Conclusions
Structure of Natural Clays
pmi pm
p
1
M
CSL
S-CLAY1S Model
CSL
q
M
y 1
p natural yield surface
x pmi pm
p
F=
3
2
[ ]
{d p' d }T {d p' d } M 2 3 { d }T { d }[p'm p']p' = 0
2
Definitions:
Deviatoric stress Deviatoric fabric tensor
vector (in vector form)
'x p' x 1
' p' 1
y y
' z p ' z 1
d = d =
2 xy 2
xy
2 yz 2yz
2 zx 2zx
4 3
3) Degradation of bonding
p p
( )
dx = ax dv + b dd
S-CLAY1 and MCC
curve
35840 35880
100m
3m
2m Dry crust
Vertical drains
20m Soft clay c/c 1m
2-3m Silt
2-3m Till
Construction Schedule
3.5
2.5
Total construction time: 14 days
each layer: 2 days construction
2 1 day for consolidation.
Height (m)
1.5
Instrumentation
installation
0.5
0
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70
Time (days)
Measured Pore Pressures (35840)
Pore Water Pressure
200
180
Active pore pressure, kPa
160
Depth=7.2m
140 Depth=10.2m
Depth=15.2m
120
100
80
60
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Time
Measured settlements (1997-2002)
Time (day)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0
100
Without PVD
200
With PVD
300
Settlement (mm)
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
4
Initial vertical stress
6
Preconsolidation stress
8
Depth, m
10
v : Pre-consolidation pressure
12
v0 : : Initial vertical stress
14
16
18
20
22
Soil Parameters
Initial State Parameters Additional Soil Constants
Name depth [m] e 0 POP x0 Name i a b
[kN/m^2]
1 0-1m 1.40 -76.5 0.58 4 1 1.0 50 0.04 8 0.2
2 1-2m 1.40 -60.0 0.58 4 2 1.0 50 0.06 8 0.2
3a 2-3m 2.90 -38.0 0.44 22 3a 0.7 20 0.38 8 0.2
3b 3-4m 2.90 -34.0 0.44 22 3b 0.7 20 0.38 8 0.2
3c 4-5m 2.90 -30.0 0.44 22 3c 0.7 20 0.38 8 0.2
4 5-7m 2.80 -24.0 0.42 30 4 0.6 20 0.27 8 0.2
5 7-10m 2.30 -21.0 0.41 45 5 0.6 20 0.19 8 0.2
6 10-12m 2.20 -28.5 0.41 45 6 0.6 20 0.33 8 0.2
7 12-15m 2.20 -33.5 0.44 45 7 0.7 20 0.3 8 0.2
8 15-18m 2.00 -17.0 0.58 45 8 1.0 20 0.13 8 0.2
9 18-22.2m 2.00 -1.0 0.58 45 9 1.0 20 0.03 8 0.2
1/
2
3.0m EMBANKMENT
0.00
DRY CRUST
- 2.00
SOFT CLAY
- 22.00
TILL/SILT
Time-settlement curve
200
300
400
500
600
Pore pressures
190
170
15 m
Active Pore pressure (kPa)
150
Observered
130
S-CLAY1S
10 m S-CLAY1
110
MCC
90 7m
70
50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Time (days)
Surface settlements
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Settlement (mm)
-100
5.9.97
24.9.02
-200
S-CLAY1S 5.9.97
-300
S-CLAY1S 24.9.02
-400
-500
Time (days)
The analysis of improved area by vertical drains
(Cross-section 35880)
8.0m
1/
3.0m 2
EMBANKMENT
0.00
DRY CRUST
- 2.00
SOFT CLAY
- 22.00
TILL/SILT
Drain properties in Haarajoki Test Embankment
8 Th
U h = 1 exp(
kh
)
There are
There aretwo
twoimportant
importantfactors
factorsininthe
the
analysis
analysisof
ofvertical
verticaldrains.
drains. dw
smear
smeareffect
effect
De
well
wellresistance.
resistance.
Because of the installation of the drains soil around the drain (smear zone) is
disturbed.
o The smear zone depends on
9 the method of drain installation
9 the size and shape of mandrel
9 the soil structure
o Problems for the analysis:
9 What is the diameter of the smear zone (ds) ?
9 What is the permeability of soil in the smear zone (ks)
5 < kh/ks < 20 for field full-scale test (Bergado et al. 1993)
Well resistance
The limited discharge capacity of drains can cause a serious delay in the
consolidation process.
8 Th
U h = 1 exp( )
3 qw
= ln(n ) (perfect drain)
kh ks
4
l
n k
= ln + ln( s )
3
(smear effect only) rw
s k s
4
rs
R
n k
= ln + ln(s ) + (2 l z z )
3 k 2 h
s k s
4 q w D
2-D
2-DFE
FEanalysis
analysisof
ofembankments
embankmentsisisconducted
conductedononthe
theplane
planestrain
strain
conditions
conditionswhereas
whereasvertical
verticaldrains
drainsare
areaxisymmetric
axisymmetric
_
_
u T Average
Averagedegree
degreeofofconsolidation
consolidation
U = 1 = 1 exp( 8 ) hp
for
for both axisymmetricand
both axisymmetric
hp
_
and
u equivalent
equivalentplane
planestrain
strainconditions
0 p
conditions
are
aremade
madeequal
equalatateach
eachtime
time
step and at a given stress level
step and at a given stress level
u : the pore pressure at time t,
uo : the initial pore pressure
Thp : the time factor in plane strain
pl : the parameter that includes the effect of smear and well resistance
Uhax = Uhpl
T T c t c t
= hpl hax
or =
hpl hax
pl ax
B 2
R pl
2
ax
Geometry matching (kax=kpl)
1
The
Thespacing
spacingbetween
betweenthe
theplane
planestrain
straindrains
drainscan
canbe
be
B 3 k 2
ln (s )
changed
= ln (n ) + h
3 changedwhile
whilekeeping
keepingthe
thepermeability
permeabilitythe
thesame
same
R 2 4
ks
Combined matching
drain
kh ks rw
Smear zone
bw
l rs bs
R B
D 2B
Time (days)
0 100 200 300 400 500
0
200
Geometry matching
Permeability matching
400
Perfect drain
Settlement (mm)
combined matching
600 Axisymmetric
800
1000
1200
1400
Time (days)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
0
1000
1200
1400
Unit Cell Analysis (smear effect)
Time (days)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
0
200
k/ks=1
400 k/ks=2
k/ks effect (ds/dm=5)
Settlement (mm)
600 k/ks=5
800
k/ks=10
k/ks=20
1000
Time (days)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
0
200
ds/dm=1
400 ds/dm=2
Settlement (mm)
ds/dm=3
600 ds/sm=4
ds/dm effect (k/ks =10)
ds/dm=5
800
no smear
1000
dm mandrel diameter
1200
1400
The simulation of Haarajoki Test embankment
Time (days)
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0
100 Observed
MCC
200
S-CLAY1
300 S-CLAY1S
Settlement (mm)
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Comparison of the settlement behaviour of embankment
Time (days)
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0
Observed-NO PVD
100
Observed-WITH PVD
200 S-CLAY1S (WITH PVD)
Settlement (mm)
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
-35
-30
No PVD
Excess pore pressure (kN/m )
2
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Time (days)
Pore pressure distribution
After
construction
6th layer
Vertical displacements
After
construction
6th layer
Lateral displacements
After
construction
6th layer
Conclusions
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