become


jobless
Agriculture is not appreciated socially
Empty space becomes insecure quarters in the city,
ghettos

Reveal the place and role of agriculture in the city


Can these challenges be
addressed with better
management of natural
resources?
FOOD SECURITY
Safe and diversified food
FOOD SECURITY
Promoting F&V in the diet

Key role to alleviate deficiencies and malnutrition


Key role to prevent non communicable diseases
(NCD)
Raising consumption levels, local production and
good practices of traditional F&V
Strengthening confidence of the population in their
horticultural products

FAO-WHO Initiative for F&V for health (PROFAV)


European Program on Food Security (FSTP, DG-Dev)
CITY = ECONOMIC ENGINE
More jobs, more markets, easier access
ECONOMIC ENGINE
More jobs, more markets, easier access

City consumers request quantity and quality


all year round
Domestic markets are huge and increasing
Demand is diversified and requires reliability, safety,
traceability, not only low price
High demand for quality: safe (standards, analyses),
technological (packaging), ecological (organic), ethical
(fair trade)
New technologies are available to improve linkages
between producers and markets (NTIC)
Regional and international markets are still attractive
• Objective: collecting original
data on production and
marketing of African Indigenous
Vegetables (AIVs) • Surveys in 7 countries (Be,
• Method: characterizing the BF, Ke, RCI, RSA, Tz, Ug)
supply chain of cities in AIV performed by NARS
– Description of each player • 2 main cities per country
– List of AIVs produced and sold • 3 standard questionnaires
– Record prices and estimate (producers, middle men,
margins retailers)
– Behavior towards quality • 210 persons
aspects of AIVs per city
– Opportunities and constraints

22
Major indications

Gross margins of retailers


are often very substantive
Ex. in Kampala:
138% for green cowpea
108% for Ethiopian
mustard
100% for roselle/bissap

Little added value by


retailers
Minimum packaging
(plastic bags)

23
ENVIRONMENT
Managing natural resources and wastes
ENVIRONMENT
Managing natural resources and wastes

Horticulture as a management tool

Encourages Good Agricultural Pratices (GAP)


Integrated management of Nat Res: soil, water,
space
Geographic integration between rural and urban
areas: complimentary activities in the management
of water, of wastes, in adding value or protecting
margin zones, lowlands, river banks …)
Horticulture stimulates agro-food industries also
with ecological approach
Wastes are sources
of incomes not only
of nuisances, but
hardly considered

(Example in Yaoundé)
Quarter Tem- PU PU
standard High Average porary perma- tem-
/Waste housing nent porary
disposal
Garbage 76,3 73,6 73,6 68,9 37,4
truck/bin
Thrown 22,7 24,7 25,1 25,4 53,9
away
Buried/ 1,0 1,2 0,9 4,7 5,3
burned
Recycled 0,0 0,5 0,4 1,0 3,4

Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0


Parrot L. et al. (2009) Waste Management 29:986–995
HORTICULTURE in the city
is not only food
HORTICULTURE
in the city is not only food
Family gardens, green belts and areas: as
many cultural places with rural roots
Keeping human life in the city, beautification of the city
Integrating vulnerable population instead of excluding
A strategy based on diversity: agro-systems (plant and
animal production), retailing (street markets as well as
supermarkets), consumption (home, restaurant, school
canteen)
Make value of urban wastes, limit agriculture nuisance

Integrate agriculture in each urban development plan


Improving sustainable agricultural production in
urban and peri-urban areas can be accomplished by
using planning mechanisms that are not only
determined by market forces, to ensure:

- land use in important natural and agricultural areas

- support to other environmental and social functions


such as mitigating and adapting to climate change,
reducing urban heat islands and preventing floods
These challenges need all
kinds of actors working
together, exchanging views,
experience and skills
1. Integrating urban agriculture in national policies: Poverty
reduction strategy, Food Security strategy, Agricultural
policies, Environmental programmes

2. Linking municipal urban agriculture policies to physical


planning of cities and neighborhoods (urban development
plans, slum upgrading programs, social housing
programs, water and sanitation programs, parks design
and management)

3. More (co)financing of local urban agriculture initiatives by


national and international sources; Improved access of
urban producers to local sources of credit
4. Enhancing the training offer on urban agriculture
(University curricula, schools, municipal training programs,
extension programs)

5. Integrating urban agriculture in the agenda of national


research organizations (low space and safe technologies,
health impact assessment and monitoring of nutrition and
economic benefits of UA policies and projects)

6. Strengthening urban farmer groups, city networks, micro-


enterprise development and direct marketing by producers
WORKSHOP ON URBAN AGRICULTURE
24-28 September 2007 - Bukavu (RDC)
Forwards to peace tracks: urban agriculture, gouvernance and
social integration
Conveners : Platform DIOBASS and City Council of Bukavu (RDC), ETC-
RUAF (Netherlands) and Institut de la Vie (Belgium)

Participants: urban growers,


policy and administrative
actors, staff members of NGOs
or research institutes …
from Bujumbura, Bukavu,
Butembo, Goma, Kigali,
Kisangani, Kinshasa,
Lubumbashi;
and international facilitators
All Africa Horticulture Congress
Side-event: FAO on Urban Horticulture/City Supply
31 August 2009

Dr. Alison Hodder, Chair


Dr. Monicah Waiganjo, Rapporteur

The integration of UPA* in agriculture policy and strategy in Kigali


The organizational set up and achievements of UPA* in RDC
The impact of UPH** on the livelihood of smallholder farmers in Nairobi
Characterizing changes in urban landscape of Nairobi city, Kenya
Strategies for minimizing health risk of wastewater for poor farmers in the
urban environment

Proposal for an international colloquium on UPH** in Dakar,


Senegal, 6-9 December 2010
R. Nono-Womdim, Alison Hodder and Wilfried Baudoin (FAO)

* UPA: Urban and Periurban Agriculture ** Urban and Periurban Horticulture


International organizations for
networking, advocating, capacity
building and implementing action plans
GlobalHort Initiative www.globalhort.org
RUAF Foundation www.ruaf.org
FAO Food for the Cities www.fao.org/fcit
Urban Harvest www.uharvest.org

World Urban Forum V, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 22 to 26 March 2010


http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.asp?catid=584

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