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Solutions 1 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Problem 1.1 :
If a transmitter produces 50 W of power, express the transmit power in units of
a) dBm,
b) dBW.

Note: For the unit dBmW, the abbreviation dBm is commonly used.

Transmitter power is Pt = 50 W .

Pt [ mW ]
a) Pt ,dBm = 10 log = 10 log [ 50 103 ] = 47.0 dBm

1mW

Pt [ W ]
b) Pt ,dBW = 10 log = 10 log [ 50 ] = 17.0 dBW

1 W
Solutions 1 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Problem 1.2 :
If 50 watts are transmitted by a unity gain antenna at 900 MHz carrier frequency, find the
received power (assuming unity gain receiver antenna) in [dBm] and [W] at a free space
distance of:
a) 100 m from antenna,
b) 10 km from antenna.

power P
Power density as a function of distance: S = = t 2
area 4 R
2
Unity-gain / isotropic receive antenna described by its effective area: Aisotropic =
4
2

Received power: Prec = S A = Pt
4 R

a)
received power = 3.5 x 106 W 24.5 dBm

b)
received power = 3.5 x 1010 W 64.5 dBm
Solutions 1 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Problem 1.3 :
Assume an air-filled metallic rectangular waveguide of cross-section 22.86 mm x 10.16 mm.
Calculate
a) the monomode frequency range,
b) the guided wavelength at 10 GHz,
c) group velocity and phase velocity at 10 GHz.

a)
1
From [FuK II, 4.39], with a = 22.86 mm : f c ,TE10 = = 6557 MHz
2a
Similarly, fcTE20 = 13114 MHz and fcTE01 = 14753 MHz. Therefore, the monomode
frequency range is limited by the cutoff frequencies of modes TE10 and TE20, respectively.

b)
2 2
2
From [FuK II, 4.26], considering TE10 and =2/g : = , g = 39.7 mm
g c a

c)
From [FuK II, 4.7, 4.9] :
v phase = g f = 3.97 x108 m
s = 1.32 c0
c2
vgroup = = 2.27 x108 m
s = 0.76 c0
v phase
Solutions 1 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Problem 1.4 :
A hypothetical isotropic antenna is radiating in free space. At a distance of 100 m from the
antenna, the total electric field is measured to be 5 V/m.
a) Find the power density at this location.
b) Determine the total power radiated by the antenna.

a) power density (vectorial!)


f 1 f f E2 f 52 f f
Wrad = E H * = ar = ar = 0.03315 ar W/m2
2 2h 2(120p)

b) radiating power
2p p
Prad = S Wrad dS
= 0.03315 r 2 sin q d q d f
f =0 q =0
2p p
Prad = 0.03315 (100)2 sin q d q d f = 2p 0.03315 1002 2
0 0
Prad = 4166.67 W
Solutions 1 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Problem 1.5 :
A dipole of length 3/2 is resonant at f = 150 MHz. Calculate its mechanical length
a) in air,
b) in water (rel = 81).

a)
c0
=f with =2m, the dipole length in air is 3 m.
r r

b)
with =2/9 m, the dipole length in air is 1/3 m = 0.33 m.
Solutions 2 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Problem 2.4 :
The power radiated by a lossless antenna is 10 Watts. The directional characteristics of the
antenna are represented by the radiation intensity of
U = B0 cos3 q (W/sr) 0 q p/2, 0 f 2p
a) Find the maximum power density (in watts per square meter) at a distance of 1000 m
(assume far field distance). Specify the angle where this occurs.
b) Find the directivity of the antenna (dimensionless and in dB).
c) Calculate the half-power beamwidth (HPBW).
d) Find the first-null beamwidth (FNBW).

a)

2 2 2 2

cos sin d d
3
Prad = U sin d d = B0
=0 =0 =0 =0

cos 4 2
20
Prad = 2 B0 = B0 = 10 B0 = = 6.3662
4 0
2
U ( ) = B0 cos3 = 6.3662 cos3
U 6.3662 6.3662
W= 2
= 2
cos3 = cos3 = 6.3662 106 cos3
r r 1000 2
Wmax = W cos =1 = 6.3662 10 6 Watts/m 2 @ = 0

b)
4 U max 4 6.3662
D0 = = = 8 = 9.03 dB
Prad 10

c)
1 1
The radiation half-power occurs when : cos3 = 1 = cos1 3 = 37.5 = 0.21
2 =1 2
The half power beamwidth is given as : 1d = 21 = 0.42 = 74.9 . The pattern is
independent on , thus HPBW in a plane at right angle to the first one is 2 d = 1d . The
directivity can be estimated using an approximate formula (see lecture slides) as
41, 253 41, 253
D0 = = = 7.35 = 8.66 dB . This compares quite well with the result of (b).
1d 2 d 74.9 74.9

d)

cos3 = 0 2 = = 90o FNBW = 180
! = 2 2
Solutions 2 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Problem 2.5 :
The normalized radiation intensity of a given antenna is given by:
1. U 1 = sin q sin f
2. U 2 = sin q sin2 f
3. U 3 = sin2 q sin f
The intensity exists only in 0c q 180c , 0c f 180c region, and is zero elsewhere.
a) Find the exact directivity (dimensionless and in dB).
b) Find the Azimuthal and elevation plane half-power beamwidths (in degrees).
c) Find the directivity by using approximate formulas.

a)
4 U max
D1,2,3 = where Umax = 1, and it occurs when = = / 2 (in all 3 cases 1,2,3)
Prad ,1,2,3

4 (1)
U sin d d = sin d sin
2
Prad ,1 = d = 2 = , D1 = = 4 = 6.02 dB

=0 =0 =0 =0
2

16
sin 2 d sin
2
Prad ,2 = U sin d d = d = , D2 = = 5.09 = 7.07 dB

=0 =0 =0 =0
2 2

4 3

3
Prad ,3 = U sin d d = sin d sin d = 2 , D3 = = 4.71 = 6.73 dB

=0 =0 =0 =0
3 2

using

b)
The half-power beamwidths are equal to

HPBW1, azimuth = 2 ( 900 sin 1 (1/ 2) ) = 1200 HPBW1,elevation = 2 ( 900 sin 1 (1/ 2) ) = 1200

(
HPBW2,azimuth = 2 900 sin 1 (1/ 2) = 900 ) HPBW2,elevation = 2 ( 900 sin 1 (1/ 2) ) = 1200

HPBW3,azimuth = 2 ( 900 sin 1 (1/ 2) ) = 1200 ( )


HPBW3,elevation = 2 900 sin 1 (1/ 2) = 900

c)
41253 72815
Directivity using approx. formulas ( D1,2,3 , D1,2,3 2 2
):
azimuth elevation azimuth + elevation

This gives for case 1 (HPBWs of 120,120) : D 2.86 = 4.6 dB and D 2.53 = 4.0 dB
It gives for cases 2,3 (HPBWs of 90,120) : D 3.82 = 5.8 dB and D 3.24 = 5.1 dB
Smith Chart Problems

1. The 0:1! length line shown has a characteristic impedance of 506 and is
terminated with a load impedance of ZL = 5 + j 256.
:a; Locate zL = ZZL = 0:1 + j 0:5 on the Smith chart.
0
See the point plotted on the Smith chart.

:b; What is the impedance at ` = 0:1!?


Since we want to move away from the load :i.e., toward the
generator;, read read 0:074! on the wavelengths toward
generator scale and add ` = 0:1! to obtain 0:174! on the
wavelengths toward generator scale. A radial line
from the center of the chart intersects the constant reGec-
tion coeIcient magnitude circle at z = 0:38 + j 1:88: Hence
Z = zZ0 = 50:0:38 + j 1:88; = 19 + 946.

:c; What is the VSWR on the line?


Find VSWR = zmax = 13 on the horizontal line to the right
of the chart's center. Or use the SWR scale on the chart.

:d; What is ;L?


From the reflection coefficient scale below the chart,
Wnd ;L = 0:855. From the angle of reflection coef-
j j

ficient scale on the perimeter ofj126the:5 chart, Wnd the angle of


;L = 126:5 . Hence ;L = 0:855e .

:e; What is ; at ` = 0:1! from the load?


Note that ; = ;L = 0:855. Read the angle of the reGection
j j j j

coeIcient from the angle of reflection coefficient


scale as 55:0 . Hence ; = 0:855ej55:0 .
Problem 1
! = 0.1
01
Z0 = 50 ZL ZL = 5 + j 25 []

! = 0.1
01

0.174 .T .G.
0.074 .T .G.

0 Ang = 55.00
Ang L = 126.5
z L = 0.1 + j 0.5

z = 0.38 + j1.88

= 0.855 55.00
L = 0.855 126.50

VSWR = zmax = 13

VSWR = 13

L = = 0.855
2. A transmission line has Z0 = 1:0, ZL = zL = 0:2 ; j 0:22:
3a4 What is z at ` = %4 = 0:25%?
From the chart, read 0:467% from the wavelengths to-
ward generator scale. Add 0:25% to obtain 0:717% on
the wavelengths toward generator scale. This is not
on the chart, but since it repeats every half wavelength, it
is the same as 0:717% ; 0:500% = 0:217%. Drawing a ra-
dial line from the center of the chart, we Ind an intersec-
tion with the constant reJection coeKcient magnitude circle
at z = Z = 2:5 + j 2:5.

3b4 What is the VSWR on the line?


From the intersection of the constant reJection coeKcient cir-
cle with the right hand side of the horizontal axis, read VSWR
= zmax = 5:3:

3c4 How far from the load is the Irst voltage minimum? The Irst current
minimum?
The voltage minimum occurs at zmin which is at a distance of
0:500% ; 0:467% = 0:033% from the load. Or read this distance
directly on the wavelengths toward load scale.
The current minimum occurs at zmax which is a quarter of a
wavelength farther down the line or at 0:033%+0:25% = 0:283%
from the load.
Problem 2
! = 0.25

Z0 = 1.0 ZL ZL = z L = 0.2 j 0.2 [ / ]

! = 0.25

0.217 .T .G.

z = Z = 2.5 + j 2.5

z min

0.033 VSWR = zmax = 5.3

z L = 0.2 j 0.2

0.467 .T .G.

VSWR = 5.3
3. The air-)lled two-wire line has a characteristic impedance of 507 and is
operated at f = 3 GHz. The load is ZL = 100 + j 407.
?a@ For the line above, )nd zL on the chart.
The normalized load is zL = ZZL = 100 50 + j 40 = 2:0 + j 0:8.
0
See the Smith chart for location of point.

?b@ What is the line impedance 2:5 cm from the load?


Note that % = fc = 3 3 10 10cmKsec
10

9 Hz
= 10 cm: Since we are
going to move toward the generator ?away from the load@, at
the normalized load position, )rst read 0:217% on the wave-
lengths toward generator scale. Then add 2.5 cmK10
cm = 0:25% to this value to obtain 0:467% on the wave-
lengths toward generator scale. A radial line from
the center at this point intersects the constant reRection co-
eScient magnitude circle at z = 0:43 ; j 0:17, so Z = zZ0 =
50?0:43 + j 0:17@ = 21:5 ; j 8:57.

?c@ What is the VSWR on the line?


From the intersection of the reRection coeScient circle and
the horizontal axis on the right hand side of the chart, read
VSWR = 2.4. Or use the SWR scale below the chart.
Solutions 9 microstrip patch antennas Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Microstrip transmission line

Problem 9.1 :
A microstrip line is used as a feed line to a microstrip patch. The substrate of the line is
alumina (rel = 10) while the dimensions of the line are w0 / h = 1.2.

a) Determine the effective dielectric constant reff and


b) the characteristic impedance Z0 of the line.
c) Calculate the reflection coefficient if a line of the computed characteristic
impedance is connected to a 50 line.
d) Calculate the respective lengths of half-wavelength long lines of impedance Z0
on alumina, of a line in free-space, and of a line fully embedded in alumina halfspace,
at f = 1.5 GHz.

a)
For w 0 / h = 1.2 and er = 10 , the effective dielectric constant can be computed as
1
e + 1 er - 1 h -2
ereff = r + 1 + 12 = 6.86 .
2 2 w 0

b)
For a microstrip line with w 0 / h > 1 the characteristic impedance is given by:
120p
Zc =
h (
ereff 0 + 1.393 + 0.667 ln 0 + 1.444
w w
h )
= 44.414 W

c)
The reflection coefficient from a 50 W line is
50 - 44.414
G= = 0.059 5 -24.6 dB .
50 + 44.414

d)
0
The free-space wavelength is 0 = 200 mm. Using eff = ,
reff
for the 44.4 line on alumina, eff / 2 = 38.2 mm ;
for a line in free-space, eff / 2 = 100 mm ;
for a line embedded in alumina, eff / 2 = 31.6 mm .
Solutions 9 microstrip patch antennas Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Microstrip patch antenna

Problem 9.4 :
Design a patch antenna working at the frequency 1.575 GHz and etched on Duroid 6010
substrate ( er = 10 ) of thickness h = 0.508 mm.

a) Determine W and L ,
b) Determine the inset length L1 needed for matching of antenna to the microstrip
feed line ( 50 W )

L1

a)
For an efficient radiator, a practical width that leads to good radiation efficiency is:

c0 2
W = = 40.58 mm
2 f0 er + 1

The effective dielectric constant is

er + 1 er - 1 h -1/ 2
ereff = + 1 + 12 = 9.696
2 2 W

Because of the fringing effects, one has to take into account that the antenna looks
greater than its physical dimensions of 2DL :

DL = 0.412 h
( ereff + 0.3 ) (Wh + 0.264 ) = 0.2202 mm
- 0.258 )( + 0.8 )
W
( ereff
h

So the real physical length will be

c0
L= - 2DL = 30.124 mm .
2 f0 ereff
Solutions 9 microstrip patch antennas Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

b)
For the matching:

p
Rin (L1 )
1
2G1 (
cos2 L
L 1 )
where Rin (L1 ) has to match the microstrip line impedance 50 W .

sin X
I1 -2 + cos X + XSi (X ) +
G1 = = X = 490.326 S
120p2 120p 2

X = k0W = 1.3396 and l0 = 0.19 m .

1
Rin = = 1019.73 W
2G1

50 L
L1 = cos-1 = 0.4289L
1019.73 p

or if the approximate expression is used (with W / l0 = 0.2132 , h / l0 = 0.0027 ):

1 W 2
G1 = = 505.05 10-6
90 l0

1
Rin = 990 W
2G1

50 L
L1 = cos-1 = 0.4278L
990 p
D-ITET-IFH Antennas and Propagation - Final exam 13th August 2009

Solution to Problem 4

a) Distance divided by speed of light; i.e., 41000 seconds, or, 11 hours 23 minutes.

2

b) Friis transmission equation, Pr = PG
t t Gr
4 R
4
Gain of a dish, Gr ,t = efficiency area
2
Transmit antenna gain = 2769 = 34.4 dBi
Receive antenna gain = 1807309 = 62.6 dBi
Received power = 3.14 x 10-20 W = -165 dBm

c) calculate first null beamwidth fnbw from feed aperture directivity,


2
2 a
D = 19.5dBi = 88 = , a = 205 mm , a / = 1.5

the plot in (6.37) reads fnbw = 4850 (alternatively, the asymptotic formula
on (6.36) states fnbw = 69.9 / (a / ) = 46.6, but this formula holds only if a>>).
From geometry it follows that distance = 340360 cm for fnbw = 4750.

46cm

first null
beamwidth
274cm
aperture

dish

distance d

-7-
D-ITET-IFH Antennas and Propagation - Final exam 13th August 2009

d) this requires much larger feed aperture, leading to shadowing and therefore,
gain reduction (an uniform aperture with 29 dBi gain would have 20 % of the
area of the main dish).
Note: ray-optics assumption, such that the feed is in the focal point and the
waves leaving the aperture are forming (at the beginning) a parallel, that is,
non-divergent, beam.

e) corrugated horn

f) Half-power beamwidth of the large dish: the aperture distribution is as shown


in (6.86), that is, circular symmetric. The best approximation for the HPBW is
the H-plane HPBW of the TE11-aperture distribution in groundplane.
The E-plane HPBW is too narrow, as it equals those of a uniform distribution,
which cannot be realized on a dish aperture.

37 o
HPBW = = 0.1450
a/
If 360 rotation occur in 24 hours, then 0.072 rotation takes 17.4 seconds.
Note: observation point is very far away.

g) non-constant field distribution (main factor), blocking by feed and mechanical


support structures, spillover at edge, roughness and shape imperfections,
conductive loss.

-8-
Solutions 11 wave propagation Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Propagation close to earth

Problem 11.1 :
A mobile phone is located 5 km away from a base station. It uses a vertical M / 4 monopole
antenna with a gain of 2.55 dB to receive cellular radio signals. The free space E-field at
1 km from the transmitter is measured to be 103 V/m. The carrier frequency used for this
system is f  900 MHz.

a) Find the length and effective aperture of the receiving antenna.


b) Find the received power at the mobile using the 2-ray ground reflection model
assuming the height of the transmitting antenna is 50 m, and the receiving antenna is
1.5 m above ground.

a)
At frequency of 900 MHz, the wavelength is M  0.333 m. The length of antenna
is L  M / 4  8.33 cm. The antenna gain can be expressed in terms of the effective
aperture as follows

4QAe
G 
M2

where gain is given as G  2.55 dB  1.8 . Thus,

M2 G 0.333
2 1.8
Ae    0.0159 m2 .
4Q 4Q

b)
Transmitter-receiver separation distance is d  5 km. The field at the receiver end is
a sum of the direct and the reflected rays. Thus, we have

E tot  Ed e  jkd ' Er e  jkd ''  Ed e  jkd ' ( Ed e  jkd ''

where Ed and Er are the magnitudes of the direct and reflected field components,
respectively. From here, we can find the magnitude of the total field as

E tot  Ed e  jkd ' ( Ed e  jkd ''


 Ed 1 ( e  jk d ''d '

 Ed 1 ( e  jk %

If d is large compared to hr and ht we have

2hr ht
%  d '' d ' x
d
Solutions 11 wave propagation Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Thus, with (  1

 jk
2hr ht
R
E tot  Ed 1 ( e  jk %
 Ed 1 ( e d  2Ed sin % ,
2

where R%  k % . Since free-space E-field is reversely proportional to the distance


d we can write

E 0d0
Ed  ,
d

where E 0 is the field at distance d0  1 km. Thus,

E tot  2
E 0d0
d

R
sin %
2

For hr ht  d one can write

E tot  2
E 0d0
d

R
sin % x
2
2E 0d0 2Qhr hd
d

Md
2 103 1 1000 2Q(50) (1.5)

5000 0.333 5000
6
 113.1 10 V/m

The received power is

113.1 106

2
E tot 2
Pr  Ae  0.0159  2.7 1013 W
2 120Q 240Q

In dB: Pr ,dB  125.68 dBW  95.68 dBm


Solutions 11 wave propagation Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Edge diffraction and Fresnel zones

Problem 11.2 :
Compute the diffraction loss for the scenario shown in the figure below. Assume M  1/ 3 m,
d1  1 km, d2  1 km, and

a) h = 25 m,
b) h = 0,
c) h = 25 m.

T R
d1 d2

Compare your answers using values from the graph showing the knife-edge diffraction in
function of the diffraction parameter V , as well as the approximate solution given by the
equation on slide 8.68. For each of these cases identify the Fresnel zone within which the tip
of the obstruction lies.

a)
h = 25 m. The Fresnel diffraction parameter is obtained as

2 d1 d2

Vh  2.74
Md1d2

From the figure (p.8.64) the diffraction loss is obtained as 22 dB. Using the numerical
approximation

Ld (dB)  20 log 0.225


V

 21.7 dB

The path length difference is given by

h 2 (d1 d2 ) 2%
%x  0.625 m , and we get n   3.75 .
2d1d2 M

Therefore the tip of the knife edge completely blocks the first three Fresnel zones.

b)
h = 0. From the figure the diffraction loss is obtained as 6 dB. Using the numerical
approximation
Solutions 11 wave propagation Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Ld (dB)  20 log 0.5e 0.95V



 6 dB

With h  0 m and %  0 the tip of the knife edge lies in the middle of the first
Fresnel zone.

c)
h = 25 m. The knife edge lies below LOS and V  2.74 , n  3.75 . From the figure
a diffraction loss of 1 dB is obtained. Using the numerical approximation
Ld (dB)  0 dB . The tip of the edge is in the 4th Fresnel zone, leaving the first three
Fresnel zones unobstructed.
Solutions 11 wave propagation Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011

Path loss / Propagation close to earth

Problem 11.3 :
A base station transmits a power of 10 W into a feeder cable with a loss of 10 dB. The
transmit antenna has a gain of 12 dBd (dBd refers to a M / 2 dipole) in the direction of a
mobile receiver, with antenna gain 0 dBd and feeder loss 2 dB. The mobile receiver has a
sensitivity of 104 dBm.

a) Determine the maximum acceptable path loss.


b) Calculate the maximum range of the communication system, assuming h1  1.5 m,
h2  30 m, f  900 MHz and that propagation takes place over a plane earth.
c) How does this range change if the base station height is doubled?

Quantity Value in Value in


original units consistent units

PT : transmitted power 10 W 10 dBW

GT : gain of transmitting antenna 12 dBd 14.15 dBi

GR : gain of receiving antenna 0 dBd 2.15 dBi

PR : received power 104 dBm 134 dBW

LT : transmitter feeder loss 10 dB 10 dB

LR : receiver feeder loss 2 dB 2 dB

a)
The acceptable path loss is

L  PT ,dB GT ,dB GR,dB  PR,dB  LT ,dB  LR,dB  148.3 dB

b)
r4
The plane earth loss is given by LPEL x  148.3 dB . Therefore, r  34 km .
h12 h22

c)
Doubling one heigt reduces the plain earth loss by a factor of four. The distance
inceases by the fourth root of this ratio, thus, by a factor of 1.41. Therefore,
r  48 km .

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