Aspirants Times Magazine Vol16

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Fre Copy
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Copyright © 2010 | WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

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INDEX
Editorial
» Make a Balance in Life and Examination! ..................................................................... 03
Featured Articles
» G20 Summit .................................................................................................................... 04
SECTION - 1: Articles
» India - Sri Lanka Relation .............................................................................................. 10
» India-South Africa Relation ........................................................................................... 17
SECTION - 2: Hot Topics

» Indian Badminton Star Saina Nehwal ............................................................................ 23
» India-Pak Agree To Share Intelligence Report .............................................................. 26
SECTION - 3: Current Affairs ......................................................................................... 28
SECTION - 4: World of Sports ........................................................................................ 45
SECTION - 5: World of Awards ..................................................................................... 51
SECTION - 6: CSE Main 2010 Special:

» Study Package : (Nanotechnology) ........................................................................... 55
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Make a Balance in Life and Examination!
Aspirants What can you do now? Yes I am talking to those who are going to appear
Times this year’s Civil Services Main Examination. First of all you should be
calm during the preparation of this toughest examination of the Earth.
You can gain nothing while you lose your patience and perseverance.
VOL : 16 You will only lose your concentration, capacity and speed. So work hard
July 2010 in calm. Through hard work you will not miss the target. I have seen
many candidates loose the patience and take pain over the result and
Sr. Honorary Advisor: future. Such step are only futile and fruitless. In this mean time you
Sant Prasad Gupta should work hard. Don’t thinks about result. In this way if result of pre-
liminary is negative then you are in good position for next attempt and if
Honorary Editor:
Ram Kumar Pandey
you have won the first battle then it would be easy for you take on main
battle.
Executive Editor: Second and important thing which you must keep in mind is make prac-
Dr. Divya tices. It is always good and play very good role in actual examination.
While you practice, you should insure that you should not get yourself
Asistant Editor:
Avadhesh Kumar Pandey very bookish. Always try to write in your own style. In this way you can
prove your originality before the examiner. You should develop a ratio-
Honorary Advisors: nale in all important topics. It is now very important when many ques-
Dr. Nageshwar Nath Mishra tions expect examinee opinion. It plays a big role in General Studies pa-
Dr. Sachchidanand pers. So at the time of reading, develop a rationale and your original
answer. Originality and rationality doesn't mean that your personal think-
Computer Staff: ing. It must be according to logical development of the topic. So here in
Manish Malhotra civil service examination, originality means a good analysis in balanced
approach.
Disclaimer:
Editor and Publisher are Third thing is that, you must keep a very good balance in the giving time
not responsible for any to optional and general studies. If you have very good understanding of a
views, data, figures etc.
Expressed in the articles
subject, you can do fare in only 600 marks. But if have a balanced ap-
by the author(s). Maps proach in all papers you can do justice for 2000 marks. So do’not make a
are notational. loopsided study. Divide the time for all subjects and give the subject its
due importance. Yes it is meaningless to say that you should give extra
Published By: time and extra efforts in those portions, in which you feel weak.
WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM
Mukherjee Nagar, In this issue we have provided featured article G20 Summit with articles
New Delhi-110009 India - Sri Lanka Relation and India-South Africa Relation. In section of
Ph: 011-45151781 hot topics Indian Badminton Star Saina Nehwal and India-Pakistan Agree
to Share Intelligence Report are given as well as Current Affairs, Sports
For Advertisement
World and Awards are available to build your knowledge about current
Contact at:
Mob: 9899825962 affairs. Also in this issue included Special Study Package for Civil Ser-
Ph: 011-45151781 vices Main Examination 2010 on “Nanotechnology”.
So dear friends always keep in mind that good balance in your life can
play a good balance in all walks of life including this examination. So
have a balance in life, preparation, writing and so in your result.
Wish you All the Best for upcoming Examination..
Wish You All the Best for upcoming Examination..
With Best Wishes

Ram Kumar Pandey & UPSCPORTAL Team

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Featured Article..
G20 Summit
Leaders Agree to Cut Deficits by 2013
By: Ram Kumar Pandey
The fourth G20 summit in less than two years has ended at
Toronto on 26-27 June, 2010. The summit ended with glo-
bal leaders evolving a consensus of sorts on several issues of
economic importance. India, which was represented in
strength at the summit, says it is happy with the outcome.
The leaders of the world's most powerful economies pledged
to slash back spiraling debts on Sunday as they sought to
rebalance a global economy knocked off its axis by a finan-
cial crisis.
The heads of the G20, which groups established world powers and the most dynamic emerging players,
vowed to nurture the still shaky recovery with coordinated
measures to spur growth and ensure financial stability.
"I understood that
But observers quickly noted the agreements were not bind- fiscal consolidation
ing and the summit statement was filled with caveats and
obviously needed
exemptions, pushing many of the tougher decisions on to
the next G20 summit in Seoul in November. high priority in
those advanced nations that
The leaders' joint statement, released at the end of two days were experiencing exceptional
of talks in Toronto, warned that "failure to implement con- fiscal stress and in those where
solidation where necessary would undermine confidence and sovereign debt was shaky."
hamper growth."
"Reflecting this balance, advanced economies have committed to fiscal plans that will at least halve deficits
by 2013 and stabilize or reduce government debt-to-GDP ratios by 2016," it promised.
Nevertheless, the group exempted Japan and its huge public deficit from the pledge and noted that mea-
sures should be "tailored to national circumstances."
The statement called for "greater exchange rate flexibility in some emerging markets" but shied away from
specifically fingering China, which is under pressure to allow the yuan to strengthen to ease trade imbal-
ances.
Amid US fears that global growth may once again become overdependent on American consumers, the
G20 called for "efforts to rebalance global demand to help ensure global growth continues on a sustainable
path."

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Featured Article..
European leaders- Germany's Chancellor Angela PM asks rich nations to resist protectionism
Merkel, French President Nicolas Sarkozy and Making it clear that each country needed to de-
Britain's Prime Minister David Cameron -- came vise its own strategy to weather the deepest global
to the talks calling for fiscal restraint and a new financial crisis in decades, Indian Prime Minister
levy on bank profits. Manmohan Singh on Sunday asked rich nations to
resist protectionism.
They made some headway on the former, but will
be forced to go it alone on the banking tax, as coun- Stating that the India was better placed in han-
tries like Australia, Canada and India that have dling the situation with an average growth of 7
experienced no banking failures rejected the pro- per cent in the past two fiscals, the prime minister
posal out of hand. said emerging economies must also rely less on
exports and push domestic demand.
The G8 statement said "We agreed the financial
sector should make a fair and substantial contri- As the leaders of the Group of 20 advanced and
bution towards paying for any burdens associated emerging economies listened in attention, the
with government interventions." "We recognized Oxford-educated economist-prime minister said
that there are a range of policy approaches to this India on its part will go for medium-term fiscal
end. Some countries are pursuing a financial levy. consolidation and halve its fiscal deficit by 2013-
Other countries are pursuing different approaches." 14.
Observers said the degree of divergence in the Manmohan Singh said he understood that fiscal
countries' policies for dealing with the recovery consolidation obviously needed high priority in
showed that, now that the initial shock of reces- those advanced nations that were experiencing
sion has passed, national agendas are once more exceptional fiscal stress and in those where sover-
crowding out G20 cooperation. eign debt was shaky.
Outcome For India "But other advanced countries should opt for a
much more caliberated exit from the stimulus. We
The first point was the civilian nuclear pact with should adopt a carefully differentiated approach,
Canada. Canada is an important supplier of Ura- reflecting the circumstances of individual coun-
nium and nuclear technologies. The pact is actu- tries," the prime minister added.
ally going to help take India’s plans on that front
forward. In fact the bilateral that the India prime China sets strongest yuan rate in years after G20
minster had with the Canadian prime minster ac- pressure:
tually seems to signal a new beginning in the rela- China set the strongest yuan exchange rate
tionship. Stephen Harper said that the 70s are over in years after Beijing came under renewed pres-
and in fact this is the first visit by an Indian prime sure at the Group of 20 summit to let the currency
minister after 1973. appreciate.
There were several other agreements for mining The People's Bank of China said it set the
and other MoUs signed. Another key bilateral was central parity rate -- the centre point of the
the India US bilateral, Manmohan Singh meeting currency's allowed trading band -- at 6.7890 to the
Barack Obama. Much of it was political; no War- dollar.
ren Anderson extradition demand was raised there.
The key thing was that India told the US to take It was the strongest level policymakers have
disclosures by Headley; the 26/11 accused more set since China unpegged the currency in July 2005
seriously and wanted the United States to get Pa- and moved to a tightly managed floating exchange
kistan to act more on terror. rate.

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Featured Article..
China had effectively pegged the yuan at about

6.8 to the dollar for the past two years to prop up Mandate
exporters during the global financial crisis. Critics
say the policy gives Chinese producers an unfair The G-20 is the premier forum for our interna-
advantage. tional economic development that promotes open
and constructive discussion between industrial and
Manmohan meets Obama at G20 summit: emerging-market countries on key issues related
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and US Presi- to global economic stability. By contributing to the
dent Barack Obama held their second substantive strengthening of the international financial archi-
dialogue in two months, during which they are tecture and providing opportunities for dialogue
understood to have discussed terrorism, global on national policies, international co-operation, and
economy and other issues of mutual concern. international financial institutions, the G-20 helps
to support growth and development across the
Singh and Obama met on the sidelines of the G20 globe.
Summit and are believed to have discussed the situ-
ation in the region.
Origins
This was the the first meeting between the two
leaders after they met and reviewed bilateral ties The G-20 was created as a response both to the
on the sidelines of the Nuclear Security Summit in financial crises of the late 1990s and to a growing
Washington in April. recognition that key emerging-market countries
were not adequately included in the core of global
During the meeting, the two leaders are also un- economic discussion and governance. Prior to the
derstood to have discussed about the global eco- G-20 creation, similar groupings to promote dia-
nomic recovery and the G20 Summit. At the Sum- logue and analysis had been established at the ini-
mit, India and the US had cautioned against wind- tiative of the G-7.
ing up of the government funding.
The G-22 met at Washington D.C. in April and
Obama said the two countries would continue to October 1998. Its aim was to involve non-G-7
see how businesses of both countries can get to countries in the resolution of global aspects of the
work together and then generating recommenda- financial crisis then affecting emerging-market
tions to "each of us in terms of how we can im- countries.
prove ties between the United States and India."
Two subsequent meetings comprising a larger
group of participants (G-33) held in March and
What is the G-20 April 1999 discussed reforms of the global economy
and the international financial system.
The Group of Twenty (G-20) Finance Ministers and
Central Bank Governors was established in 1999 The proposals made by the G-22 and the G-33 to
to bring together systemically important industri- reduce the world economy's susceptibility to cri-
alized and developing economies to discuss key is- ses showed the potential benefits of a regular in-
sues in the global economy. The inaugural meet- ternational consultative forum embracing the
ing of the G-20 took place in Berlin, on December emerging-market countries. Such a regular dia-
15-16, 1999, hosted by German and Canadian fi- logue with a constant set of partners was institu-
nance ministers. tionalized by the creation of the G-20 in 1999.

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Featured Article..
Membership Achievements
The G-20 is made up of the finance ministers The G-20 has progressed a range of issues since
and central bank governors of 19 countries: 1999, including agreement about policies for
growth, reducing abuse of the financial system,
» Argentina » Japan dealing with financial crises and combating ter-
rorist financing. The G-20 also aims to foster the
» Australia » Mexico adoption of internationally recognized standards
through the example set by its members in areas
» Brazil » Russia such as the transparency of fiscal policy and com-
» Canada » Saudi Arabia bating money laundering and the financing of ter-
rorism. In 2004, G-20 countries committed to new
» China » South Africa higher standards of transparency and exchange of
information on tax matters. This aims to combat
» France » Republic of Korea abuses of the financial system and illicit activities
including tax evasion. The G-20 has also aimed to
» Germany » Turkey develop a common view among members on is-
sues related to further development of the global
» India » United Kingdom economic and financial system.
» Indonesia » United States of America To tackle the financial and economic crisis that
» Italy spread across the globe in 2008, the G-20 mem-
bers were called upon to further strengthen inter-
The European Union, who is represented by the national cooperation. Since then, the concerted and
rotating Council presidency and the European Cen- decisive actions of the G-20 helped the world deal
tral Bank, is the 20th member of the G-20. To en- effectively with the current financial and economic
sure global economic fora and institutions work crisis. The G-20 has already delivered a number of
together, the Managing Director of the Interna- significant and concrete outcomes. For examples,
tional Monetary Fund (IMF) and the President of it committed to implement the unprecedented and
the World Bank, plus the chairs of the Interna- most coordinated expansionary macroeconomic
tional Monetary and Financial Committee and policies, including the fiscal expansion of US$5 tril-
Development Committee of the IMF and World lion and the unconventional monetary policy in-
Bank, also participate in G-20 meetings on an ex- struments; significantly enhance the financial regu-
officio basis. lations, notably by the establishment of the Finan-
cial Stability Board(FSB); and substantially
The G-20 thus brings together important indus- strengthen the International Financial
trial and emerging-market countries from all re- Institutions(IFIs), including the expansion of re-
gions of the world. Together, member countries sources and the improvement of precautionary
represent around 90 per cent of global gross na- lending facilities of the IFIs.
tional product, 80 per cent of world trade (includ-
ing EU intra-trade) as well as two-thirds of the Reflecting on these achievements and recognizing
world's population. The G-20's economic weight that more needs to be done to ensure a strong, sus-
and broad membership gives it a high degree of tained and balanced global recovery, the G-20
legitimacy and influence over the management of Leaders at Pittsburgh Summit designated the G-
the global economy and financial system. 20 as the premier forum for international economic
cooperation.

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Featured Article..
cess is well integrated with the activities of the

Chair Bretton Woods Institutions. The G-20 also works
with, and encourages, other international groups
Unlike international institutions such as the Or- and organizations, such as the Financial Stability
ganization for Economic Co-operation and Devel- Board and the Basel Committee on Banking Su-
opment (OECD), IMF or World Bank, the G-20 pervision, in progressing international and domes-
(like the G-7) has no permanent staff of its own. tic economic policy reforms. In addition, experts
The G-20 chair rotates between members, and is from private-sector institutions and non-govern-
selected from a different regional grouping of coun- ment organisations are invited to G-20 meetings
tries each year. In 2010 the G-20 chair is the Re- on an ad hoc basis in order to exploit synergies in
public of Korea, and in 2011 it will be France. The analyzing selected topics and avoid overlap.
chair is part of a revolving three-member man-
agement Troika of past, present and future chairs. External Communication
The incumbent chair establishes a temporary sec-
retariat for the duration of its term, which coordi- The country currently chairing the G-20 posts de-
nates the group's work and organizes its meetings. tails of the group's meetings and work program on
The role of the Troika is to ensure continuity in a dedicated website. Although participation in the
the G-20's work and management across host years. meetings is reserved for members, the public is
informed about what was discussed and agreed
Meetings and activities immediately after the meeting of ministers and
governors has ended. After each meeting of min-
It is normal practice for the G-20 finance minis- isters and governors, the G-20 publishes a
ters and central bank governors to meet once a year. communiqué which records the agreements
The last meeting of ministers and governors was reached and measures outlined. Material on the
held in St. Andrews, UK on 6-7 November 2009. forward work program is also made public.
The ministers' and governors' meeting is usually
preceded by two deputies' meetings and extensive
technical work. This technical work takes the form
of workshops, reports and case studies on specific
http://upscportal.com
subjects, that aim to provide ministers and gover-
nors with contemporary analysis and insights, to
better inform their consideration of policy chal- Online Book Store:
lenges and options.
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Interaction With Other International Organi Search Classifieds:

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The G-20 cooperates closely with various

other major international organizations and fora, Ads by UPSPCORTAL.COM
as the potential to develop common positions on
complex issues among G-20 members can add po-
litical momentum to decision-making in other bod-
ies. The participation of the President of the World
Bank, the Managing Director of the IMF and the
chairs of the International Monetary and Finan-
cial Committee and the Development Committee
in the G-20 meetings ensures that the G-20 pro-

9
10
Section -1 Article (India-Sri Lanka Relation)
India - Sri Lanka Relation

Signed Joint Declaration
By: Sant Prasad Gupta
The President of the Democratic Socialist Repub- » Both leaders condemned terrorism in all its forms
lic of Sri Lanka, Mr. Mahinda Rajapaksa came on a
and manifestations. They also agreed to strengthen
State Visit to India from 8th – 11th June 2010. In
the security and legal framework of their bilateral
this tour Sri Lanka's President Mahinda Rajapaksa
relationship. To this end, the leaders witnessed the
expressed his determination to create a political
signing of two Agreements
settlement acceptable to all communities that
would act as a catalyst for the necessary conditions
in which all the people of Sri Lanka could lead their » Recognizing the considerable benefits from
lives in an atmosphere of peace, justice and dig- greater economic cooperation between the two
nity, consistent with democracy, pluralism, equal countries, the two leaders noted the progress
opportunity and respect for human rights. achieved under the India – Sri Lanka Free Trade
Agreement. They agreed that it would be timely
Towards this end, Rajapaksa expressed his resolve to build on this achievement through a more com-
to continue to implement in particular the relevant prehensive framework of economic cooperation,
provisions of the Constitution designed to best suited to the two countries. In this context,
strengthen national amity and reconciliation they directed the concerned officials of the two
through empowerment. countries to hold intensive consultations towards
developing a framework for sustainable economic
The Prime Minister of India expressed India’s con- partnership between the two countries and ad-
structive support for efforts that build peace and dressing outstanding issues.
reconciliation among all communities in Sri Lanka.
» The Prime Minister of India and the President
This was stated in the Joint Declaration issued on
of Sri Lanka reiterated their mutual commitment
the second day of a visit by President Rajapaksa to
to substantially enhance the range and depth of
India at which wide ranging discussions were held
the India-Sri Lanka bilateral relationship includ-
with leaders of India and several agreements of
ing through greater economic integration, enhanc-
mutual interest to India and Sri Lanka were signed.
ing connectivity and other linkages and closer de-
velopmental cooperation.
Highlights of the Joint
Declaration » The two leaders also agreed to launch a CEOs
Forum to involve the public and private sectors in
» A major initiative to undertake a programme of a dialogue to generate ideas to deepen and broaden
the bilateral economic relationship in all its aspects
construction of 50,000 houses for Internally Dis-
and to help chart the future course of business and
placed Persons in the Northern and Eastern Prov-
trade interaction between the two countries.
inces. The President of Sri Lanka warmly wel-
comed the offer of Indian support for this
programme.

11
» The two leaders were briefed on the progress in The Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh,
congratulated the President of Sri Lanka, Mr.
discussions between the National Thermal Power
Mahinda Rajapaksa, on his recent electoral victo-
Corporation of India and the Ceylon Electricity
ries and conveyed that the recent elections, to-
Board of Sri Lanka on the establishment of a joint
gether with the cessation of hostilities in Sri Lanka
venture for building a 500 MW coal-fired power
in May 2009, provided a historic opportunity for
plant at Sampur (Trincomalee), incorporating en-
the country's leaders to address all outstanding is-
vironmentally friendly technologies, with the Gov-
sues in a spirit of understanding and mutual ac-
ernment of Sri Lanka providing the requisite in-
commodation and to work towards genuine na-
frastructure support.
tional reconciliation. The Prime Minister
emphasised that a meaningful devolution package,
» Recognising the need to speedily restore the tra- building upon the 13th Amendment, would cre-
ditional links between the two countries, both lead- ate the necessary conditions for a lasting political
ers agreed to resume the ferry services between settlement.
Colombo and Tuticorin and between Talaimannar
and Rameswaram. They directed their respective The President of Sri Lanka reiterated his determi-
officials to put in place the mechanisms to start nation to evolve a political settlement acceptable
these services at an early date to all communities that would act as a catalyst to
create the necessary conditions in which all the
Text of the Joint people of Sri Lanka could lead their lives in an at-
mosphere of peace, justice and dignity, consistent
Declaration with democracy, pluralism, equal opportunity and
respect for human rights. Towards this end, the
The official discussions between the two sides were President expressed his resolve to continue to
marked by friendship, mutual respect and under- implement in particular the relevant provisions of
standing. The President of Sri Lanka and the Prime the Constitution designed to strengthen national
Minister of India agreed that the shared cultural amity and reconciliation through empowerment.
and civilizational heritage of India and Sri Lanka In this context, he shared his ideas on conducting
and the extensive people-to-people interaction a broader dialogue with all parties involved. The
provided the foundation to build a vibrant and Prime Minister of India expressed India’s construc-
multi-faceted partnership. India-Sri Lanka relations tive support for efforts that build peace and recon-
have matured and diversified with the passage of ciliation among all communities in Sri Lanka.
time, encompassing all areas of contemporary rel-
evance, including trade, services and investment, The President of Sri Lanka expressed appreciation
development cooperation, science and technology, for India's substantial and generous assistance in-
culture and education. cluding through a grant of Indian Rupees 500 crore
for the humanitarian relief, rehabilitation and re-
In consonance with their vision of the future of settlement of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs).
the India-Sri Lanka relations, the two leaders He noted that the steps taken by India for humani-
agreed to further harness the enormous potential tarian assistance, including supply of family packs
available for consolidating and strengthening the of food and clothing, medicines, setting up of a field
bilateral partnership by building on shared values hospital and an artificial limb fitment camp and
and principles of democracy and pluralism, lever- for the resettlement of IDPs, including provision
aging common strategic concerns and interests, of shelter material, cement bags and agricultural
enhancing connectivity between the two countries, implements and deployment of de-mining teams,
increasing the integration of their economies, and were important and timely.
reinforcing the institutional framework for coop-
eration.

12
The Prime Minister of India was apprised of the Minister of India and the President of Sri Lanka
measures taken by the Government of Sri Lanka directed that a Steering Committee be established
to bring about a rapid and sustainable resettlement to oversee and facilitate the timely and successful
of the bulk of the IDPs. It was stated that the pro- completion of the contracted work.
cess of resettling the limited number still remain-
ing in the transit facilities would be further expe- The President of Sri Lanka expressed his apprecia-
dited. Both leaders agreed on the urgent need for tion for the generous and concessionary credit fa-
the resettlement of the remaining IDPs, along with cilities amounting to about US$ 800 million offered
speedy rehabilitation, reconstruction and develop- by India for the railway projects in Sri Lanka. The
ment in the North and the East of Sri Lanka. They two leaders directed that the relevant agreements
agreed to work closely towards this end. In this on the lines of credit for requisite amounts be con-
context, India’s assistance to rebuild infrastructure, cluded within two months, so that there is no de-
including railway infrastructure, set up several lay in the commencement of the projects.
Vocational Training Centres, repair and construct
schools, houses, stadium and recreational facilities, In addition, with a view to restoring physical and
supply much-needed inputs for agricultural regen- cultural infrastructure and promoting normalcy in
eration and undertake several other projects was northern Sri Lanka, it was also agreed that India
greatly appreciated. would extend assistance for the rehabilitation of
Palaly Airport and Kankesanthurai Harbour as also
Both leaders announced a major initiative to un- help in renovating the Duraiappah Stadium and
dertake a programme of construction of 50,000 constructing a Cultural Centre in Jaffna.
houses for Internally Displaced Persons in the
Northern and Eastern Provinces. The President of Both leaders welcomed the involvement of Self
Sri Lanka warmly welcomed the offer of Indian Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) in ad-
support for this programme. dressing the issue of rehabilitation of war widows
and witnessed the signing of the MoU on Setting
With regard to the task of reconstruction in north- Up of Women’s Trade Facilitation Centre and Com-
ern Sri Lanka, the Prime Minister of India reiter- munity Learning Centre at Batticaloa.
ated India’s support for various infrastructure
projects. In this regard, the two leaders witnessed Both leaders expressed satisfaction at the progress
the signing of the contract for the reconstruction of work on the Colombo-Matara railway line be-
of the Madu-Talaimannar railway line by IRCON. ing constructed with Indian assistance, and directed
The contract for the Medawachchiya-Madu seg- that the project be completed in a timely manner.
ment of the track will be signed shortly. It was
also noted that the contract for the reconstruction MoU on Small Development
of the Omanthai-Pallai segment of the railway
track by IRCON has already been signed. The two Project Scheme
leaders directed that the contracts for the construc-
tion of a new signalling and tele-communication The Prime Minister of India and the President of
network by IRCON, and for the reconstruction of Sri Lanka reiterated their mutual commitment to
the Pallai-KKS railway line, which will be under- substantially enhance the range and depth of the
taken by the Sri Lanka Railway in collaboration India-Sri Lanka bilateral relationship including
with IRCON, also be concluded at the earliest. through greater economic integration, enhancing
connectivity and other linkages and closer devel-
The work on all these construction projects will opmental cooperation.
commence latest by October 2010. It was also noted
that the procurement of rolling stock from India In this context, both leaders agreed to revive the
would take place in a phased manner. The Prime Joint Commission mechanism and hold the next

13
meeting of the Joint Commission, co-chaired by intensive consultations towards developing a

the two Ministers of External Affairs, in the sec- framework for sustainable economic partnership
ond half of 2010 in order to devise a fuller agenda between the two countries and addressing out-
of bilateral cooperation in various fields. standing issues.
Both leaders agreed to promote dialogue on secu- The two leaders also agreed to launch a CEOs Fo-
rity and defence issues of relevance to their bilat- rum to involve the public and private sectors in a
eral relationship, and enhance high-level military dialogue to generate ideas to deepen and broaden
exchanges and training of military personnel as well the bilateral economic relationship in all its aspects
as impart additional training in Indian institutions and to help chart the future course of business and
for the newly recruited police personnel. They trade interaction between the two countries.
agreed to institute an annual defence dialogue be-
tween the two governments. The Prime Minister of India and the President of
Sri Lanka agreed that there was great potential for
Both leaders condemned terrorism in all its forms the further and rapid expansion of bilateral agri-
and manifestations. They also agreed to strengthen cultural cooperation and collaboration in livestock
the security and legal framework of their bilateral development between the two countries. They
relationship. To this end, the leaders witnessed the noted that the MoU for Scientific and Technical
signing of the following Agreements: cooperation between the Indian Council of Agri-
culture Research and the Sri Lanka Council for
i. Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance on Crimi- Agriculture Research Policy had yielded sound
nal Matters; and results, including in human resource development.
They agreed that collaborative research and de-
ii. Agreement on Transfer of Sentenced Prison- velopment programmes in areas such as livestock,
ers. biotechnology, the design and manufacture of ag-
ricultural and farm machinery and equipment,
Both leaders underlined their desire for closer eco- hybrid seed development and post harvest process-
nomic integration to achieve the shared goals of ing of perishable products, fruits and vegetables
alleviating poverty, creating wealth and bringing would further contribute to agricultural coopera-
about progress and prosperity for the people of the tion. The concerned authorities of the two coun-
two countries. In this context, they agreed to co- tries would also cooperate in the area of weather
operate closely to nurture a favourable environ- forecasting. Towards this end, the two leaders re-
ment to forge closer economic and trade linkages. solved that the two countries should finalize at the
earliest possible an Agreement providing for com-
Both leaders expressed satisfaction that bilateral prehensive cooperation in Agriculture.
trade, despite the downturn in 2009 as a result of
the global economic slowdown, was already be- The two leaders agreed to enhance cooperation in
ginning to show a healthy recovery. the energy sector. In this connection, they wel-
comed greater cooperation between the public and
Recognizing the considerable benefits from greater private sector entities and emphasised the need to
economic cooperation between the two countries, cooperate further.
the two Leaders noted the progress achieved un-
der the India – Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement. The two leaders were briefed on the progress in
They agreed that it would be timely to build on discussions between the National Thermal Power
this achievement through a more comprehensive Corporation of India and the Ceylon Electricity
framework of economic cooperation, best suited Board of Sri Lanka on the establishment of a joint
to the two countries. In this context, they directed venture for building a 500 MW coal-fired power
the concerned officials of the two countries to hold plant at Sampur (Trincomalee), incorporating en-

14
vironmentally friendly technologies, with the Gov- The Prime Minister of India and the President of
ernment of Sri Lanka providing the requisite in- Sri Lanka expressed satisfaction that the Joint State-
frastructure support. ment on Fishing Arrangements of October 2008,
which sought to put in place practical arrangements
The concerned parties have agreed to complete to deal with bonafide fishermen crossing the In-
their discussions on the Joint Venture Agreement, ternational Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL), had
the Power Purchase Agreement, the Agreement led to a decrease in incidents. Both sides agreed to
with the Board of Investment of Sri Lanka, the explore ways to strengthen the safety and security
Implementation Agreement and other relevant of fishermen and, in this context, directed their
arrangements within three months, so that the respective officials to revive the meetings of the
work on the project can commence without de- bilateral Joint Working Group on Fishing. It was
lay. The Sri Lankan side expressed its appreciation also decided to enhance and promote contacts be-
for the further concessionary line of credit of US$ tween the fishermen's associations on both sides.
200 million afforded by the Government of India,
to enable the Government of Sri Lanka to fulfil its The President of Sri Lanka proposed discussions
commitments under the Implementation Agree- on the matter of establishing a joint information
ment, including with regard to the construction mechanism on the possibility of oil and gas fields
of a jetty at Sampur and of transmission lines from straddling the India Sri Lanka Maritime Bound-
Sampur to Habarana as also the initial equity of ary. The Prime Minister of India assured the Presi-
the Ceylon Electricity Board (under the Joint Ven- dent of Sri Lanka that this proposal would receive
ture Agreement). the Government of India’s attention and the mat-
ter could be discussed further between the two
An agreement on conducting a feasibility study for sides.
the interconnection of the Indian and Sri Lankan
electricity grids was also signed on this occasion. Recognising that the shared cultural and
The two leaders expressed their confidence that civilizational links provided the bedrock of bilat-
the agreement would make a significant contribu- eral relations, the two leaders agreed that the
tion to enhancing India-Sri Lanka cooperation in 2600th year of the attainment of enlightenment
the energy sector. by Lord Buddha (Sambuddhatva Jayanthi) will be
commemorated through joint activities. They
Recognising the need to speedily restore the tradi- noted with appreciation that an International Bud-
tional links between the two countries, both lead- dhist Conference will be organized in Kandy later
ers agreed to resume the ferry services between this year with the support of the Indian Council of
Colombo and Tuticorin and between Talaimannar Cultural Relations.
and Rameswaram. They directed their respective
officials to put in place the mechanisms to start Both leaders also welcomed the proposal for the
these services at an early date. restoration of Tiruketheeswaram temple at Mannar
to be undertaken with the assistance of the Ar-
The two leaders agreed on establishing the Consu- chaeological Survey of India and the College of
lates General of India in Jaffna and in Hambantota Architecture and Sculpture, Mamallapuram, with
to reinforce consular cooperation and friendly links the involvement of the Department of Archaeol-
between the two countries. The Prime Minister of ogy of Sri Lanka.
India welcomed in this regard Sri Lanka’s interest
in establishing a further Post in India, in addition The Prime Minister of India and the President of
to those in Chennai and in Mumbai functioning Sri Lanka also witnessed the signature of the
under the High Commission in New Delhi. Programme for Cultural Cooperation for the pe-
riod 2010-2013.

15
Recognising the immense potential that exists in » Both sides agreed to collaborate in the estab-
the two countries to tap knowledge as a key driver
lishment of a research institute on agriculture in
of economic and social advancement, the two lead-
the Northern Province of Sri Lanka.
ers agreed that both countries should enhance links
in the educational sector as a core component of
Both leaders agreed to promote the use of space
their bilateral engagement. In this context, the two
technology for a variety of societal services using
leaders announced the launching of an “India-Sri
Indian satellites. For this purpose, the Indian side
Lanka Knowledge Initiative”.
will extend bandwidth to set up satellite-interac-
tive terminals in Sri Lanka.
Under this Initiative, the two leaders welcomed
the proposal of the University of Colombo to es-
Welcoming the growing connectivity between the
tablish a Centre for Contemporary Indian Studies
two countries, the two leaders called for greater
with the support of the Government of India.
cooperation in tourism and promotion of people-
to-people contacts, especially between the youth
The two leaders further welcomed the recent in-
of India and Sri Lanka.
auguration in Kandy of the Sri Lanka-India Cen-
tre for English Language Training (SLICELT) as
The leaders reiterated the importance of continu-
part of the President's Initiative on English and
ing to work together in the regional and interna-
Information Technology. A distance learning net-
tional fora given their increasing convergence of
work linking the English and Foreign Language
views on a range of issues.
University, Hyderabad and SLICELT will be es-
tablished to enable training of master trainers and
Recalling the deliberations at the 16th SAARC
teachers in Sri Lanka and upgrading their skills. It
Summit in Thimphu, the two leaders agreed to
was agreed to expand SLICELT further by estab-
work towards the full realization of the vision of
lishing provincial and regional centres with Indian
the Thimphu Silver Jubilee Declaration.
assistance.
The two sides also agreed that current global chal-
The other elements of the lenges require the reinvigoration of
Knowledge Initiative multilateralism, including through the strength-
ening of the UN system. In this context, Sri Lanka
reiterated its position that the UN Security Coun-
• India announced an expansion of its scholarship
cil reform process should facilitate India's legiti-
programmes in Sri Lanka, including increasing
mate claim for a permanent seat in the UN Secu-
their numbers, introducing new scholarship
rity Council and reaffirmed her support for the
schemes, addressing special needs of Northern and
candidature of India as a permanent member of an
Eastern Sri Lanka and upcountry areas and ensur-
expanded UN Security Council. Sri Lanka's sup-
ing wider outreach throughout the country.
port to India's candidature for a non-permanent
seat on the UN Security Council for 2011-12 was
» Both sides agreed to promote linkages between also reiterated.
Indian and Sri Lankan universities and institutions
of higher learning. Both leaders expressed their satisfaction at the
outcome of the State Visit by the President of Sri
» India responded positively to the request of Sri Lanka to India, which provided further testimony
to the continuing excellent relations between the
Lanka to extend technical assistance to the Ten
two countries. The President of Sri Lanka also in-
Year Presidential Initiative to steer Sri Lanka to-
vited the President of India and the Prime Minis-
wards a Trilingual Society by 2020.
ter of India to pay early visits to Sri Lanka. The
invitations were accepted with appreciation.

16
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17
Section -1 Article (India-South Africa Relation)
India-South Africa Relation

President Jacob Zuma arrives in India
By: Avadhesh Kumar Pandey
South African President Jacob Zuma arrived in

India on Jun 2-4 2010 to three-day state visit, ac- Joint Declaration
companied by a delegation of 200 prominent busi-
nessmen. This was the first ever visit to India by The Prime Minister of India and the President of
Zuma since his inauguration as South Africa's presi- South Africa reaffirmed the vitality of the India-
dent. This was also his first trip to Asia. South Africa strategic partnership, based on their
commitment to a global order built upon the prin-
South African President Jacob Zuma said it was ciples of peace, justice and equality, upon the two
time to take trade ties with India to a higher level countries' shared history of solidarity and partner-
after talks with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. ship in the struggle against colonialism, imperial-
Zuma and Singh said they had discussed reform of ism and apartheid and encouraged by the legacy
the UN Security Council and closer co-operation and stature of Mahatma Gandhi and former Presi-
on climate change and the global economy. dent Nelson Mandela.
Zuma was accompanied by what he described as Both leaders underscored the importance of mak-
the largest South African business delegation to ing the strategic partnership more result oriented
visit any country. The two countries trade about and of greater direct benefit to the peoples of South
six billion euros annually and Zuma said he wanted Africa and India. They emphasised their commit-
that to grow to 8 billion euros by 2012. ment to cooperation towards raising the existing
Brazil, India and South Africa are pushing for a level of friendship and partnership between South
more important role in international institutions Africa and India to even higher levels.
such as the International Monetary Fund and the The leaders recalled the defining documents of the
United Nations. South Africa – India relationship, the Red Fort
"We believe we cannot continue to be governed Declaration of 1996, the Joint Declaration of 2003
by rules and regulations drawn up in the early or and the Tshwane Declaration of 2006, and ex-
mid 1940s," Zuma said. "The world has changed. pressed satisfaction with the progress that had
We need to change." taken place. Both leaders welcomed the contin-
ued interaction between India and South Africa at
Zuma's visit comes amid reports that Indian mo- the highest political levels. Such interactions are
bile phone group Reliance Communications is con- marked by an exceptional degree of cordiality,
sidering a possible merger with South Africa's understanding, mutual trust and confidence. They
MTN, Africa's largest cellular firm. expressed satisfaction at the consolidation of bilat-

18
eral relations and underscored that the visit of end, the two leaders noted that the MOU for co-
President Zuma would contribute to consolidat- operation in the field of Communications and In-
ing the practice of regular political-level consulta- formation Technologies has expired in September
tions. 2009 and called for an early renewal of the MOU
and a meeting of The Joint Working Group to iden-
The leaders recognised that South Africa and In-
tify projects for joint cooperation in the ICT sec-
dia draw their strength and inspiration from the
tor.
diverse, multi-cultural societies constituting their
respective nations; and stated that the best assur- Both leaders reaffirmed the importance of
ance for continued peace and prosperity lies in the strengthening relations under the aegis of the In-
adherence to democratic governance that is rooted dia-South Africa Joint Ministerial Commission
in respect for human dignity and the fundamental (JMC) which affords both sides an opportunity to
rights of all people in accordance with their re- address a range of bilateral, as well as multilateral
spective Constitutions. political and economic issues. They confirmed that
the 8th Session of the JMC will take place in Delhi
Recognising that since the establishment of bilat-
in 2010, allowing both sides to evaluate the imple-
eral relations in November 1993, the two coun-
mentation of bilateral agreements and decisions
tries had established a framework for cooperation
taken during the State Visit.
through bilateral and multilateral agreements and
Memoranda of Understanding. President Zuma and The two leaders noted with satisfaction the
Prime Minister Singh committed their Govern- progress recorded in developing a multi-faceted
ments to the fullest implementation of these mile- strategic partnership. They welcomed the fact that
stones of the bilateral relationship. bilateral trade had grown to the extent that India
was now one of the top ten trading partners of
They noted with satisfaction the strengthening
South Africa. The two leaders noted that there has
of the growing partnership between the two
been a healthy growth in two-way investment
countries with the signing of the following bi-
flows, which have increased substantially during
lateral agreements / MoUs during the visit:
the past five years. The two leaders welcomed the
» Air Services Agreement; reconstitution of the India-South Africa CEOs’
Forum as an institutional mechanism for closer
» MoU on Cooperation in the field of Agriculture business interaction with Government support.
They look forward to its first substantive meeting
and Allied Sectors; and
in South Africa along with an India Show in Au-
» MoU between the Diplomatic Academy of the gust 2010.
Department of International Relations and Coop- In the area of economic cooperation, the leaders
eration of South Africa and the Foreign Service underlined the need to utilise their respective
Institute of India. strengths to mutual advantage through greater
cooperation between respective business entities.
They expressed satisfaction at increasing cultural
In this regard, they agreed that the focus should
exchanges between the two countries and agreed
be upon sectors such as infrastructure and manu-
to further promote educational exchanges includ-
facturing, energy, mines and minerals, oil and natu-
ing through University-to-University linkages.
ral gas, banking and financial services, tourism,
President Zuma and Prime Minister Singh agreed
pharmaceuticals, automobiles and auto compo-
that a more extensive and active network of coop-
nents, textiles and garments, fertilisers, informa-
eration in Science and Technology would be pro-
tion technology, small and medium enterprises and
moted by the concerned Departments, which
forestry-based produce.
would focus on cooperation between designated
agencies and specialised institutions. Towards this

19
The leaders urged Indian and South African in- Recognising the importance of the strategic part-
dustry to work towards raising bilateral trade to nership, the two leaders agreed on the need to ex-
US $ 10 billion by the year 2012. They expressed pedite the ongoing negotiations on the India-
satisfaction at the significant increase in investment Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU) Prefer-
flows in both directions, as businesses on both sides ential Trade Agreement so as to provide a signifi-
recognised complementarities and benefited from cant incentive to business to explore mutually ben-
opportunities. In this context, the leaders eficial commercial opportunities and contribute to
recognised that the vast latent potential in the re- growing trade and investment relations.
lationship was yet to be fully exploited.
The leaders recognised the importance of the
In the regional context, President Zuma affirmed emerging economies of the South, the structural
the importance of India as a partner of the African changes taking place in the global economy and
Union in the consolidation of peace and stability the importance of strengthening trade and invest-
in the Continent, through its contributions to ment relations with these new poles of economic
peacekeeping, and as a partner in the development growth. They acknowledged that new economic
of Africa through its support for the objectives of relationships will be based on the principles of part-
the New Partnership for Africa's Development nership, complementarity and mutual benefit.
(NEPAD).
The leaders expressed satisfaction at the outcome
In addressing wider areas beyond the bilateral of the 4th IBSA Summit in Brasilia on 15 April
realm, and in recognition of the historical and 2010. They reaffirmed the importance of IBSA as
civilisational links between the African continent an effective instrument for promoting closer co-
and India, the leaders committed themselves to operation and coordination on global issues be-
strengthening the India-Africa Forum and to the tween the three major and diverse democracies of
advancement of the seven pillars of the Action Plan Africa, Asia and South America.
of the Framework for Cooperation launched in
Both leaders reiterated their commitment to in-
Delhi in March 2010. The Action Plan will inten-
tensify consultations and cooperation at multilat-
sify India-Africa cooperation in various fields in-
eral fora such as NAM, Commonwealth, G77+
cluding Commerce, Politics, Social Development
China and G20. They share the view that develop-
and Capacity Building; Science, Technology, Re-
ing countries, need to have a greater voice and vote
search and Development; Tourism; Infrastructure,
in the international financial institutions. The two
Energy and Environment and Media and Commu-
leaders reaffirmed their commitment to increase
nication. With this in mind, the leaders undertook
the voice, vote and representation of emerging and
to work even more closely to reinvigorate their
developing economies, including those in Africa,
cooperation for Africa’s development.
in the decision-making bodies of multilateral in-
Both leaders acknowledged the increasing contri- stitutions.
bution of their countries in Africa towards the
The two Leaders emphasized the need for the re-
achievement of peace, security, stability, develop-
form of the United Nations (UN) to render it more
ment and economic prosperity. President Zuma
democratic and consistent with the priorities of
took special note of India’s active participation in
the developing world. They emphasised that no
all United Nations sponsored peace missions in
reform of the UN would be complete without the
Africa, and the role it continues to play in peace
reform of the UN Security Council, including an
and security on the Continent. They noted the
expansion in both permanent and non-permanent
progress made in bilateral defence cooperation, and
categories of membership, with increased partici-
underlined the need to expand cooperation in ar-
pation of developing countries in both, for the Se-
eas of potentiality, such as military training and
curity Council to have the representativeness and
cooperation in UN peacekeeping.
legitimacy it needs to face contemporary chal-

20
lenges. The two leaders undertook mutual support developing countries, for the first time in the his-
for their candidature for non-permanent Security tory of the global trade system, at the centre of
Council seats for 2011-2012. the negotiations.
The leaders reaffirmed that people must come first The leaders reiterated the unwavering commit-
in the formulation and implementation of public ment of South Africa and India to the goal of the
policies, allowing for fair, equitable and sustain- complete elimination of nuclear weapons in a com-
able development. They considered this issue a prehensive, universal, non-discriminatory and veri-
priority in the context of an increasingly global- fiable manner and urged immediate efforts towards
ized world, in which the economic and financial the realization of this goal. They reaffirmed the
crisis, and the need for restructuring of the inter- inalienable right of all States to the peaceful appli-
national financial architecture directly affect the cation of nuclear energy, consistent with their in-
welfare of people, particularly of vulnerable groups. ternational legal obligations.
In this regard, they stressed the need to strengthen
The leaders condemned terrorism in all its forms
social policies and to fight hunger and poverty,
and manifestations, committed by whomever,
especially in times of global economic crisis. The
wherever and for whatever purposes, as it consti-
leaders also reiterated the need to promote a job-
tutes one of the most serious threats to interna-
intensive recovery from the downturn and create
tional peace and security. President Zuma con-
a framework for strong, sustainable and balanced
demned attacks in India that resulted in the loss of
growth. Sustainable recovery and growth will also
innocent lives. The two leaders agreed on the need
depend on several factors such as enhanced invest-
for greater cooperation among States and regional
ment for infrastructure development, stable capi-
organizations in this regard. They emphasized the
tal flows to the developing markets, appropriate
urgent need to finalize the Comprehensive Con-
macroeconomic adjustments, and avoiding com-
vention on International Terrorism, and called
placency in the area of financial sector reforms.
upon all States to cooperate in resolving outstand-
Financial inclusion will be a major determinant of
ing issues with the objective of an expeditious con-
success.
clusion of negotiations and adoption of this Con-
The leaders stressed the need to reform the Bretton vention. They note that the fight against interna-
Woods Institutions to increase their effectiveness tional terrorism must be done with full respect to
and to enhance their accountability, credibility and the UN Charter and International Law.
legitimacy. They underlined the importance for a
The leaders reiterated the importance of a positive
greater voice and participation by developing coun-
result for the current climate change negotiations
tries in these institutions.
at the 16th Conference of the Parties to the United
The two leaders stated that a positive outcome of Nations Framework Convention on Climate
the Doha Round of trade talks within the World Change (UNFCCC) and the 6th Conference of the
Trade Organisation would be instrumental in eco- Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the
nomic recovery, particularly in job creation, as in- Kyoto Protocol, in Mexico. They stressed that the
ternational trade has experienced its sharpest de- result should be reached in an inclusive and trans-
cline in several decades. A development oriented, parent manner, and should effectively address the
balanced and successful conclusion of the Round challenge of climate change, in accordance with
at an early date would bolster the credibility of the principles of the UNFCCC, especially the prin-
the multilateral trading system in the face of in- ciples of equity and common but differentiated
creased protectionist pressures. The Leaders con- responsibilities and respective capabilities. They
firmed their intention to continue to work to urged developed countries to take ambitious ac-
strengthen the alliances of developing members tion to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, and
that have effectively changed the negotiating dy- to provide adequate international financing and
namic in the World Trade Organisation, placing transfer of technology to support the efforts of

21
developing countries to mitigate and adapt to the

impact of climate change. Development of Bilateral
The leaders agreed to work closely together in the Relations
field of sports cooperation and on sharing experi-
Both nations established diplomatic relations after
ences on upcoming events such as the 2010 FIFA
the end of apartheid in 1994. Bilateral trade grew
Soccer World Cup and the Commonwealth Games.
exponentially from USD 3 million in 1992-93 to
They expressed confidence that this would form
USD 4 billion in 2005-06, and the two governments
the foundation for enhanced partnership in their
have targeted increasing bilateral trade to USD 12
sporting relations.
billion by 2010. Gold bullion constitute one-third
The President of South Africa conveyed his deep of India's imports from South Africa, while India
gratitude and appreciation to the President and polishes and processes diamonds from South Afri-
Prime Minister of India for the warm hospitality can mines. South Africa has promoted signing a
extended to him and the members of his delega- free trade agreement with India and the Southern
tion during the visit. Africa Customs Union (SACU), which includes
Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland along
with South Africa. India and South Africa have
Bilateral Relations also developed military cooperation, trading arms
and joint exercises and programs to train forces.
The bilateral relations between the Republic of South African leader Nelson Mandela was awarded
India and the Republic of South Africa have grown the Mahatma Gandhi Peace Prize by the Indian
strong since the end of apartheid in South Africa government. Both nations have also promoted
in 1994. Both nations have since developed close sporting ties, with the Indian national cricket team
strategic, cultural and economic ties. and the South Africa national cricket team fre-
quently exchanging visits and participating in
India and South Africa also share an extensive en-
cricket tournaments hosted by either nation.
ergy partnership. In 2010, India imported 1.4
tonnes of South African coal making it the largest
purchaser of coal from the country.
There is a major resident Indian community in
IBSA
South Africa that made a significant contribution On June 6, 2003 India and South Africa signed an
to the struggle for civil rights; Indian leader Ma- agreement with Brazil, known as the Brasilia Dec-
hatma Gandhi pioneered the non-violent civil dis- laration, establishing "South-South" cooperation,
obedience in the struggle of Indian people for civil based on the premise of the three nations being
rights in the 1890s and 1900s. regional powers of South Asia, Southern Africa and
South America. The declaration called for exten-
Indians also contributed to the African National
sive tripartite cooperation on strategic, commer-
Congress's struggle against the Apartheid regime.
cial and cultural affairs, development of a tripar-
The Indian government was an outspoken critic
tite free trade agreement and a united front in ne-
of the apartheid-era South African government,
gotiating with Western nations in the World Trade
refusing to maintain diplomatic relations. India's
Organization (WTO), calling for reform of the U.N.
support evoked goodwill in South Africa and other
Security Council and supporting each other's bid
African countries.
for permanent membership with veto rights.
The IBSA Dialogue Forum was created to promote
cooperation and consensus on issues of trade, pov-
erty alleviation, intellectual property rights, social
development, agriculture, climate change, culture,

22
defence, education, energy, health-care, information society, science and technology, peaceful nuclear
energy, tourism and transport. The fourth summit was held in Brasilia. The three nations pledged to boost
trilateral trade to USD 15 billion by 2010. The three nations have also expanded military cooperation and
conducted joint naval exercises in 2008.
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23
Section -2 Hot Topics (Indian Badminton Star Saina Nehwal)
Indian Badminton Star

Saina Nehwal
Saina Nehwal, the poster
girl of Indian badminton,
dazzled at the Djarum Indo-
nesia Open Super Series, re-
tained the crown on Jun 27,
2010 and landed her third
title in the last 19 days.
Riding on her splendid form,
the Indian ace downed
Sayaka Sato of Japan 21-19,
13-21, 21-11 in the final to
cap a successful three weeks
which started with the Indian
Open Grand Prix Gold title on
Jun 13, 2010.
The moment she won the championship point, Saina pumped her fist in delight, closed her eyes to quietly
celebrate the moment and slowly walked towards her opponent for the customary handshake.
Saina got off to a brisk start in the first game, securing a 9-4 lead. Sayaka fought back and led Saina at 16-
17. But the Hyderabadi girl won three consecutive points to move to 19-17. Though Sayaka managed to
save a game point, Saina was not to be denied for long.
In the second game, Sayaka looked like a different player. She started hitting the shuttle hard and ran
away to a 14-7 lead. The Japanese girl produced 14 winners - most of them smashes - and rattled the Indian
before winning the second game emphatically.
But Saina regrouped quickly and changed tack to unsettle her opponent. The Indian concentrated on
keeping the shuttle in play without giving it much air and induced her opponent to the net. The move paid
off. Sayaka started committing far too many errors. Five minutes into the third game Saina was up 7-2. She
made it 15-9 and 18-10 before closing out the contest.
Saina has now trained her eyes on the World Championships to be held in Paris from Aug 23 to 29.
Contrary to expectations, this win will not improve her rankings as Saina only defended points she had
won by clinching the title last year.
Saina Nehwal
Saina Nehwal (born March 17, 1990) is an Indian badminton player. Currently ranked number 3 in the
world by Badminton World Federation, Saina is the first Indian woman to reach the singles quarterfinals
at the Olympics and the first Indian to win the World Junior Badminton Championships. Saina Nehwal

24
scripted history on June 21, 2009, becoming the first Indian to win a Super Series tournament after clinch-
ing the Indonesia Open with a stunning victory over higher-ranked Chinese Lin Wang in Jakarta. Saina
won her second career super series title by lifting the Singapore Open Super series title on June 20, 2010.
She completed a hat-trick in the same year by winning Indonesian Open on June 27,2010. This win
resulted in her rise to 3rd ranking. This remains her highest career ranking.
She is first Indian woman to win a super series tournament (equivalent to Grand slam in tennis) when she
annexed the 2009 Indonesia Super Series. Previously coached by S. M. Arif, a Dronacharya Award winner,
Saina is the reigning Indian national junior champion and is currently coached by Indonesian badminton
legend Atik Jauhari since August 2008, with the former All England champion and national coach Pullela
Gopichand being her mentor. Her professional career is managed by GloboSport.
Saina was born in Hisar, Haryana, India and has spent her entire life in city of Hyderabad, India. Her foray
into the world of badminton was influenced by her father Dr. Harvir Singh, a scientist at the Directorate
of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad and her mother Usha Nehwal, both of whom were former badminton
champions in Haryana.
Career Summary
Saina is the reigning Under-19 national champion. Also a regular in the senior circuit where she lost to
former India number one Aparna Popat, Saina created history by the winning the prestigious Asian Satel-
lite Badminton tournament (India Chapter) twice, becoming the first player to do so.
In 2006, Saina appeared on the global scene when she became the first Indian woman to win a 4-star
tournament, the Philippines Open. Entering the tournament as the 86th seed, Saina went on to stun
several top seeded players including number seed Huaiwen Xu before defeating Julia Xian Pei Wong of
Malaysia for the title. The same year also saw Saina as runner up at the 2006 BWF World Junior Champi-
onships, where she lost a hard fought match against top seed Chinese Wang Yihan. She did one better in
the 2008 by becoming the first Indian to win the World Junior Badminton Championships by defeating
ninth seeded Japanese Sayaka Sato 21-9, 21-18.
She became the first Indian woman to reach the quarter finals at the Olympic Games when she upset
world number five and fourth seed Wang Chen of Hong Kong in a three-game thriller. In the quarter-
finals Saina lost a nail biting 3-gamer to world number 16 Maria Kristin Yulianti. In September 2008, she
won the Yonex Chinese Taipei Open 2008 beating Li Ya Lydia Cheah of Malaysia 21-8 21-19. Maria
Yulianti had earlier lost her quarter-final match to Pia Bernadet, Saina's semi-final opponent, thus deny-
ing Saina a rematch.
Saina has been named The Most Promising Player in 2008. She reached the world super series semifinals
in the month of December 2008 India's Saina Nehwal scaled a new high when she shot up three places to
World. No 3 in the latest rankings released by the Badminton World Federation (24th June 2010) Sania
become World No 3.
On 21 June 2009, she became the first Indian to win a BWF Super Series title, the most prominent badmin-
ton series of the world by winning the Indonesia Open. She beat Chinese Wang Lin in the final 12-21, 21-
18, 21-9. Saina on winning the tournament said "I had been longing to win a super series tournament since
my quarter final appearance at the Olympics". Saina is on the par with the likes of Prakash Padukone and
her mentor Pullela Gopichand who both won the all England championships which are of similar status to
the super series.

25
In August 2009 she reached the quarterfinals of Saina won the second Super Series title of her ca-
world championship losing to the second seed Lin reer by beating qualifier Tzu Ying Tai of Chinese
Wang. Saina Nehwal was rewarded with Arjuna Taipei in the final of the Singapore Open 21-18,
award in August, 2009 and her coach Gopichand 21-15. But the fact that she won the tournament
was also rewarded with Dronacharya award at the in the absence of all the top 5 ranked players (who
same time. Saina has been signed up by Olympic all happen to be chinese), takes a little sheen away
Gold Quest to support her in fulfilling her dream from her path breaking victory. Saina won a prize
of winning the Olympic gold medal. Saina has been money of $18,750 for winning this BWF Super
awarded with Padma Shri award in January 2010. Series tournament.
Saina is brand ambassador of Deccan Chargers, an
Saina has reached a career high of world no. 3 in
Indian Premier League team owned by Deccan
the women's singles badminton world rankings on
chronicle.
24 June 2010.
Her strategy, at the beginning of 2010, was to ig-
Saina defended her Indonesia Open super series
nore ranking points and focus her energies on pre-
title in three tough games against Sayako Sato of
mier tournaments. That seems to be working as
Japan, 21-19 / 13-21 / 21-11.This is her third super
she has won three titles (including two in India),
series title and her third successive title following
and has reached the semis of two majors. With
wins at Indian open, Singapore Super series. She
the World Championships, Commonwealth and
again won the top prize money of $18,750 for win-
Asian Games coming up, her preparation couldn’t
ning this BWF Super Series tournament.
have been better.
Points To Be Remember
Saina successfully lead Indian Women Team to the
Uber Cup finals, winning all her matches as of
March 5, 2010. Get UPSCPORTAL, IAS, Jobs, Results,
Saina became the first Indian Woman to reach the Notification ALERTS in Email.
semi finals of 2010 All-England Super Series be-
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Top seeded Saina reached the semifinals of Yonex address in Online form. you will get a confirmation
Sunrise Badminton Asia Championships 2010 los- email within 10 min.
ing out to unseeded eventual champion Li Xuerui
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to take too much pressure due to the home crowd the email.
support. IMP: (check Inbox and Spam folders)
Saina wins the Indian Open Grand Prix Gold 2010, Step-3: Done! Now you will regular Alerts on your email.
beating Mew Choo Wong of Malaysia in the final
and thus justifying her billing as top seed in the
tournament. She won a prize money of $8,280 for
winning this BWF Grand prix gold tournament.
Click Below Link to get Free Newsletter:
Saina Nehwal, again seeded no. 1 in the Singapore http://upscportal.com/civilservices/newsletter
Open Super Series 2010, entered the finals defeat-
ing World champion Lu Lan of China (updated on
06/20/2010)

26
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27
India-Pak Agree To
Share Intelligence Report
On a two-day visit to Pakistan to attend the SAARC South Asia. The two countries share much of their
summit, Indian Home Minister P Chidambaram common geographic location, but differ starkly in
held crucial meetings with his Pakistani counter- religious demographics. India is a secular country
part Rehman Malik and Foreign Minister Shah with Hindu majority at about 80% of the total
Mahmood Qureshi. population and Muslims being the largest religious
minority with about 13% of the population. Paki-
Coming out of denial, Pakistan said on Jun 26, 2010 stan, on the other hand, is an Islamic country with
that it will act against the Taliban and terror groups 97% population being Muslim, and only about
based in its Punjab province. Pakistan Foreign 1.8% Hindus. Diplomatic relations between the
Minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi said that his two are defined by the history of the violent parti-
meeting with Indian Home Minister P tion of British India into these two states, and nu-
Chidambaram was positive. merous military conflicts and territorial disputes
thereafter.
He said that both sides have agreed to the meeting
between the Intelligence chiefs of the two coun- Much of South Asia came under direct control of
tries and that it was a positive development. Great Britain in the late 18th century. The British
Other than that, Qureshi also said that Pakistan Raj over the Indian subcontinent lasted for almost
has no problem handing over voice samples of those 150 years. 95% of the people living in South Asia
who India accuses of perpetrating the 26/11 practised either Hinduism or Islam. The Muslim
Mumbai attacks. League, headed by Quaid e Azam Mohammad Ali
Jinnah, proposed the Two Nation Theory in the
And, although the meeting between Chidambaram early 20th century. According to the theory, Mus-
and Malik may have been tough on substance, it lims and others shared little in common, and Brit-
was cordial enough to leave room for speculation ish India should be divided into two separate coun-
that they could have another bilateral exchange tries, one for the Muslims and the other for the
before he leaves for India. Hindu majority, which he feared would suppress
the Muslim minority.
Bilateral Relations The campaign gained momentum in early 1940s
and by the end of World War II, British India's
Indo-Pakistani relations are grounded in the po-
partition looked inevitable. The Partition of India
litical, geographic, cultural, and economic links
in 1947 created two large countries independent
between the Republic of India and the Islamic
from Britain: Pakistan as two wings in the East
Republic of Pakistan the two largest countries of
and West, separated by India in the middle. Soon

28
Section -2 Hot Topics (India-Pak Agree To Share Intelligence Report)
after Independence, India and Pakistan established diplomatic relations. Subsequent years were marked
by bitter periodic conflict, and the nations went to war four times. The war in 1971 ended in defeat and
another partition of Pakistan. The eastern wing split off as a new country named Bangladesh, while the
western wing continued as Pakistan.
There have been some improvements in relations since the mid-2000s. Most notably, Pakistan released an
Indian man accused of being a spy in 2008: he had been detained since 1975. But relations soured slightly
after the 2008 Mumbai Terrorist Attacks by an alleged group partially consisting of Pakistani based mili-
tants.
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29
Section -3 Current Relevant Facts
Current Affairs
The Cabinet Committee on Security cleared the
National News tunnel project in September 2009 at a cost of about

Rs.1,495 crore.
The tunnelling would be completed in 2015 and
that would reduce the distance between Manali
Rohtang Tunnel and Keylong by at least 48 km, said the BRO
sources.
UPA Chairperson Sonia Gandhi, who is also head-
ing the National Advisory Council, on June 28 laid More than six to seven feet of snow is reported
the foundation of the 8.8-km-long Rohtang tun- from the high altitude (13,044 ft.) Rohtang Pass
nel at Dhundi near the famous tourist resort of during winter and it remains closed for six to eight
Manali. months.
The tunnel would provide all-weather connectiv- Shinkula Pass tunnel
ity for the civilians and armed forces personnel and
an alternative link to the residents living on the The BRO is also studying the feasibility of con-
border areas of Himachal Pradesh and Jammu structing a tunnel beneath the Shinkula Pass
Kashmir. (15,920 ft.).
The idea of the tunnel was conceived by late Rajiv It has to conduct a feasibility study for construc-
Gandhi and even the former Prime Minister, Atal tion of a tunnel beneath this pass that would re-
Bihari Vajpayee, during his regime, inaugurated duce the present distance of 470 km between
the approach road to the tunnel site from the South Manali and Leh by 100 km.
Portal.
Maoist Attack
The idea of constructing a tunnel beneath the
Rohtang Pass at 13,000 feet was envisaged in 1983 Maoist rebels killed 26 police officers in an am-
and its construction received an impetus after the bush in central India in the latest of a series of
Kargil conflict. deadly strikes against security forces in month of
june.
It was to be made as an all-weather alternative stra-
tegic route to Ladakh from Manali in Himachal The targeted group were returning from a road-
Pradesh. opening ceremony when they were attacked by a
large number of heavily armed militants.
Tunnel History : On May 26, 2002, after the de-
tailed feasibility study in 1987, Mr. Vajpayee laid The Maoists, who massacred 76 policemen in
the foundation of the access road to the tunnel Chhattisgarh in a similar assault in April, num-
costing Rs.180 crore and the access road to south bered as many as 100 and opened fire with auto-
portal tunnel site was completed in 2005. matic weapons from a hilltop.
About 18 avalanche protection structures have The officers were surrounded in the ambush,
been erected on it. which took place in Dhodai, 300 kilometres (190

30
miles) south of the state capital Raipur, and they president and chairman of organising committee
fought back in a gun battle that lasted three hours. of Commonwealth Games-2010, other dignitaries
and leading sports personalities, including Delhi
The government launched a major offensive last
Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit, were present when
year to tackle the worsening left-wing insurgency,
the baton was handed over by Pakistan Olympic
but since then the Maoists have hit back -- trig-
Association officials led by Lt. Gen Arif Hassan.
gering widespread criticism of officials and politi-
cians. The Attari border checkpost, about 30 km from
Amritsar in Punjab, wore a colourful and festive
Maoist rebel groups have fought for decades
look despite tight security arrangements for the
throughout east and central India against state and
baton arrival event. Popular song 'Chak de, India'
government rule, drawing support from landless
was played at the checkpost to welcome the ba-
tribal groups and farmers left behind by the
ton.
country's economic development.
The 2010 Commonwealth Games are the biggest
Jharkhand Under sporting extravaganza being hosted by India after
President’s rule the 1982 Asian Games held in New Delhi.
In a move that was widely anticipated, the Centre Decks Cleared For First
imposed President’s rule in Jharkhand, after none Defence University
of the major political players could cobble together
the numbers required to form a government. The More than 40 years after it was mooted, the Union
assembly had simultaneously been placed under Cabinet, on May 13, 2010, gave its approval to set
suspended animation. up the nation’s first defence university at Binola,
around 20 km from Gurgaon. It would aim at im-
This is the second time in two years that the state
parting education on strategic challenges to armed
has been put under President’s rule. On January
forces officials, bureaucrats, academicians, parlia-
19 last year, the Centre had imposed President’s
mentarians and trainees at military academies.
Rule after the resignation of Mr Shibu Soren, who
suffered a humiliating defeat at the Tamar To be established at an estimated Rs 300 crore, the
byelection. Mr Soren was sworn in as the chief institute would come up on an area of about 200
minister for the third time on December 30 last acres. A sum of Rs 100 crore has been earmarked
after the assembly elections. His government was for land acquisition. The existing defence educa-
propped by BJP, AJSU and the JD(U). tional institutions like the National Defence Col-
lege, New Delhi, College of Defence Management,
Queen's baton for Common- Secunderabad, National Staff College, Wellington,
wealth Games and National Defence Academy, Pune, would also
be affiliated to the INDU. At present, these insti-
The Queen's baton for the 2010 Commonwealth tutions are attached to various universities across
Games arrived in India from Pakistan on June 25 the country.
amid high security and a festive mood with sing-
ers from both the countries performing at the The proposed university, which would be fully
Attari border. autonomous and constituted under an Act of Par-
liament, would promote policy-oriented research
It marked the first big event on Indian soil for the on all aspects of national security as part of the
Games to be held in New Delhi in October. strategic national policy-making. The university
Suresh Kalmadi, Indian Olympic Association (IOA) was first mooted in 1967 and the matter was ac-
corded all seriousness after the 1999 Kargil con-
flict.

31
The government had set up a Kargil Review Com- The apex court also observed that the scientific
mittee, headed by strategic expert K. validity of the techniques “has been questioned and
Subrahmanyam, which had recommended estab- it is argued that their results are not entirely
lishment of such a university to exclusively deal reliable…empirical studies suggest that the drug-
with defence and strategic matters. It will encour- induced revelations need not necessarily be true”.
age awareness of national security issues by reach-
The Bench said that before arriving at the conclu-
ing out to scholars and an audience beyond the
sion it also assessed the “tensions between the de-
official machinery.
sirability of efficient investigation and the preser-
No Law Practice Without vation of individual liberties” and the reasoning
that these techniques “are a softer alternative to
Clearing Exam the regrettable and allegedly widespread use of
From September 2010, law graduates will have to third degree methods by investigators”.
clear an entry-level exam to be eligible for legal At the end, the apex court made it clear that the
practice. In a widely anticipated move, the Bar eight-point guidelines issued by the National Hu-
Council of India—the regulator for the legal pro- man Rights Commission in 2000 for conducting
fession—has decided to implement its decision of narco-analysis tests should be strictly adhered to.
making aspiring lawyers walk the extra mile. Among the guidelines were: No lie detector tests
Till now, a law degree from a recognised univer- should be administered except on the basis of con-
sity or a law institute was the sole eligibility crite- sent of the accused. If the accused volunteers for a
rion for getting registered as a lawyer. lie detector test, he should be given access to a law-
yer and the physical, emotional and legal implica-
No Lie Detector Tests: SC tion of such a test should be explained to him by
the police and his lawyer. The consent should be
In a verdict expected to weaken cases against ter-
recorded before a judicial magistrate.
rorists, other dreaded criminals and high-profile
offenders, the Supreme Court has cited “mental Ajmal Kasab Convicted of
privacy” to rule that police and other prosecuting
agencies cannot forcibly conduct lie detector
26/11 attacks
tests—narco-analysis, polygraph or brain electri- On May 3, 2010, a Mumbai court found 22-year-
cal activation profile (BEAP, popularly known as old Pakistani national, Mohammad Ajmal Kasab,
brain mapping)—on accused, suspects or witnesses. guilty of mass murder and waging war against In-
“Compulsory administration of any of these tech- dia, while acquitting two other accused, Fahim
niques is an unjustified intrusion into the mental Ansari and Sabahuddin Ahmed for want of evi-
privacy of an individual. It would also amount to dence, in the November 26, 2008 attacks on the
cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment with re- city. Kasab is the lone surviving gunman from the
gard to the language of evolving international hu- attacks that killed 166 people. He has been given
man rights norms,” a Bench comprising Chief Jus- the death sentence.
tice K.G. Balakrishnan, R.V. Raveendran and J.M. “It was not a simple act of murder. It was war,”
Panchal held. judge M.L. Tahiliyani said in a summary of the
Further, placing reliance on the results gathered 1,522 page judgement. “This type of preparation is
from these techniques would come into conflict not made by ordinary criminals. This type of prepa-
with the right to fair trial. “Invocations of a com- ration is made by those waging war.”
pelling public interest cannot justify the dilution The court also held 20 other accused, including
of constitutional rights such as the right against Lashkar-e-Tayiba founder Hafiz Saeed, its opera-
self-incrimination” guaranteed under Article 20(3) tions chief Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi and Abu
of the Constitution, the Bench said in the 251-page Hamza, guilty of conspiracy.
verdict.

32
be more conservative in raising such resources. So,
Economy News approving loan with a negative ‘carry’ may not be

much of a worry.
The management does not foresee any problems
in maintaining its net interest margin the differ-
CASA Deposits To Help Fix a ence between interest income and interest expenses
Lower Base Rate at close to 3%.
It is not yet clear as what impact the base rate will
India’s largest bank State Bank of India (SBI) has
have on the rates of other loans, such as education
set the benchmark for the banking industry by
loan, housing loan, vehicle loan and other con-
pegging the base rate at 7.5%.
sumer loans. Again, the SBI management reckons
That should hardly worry skittish investors look- that the pricing of these loans may be either 25
ing at the impact the latest rate setting methodol- basis points off the base rate.
ogy could have on the bottomline of lenders. What
should soothe investors is the fact that just 3% of Rs 67,000 Crore 3-G Bonanza
the bank’s loans have been priced at below 7.5% a For Government
clear indication that rejigging the loan book is
hardly a concern. The bidding frenzy for third generation (3-G) spec-
trum came to an end on May 19, 2010, with lead-
SBI is well positioned to fix the base rate relatively ing operators Bharti Airtel, Reliance Communica-
low, given its high share of low-cost current and tions and Aircel winning licences for 13 circles
savings bank account or CASA deposits. each. This was the 34th day of the auction and it
The bank’s share of CASA deposits at 47% is sec- saw the price of a pan-India, or nationwide, licence
ond only to HDFC Bank. Thanks to this large base touching Rs 16,828 crore, nearly five times its base
of CASA deposits, SBI’s cost of deposits aggregated price. No single operator could garner enough cash
5.8% in FY10, which was one of the lowest in the to win bids for all the 22 circles that went under
industry. the hammer.
Few banks in the country can count for 30% of The government emerged as the biggest winner.
their deposits being in the CASA category. This The sale of wireless airwaves would make it richer
primarily includes smaller banks, which have lower by at least Rs 67,719 crore, the double of what it
CASA deposits. These banks have little choice but had targeted in the Union Budget 2010 and about
to settle for a higher base rate, which is bound to 1 per cent of the country’s gross domestic product.
hobble them when up against competition. The proceeds from the sale of 3G and BWA spec-
SBI went on an deposit-mobilisation overdrive in trum will together help the government plug its
the first half of calendar year 2009. The bank raised fiscal deficit, projected at 5.5 per cent of GDP in
Rs 70,600 crore of deposits from December 2008 the Budget. The winning operators said if the gov-
to June 2009. ernment allots them spectrum as promised, by Sep-
tember 1, they will be able to roll out 3G services
However, it lent only Rs 39,500 crore during that in four to six months.
period. The drive was attributed to the fact that
the bank was hoping to grow its loan book at a Seventy per cent of the revenue for spectrum comes
very high rate. from only six circles, while locations such as West
Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Assam and Jammu and
Since then, SBI has shed quite a bit of those high Kashmir saw licences being awarded at virtually
cost deposits. Some analysts feel that the bank’s the base price. The surprise package was Bihar
experience on the deposits front can actually be where the bids closed at Rs 203.46 crore, seven
positive in the long run, as it may prompt them to times its base price.

33
India Becomes Member of FATF the KG-D6 basin (off Andhra), which has been al-
located according to the official gas utilisation
India has become a full fledged member of the fi- policy. The plan is to raise production to 80 mscmd.
nancial action task force (FATF), an inter-govern- The government has already allotted up to 90
mental organisation which creates policies to com- mscmd of gas from the D6 field in the Krishna-
bat money laundering and terror financing. Godavari basin for a period of five years.
India was granted the membership at the third RBI Measures To Boost Liquidity
plenary meeting of FATF held in Amsterdam, the
Netherlands, from June 23 to 25. India is the 34th The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has announced
country to join the organisation. special measures to provide liquidity in the sys-
tem, which may face a cash crunch because of huge
The FATF membership will help India coordinate
outgo on third generation (3G) telecom spectrum
its efforts against money laundering and financing
licences and payment of advance tax by compa-
of terrorism at the international level. The mem-
nies.
bership is important for India as it seeks to be a
major player in international finance. On May 27, 2010, RBI allowed banks to avail of
additional support under the liquidity adjustment
India will benefit in securing a more transparent
facility (LAF). Till July 2, banks have been permit-
and stable financial system by ensuring that finan-
ted to avail of support of up to 0.5 per cent of their
cial institutions are not vulnerable to infiltration
net demand and time liabilities, which will pro-
or abuse by organized crime groups. India had be-
vide an additional liquidity support of over Rs
come an observer at FATF in 2006.
20,000 crore.
Ambani Brothers Sign In addition, RBI said that as an ad hoc measure,
Gas Sale Pact banks can seek a waiver for any shortfall in main-
tenance of the prescribed 25 per cent statutory li-
The revised deal, however, does not mention the quidity ratio (SLR) while availing the temporary
price, tenure of supply and the quantity of gas. facility.
Meeting the six-week deadline set by the Supreme
Court, Reliance Natural Resources (RNRL), pro-
OECD Warns Inflation Will
moted by Anil Ambani, today signed a revised gas Remain High
sale master agreement (GSMA) with Reliance In-
The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
dustries (RIL), promoted by elder brother Mukesh
Development (OECD) has argued that the Reserve
Ambani, for supply to the former's proposed power
Bank of India’s (RBI’s) process of raising policy in-
plant at Dadri in Uttar Pradesh, close to Delhi.
terest rates is “still very low by historical standards”.
The revised GSMA is pursuant to the court's May
In a global economic outlook report, the Paris-
7 judgment, turning down RNRL's plea for cheap
based grouping warned: “With inflation remain-
gas from RIL based on an earlier family agreement.
ing elevated and the recovery appearing to have
RNRL had sought 28 mscmd of gas for 17 years at taken root, there is a risk that price increases for
$2.34 per million British thermal units (mBtu) from inputs will flow through to second-round increases
RIL; the latter had declined to do so, citing later and that inflationary expectations will become
government policy. SC struck down the RNRL destabilised. To mitigate this risk, sizeable further
claim, saying the government was the owner of all monetary tightening will be required through 2010
natural gas, no matter who discovered it, and would and into 2011.”
have to approve any pricing and allocation.
OECD projected the inflation rate to be 7.7 per
At present, RIL is producing 60 million standard cent in 2010 and 6.1 per cent in 2011. It expected
cubic metres of gas per day (mscmd) of gas from

34
the consumer price index rise to be at 10.2 per cent ments for focused action on water conservation and
in 2010 and still hovering at 6.3 per cent in 2011. augmentation.
The trade deficit has been projected at $80 billion
Members felt incentives should be provided for
(imports of $405 billion) in 2010 and going up to
using water in a sustainable manner and that the
$101 billion (imports of $478 billion up 13.1 per
Research and Development requirements of the
cent from 2010) in 2011 and real GDP growth in
mission should be focused upon.
2010 at 8.3 per cent and at 8.5 per cent in 2011.
Water Mission is one of the eight missions in the
OECD Chief Economist Pier Carlo Padoan said:
National Action Plan on Climate Change launched
“The outlook for inflation remains the main down-
by the Prime Minister in 2009 to tackle the threats
side risk, especially if monsoonal rainfall is again
of global warming.
deficient. In that case, food inflation would likely
begin to risk anew. More generally, the strong state The government has already launched Energy Ef-
of domestic demand could lead to persistently ficient and Solar Mission while a draft of Green
higher inflation and an upward drift in inflation- Mission has been prepared for public consultation.
ary expectations.”
Economic Growth Better Than
Adding the context of anticipated deficit reduc-
tion being underpinned on “expected revenue
Expected
growth, asset sales and some more modest tax mea- The Indian economy roared past estimates to post
sures”, Padoan added “the expected rebound in a whopping growth rate of 8.6% in the January-
agricultural activity should help limit further in- March quarter of 2010. The quarter's strong show-
crease in food prices, which have been a major ing also helped India end the fiscal year with 7.4%
contributor to high inflation. However, underly- growth, beating the earlier estimate of 7.2%.
ing inflationary pressures are likely to persist given Manufacturing led the way, with a whopping
the strong outlook for demand. Timely policy ac- 16.3% growth in the quarter and 10.8% overall,
tion to limit the scope for second-round price in- while even agriculture, which was expected to
creases is, therefore, required. Monetary policy decline, ended with marginal growth of 0.2% year-
normalisation is also important in the light of rela- on-year after growing 0.7% in Q4.
tively modest fiscal consolidation”.
The GDP growth rate had slowed to 6.7% in 2008-
National Water Mission Gets 09 following the global economic crisis, after top-
Cabinet Nod ping 9% in the previous three years.
The first quarter growth in the gross domestic
The Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change
product (GDP) is better than expected. In Febru-
has approved the National Water Mission, focus-
ary, the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) had
ing on making water conservation a peoples' move-
estimated that the Indian economy would grow at
ment in the country.
7.2% in 2009-10, with growth of 7.7% in the fourth
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, who chaired the quarter. But the unexpectedly strong performance
meeting of the Council, highlighted the need to in the fourth quarter helped boost the final figure
create a general consciousness of the need to use to 7.4%.
water in the most sustainable manner in view of
The fourth-quarter showing is particularly com-
its scarcity and assess the impact of climate change
mendable in the light of a sudden dip in the third
on water.
quarter to 6.5% from 8.6% in the second quarter
The Council felt that to make the Mission a peoples' due to the impact of a drought-like situation in
movement it was essential to make available all the country.
data on water in the public domain, to be able to
China is the only large economy with a higher
mobilise citizens, local bodies and State govern-
growth rate at 11.9% in the January-March quar-

35
ter. The rest of the world is witnessing a fragile

recovery, which is now under threat due to the Mauna Kea
brewing Euro-zone crisis. The sixteen developed
Indian astronomers will join a project to build the
countries in the Euro-zone expanded by just 0.2%
Thirty Meter Telescope Project (TMT) on Mauna
in the quarter. At the same time, the Organisation
Kea in Hawaii. TMT is the next-generation astro-
for Economic Cooperation and Development
nomical observatory that is scheduled to begin sci-
(OECD)—a grouping of mostly developed coun-
entific operations in 2018 on Mauna Kea.
tries including Europe that account for over 60%
of the global economy—grew at only 0.7% in the It has completed its 77 million dollar design-de-
quarter, against 0.9% in the previous quarter. US velopment phase and has entered the early con-
and Japan grew at 0.8% and 1.2%, respectively. struction phase after an additional 200 million dol-
lar pledge.
The 7.4% growth in 2009-10 also showed that
stimulus provided by government yielded results. India is well recognized and respected as one of
the top-ranking countries in the field of basic re-
Science-Technology search and India will be an integral part of the next
generation of astronomical research as a part of
& Environment TMT.
The University of California, the California Insti-
tute of Technology and the Association of Cana-
First male contraceptive pill dian Universities are building the telescope for re-
Researchers in Israel have finally been able to cre- search in astronomy.
ate a oral pill that deactivates sperm before they The core technology of TMT will be a 30-meter
reach the womb. And they’ve developed a version segmented primary mirror which, will give TMT
that means it only needs to be to be taken once nine times the collecting area of today's largest
every three months. optical telescopes and three times sharper images.
The breakthrough pill could be available in as little The National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
as three years, according to the scientist behind (NAOJ) joined TMT as a Collaborating Institution
the discovery. Unlike the jab form of the male pill in 2008 while its Chinese counterpart joined TMT
it doesn’t use a combination of the male hormone as an Observer in 2009.
testosterone and the female hormone progester-
one to block pregnancy. Emissions Up, But Way Lower
The scientist behind the male pill discovery has Than US, China
developed a tablet that removes a vital protein in Driven by higher industrial growth, energy pro-
sperm that is required for a woman to conceive. So duction and transport, an environment ministry
while sperm still get through to the uterus they report says the annual GHG (greenhouse gas) emis-
are unable to fertilise an egg. sion of India increased by around 58 per cent from
Using this approach, researchers believe they have 1994 to 2007, but per capita emissions were still
a pill that is 100 pc effective at stopping pregnancy. much less than those of US or China. Greenhouse
Not only is it long lasting but it also has other gas emissions per unit of the GDP, however, de-
pluses. There are no side effects as suffered by clined by more than 30 per cent during 1994 and
women who take the contraceptive pill. 2007, says the country’s updated emission inven-
tory “India: Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2007”.
India Joins Next Generation
The country’s net GHG emissions in 2007 were
30m Telescope Project on

36
1.9 billion tonnes compared to 1.2 billion tonnes fer of mission data to the other airborne platforms
in 1994. However against 1.5 tonnes of CO2 per and ground stations operating in the network, thus
capita in 1994, the per capita GHG emission was facilitating the force multiplication.
estimated to be 1.7 tonnes of CO2 in 2007.
With these features, the LCH is expected to play a
Even though India is ranked fifth in aggregate GHG major role in air defence against slow moving aerial
emissions after US, China, the European Union and targets, destruction of enemy air defence opera-
Russia in its contribution to global warming, emis- tions, escort to special heli-borne operations, sup-
sions of US and China are almost four times that of port of combat search and rescue operations, anti-
India. tank role and scout duties.
China and the US are the world's top emitters of First Life-Form Made By Man
greenhouse gases and disagreement between the
two on slashing their carbon dioxide output was a Scientists have created the world’s first synthetic
major cause of the failure of the UN-sponsored cli- life form in a landmark experiment that paves the
mate change talks in 2009. At the Copenhagen way for designer organisms that are built rather
Summit, India announced its intent to further re- than evolved.
duce the emission intensity of the GDP by 20-25 The controversial feat, which has occupied 20 sci-
per cent between 2005 and 2020 even as it pursues entists for more than 10 years at an estimated cost
the path of inclusive growth. of $40 million, was described by one researcher as
Light Combat Helicopter “a defining moment in biology”.
Takes To Skies Craig Venter, the pioneering US geneticist behind

the experiment, described the converted cell as “the
The maiden flight of the indigenously manufac- first self-replicating species we’ve had on the planet
tured Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) on May 22, whose parent is a computer.” He said the achieve-
2010, heralded India's entry into the select group ment heralds the dawn of a new era in which new
of countries capable of developing their own com- life is made to benefit humanity, starting with bac-
bat helicopters. teria that churn out bio-fuels, soak up carbon di-
The LCH, manufactured by the Hindustan Aero- oxide from the atmosphere and even manufacture
nautics Limited is a dedicated attack helicopter vaccines.
featuring a narrow fuselage and a tandem seating The new organism is based on an existing bacte-
for the pilot and co-pilot. The machine is designed rium that causes mastitis in goats, but at its core is
for low detection (reduced visual, aural, radar and an entirely synthetic genome that was constructed
infra-red signatures) and has crash-worthy land- from chemicals in the laboratory. The single-celled
ing gear for better survivability. The hinge-less organism has four “watermarks” written into its
rotors and the powerful Shakti engines enable the DNA to identify it as synthetic and help trace its
easy manoeuvring of LCH even with weapons. descendants back to their creator, should they go
The other interesting feature of the LCH is the astray.
chin-mounted canon along with the helmet The team now plans to use the synthetic organism
mounted sighting system, which gives the pilot the to work out the minimum number of genes needed
capability to look and fire at targets around the for life to exist. From this, new micro-organisms
aircraft. An advanced sensor suite consisting of could be made by bolting on additional genes to
CCD camera, forward looking infra-red imaging produce useful chemicals, break down pollutants,
technology and laser range finder facilitates target
acquisition in all weather conditions.
The helicopter would be fitted with a data link for
network-centric operations facilitating the trans-

37
or produce proteins for use in vaccines. they make the strongest magnets on the planet,
which are then used in motors that drive wind
Most scientists agree Venter has achieved a tech-
turbines as well as hybrid cars.
nical feat in synthesizing the largest piece of DNA
so far—a million units in length—and in making There are only 17 rare earth metals, and it is China
it accurate enough to substitute for the cell’s own where they are mostly found.
DNA.
It’s not as if there are no substantial rare earth de-
The US President Barack Obama has asked the posits elsewhere around the world: far from it. But
White House bio-ethics commission to complete existing US mines shut down in the mid-1980s,
a study of the issues raised by synthetic biology unable to compete with cheap Chinese exports,
within six months and report back to him on its with the supply chain eventually moving to China.
findings. He said the new development raised And opening new mines is a long and cumbersome
“genuine concerns,” though he did not specify process.
them further.
There are also massive environmental concerns
Indian Discovers New, over the way these metals have been extracted (by
acid leaching) in many of the mines. Inner
More Environmental Friendly Mongolia, home to 75 per cent of China’s reserves,
Technique To Extract Rare is said to resemble a desolate moonscape.
Earth Minerals This is where Jha’s breakthrough becomes impor-
Fears that China may end up ruling a green world tant: not only is it a potential alternative to Chi-
have been partly rested by a technological break- nese supplies, but by removing the need to scar
through by an NRI scientist in the field of rare the earth for high grade titanium dioxide, it also
earth metals—key components of technologies that offers a clean solution that chimes in with attempts
are set to shape our future. to combat climate change.
Bhagalpur-born Animesh Jha, a material sciences Working with half a million pounds in the labora-
professor at Leeds University and an alumnus of tories of the Institute for Materials Research in
Roorkee University and Indian Institute of Science, Leeds, Jha and his small team of researchers found
Bangalore, has isolated significant quantities of rare that they could extract rare earth metals at the very
earth metals while refining low-grade titanium start of the titanium dioxide refining process.
dioxide—a common mineral. Leeds University says the new process could “even-
In the process, he may have soothed the jangly tually shift the balance of power in global supply,
nerves of governments and manufacturers of lead- breaking China’s near monopoly.”
ing-edge technologies around the world—in a state If Jha succeeds in scaling up his process, it could
of uncertainty after China, which produces 95 per become a small but important step toward creat-
cent of the world’s rare earth declared in 2009 that ing a sustainable world.
it was sharply reducing its exports of the metals.
Space Shuttle Atlantis Lands
Rare earths—versatile metals that are really not
so rare—have come to dominate growing areas of For Final Time
people’s day-to-day lives around the world. From On May 26, 2010, Atlantis and its six-man crew
laptop hard disks, iPod headphones and mobile landed at Florida’s Kennedy Space Center mark-
phone speakers to aerospace, defence, medicine, ing the end of Atlantis’ 25 years of service. Only
laser, super-conductivity and atomic energy, rare two shuttle missions remain, by NASA’s two other
earth metals sparkle with endless promise. spaceships.
Accelerated global attempts to forge a green fu-
ture too are tied to supplies of rare earth metals—

38
The space agency would like Atlantis to return to no objection to the designs of the two power
the International Space Station in June 2011. But projects after the Indian side provided details of
that’s not in the cards unless the White House these.
grants a reprieve.
Pakistan had earlier raised objections over the 240
The space station construction mission boosted MW Uri-II project being constructed on Jhelum
Atlantis’ mileage to just over 193 million km, ac- river in Kashmir valley and the 44 MW Chutak
cumulated over 32 flights. The shuttle and its as- plant being built on Suru, a tributary of Indus river
tronauts left the outpost bigger and more power- in Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir's Ladakh
ful, adding a new compartment and fresh batter- province. Pakistan had claimed that the projects
ies. would deprive it of its share of water.
India & World India,Canada Sign Civil

Nuclear Agreement;Pledge
Coop Against Terror
Visit of President Patil To China
India and Canada on Jun 28 signed the historic Civil
Indian President Pratibha Patil visited Beijing from
Nuclear Cooperation Agreement and decided to
May 27, 2010. She is the first Indian Head of State
expedite action on a Comprehensive Economic Co-
to visit China in a decade. She had been invited by
operation Agreement (CEPA).
her Chinese counterpart Hu Jintao and her trip co-
incided with the 60th anniversary of the estab- The two countries also signed three Memorandum
lishment of diplomatic relations between India and of Understanding (MoU) for cooperation in min-
China. ing, culture and higher education.
During her visit, Patil inaugurated China’s first
A joint statement issued after the talks said the
Indian-style Buddhist temple in Luoyang city in
two countries had identified renewable energy,
Henan province.
clean technology and energy efficiency as other
Skirting contentious issues, she held discussions priority areas of cooperation.
with the top Chinese leadership. Controversial is-
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh who held talks
sues such as Chinese border incursions, stapled vi-
with his Canadian counterpart Stephen Harper
sas for Kashmiris, Indian visas for Chinese telecom
here, said both the countries had reaffirmed the
companies and Sino-Pak ties did not figure in the
resolve to achieve the annual bilateral trade target
discussions. Patil sought Chinese support for New
of 15 billion Dollars within the next five years and
Delhi's permanent membership of the UNSC dur-
encourage two-way flow of investment.
ing talks. The Chinese leaders supported India's
aspirations for UNSC permanent seat and assured Annual Bilateral Trade To 15
the Indian leader that Beijing would back India’s
bid in 2011’s election for a non-permanent mem- Billion Dollars By 2015
bership of the UNSC. India and Canada have agreed to achieve an an-
nual bilateral trade target of 15 billion dollars by
Pakistan Withdraws Objection 2015 to encourage two-way flow of investments.
To J-K Power Projects
Prime Ministers Manmohan Singh and Stephen
In a significant development, Pakistan, on May 30, Harper welcomed the submission of the report of
2010, withdrew its objection to construction of Uri- the Joint Study Group to study the feasibility of a
II and Chutak hydel power projects in Jammu and Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
Kashmir. At the Indus Water Commissioner-level (CEPA), saying that it should be seen as an impor-
talks in New Delhi, the Pakistani side said it had tant step in bringing the two economies closer to-
gether.

39
Both leaders said that they have directed their of-

ficials to examine the report and expedite the next
steps. International
A joint statement issued after the bilateral meet-
ing said that the two leaders were committed to Affairs
expanding a range of activities and institutional
frameworks that will contribute to the shared goal Pakistan Censors Google,
of increasing bilateral trade.
YouTube and Yahoo
Both leaders also committed themselves through
the joint statement to take the next steps in the Pakistan has started to monitor the web for its
Memorandum of Understanding to establish a Joint blasphemous content. Internet giants like Google,
Study Group on CEPA. Yahoo!, Amazon, Bing, Msnm and Hotmail have
come under the scrutiny of Pakistani authorities
for allowing online material that is offensive to
Welcoming the conclusions of the report in which Muslims and the Muslim religion.
substantial potential economic gains have been Under instructions from the Ministry of Informa-
identified, the two leaders noted the recommen- tion Technology, the Authority began monitoring
dations made and said the two countries would and barring various sites as of 26 June, following a
examine the necessary processes for obtaining ap- ruling by a judge in the city of Bahawalpur against
provals immediately and expressed the hope that YouTube and eight smaller websites deemed anti-
this would be completed by October this year. Islam.
Both Prime Ministers'' also announced their com- If any particular link with offensive content ap-
mitment to go ahead with an annual dialogue on pears on these websites, the (link) shall be blocked
trade and investment at the commerce ministerial immediately without disturbing the main website.
level and also welcomed the possibility of holding
an India-Canada CEO Roundtable later in the year. Pakistan claims that it is monitoring the world wide
web for national security reasons and that no ma-
Both Dr. Singh and Prime Minister Harper said jor search engine will be censored.
that they looked forward to the early signing, rati-
fication and implementation of the Social Security So far, 17 sites deemed anti-Islam and blasphemous
Agreement, and also noted that the foreign invest- have been blocked, including
ment Promotion and Protection Agreement is un- IslamExposed.blogspot.com, a blog created through
der negotiation and looked forward to its early Google's own Blogger service. The site features
conclusion. postings with headlines such as 'Islam: The Ulti-
mate Hypocrisy' and links to anti-Islam online pe-
They said the signing of these two agreements titions.
would significantly contribute to the commercial
and economic interaction between the two coun- Back in May, a top court put a ban on Facebook
tries. amid anger over a webpage that encouraged users
to post images of Islam's Prophet Muhammad.
However, many young Muslim users of the social
networking site reacted negatively to the ban,
which was lifted after two weeks.
The government and the courts of Pakistan base
their decisions on the country’s so-called ‘Blas-
phemy law’, introduced 25 years ago by then

40
rate flexibility in some emerging markets,'' hint-

strongman Zia-ul-Haq. The ‘law’ imposes respect
ing at their expectations for the Chinese yuan.
for the Prophet Muhammad and the Quran.
Referring to the Doha Round free trade talks, the
The Catholic Church has fought against the law
Declaration said the G-20 countries would aim at
for many years because it victimises Muslims as
bringing the talks to ''a balanced and ambitious
well as members of religious minorities.
conclusion as soon as possible,'' effectively giving
G-20 Summit Concludes up on their earlier aim to conclude it by the end of
this year.
The G-20 Summit concluded on Jun 28 in Toronto
with a commitment to taking concerted actions to The G-20 also expressed concern that while on one
sustain global economic recovery process, create hand, growth was returning, the recovery, how-
jobs and achieve stronger, more sustainable and ever, was uneven and fragile and unemployment
balanced growth. in many countries remained at unacceptable lev-
els.
A Declaration issued after the conclusion of the
two-day brain-storming sessions said the actions The Declaration stressed the need for following
would be differentiated and tailored to national through on delivering existing stimulus plans while
circumstances. working to create the conditions for robust pri-
vate demand.
With the global economy recovering but debt cri-
sis persisting in the Euro Zone, the G-20 countries Asserting that corruption threatened the integrity
also called for striking a balance between stimulus of markets, the G-20 agreed to set up a working
measures to sustain economic expansion and re- group to recommend how to fight corruption.
duce fiscal deficit. The G-20 nations also took note of the recent oil
The Summit also agreed to take different paths for spill in the Gulf of Mexico and called for sharing
cutting budget deficits and making their banking best practices to protect the marine environment,
systems safer under the existing circumstances of prevent accidents related to offshore exploration.
an uneven and fragile economic recovery in many Hung House in Britain
countries.
After 36 Years
The leaders attending the Summit agreed that ad-
vanced economies would aim at halving deficits On May 7, 2010, Britain woke up to a hung Parlia-
by 2013 and cut or stabilise the government debt- ment, an election outcome that this country last
to-gross domestic product ratios by 2016. experienced in 1974 when the then Prime Minis-
ter Edward Heath tried and failed to persuade the
India Already Has A Roadmap Liberal Party to join him in a coalition.
To Halve The Deficit By 2013 The Conservatives under David Cameron emerged
The leaders also discussed ''growth-friendly'' fis- as the single largest party with 306 seats in the
cal consolidation and said measures would have to 650-member House of Commons, while Labour
be ''tailored'' for individual country's conditions. bagged 258 and Lib Dems 57.
While recognising the special ''circumstances of Eight NRIs won elections, four each from the
Japan,'' whose debt-to-GDP ratio is nearly 200 Labour Party and the Conservatives. Likewise four
percent, the Summit welcomed Tokyo's fiscal con- Pakistani-origin MPs, Sadik Khan, Khalid
solidation plan and growth strategy. Mahmood, Anas Sarwar and a woman lawyer
Shabana Mahmood, were successful on behalf of
The G-20 leaders also called for ''greater exchange the Labour Party.

41
The LibDems play an extremely important role in Both countries pledged “significant” additional
the formation of the next government, although budget cuts in 2010 and 2011.
they have not been able to attract as many votes as
The vow to push budget shortfalls below the Euro's
they hoped for. They were expecting to win more
3 percent limit echoes promises that have been
than 100 seats, but they had to be satisfied with
regularly broken ever since governments in 1999
less than 60. However, despite the poor show, they
set a three-year deadline for achieving balanced
still hold the trump card and are destined to play
budgets. The Euro region’s overall deficit is fore-
the role of king-makers.
cast at 6.6 percent of gross domestic product in 2010
On May 11, Conservative leader David Cameron and 6.1 percent in 2011.
(43), who favours a ‘new special relationship’ with
Britain, the EU’s third-largest economy, won’t con-
India, took charge as Britain’s youngest Prime Min-
tribute to a Euro rescue fund, though it backs ef-
ister in nearly 200 years, heading a coalition with
forts to restore stability.
the support of centrist LibDems, and vowed to put
aside party differences and provide a strong and Now Spain Struggles
decisive government. He made Liberal Democrats
leader Nick Clegg Deputy Prime Minister. Spain’s socialist government is seeing its political
power erode as it struggles to chart a path out of
EU Steps To deep financial trouble, failing so far to satisfy con-
Halt Economic Crisis flicting demands to cut its budget and stimulate
job creation.
On May 10, 2010, European policy makers unveiled
an unprecedented loan package worth almost $1 The coming months could bring far more prob-
trillion and a program of bond purchases to stop a lems as Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez
sovereign-debt crisis that threatened to shatter Zapatero reforms the country’s labour market, risk-
confidence in the euro. Following the announce- ing national strikes and the loss of support from
ment, stocks surged around the world, the Euro trade unions, a core source of his centre-left party’s
strengthened and commodities rallied. strength.
The 16 Euro nations agreed in a statement to offer Zapatero’s minority government is already running
as much as 750 billion Euro ($962 billion), includ- into serious trouble, although there appears to be
ing International Monetary Fund backing, to coun- no immediate threat of it falling.
tries facing instability and the European Central A package of austerity measures was passed by only
Bank said it will buy government and private debt. one vote in the Parliament’s lower chamber on May
The rescue package for Europe’s sovereign debtors 27, 2010. Opposition parties have called for new
came little more than a year after the waning of elections.
the last crisis, caused by the US mortgage-market
collapse, which wreaked $1.8 trillion of global The austerity package aims to cut spending by Euro
credit losses and write-downs. Under US and Asian 15 billion ($18.4 billion) over two years by freez-
pressure to stabilise markets, Europe’s governments ing pensions and cutting civil servants’ wages.
bet their show of force would prevent a sovereign- But investors and lenders such as the International
debt collapse and muffled speculation the 11-year- Monetary Fund are demanding that Spain reform
old Euro might break apart. its labour market, overhauling hiring and firing
The new war chest would be used for countries rules and moving to find jobs for the long-term
like Portugal or Spain in case their finances buckle. unemployed and the young.
Deficits are set to reach 8.5 percent of gross do- Europe’s top job creator only two years ago, Spain
mestic product in Portugal and 9.8 percent in Spain now has the highest unemployment rate—just over
in 2010, above the Euro region’s 3 percent limit. 20 per cent—of the 16 nations that share the Euro
currency.

42
The resulting austerity package, nicknamed the China engaging in civil nuclear trade with a coun-
“scissors action” by Spanish media, was welcomed try that does not meet the requirements of the NSG
by the European Union and the IMF, which said for such trade.” He said the Obama administration
Spain’s “ambitious fiscal consolidation is under way should insist at the NSG that the Chashma -3 and
to reach the three percent GDP deficit target by -4 projects be discussed and it be determined that
2013”. they not be permitted.
US Asks Pak, China To Iran Ready For Nuke Fuel Swap

Follow NSG Rule It’s being regarded as a major diplomatic coup that
The US administration has said that civil nuclear could spell the beginning of the end of the isola-
cooperation between Pakistan and China must be tion of Iran from world affairs. On the sidelines of
in compliance with rules of the Nuclear Suppliers the G-15 summit in May 2010, Iran dramatically
Group (NSG) if China proceeds with plans to set announced that it has arrived with Brazil and Tur-
up two new nuclear reactors in Pakistan. key a deal that could possibly break the nuclear
stalemate, stave off sanctions being contemplated
China’s decision to sell nuclear reactors to Paki- by the UN and the US against Iran and bring the
stan, which has not signed the nuclear Non-Pro- contentious issue back to the negotiating table.
liferation Treaty, is proving to be a litmus test for
President Barack Obama, who has championed the Under the agreement Tehran will ship 1,200 kg of
cause of curbing the spread of nuclear technology. low-enriched uranium (LEU) to Turkey in ex-
change for fuel for a research reactor. Turkey will
China has helped Pakistan set up nuclear reactors keep Iran’s LEU and the IAEA and Iran can moni-
since 1991 when China National Nuclear Corpo- tor the fuel.
ration (CNNC) entered into a contract with the
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) to Iran is a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Prolifera-
build Chashma-1, a 325 MW nuclear power reac- tion Treaty regime (NPT) which had enabled it to
tor. When it joined the NSG in 2004, China cited a received nuclear technology for civilian use from
Sino-Pakistan framework agreement that commit- other NPT signatories, including the US in return
ted it to set up a second reactor, Chashma-2, for for committing that it would not be diverted or
Pakistan. misused for military purposes. In 2002, Iran was
discovered to have clandestinely set up a uranium
CNNC and PAEC have also worked out a deal to enrichment plant and a heavy water unit without
set up two separate 650 MW reactors—Chashma- informing the IAEA. Since then major powers led
3 and Chashma-4. by the US have got the UN to impose severe sanc-
Analysts say the Obama administration is reluc- tions and refuses to lift them till Tehran's comes
tant to press China on the matter in case Beijing clean and puts an end to all clandestine use.
responds by dropping its tentative support for sanc- Apart from curbs on banking and trade, heavy sanc-
tions on Iran. tions had been imposed on some key public sector
NSG rules prohibit the sale of sensitive nuclear enterprises of Iran and the Iranian Revolutionary
technology and materials to nations that have not Guard Council, the striking arm of the current re-
joined the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) gime.
and do not allow international monitoring of their Currently Iran is estimated to have 1,500 kg of 3.5
nuclear activities. per cent (low) enriched uranium. For running re-
Daryl Kimball, executive director of the Arms Con- search reactors like the Tehran facility for medical
trol Association, says the agreement between China purposes, the uranium needs to be medium en-
and Pakistan is “deeply troubling because we have riched to 20 per cent. According to a deal, Iran
would swap 1,200 kg of its stockpile of low-en-

43
riched uranium in exchange for 120 kg of medium- Few analysts believe either Korea would dare go
enriched uranium that is to be supplied by the to war. The North’s military is no match for the
Vienna Group. technically superior South Korean and US forces.
And for the South, conflict would put investors to
For making weapons grade material, uranium has
flight.
to be enriched to at least 90 per cent. At least 300
kg of this highly enriched uranium is needed to
develop an atom bomb. By keeping Iran’s low en-
riched uranium stockpiles to around 3,000 kg, the Miscellaneous
world hopes that it would prevent it from crossing
the threshold of nuclear material needed to make
a bomb. Reacting to the Iran’s deal with Brazil and First Indian To Sail Solo
Turkey, the US pointed out that Tehran’s decision
to continue with some enrichment of nuclear fuel
Around The World
is a direct violation of UN Security Council and On May 22, 2010, Commander Dilip Donde of the
that the details of the agreement must be conveyed Indian Navy became the first Indian ever to cir-
to the International Atomic Energy Agency be- cumnavigate the globe solo on a sail-boat when he
fore it can be considered by the international com- steered into the Mumbai harbour after his ardu-
munity. ous effort spanning a little over nine months.
UK responded by saying that Iran’s actions remain Commander Dilip Donde, who started the voyage
a serious cause for concern. “There is a need for a on August 19 2009 on INSV Mhadei, touched base
continued effort to impose sanctions.” back in India at the Sunk Rock Light House in
Mumbai. His boat was ceremonially escorted by a
EU responded by saying that “this is a right direc-
fast attack craft of the Indian Navy, along with
tion but it does not answer all the concerns raised
speedboats and two tugs operating their water can-
over Iran’s nuclear programme.
nons. Vice-President Hamid Ansari, along with
Tension Between Koreas Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma
and Donde’s family members, who were on board
Escalates INS Delhi, anchored at the finish line, witnessed
On May 24, 2010, South Korea announced steps to the historic moment and gave him a rousing re-
tighten the vice on the North’s already stumbling ception.
economy in punishment for sinking one of its navy The 56-foot-long Mhadei, with 23-tonne displace-
ships, with both sides stepping up their war-like ment, is the first fibreglass yacht constructed en-
rhetoric. tirely in India and boasts of state-of-the-art navi-
The United States, which backs Seoul, warned that gation and communication equipment. The 276-
the situation was “highly precarious”. China, the day voyage was part of the Navy's daunting Sagar
North’s only major ally, urged calm. The mount- Parikrama project, which aims to revive the old
ing tension followed report by international inves- tradition of sea faring.
tigators accusing the North of torpedoing the The 42-year-old officer covered 21,600 nautical
Cheonan corvette in March 2010, killing 46 sail- miles sailing in the seas to achieve the milestone.
ors in one of the deadliest clashes between the two He sailed through the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic
since the 1950-53 Korean War. Ocean and the Arabian Sea. He also sailed along
The United States, which has 28,000 troops on the the Equator. He made only four halts during the
peninsula, threw its full support behind South voyage, at Fremantle-Australia, Christchurch-New
Korea and said it was working hard to stop the Zealand, Port Stanley-Falkland Islands and Cape
situation from escalating. Town-South Africa. Donde had trained for the
expedition with legendary Sir Robin Knox-
Johnston, the first man to sail solo and non-stop

44
round the world in 1968-69. km.

The world record for the fastest solo circumnavi- However, even on the BRO’s Golden Jubilee, an
gation was set in January 2008 by Frenchman ambitious expansion of India’s border road network
Francis Joyon, at 67 days, 13 hours, 34 minutes remains stymied by archaic laws and a crippling
and 6 seconds. lack of urgency. The challenge before the BRO—
triggered by China’s dramatic expansion of road
Kapadia, Justice Sarosh Homi and rail links in Tibet—is the Strategic Acceler-
He has been appointed as the 38th Chief Justice of ated Road Development Programme (SARDP)
India. Hailing from a poor family, Justice Kapadia planned by the Ministry of Road Transport and
replaced Justice Balakrishnan. Highways. Under this, the BRO will build double-
lane roads from each State capital in the north-
Born on September 29, 1947, he is the first CJI born east to each of that State’s district headquarters.
in post independence era. An erudite man with a That involves building 38 roads, approximately
keen interest in Economics, Public Finance, Theo- 2,812 km long, within the next five years. In addi-
retical Physics and Hindu and Buddhist philoso- tion, the government has recently handed the BRO
phies, he would remain at the helm of the judi- responsibility for the Arunachal Package, which
ciary till September 29, 2012. He started his career involves building another 812 km of roads in the
as a class IV employee and possesses integrity as State that China calls “Southern Tibet”.
“the only asset”.
Justice Kapadia was part of the Constitution bench
that in January 2007 declared that laws placed
under the protective umbrella of the Ninth Sched-
ule of the Constitution were open to judicial re-
view.
BRO Turns 50
Exactly 50 years ago, on May 5, 1960, with war
clouds gathering on the Sino-Indian border,
Jawaharlal Nehru created the Border Roads
Organisation (BRO), an inter-ministerial task force
that has become an Indian exemplar of grit and
fortitude. Thanks to over 48,000 kilometres of BRO
roads, soldiers now drive to far-flung border pick-
ets that earlier involved days of marching.
Since the time the BRO’s first chief, the dashing
Major General Kartar Nath Dubey, pushed through
the first roads to Tawang and Chushul in the early
1960s, the BRO has become a reassuring presence
on India’s borders. Every spring, it cuts through
walls of snow in high-altitude passes to clear 95
roads, like the Srinagar-Kargil highway. The BRO
is over-seeing the 8.8-km long Rohtang tunnel,
which will allow traffic to Lahaul-Spiti to flow
around the year. It has constructed 19 border air-
fields and 400 major bridges. It is currently work-
ing on 699 roads, having a total length of 28,000

45
46
Section -4 (SPORTS)
Sports World
rankings released by the Badminton World Fed-
Badminton eration.
Saina won back-to-back titles India Open Grand
Prix and the Singapore Open Super Series and
marched ahead of three Chinese players in the
Saina Wins women's singles charts for her career-best rank-
ing.
Indian Open Grand Prix
The fiercely competitive 20-year-old, who has
Top seed Saina Nehwal of In- taken on China's domination in the sport, quite
dia rallied to beat Malaysian like Prakash Padukone in his heydays, now finds
Mew Choo Wong 20-22, 21- herself amidst a riot of red Chinense flags. Saina is
14, 21-12 and win the Yonex- the lone non-Chinese player in the top six list.
Sunrise India Open Grand Prix
badminton tournament in China's Yihan Wang tops the list followed by Xin
Chennai on June 13. Wang. Saina pushed behind Shixian Wang, Wang
Lin and Jiang Yanjiao, who all went down by one
World No.6 Saina came back strongly in the title place.
clash after losing the first game and stepped up
the gas against the second-seeded Malaysian in the Saina's previous best was the fifth position she at-
next two games, with the home crowd cheering tained in March after becoming the first Indian
for her. woman to reach the semifinals of All England Su-
per Series Championships.
Saina Clinches Super Series
Saina is a strong favourite for a third title in three
Singapore Title weeks as she advanced to the quarterfinals of the
Ace Indian shuttler Saina Nehwal clinched the Indonesian Open Super Series in Jakarta going past
second Super Series title of her career by winning Bulgaria's Petya Nedelcheva 21-9, 21-15.
the Singapore Open with a straight-game triumph The Indian, who is the top seed and the defending
over qualifier Tzu Ying Tai in the finals in champion at the Indonesian Open, has many firsts
Singapore on June 20. to her name since making a stellar start to her in-
Saina took just 33 minutes to beat Chinese Taipei's ternational career by winning the Philipinnes Open
Tai 21-18 21-15 at the Singapore Indoor Stadium. in 2006. She is the first Indian woman to reach the
quarterfinals of the Beijing olympics, besides win-
The world number six had bagged her maiden Su- ning two Super Series events, and also the first
per Series title in June last year when she claimed Indian to win the World Junior Badminton Cham-
the top honours at the Indonesian Open. pionships in 2008.
Saina Nehwal Now World No.3
India's Saina Nehwal scaled a new high when she Aditi Mutatkar is the next Indian in the women's
shot up three places to World. No 3 in the latest singles rankings, climbing one spot to 32nd place.

47
Section -4 (SPORTS)
In the men's chart, Chetan Anand is the top-ranked enth-seeded Stosur, who reached the semi-finals a
Idian at 16. Parupalli Kashyap, who made it to the year ago.
semifinal of the Singapore Open Super Series, im- Schiavone, seeded 17th, and now 24-65 in her ca-
proved his ranking to 27, jumping five places. reer against Top 10 opponents, triumphed on the
Arvind Bhat went up two places to 28 while first of four match points in the tie-breaker.
Gurusaidutt moved to 44, jumping eight places.
The best previous result at Roland Garros by an
Super Saina Shines Supreme Italian woman was in 1954, when Silvia Lazzarino
lost a semi-final against Maureen Connolly.
Saina Nehwal, the poster girl of Indian badmin-
ton, dazzled at the Djarum Indonesia Open Super The Italian will rise to a No 6 ranking according to
Series, retained the crown on Jun 27, 2010 and the WTA, taking over as top Italian. Schiavone was
landed her third title in the last 19 days. playing the event for the tenth time.
Riding on her splendid form, the Indian ace Nadal Clinches Fifth French Title
downed Sayaka Sato of Japan 21-19, 13-21, 21-11
in the final to cap a successful three weeks which Rafael Nadal clinched his fifth
started with the Indian Open Grand Prix Gold title French Open title by beating Robin
on the second Sunday of June. Soderling of Sweden 6-4, 6-2, 6-4
in the final in Paris on June 6.
The moment she won the championship point,
Saina pumped her fist in delight, closed her eyes The victory avenged the Spaniard's
to quietly celebrate the moment and slowly walked defeat at Roland Garros last year
towards her opponent for the customary hand- when he lost to Soderling in the
shake. fourth round - his only defeat at an event where
he had won his 37 other matches.
Saina has now trained her eyes on the World
Championships to be held in Paris from Aug 23 to Queen's Baton Arrives in India
29.
The Queen's Baton Relay for
the 2010 Commonwealth
Games (CWG) arrived in In-
Tennis dia from Pakistan via the
Wagah Border on on June 25.
The baton entered India at 9.30 a.m.
The Commonwealth Games Organising Commit-
Italy's Schiavone Won tee head, Suresh Kalmadi, received the baton from
French Open his Pakistani counterpart, Lt General Syed Arif
Hassan.
Smiling Francesca Schiavone
made history for Italy as she de- The baton will cover most states and union terri-
feated Australian Samantha tories, travelling a distance of over 20,000 km, be-
Stosur 6-4, 7-6 (7-2) to win the fore finally reaching New Delhi on September 30.
French Open on June 5.
The Queen''s Baton relay is a torch race symbolising
The 29-year-old from Milan is the unity and shared ideals of the Commonwealth
the first Italian woman to lift a of nations. It carries a message from the head of
Grand Slam trophy and is the first Italian player the Commonwealth of Nations, currently Queen
overall to play a final at the majors since Adriano Elizabeth II of the UK.
Panatta won Paris in 1976.
Schiavone dominated on the clay against the sev-

48
Section -4 (SPORTS)
The baton has the ability to capture images and

sound as it travels throughout the nations of the
Commonwealth. With Global Positioning System Boxing
(GPS) technology, it can be tracked through exact
location.
Archery
Asian Women’s Championship

The Asian Women's Championships were held in
Astana, Kazakhistan, in May 2010. Kazakhstan
topped the medals tally with eight gold medals.
India Win Gold China won the most medals in total—10, followed
in World Cup Archery Korea and India amassing eight medals each.
The Indian troika of Rahul Banerjee, Mangal Singh

Champia and Jayanta Talukdar hit their arrows
with precision to ensure a recurve gold medal for
the country in the world cup Archery (stage II) on
Chess
June 10 I Antalya (Turkey). The Indians bettered
the United States 218-214 in the final.
The Indian trio proved too good for the Ameri-
cans and maintained the lead throughout the final
to win the first gold medal of the series.
India led 54-50 in the first end of six arrows to
take a commanding four point lead. In the second
end of six arrows, however, the Indians surren-
dered three points (51-54) to be ahead by only one World Title, 2010
point. Viswanathan Anand held his nerve and focus bet-
In the third end of six arrows, Banrejee and ter than his opponent, Veselin Topalov, to win the
Champia hit the bull's eye twice as the Indians fin- 12th and final game to retain his World Champi-
ished 57-53 to open up an overall five point lead onships title.
162-157. The 40-year-old Indian beat the local man from
India went down by one point 56-57 in the final Bulgaria in the closing game with black pieces, to
end of six arrows, but won the contest 218-214. emerge a 6.5-5.5 winner and seal his place as a
dominant player of his era.
In the Porec World Cup in May, India had to settle
for a silver after going down to Italy. Anand first won the world title in 2000 and held it
till 2002 when the chess world was still split. He
became the undisputed World champion in 2007
and then retained the title in 2008 when he beat
Vladimir Kramnik.

49
Section -4 (SPORTS)
Commonwealth Championship England-Bangladesh Test series

Grandmaster R.R. Laxman clinched his career best England beat Bangladesh by five wickets in the
win and bagged the gold after beating GM Pablo first Test of the series, played at Lords, to be one-
Lafuente of Argentina at the Parsvnath Common- up in the two-Test series.
wealth Chess Championship.
In the open category, Grandmaster Maletin Pavel
of Russia signed peace with International Master
Lalith Babu on the top board to win the title. Both
Football
Pavel and Laxman had nine points after 11 rounds,
but the former had the better tie-break record on
Bucholz count. The Russian was not in contention
in the Commonwealth category.
In the women’s category, D. Harika outwitted IM
Tania Sachdev on account of superior tie-break.
Premier League
Cricket Chelsea has won the title by a single point. They
have swept back the trophy after four years.
Champions League, 2010

A goal in each half by Argentina striker Diego
Militi helped Inter Milan overcome Bayern Munich
2-0 in the Champions League final.
T20 World Cup, 2010

Chasing a challenging target of 148 runs, England
Hockey
defeated Australia by seven wickets to win the T20
World Cup. The tournament was held in West
Indies.
Australia’s women held their nerves in a low-scor-
ing final as they beat New Zealand by three runs
to lift the Women’s T20 World cup title.
West Indies-South Africa

One-Day series Sultan Azlan Shah Cup, 19th
South Africa defeated West Indies by 67 runs in
India and South Korea were named joint champi-
the third match to win the series. They went on to
ons after the final match was abandoned follow-
win the fourth match also. South Africa beat West
ing heavy rains in Malaysia. For defending cham-
Indies by seven wickets.
pions India it was their fifth win, matching Aus-
tralia, while for Asian champions South Korea this
was their second title win; they had last won the
cup in 1996.

50
Section -4 (SPORTS)
Table Tennis Wrestling
Ovtcharov And Hirano

Win Indian Open Sushil, Narshing Win Gold
Germany's Dimitrij Ovtcharov and Sayako Hirano
in Asian Wrestling
of Japan the men's and women's titles in the In- Olympic bronze medallist Sushil Kumar lived up
dian Open ITTF Pro Tour table tennis tourna- to his reputation as he bagged a gold in men's 66kg
ment at the Yamuna Sports Complex in New Delhi freestyle in the Senior Asian Wrestling Champi-
on june 20. onships held at New Delhi. Narshing Yadav won a
Top seed Ovtcharov, ranked 15, beat Korean Seo gold in the 74kg freestyle category.
Hyun Deok 11-4, 11-9, 11-2, 11-5 in the final while
Hirano got the better of Singaporean Yu Mengyu
11-7, 11-6, 11-8, 11-7.
Earlier, Ovtcharov, beat India's Sharath Kamal 11-
4, 11-6, 11-8, 11-4 in the semifinal.
Korea's Lee Sang Su and Seo Hyun Deok won the
men's doubles title beating Gao Ning and Yang Zi
of Singapore 13-11, 14-12, 11-9, 4-11, 6-11, 11-9.
In the women's doubles final, Chinese Cheng I-
Ching and Huang Yi-Hua defeated Li Jiao and Li
Jie of Netherlands 11-8, 12-14, 6-11, 12-10, 11-4,
11-6.
World Team Championship

Chinese fans were left in shock after their women
paddlers failed to win the gold medal at the World
Team Table Tennis Championships for the first
time since 1991.
The Chinese trio of Ding Ning, Liu Shiwen and
Guo Yan fell to their Singaporean counterparts 3-
1 in the final in Moscow as Singapore claimed their
first title in the event.

51
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52
Section -5 (Awards)
AWARDS
tions of professional magicians has been perform-
ing complex tricks blindfolded since he was two-
Limca People of the Year and-half years old.
Yash, who has 25 magic acts in his repertoire, can
Rahul Dravid, Kiran Karnik new cycle, play cricket, assemble toys and pass thread
Limca People of th e through the eye of the needle blindfolded.
YearCricketer Rahul Dravid and G. Lele of Pune has collected 40 letters from dif-
IT czar Kiran Karnik were on a ferent heads of states in a period of two months
list of Indian achievers named in between March and May 2009 while former Union
the Limca Books of Records, minister Arjun Singh's biographer Vihsnu Rajoria
2010, unveiled on June 28 in three holds the record for the longest biography of the
languages. politician in eight volumes. Such milestones are
The achievements covered a wide range of disci- galore, each more difficult than the other.
plines ranging from physical feats, sports, creative The publisher plans to host Limca Book of Records
arts, environment, business and social interest Quiz across 100 schools in the country involving
projects in 21 chapters with photographs. 3,500 students to promote knowledge and foster
The book launched in 1990 has 10,000 feats and the spirit of innovation.
6,000 new records in this edition.
National Technology
Six eminent Indians -- Anand Mahindra of
Mahindra and Mahindra; Rahul Dravid, former Award, 2010
captain of the Indian cricket team; Kiran Karnik, A pioneer in processing rice bran oil, A.R. Sharma,
former president of NASSCOM; Anjolie Ela who comes from dusty town of Dhuri in Sangrur
Menon, leading contemporary artist; Justice J.S. district, has been honoured with the national
Verma, former chief justice of India; and Lalitha award by the Technology Development Board of
Regi, human rights activist -- and Shankar the Ministry of Science and Technology. Former
Netralaya, leading non-profit eye care institution, President Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presented the
were declared Limca People of the Year. award—Rs 10 lakh and a trophy—to him.
The achievers of the year were chosen by MP H.K. Sharma is the chairman-cum-managing director of
Dua and professor Dipankar Gupta. They were in- the A.P. Organics (P) Ltd, a part of Rs 500-crore
troduced by host Barry O'Brien. A.P. Solvex Group of Companies. The group is the
Bangalore-based scientist Ramesh Babu, the holder largest producer of refined rice bran oil, a health-
of 39 Limca records since 1991 - the highest so far friendly cooking oil produced from the outer brown
- was presented two tickets for the FIFA world layer of rice.
cup final in South Africa to be played July 12. For the past over 50 years, the rice bran oil is be-
The feats are amazing. Sample this: 10-year-old ing used as a premium cooking oil in countries like
Yash Mukhija, the youngest among three genera-

53
Section -5 (Awards)
Japan, Korea, China and Thailand. In Japan, it is for DHL and 5th Gold for Blue Dart consecutively,
popularly known as “Heart Oil” because of its sci- in India. DHL has also clinched the overall Gold
entifically proven cholesterol-lowering properties. Award for Asia for the second year running, along
with six other Asian countries.
India is the second largest producer of paddy in
the world, having potential to produce over 12 lakh IOC issued 2010 Women
tonnes per annum of this healthy cooking oil. Un-
fortunately, it is used in India more in producing and Sport Awards
soaps and detergents than as a nutritious and
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is-
healthy cooking oil.
sued the 2010 Women and Sport Awards to six
exceptional personalities who have made a signifi-
“Lost” Booker Prize cant difference to boosting the development, par-
ticipation and involvement of women and girls in
Late author J.G. Farrell has been sport around the world.
honoured for his novel Troubles, The winners of the 2010 awards -
40 years after it was first pub- - five women and one man -- in-
lished, in an unusual take on clude former Olympic medallists,
Britain's most prestigious literary sports leaders and political deci-
award, the Booker Prize. sion-makers.
He scooped The Lost Booker The IOC World Trophy went to
Prize, an award for books from Erica Terpstra of the Nether-
1970 which missed out the first lands, twice an Olympic medal-
time around because of a rule list in swimming.
change in 1971. Previously the prize, which be-
gan in 1969, was retrospective, meaning the 1970 Terpstra went on to serve sport after her athletics
award went to novels published the previous career. As president of the Netherlands Olympic
year—but the 1971 prize went to those published Committee, she used her influence and position to
in 1971. involve all members of Dutch society in sport and
to promote a tolerant and equal environment in
DHL and Blue Dart wins sports associations throughout the country.
Trusted Brand 2010 Awards The five Continental Trophies were won by
Germaine Manguet (Guinea) for Africa, Leslie
DHL, the world’s leading express and logistics com- McDonald (Canada) for the Americas, Yuko
pany and Blue Dart, South Asia’s premier number Arimori (Japan) for Asia, Grete Waitz (Norway)
one express air and integrated transportation, dis- for Europe and Susan Simcock (New Zealand) for
tribution and logistics Company, have once again Oceania respectively.
been voted as two of India’s most trusted brands in
the ‘Airfreight/Courier Service’ category at the Sangeet Natak awards for
Annual Trusted Brands Awards 2010 organized by
Reader’s Digest. The Brands were recognized in
Meina, Indu and
the midst of a gala ceremony held at Hotel ITC Shyamkanhai
Grand Central, Mumbai on 29th June, 2010.
Moirangthem Meina Singh in Nata Sankirtana,
DHL and Blue Dart have received the Gold Award Hanglem Indu Devi in Manipuri dance and
in India in recognition of their market-leading Takhellambam Shyamkanhai Singh in Wari Leeba
positions and strong brand appeal. Continuing their from Manipur were among 32 young artistes of
winning streak, this year’s win marks the 4th Gold India selected for Ustad Bismillah Yuva Puraskar

54
Section -5 (Awards)
2009 of Sangeet Natak Akademi, the National Co-Chair of the IBA Committee on Agri Business
Academy for Music, Dance and Drama. and Financial Inclusion. Also, He is a Member of
the Board of Directors of “Invest India”, a joint
Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar carries a purse venture between the Department of Industrial
money of Rs 25,000/-. The Ustad Bismillah Khan Policy & Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce
Yuva Puraskar, given to artistes below the age of & Industry and FICCI. Kapoor has also been ap-
35 years, was introduced in the year 2006 with pointed as a Member of the Board of Trade, Minis-
the objective of identifying and encouraging out- try of Commerce.
standing young talents in diverse fields of perform-
ing arts and giving them national recognition early
in their life, so that they may work with greater
commitment and dedication in their chosen fields.
Nine artistes including Moirangthem Meina Singh
were selected in the field of music; eight artistes
including Hanglem Indu Devi in dance, eight in
theatre and seven including Takhellambam Buy Everything related to UPSC,
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ernment, held in Madrid, Spain on June 21-22,
2010. The award was conferred in the presence of
Anand Sharma, Minister of Commerce & Indus-
try, Government of India and the Crown Prince of
Spain, HRH Felipe de Borbón y Grecia.
This award has been given to Rana Kapoor for his
contribution to the Indian Banking sector in
architecting YES BANK, as a highly differentiated
institution with a strong development focus on
Sunrise sectors and Sustainability.
Rana Kapoor was recently appointed as the Hon-
orary Secretary of the Indian Banks’ Association
(IBA), the apex Banking Association in India; and

55
56
Section -6 (Special Study Package : CSE Mains 2010)
Civil Services Main Examination 2010

Special Study Package
(Nanotechnology)
Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional given by physicist Richard Feynman at an Ameri-
systems at the molecular scale. This covers both can Physical Society meeting at Caltech on De-
current work and concepts that are more advanced. cember 29, 1959. Feynman described a process by
which the ability to manipulate individual atoms
In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the
and molecules might be developed, using one set
projected ability to construct items from the bot-
of precise tools to build and operate another pro-
tom up, using techniques and tools being devel-
portionally smaller set, and so on down to the
oped today to make complete, high performance
needed scale.
products.
In the course of this, he noted, scaling issues would
Generally nanotechnology deals with structures
arise from the changing magnitude of various
sized between 1 to 100 nanometer in at least one
physical phenomena: gravity would become less
dimension, and involves developing materials or
important, surface tension and van der Waals at-
devices within that size.
traction would become increasingly more signifi-
Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from ex- cant, etc. This basic idea appeared plausible, and
tensions of conventional device physics to com- exponential assembly enhances it with parallelism
pletely new approaches based upon molecular self- to produce a useful quantity of end products.
assembly, from developing new materials with di-
The term "nanotechnology" was defined by Tokyo
mensions on the nanoscale to investigating
Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi in a
whether we can directly control matter on the
1974 paper as follows: "'Nano-technology' mainly
atomic scale.
consists of the processing of, separation, consoli-
There has been much debate on the future impli- dation, and deformation of materials by one atom
cations of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has or by one molecule." In 2000, the United States
the potential to create many new materials and National Nanotechnology Initiative was founded
devices with a vast range of applications, such as to coordinate Federal nanotechnology research and
in medicine, electronics, biomaterials and energy development and is evaluated by the President's
production. On the other hand, nanotechnology Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.
raises many of the same issues as with any intro-
duction of new technology, including concerns Nanotechnology Applications
about the toxicity and environmental impact of With nanotechnology, a large set of materials and
nanomaterials, and their potential effects on glo- improved products rely on a change in the physi-
bal economics, as well as speculation about vari- cal properties when the feature sizes are shrunk.
ous doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led Nanoparticles, for example, take advantage of their
to a debate among advocacy groups and govern- dramatically increased surface area to volume ra-
ments on whether special regulation of tio. Their optical properties, e.g. fluorescence, be-
nanotechnology is warranted. come a function of the particle diameter. When
Background brought into a bulk material, nanoparticles can
strongly influence the mechanical properties of the
The first use of the concepts found in 'nano-tech- material, like stiffness or elasticity.
nology' (but pre-dating use of that name) was in
For example, traditional polymers can be reinforced
"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," a talk
by nanoparticles resulting in novel materials which

57
can be used as lightweight replacements for met- Drug Delivery

als. Therefore, an increasing societal benefit of such
nanoparticles can be expected. Nanotechnology has been a boom in medical field
by delivering drugs to specific cells using
Such nanotechnologically enhanced materials will nanoparticles. The overall drug consumption and
enable a weight reduction accompanied by an in- side-effects can be lowered significantly by depos-
crease in stability and improved functionality. iting the active agent in the morbid region only
Practical nanotechnology is essentially the increas- and in no higher dose than needed. This highly
ing ability to manipulate (with precision) matter selective approach reduces costs and human suf-
on previously impossible scales, presenting possi- fering. An example can be found in dendrimers
bilities which many could never have imagined - and nanoporous materials. Another example is to
it therefore seems unsurprising that few areas of use block co-polymers, which form micelles for
human technology are exempt from the benefits drug encapsulation. They could hold small drug
which nanotechnology could potentially bring. molecules transporting them to the desired loca-
Medicine tion.
Another vision is based on small electromechani-
The biological and medical research communities
cal systems; NEMS are being investigated for the
have exploited the unique properties of
active release of drugs. Some potentially impor-
nanomaterials for various applications (e.g., con-
tant applications include cancer treatment with
trast agents for cell imaging and therapeutics for
iron nanoparticles or gold shells. A targeted or per-
treating cancer). Terms such as biomedical
sonalized medicine reduces the drug consumption
nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology, and
and treatment expenses resulting in an overall so-
nanomedicine are used to describe this hybrid field.
cietal benefit by reducing the costs to the public
Functionalities can be added to nanomaterials by
health system.
interfacing them with biological molecules or
structures. Nanotechnology is also opening up new opportu-
nities in implantable delivery systems, which are
The size of nanomaterials is similar to that of most
often preferable to the use of injectable drugs, be-
biological molecules and structures; therefore,
cause the latter frequently display first-order ki-
nanomaterials can be useful for both in vivo and
netics (the blood concentration goes up rapidly,
in vitro biomedical research and applications. Thus
but drops exponentially over time). This rapid rise
far, the integration of nanomaterials with biology
may cause difficulties with toxicity, and drug effi-
has led to the development of diagnostic devices,
cacy can diminish as the drug concentration falls
contrast agents, analytical tools, physical therapy
below the targeted range.
applications, and drug delivery vehicles.
Diagnostics Tissue Engineering

Nanotechnology can help to reproduce or to re-
Nanotechnology-on-a-chip is one more dimension
pair damaged tissue. “Tissue engineering” makes
of lab-on-a-chip technology. Magnetic
use of artificially stimulated cell proliferation by
nanoparticles, bound to a suitable antibody, are
using suitable nanomaterial-based scaffolds and
used to label specific molecules, structures or mi-
growth factors. Tissue engineering might replace
croorganisms. Gold nanoparticles tagged with short
today’s conventional treatments like organ trans-
segments of DNA can be used for detection of ge-
plants or artificial implants. Advanced forms of tis-
netic sequence in a sample. Multicolor optical cod-
sue engineering may lead to life extension.
ing for biological assays has been achieved by em-
bedding different-sized quantum dots into poly- For patients with end-state organ failure, there may
meric microbeads. Nanopore technology for analy- not be enough healthy cells for expansion and
sis of nucleic acids converts strings of nucleotides
directly into electronic signatures.

58
transplantation into the ECM (extracellular main the next generation of automotive catalytic con-
trix). In this case, pluripotent stem cells are needed. verters because the very high surface area of
One potential source for these cells is iPS (induced nanoparticles could reduce the amount of plati-
Pluripontent Stem cells); these are ordinary cells num required. However, some concerns have been
from the patients own body that are reprogrammed raised due to experiments demonstrating that they
into a pluripotent state, and has the advantage of will spontaneously combust if methane is mixed
avoiding rejection (and the potentially life-threat- with the ambient air. Ongoing research at the Cen-
ening complications associated with immunosup- tre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
pressive treatments). in France may resolve their true usefulness for cata-
lytic applications. Nanofiltration may come to be
Another potential source of pluripotent cells is
an important application, although future research
from embryos, but this has two disadvantages: 1)
must be careful to investigate possible toxicity.
It requires that we solve the problem of cloning,
which is technically very difficult (especially pre- Filtration
venting abnormalities). 2) It requires the harvest-
ing of embryos. Given that each one of us was once A strong influence of photochemistry on waste-
an embryo, this source is claimed by some to be water treatment, air purification and energy stor-
ethically problematic. age devices is to be expected. Mechanical or chemi-
cal methods can be used for effective filtration tech-
Chemistry And Environment niques. One class of filtration techniques is based
on the use of membranes with suitable hole sizes,
Chemical catalysis and filtration techniques are two
whereby the liquid is pressed through the mem-
prominent examples where nanotechnology al-
brane. Nanoporous membranes are suitable for a
ready plays a role. The synthesis provides novel
mechanical filtration with extremely small pores
materials with tailored features and chemical prop-
smaller than 10 nm (“nanofiltration”) and may be
erties: for example, nanoparticles with a distinct
composed of nanotubes. Nanofiltration is mainly
chemical surrounding (ligands), or specific optical
used for the removal of ions or the separation of
properties. In this sense, chemistry is indeed a ba-
different fluids.
sic nanoscience. In a short-term perspective, chem-
istry will provide novel “nanomaterials” and in the On a larger scale, the membrane filtration tech-
long run, superior processes such as “self-assem- nique is named ultrafiltration, which works down
bly” will enable energy and time preserving strat- to between 10 and 100 nm. One important field of
egies. In a sense, all chemical synthesis can be un- application for ultrafiltration is medical purposes
derstood in terms of nanotechnology, because of as can be found in renal dialysis. Magnetic
its ability to manufacture certain molecules. Thus, nanoparticles offer an effective and reliable method
chemistry forms a base for nanotechnology pro- to remove heavy metal contaminants from waste
viding tailor-made molecules, polymers, etcetera, water by making use of magnetic separation tech-
as well as clusters and nanoparticles. niques. Using nanoscale particles increases the ef-
ficiency to absorb the contaminants and is com-
Catalysis paratively inexpensive compared to traditional pre-
Chemical catalysis benefits especially from cipitation and filtration methods.
nanoparticles, due to the extremely large surface Some water-treatment devices incorporating
to volume ratio. The application potential of nanotechnology are already on the market, with
nanoparticles in catalysis ranges from fuel cell to more in development. Low-cost nanostructured
catalytic converters and photocatalytic devices. separation membranes methods have been shown
Catalysis is also important for the production of to be effective in producing potable water in a re-
chemicals. cent study.
Platinum nanoparticles are now being considered

59
energies. Probably the most prominent

Energy nanostructured material in fuel cells is the catalyst
The most advanced nanotechnology projects re- consisting of carbon supported noble metal par-
lated to energy are: storage, conversion, manufac- ticles with diameters of 1-5 nm. Suitable materials
turing improvements by reducing materials and for hydrogen storage contain a large number of
process rates, energy saving (by better thermal in- small nanosized pores.
sulation for example), and enhanced renewable Therefore many nanostructured materials like
energy sources. nanotubes, zeolites or alanates are under investi-
Reduction of Energy gation. Nanotechnology can contribute to the fur-
ther reduction of combustion engine pollutants by
Consumption nanoporous filters, which can clean the exhaust
A reduction of energy consumption can be reached mechanically, by catalytic converters based on
by better insulation systems, by the use of more nanoscale noble metal particles or by catalytic coat-
efficient lighting or combustion systems, and by ings on cylinder walls and catalytic nanoparticles
use of lighter and stronger materials in the trans- as additive for fuels.
portation sector. Currently used light bulbs only Recycling of Batteries
convert approximately 5% of the electrical energy
into light. Nanotechnological approaches like light- Because of the relatively low energy density of
emitting diodes (LEDs) or quantum caged atoms batteries the operating time is limited and a re-
(QCAs) could lead to a strong reduction of energy placement or recharging is needed. The huge num-
consumption for illumination. ber of spent batteries and accumulators represent
a disposal problem. The use of batteries with higher
Increasing the Efficiency of energy content or the use of rechargeable batter-
Energy Production ies or supercapacitors with higher rate of recharg-
ing using nanomaterials could be helpful for the
Today's best solar cells have layers of several dif- battery disposal problem.
ferent semiconductors stacked together to absorb
light at different energies but they still only man- Information and
age to use 40 percent of the Sun's energy. Com- Communication
mercially available solar cells have much lower
efficiencies (15-20%). Nanotechnology could help Current high-technology production processes are
increase the efficiency of light conversion by us- based on traditional top down strategies, where
ing nanostructures with a continuum of bandgaps. nanotechnology has already been introduced si-
lently. The critical length scale of integrated cir-
The degree of efficiency of the internal combus-
cuits is already at the nanoscale (50 nm and be-
tion engine is about 30-40% at the moment.
low) regarding the gate length of transistors in
Nanotechnology could improve combustion by
CPUs or DRAM devices.
designing specific catalysts with maximized sur-
face area. In 2005, scientists at the University of Memory Storage
Toronto developed a spray-on nanoparticle sub-
stance that, when applied to a surface, instantly Electronic memory designs in the past have largely
transforms it into a solar collector. relied on the formation of transistors. However,
research into crossbar switch based electronics have
More Environmentally Friendly offered an alternative using reconfigurable inter-
Energy Systems connections between vertical and horizontal wir-
ing arrays to create ultra high density memories.
An example for an environmentally friendly form Two leaders in this area are Nantero which has
of energy is the use of fuel cells powered by hy- developed a carbon nanotube based crossbar
drogen, which is ideally produced by renewable

60
memory called Nano-RAM and Hewlett-Packard semiconductor, but for light or photons instead of
which has proposed the use of memristor material electrons. Quantum dots are nanoscaled objects,
as a future replacement of Flash memory. which can be used, among many other things, for
the construction of lasers. The advantage of a quan-
Novel Semiconductor tum dot laser over the traditional semiconductor
Devices laser is that their emitted wavelength depends on
the diameter of the dot. Quantum dot lasers are
An example of such novel devices is based on cheaper and offer a higher beam quality than con-
spintronics.The dependence of the resistance of a ventional laser diodes.
material (due to the spin of the electrons) on an
external field is called magnetoresistance. This ef- Displays
fect can be significantly amplified (GMR - Giant
Magneto-Resistance) for nanosized objects, for The production of displays with low energy con-
example when two ferromagnetic layers are sepa- sumption could be accomplished using carbon
rated by a nonmagnetic layer, which is several nanotubes (CNT). Carbon nanotubes are electri-
nanometers thick (e.g. Co-Cu-Co). cally conductive and due to their small diameter
of several nanometers, they can be used as field
The GMR effect has led to a strong increase in the emitters with extremely high efficiency for field
data storage density of hard disks and made the emission displays (FED). The principle of opera-
gigabyte range possible. The so called tunneling tion resembles that of the cathode ray tube, but
magnetoresistance (TMR) is very similar to GMR on a much smaller length scale.
and based on the spin dependent tunneling of elec-
trons through adjacent ferromagnetic layers. Both Quantum Computers
GMR and TMR effects can be used to create a non-
Entirely new approaches for computing exploit the
volatile main memory for computers, such as the
laws of quantum mechanics for novel quantum
so called magnetic random access memory or
computers, which enable the use of fast quantum
MRAM.
algorithms. The Quantum computer has quantum
In 1999, the ultimate CMOS transistor developed bit memory space termed "Qubit" for several com-
at the Laboratory for Electronics and Information putations at the same time. This facility may im-
Technology in Grenoble, France, tested the limits prove the performance of the older systems.
of the principles of the MOSFET transistor with a
diameter of 18 nm (approximately 70 atoms placed Heavy Industry
side by side). An inevitable use of nanotechnology will be in
Novel Optoelectronic heavy industry.
Devices Aerospace
In the modern communication technology tradi- Lighter and stronger materials will be of immense
tional analog electrical devices are increasingly use to aircraft manufacturers, leading to increased
replaced by optical or optoelectronic devices due performance. Spacecraft will also benefit, where
to their enormous bandwidth and capacity, respec- weight is a major factor. Nanotechnology would
tively. Two promising examples are photonic crys- help to reduce the size of equipment and thereby
tals and quantum dots. Photonic crystals are ma- decrease fuel-consumption required to get it air-
terials with a periodic variation in the refractive borne.
index with a lattice constant that is half the wave-
Hang glidermjs may be able to halve their weight
length of the light used.
while increasing their strength and toughness
They offer a selectable band gap for the propaga- through the use of nanotech materials. Nanotech
tion of a certain wavelength, thus they resemble a

61
is lowering the mass of supercapacitors that will nanoencapsulation of bioactive food compounds are
increasingly be used to give power to assistive elec- few examples of emerging applications of
trical motors for launching hang gliders off flatland nanotechnology for the food industry.
to thermal-chasing altitudes.
Nanotechnology can be applied in the production,
Construction processing, safety and packaging of food. A
nanocomposite coating process could improve food
Nanotechnology has the potential to make con- packaging by placing anti-microbial agents directly
struction faster, cheaper, safer, and more varied. on the surface of the coated film. Nanocomposites
Automation of nanotechnology construction can could increase or decrease gas permeability of dif-
allow for the creation of structures from advanced ferent fillers as is needed for different products.
homes to massive skyscrapers much more quickly They can also improve the mechanical and heat-
and at much lower cost. resistance properties and lower the oxygen trans-
mission rate. Research is being performed to apply
Refineries nanotechnology to the detection of chemical and
Using nanotech applications, refineries producing biological substances for sensanges in foods.
materials such as steel and aluminium will be able
to remove any impurities in the materials they cre-
Nano-Foods
ate. New foods are among the nanotechnology-created
consumer products coming onto the market at the
Vehicle Manufacturers rate of 3 to 4 per week, according to the Project on
Much like aerospace, lighter and stronger materi- Emerging Nanotechnologies (PEN), based on an
als will be useful for creating vehicles that are both inventory it has drawn up of 609 known or claimed
faster and safer. Combustion engines will also ben- nano-products.
efit from parts that are more hard-wearing and On PEN's list are three foods -- a brand of canola
more heat-resistant. cooking oil called Canola Active Oil, a tea called
Consumer Goods Nanotea and a chocolate diet shake called
Nanoceuticals Slim Shake Chocolate.
Nanotechnology is already impacting the field of
consumer goods, providing products with novel Household
functions ranging from easy-to-clean to scratch- The most prominent application of nanotechnology
resistant. Modern textiles are wrinkle-resistant and in the household is self-cleaning or “easy-to-clean”
stain-repellent; in the mid-term clothes will be- surfaces on ceramics or glasses. Nanoceramic par-
come “smart”, through embedded “wearable elec- ticles have improved the smoothness and heat re-
tronics”. Already in use are different nanoparticle sistance of common household equipment such as
improved products. Especially in the field of cos- the flat iron.
metics, such novel products have a promising po-
tential. Optics
Foods The first sunglasses using protective and anti-re-
flective ultrathin polymer coatings are on the mar-
Complex set of engineering and scientific chal- ket. For optics, nanotechnology also offers scratch
lenges in the food and bioprocessing industry for resistant surface coatings based on nanocomposites.
manufacturing high quality and safe food through Nano-optics could allow for an increase in preci-
efficient and sustainable means can be solved sion of pupil repair and other types of laser eye
through nanotechnology. Bacteria identification surgery.
and food quality monitoring using biosensors; in-
telligent, active, and smart food packaging systems;

62
Textiles
The use of engineered nanofibers already makes clothes water- and stain-repellent or wrinkle-free. Tex-
tiles with a nanotechnological finish can be washed less frequently and at lower temperatures.
Nanotechnology has been used to integrate tiny carbon particles membrane and guarantee full-surface
protection from electrostatic charges for the wearer. Many other applications have been developed by
research institutions such as the Textiles Nanotechnology Laboratory at Cornell University
Cosmetics
One field of application is in sunscreens. The traditional chemical UV protection approach suffers from its
poor long-term stability. A sunscreen based on mineral nanoparticles such as titanium dioxide offer several
advantages. Titanium oxide nanoparticles have a comparable UV protection property as the bulk material,
but lose the cosmetically undesirable whitening as the particle size is decreased.
Agriculture
Applications of nanotechnology have the potential to change the entire agriculture sector and food indus-
try chain from production to conservation, processing, packaging, transportation, and even waste treat-
ment. NanoScience concepts and Nanotechnology applications have the potential to redesign the produc-
tion cycle, restructure the processing and conservation processes and redefine the food habits of the people.
Major Challenges related to agriculture like Low productivity in cultivable areas, Large uncultivable
areas,Shrinkage of cultivable lands, Wastage of inputs like water, fertilizers, pesticides, Wastage of prod-
ucts and of course Food security for growing numbers can be addressed through various applications of
nanotechnology.
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