Problem 1.1 :
If a transmitter produces 50 W of power, express the transmit power in units of
a) dBm,
b) dBW.
Note: For the unit dBmW, the abbreviation dBm is commonly used.
Transmitter power is Pt = 50 W .
Pt [ mW ]
a) Pt ,dBm = 10 log = 10 log [ 50 103 ] = 47.0 dBm
1mW
Pt [ W ]
b) Pt ,dBW = 10 log = 10 log [ 50 ] = 17.0 dBW
1 W
Solutions 1 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011
Problem 1.2 :
If 50 watts are transmitted by a unity gain antenna at 900 MHz carrier frequency, find the
received power (assuming unity gain receiver antenna) in [dBm] and [W] at a free space
distance of:
a) 100 m from antenna,
b) 10 km from antenna.
power P
Power density as a function of distance: S = = t 2
area 4 R
2
Unity-gain / isotropic receive antenna described by its effective area: Aisotropic =
4
2
Received power: Prec = S A = Pt
4 R
a)
received power = 3.5 x 106 W 24.5 dBm
b)
received power = 3.5 x 1010 W 64.5 dBm
Solutions 1 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011
Problem 1.3 :
Assume an air-filled metallic rectangular waveguide of cross-section 22.86 mm x 10.16 mm.
Calculate
a) the monomode frequency range,
b) the guided wavelength at 10 GHz,
c) group velocity and phase velocity at 10 GHz.
a)
1
From [FuK II, 4.39], with a = 22.86 mm : f c ,TE10 = = 6557 MHz
2a
Similarly, fcTE20 = 13114 MHz and fcTE01 = 14753 MHz. Therefore, the monomode
frequency range is limited by the cutoff frequencies of modes TE10 and TE20, respectively.
b)
2 2
2
From [FuK II, 4.26], considering TE10 and =2/g : = , g = 39.7 mm
g c a
c)
From [FuK II, 4.7, 4.9] :
v phase = g f = 3.97 x108 m
s = 1.32 c0
c2
vgroup = = 2.27 x108 m
s = 0.76 c0
v phase
Solutions 1 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011
Problem 1.4 :
A hypothetical isotropic antenna is radiating in free space. At a distance of 100 m from the
antenna, the total electric field is measured to be 5 V/m.
a) Find the power density at this location.
b) Determine the total power radiated by the antenna.
b) radiating power
2p p
Prad = S Wrad dS
= 0.03315 r 2 sin q d q d f
f =0 q =0
2p p
Prad = 0.03315 (100)2 sin q d q d f = 2p 0.03315 1002 2
0 0
Prad = 4166.67 W
Solutions 1 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011
Problem 1.5 :
A dipole of length 3/2 is resonant at f = 150 MHz. Calculate its mechanical length
a) in air,
b) in water (rel = 81).
a)
c0
=f with =2m, the dipole length in air is 3 m.
r r
b)
with =2/9 m, the dipole length in air is 1/3 m = 0.33 m.
Solutions 2 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011
Problem 2.4 :
The power radiated by a lossless antenna is 10 Watts. The directional characteristics of the
antenna are represented by the radiation intensity of
U = B0 cos3 q (W/sr) 0 q p/2, 0 f 2p
a) Find the maximum power density (in watts per square meter) at a distance of 1000 m
(assume far field distance). Specify the angle where this occurs.
b) Find the directivity of the antenna (dimensionless and in dB).
c) Calculate the half-power beamwidth (HPBW).
d) Find the first-null beamwidth (FNBW).
a)
2 2 2 2
cos sin d d
3
Prad = U sin d d = B0
=0 =0 =0 =0
cos 4 2
20
Prad = 2 B0 = B0 = 10 B0 = = 6.3662
4 0
2
U ( ) = B0 cos3 = 6.3662 cos3
U 6.3662 6.3662
W= 2
= 2
cos3 = cos3 = 6.3662 106 cos3
r r 1000 2
Wmax = W cos =1 = 6.3662 10 6 Watts/m 2 @ = 0
b)
4 U max 4 6.3662
D0 = = = 8 = 9.03 dB
Prad 10
c)
1 1
The radiation half-power occurs when : cos3 = 1 = cos1 3 = 37.5 = 0.21
2 =1 2
The half power beamwidth is given as : 1d = 21 = 0.42 = 74.9 . The pattern is
independent on , thus HPBW in a plane at right angle to the first one is 2 d = 1d . The
directivity can be estimated using an approximate formula (see lecture slides) as
41, 253 41, 253
D0 = = = 7.35 = 8.66 dB . This compares quite well with the result of (b).
1d 2 d 74.9 74.9
d)
cos3 = 0 2 = = 90o FNBW = 180
! = 2 2
Solutions 2 Fundamentals Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011
Problem 2.5 :
The normalized radiation intensity of a given antenna is given by:
1. U 1 = sin q sin f
2. U 2 = sin q sin2 f
3. U 3 = sin2 q sin f
The intensity exists only in 0c q 180c , 0c f 180c region, and is zero elsewhere.
a) Find the exact directivity (dimensionless and in dB).
b) Find the Azimuthal and elevation plane half-power beamwidths (in degrees).
c) Find the directivity by using approximate formulas.
a)
4 U max
D1,2,3 = where Umax = 1, and it occurs when = = / 2 (in all 3 cases 1,2,3)
Prad ,1,2,3
4 (1)
U sin d d = sin d sin
2
Prad ,1 = d = 2 = , D1 = = 4 = 6.02 dB
=0 =0 =0 =0
2
16
sin 2 d sin
2
Prad ,2 = U sin d d = d = , D2 = = 5.09 = 7.07 dB
=0 =0 =0 =0
2 2
4 3
3
Prad ,3 = U sin d d = sin d sin d = 2 , D3 = = 4.71 = 6.73 dB
=0 =0 =0 =0
3 2
using
b)
The half-power beamwidths are equal to
HPBW1, azimuth = 2 ( 900 sin 1 (1/ 2) ) = 1200 HPBW1,elevation = 2 ( 900 sin 1 (1/ 2) ) = 1200
(
HPBW2,azimuth = 2 900 sin 1 (1/ 2) = 900 ) HPBW2,elevation = 2 ( 900 sin 1 (1/ 2) ) = 1200
c)
41253 72815
Directivity using approx. formulas ( D1,2,3 , D1,2,3 2 2
):
azimuth elevation azimuth + elevation
This gives for case 1 (HPBWs of 120,120) : D 2.86 = 4.6 dB and D 2.53 = 4.0 dB
It gives for cases 2,3 (HPBWs of 90,120) : D 3.82 = 5.8 dB and D 3.24 = 5.1 dB
Smith Chart Problems
1. The 0:1! length line shown has a characteristic impedance of 506 and is
terminated with a load impedance of ZL = 5 + j 256.
:a; Locate zL = ZZL = 0:1 + j 0:5 on the Smith chart.
0
See the point plotted on the Smith chart.
! = 0.1
01
0.174 .T .G.
0.074 .T .G.
0 Ang = 55.00
Ang L = 126.5
z L = 0.1 + j 0.5
z = 0.38 + j1.88
= 0.855 55.00
L = 0.855 126.50
VSWR = zmax = 13
VSWR = 13
L = = 0.855
2. A transmission line has Z0 = 1:0, ZL = zL = 0:2 ; j 0:22:
3a4 What is z at ` = %4 = 0:25%?
From the chart, read 0:467% from the wavelengths to-
ward generator scale. Add 0:25% to obtain 0:717% on
the wavelengths toward generator scale. This is not
on the chart, but since it repeats every half wavelength, it
is the same as 0:717% ; 0:500% = 0:217%. Drawing a ra-
dial line from the center of the chart, we Ind an intersec-
tion with the constant reJection coeKcient magnitude circle
at z = Z = 2:5 + j 2:5.
3c4 How far from the load is the Irst voltage minimum? The Irst current
minimum?
The voltage minimum occurs at zmin which is at a distance of
0:500% ; 0:467% = 0:033% from the load. Or read this distance
directly on the wavelengths toward load scale.
The current minimum occurs at zmax which is a quarter of a
wavelength farther down the line or at 0:033%+0:25% = 0:283%
from the load.
Problem 2
! = 0.25
! = 0.25
0.217 .T .G.
z = Z = 2.5 + j 2.5
z min
z L = 0.2 j 0.2
0.467 .T .G.
VSWR = 5.3
3. The air-)lled two-wire line has a characteristic impedance of 507 and is
operated at f = 3 GHz. The load is ZL = 100 + j 407.
?a@ For the line above, )nd zL on the chart.
The normalized load is zL = ZZL = 100 50 + j 40 = 2:0 + j 0:8.
0
See the Smith chart for location of point.
9 Hz
= 10 cm: Since we are
going to move toward the generator ?away from the load@, at
the normalized load position, )rst read 0:217% on the wave-
lengths toward generator scale. Then add 2.5 cmK10
cm = 0:25% to this value to obtain 0:467% on the wave-
lengths toward generator scale. A radial line from
the center at this point intersects the constant reRection co-
eScient magnitude circle at z = 0:43 ; j 0:17, so Z = zZ0 =
50?0:43 + j 0:17@ = 21:5 ; j 8:57.
Problem 9.1 :
A microstrip line is used as a feed line to a microstrip patch. The substrate of the line is
alumina (rel = 10) while the dimensions of the line are w0 / h = 1.2.
a)
For w 0 / h = 1.2 and er = 10 , the effective dielectric constant can be computed as
1
e + 1 er - 1 h -2
ereff = r + 1 + 12 = 6.86 .
2 2 w 0
b)
For a microstrip line with w 0 / h > 1 the characteristic impedance is given by:
120p
Zc =
h (
ereff 0 + 1.393 + 0.667 ln 0 + 1.444
w w
h )
= 44.414 W
c)
The reflection coefficient from a 50 W line is
50 - 44.414
G= = 0.059 5 -24.6 dB .
50 + 44.414
d)
0
The free-space wavelength is 0 = 200 mm. Using eff = ,
reff
for the 44.4 line on alumina, eff / 2 = 38.2 mm ;
for a line in free-space, eff / 2 = 100 mm ;
for a line embedded in alumina, eff / 2 = 31.6 mm .
Solutions 9 microstrip patch antennas Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011
Problem 9.4 :
Design a patch antenna working at the frequency 1.575 GHz and etched on Duroid 6010
substrate ( er = 10 ) of thickness h = 0.508 mm.
a) Determine W and L ,
b) Determine the inset length L1 needed for matching of antenna to the microstrip
feed line ( 50 W )
L1
a)
For an efficient radiator, a practical width that leads to good radiation efficiency is:
c0 2
W = = 40.58 mm
2 f0 er + 1
er + 1 er - 1 h -1/ 2
ereff = + 1 + 12 = 9.696
2 2 W
Because of the fringing effects, one has to take into account that the antenna looks
greater than its physical dimensions of 2DL :
DL = 0.412 h
( ereff + 0.3 ) (Wh + 0.264 ) = 0.2202 mm
- 0.258 )( + 0.8 )
W
( ereff
h
c0
L= - 2DL = 30.124 mm .
2 f0 ereff
Solutions 9 microstrip patch antennas Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011
b)
For the matching:
p
Rin (L1 )
1
2G1 (
cos2 L
L 1 )
where Rin (L1 ) has to match the microstrip line impedance 50 W .
sin X
I1 -2 + cos X + XSi (X ) +
G1 = = X = 490.326 S
120p2 120p 2
1
Rin = = 1019.73 W
2G1
50 L
L1 = cos-1 = 0.4289L
1019.73 p
1 W 2
G1 = = 505.05 10-6
90 l0
1
Rin = 990 W
2G1
50 L
L1 = cos-1 = 0.4278L
990 p
D-ITET-IFH Antennas and Propagation - Final exam 13th August 2009
Solution to Problem 4
a) Distance divided by speed of light; i.e., 41000 seconds, or, 11 hours 23 minutes.
2
b) Friis transmission equation, Pr = PG
t t Gr
4 R
4
Gain of a dish, Gr ,t = efficiency area
2
Transmit antenna gain = 2769 = 34.4 dBi
Receive antenna gain = 1807309 = 62.6 dBi
Received power = 3.14 x 10-20 W = -165 dBm
46cm
first null
beamwidth
274cm
aperture
dish
distance d
-7-
D-ITET-IFH Antennas and Propagation - Final exam 13th August 2009
d) this requires much larger feed aperture, leading to shadowing and therefore,
gain reduction (an uniform aperture with 29 dBi gain would have 20 % of the
area of the main dish).
Note: ray-optics assumption, such that the feed is in the focal point and the
waves leaving the aperture are forming (at the beginning) a parallel, that is,
non-divergent, beam.
e) corrugated horn
37 o
HPBW = = 0.1450
a/
If 360 rotation occur in 24 hours, then 0.072 rotation takes 17.4 seconds.
Note: observation point is very far away.
-8-
Solutions 11 wave propagation Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011
Problem 11.1 :
A mobile phone is located 5 km away from a base station. It uses a vertical M / 4 monopole
antenna with a gain of 2.55 dB to receive cellular radio signals. The free space E-field at
1 km from the transmitter is measured to be 103 V/m. The carrier frequency used for this
system is f 900 MHz.
a)
At frequency of 900 MHz, the wavelength is M 0.333 m. The length of antenna
is L M / 4 8.33 cm. The antenna gain can be expressed in terms of the effective
aperture as follows
4QAe
G
M2
M2 G 0.333
2 1.8
Ae 0.0159 m2 .
4Q 4Q
b)
Transmitter-receiver separation distance is d 5 km. The field at the receiver end is
a sum of the direct and the reflected rays. Thus, we have
where Ed and Er are the magnitudes of the direct and reflected field components,
respectively. From here, we can find the magnitude of the total field as
Ed 1 ( e jk %
2hr ht
% d '' d ' x
d
Solutions 11 wave propagation Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011
Thus, with ( 1
jk
2hr ht
R
E tot Ed 1 ( e jk %
Ed 1 ( e d 2Ed sin % ,
2
E 0d0
Ed ,
d
E tot 2
E 0d0
d
R
sin %
2
E tot 2
E 0d0
d
R
sin % x
2
2E 0d0 2Qhr hd
d
Md
2 103 1 1000 2Q(50) (1.5)
5000 0.333 5000
6
113.1 10 V/m
113.1 106
2
E tot 2
Pr Ae 0.0159 2.7 1013 W
2 120Q 240Q
Problem 11.2 :
Compute the diffraction loss for the scenario shown in the figure below. Assume M 1/ 3 m,
d1 1 km, d2 1 km, and
a) h = 25 m,
b) h = 0,
c) h = 25 m.
T R
d1 d2
Compare your answers using values from the graph showing the knife-edge diffraction in
function of the diffraction parameter V , as well as the approximate solution given by the
equation on slide 8.68. For each of these cases identify the Fresnel zone within which the tip
of the obstruction lies.
a)
h = 25 m. The Fresnel diffraction parameter is obtained as
2 d1 d2
Vh 2.74
Md1d2
From the figure (p.8.64) the diffraction loss is obtained as 22 dB. Using the numerical
approximation
21.7 dB
h 2 (d1 d2 ) 2%
%x 0.625 m , and we get n 3.75 .
2d1d2 M
Therefore the tip of the knife edge completely blocks the first three Fresnel zones.
b)
h = 0. From the figure the diffraction loss is obtained as 6 dB. Using the numerical
approximation
Solutions 11 wave propagation Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011
With h 0 m and % 0 the tip of the knife edge lies in the middle of the first
Fresnel zone.
c)
h = 25 m. The knife edge lies below LOS and V 2.74 , n 3.75 . From the figure
a diffraction loss of 1 dB is obtained. Using the numerical approximation
Ld (dB) 0 dB . The tip of the edge is in the 4th Fresnel zone, leaving the first three
Fresnel zones unobstructed.
Solutions 11 wave propagation Antennas and Propagation, Frhjahrssemester 2011
Problem 11.3 :
A base station transmits a power of 10 W into a feeder cable with a loss of 10 dB. The
transmit antenna has a gain of 12 dBd (dBd refers to a M / 2 dipole) in the direction of a
mobile receiver, with antenna gain 0 dBd and feeder loss 2 dB. The mobile receiver has a
sensitivity of 104 dBm.
a)
The acceptable path loss is
b)
r4
The plane earth loss is given by LPEL x 148.3 dB . Therefore, r 34 km .
h12 h22
c)
Doubling one heigt reduces the plain earth loss by a factor of four. The distance
inceases by the fourth root of this ratio, thus, by a factor of 1.41. Therefore,
r 48 km .