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HANDLY & FREQUENTLY USED FORMULAS

FOR THERMAL ENGINEERS

GEOMETRY & MATH | GEOMETRI & MATEMATIK

Cylindrical (Tube) Volume V = / 4 d2 L [m3] Rectangular Triangle A = 90: Geometrical Vector Sum

Cylindrical (Tube) Surface A = dL [m2] a2 = b2 + c2 a = (b2 + c2) [m]

Diameter d = (4 A / ) [m] cos B = c / a ; sin B = b / a ; tan B = b / c

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STRENGTH & STATICS | STYRKELRE & STATIK

Force F = m a [N] Simple Supported Beam Uniform spread load

Stress = F / A [N/m2] Max. torque M T, MAX = P L / 8 [Nm]
at middle of the beam
Stress = E [N/m2] Hooks Law 2
Max. Reflection U = 5 M L / (48 E I) [m]
Strain = L / L [-] at middle
A = Cross section area [m2]
E = Elasticity Modulus [N/m2] Cantilever Beam Uniform spread load
m = Mass [kg] Max. torque M T, MAX = P L / 2 [Nm]
a = Acceleration / Gravity Acceleration [m/s2]
at the fixed support in the wall
L = Deformation in Length [m] ; L= Length [m] 2
Max. Reflection U = M T, MAX L / (4 E I) [m]
Bending Stress in beams = M T / W [N/m2] at free end of the beam
MT = Torque [Nm]
P = Total uniform load of beam [N]
W = Section Modulus [m3] profile depending
I = Moment of Inertia [m4]

HEAT & TEMPERATURES | VARME & TEMPERATUR
Absolute Temperature (Kelvin)
T = t + 273,15 [K]
t = Temperature [C]
Heat / Heat Content Q = m Cp (t2 t1) [W] | [J]
m = Mass Flow [kg/s] / Mass [kg]
Cp = Specific Heat [J/(kgK]
t1 and t2 = Temperatures Inlet and Outlet [K] | [C]
Linearly Heat Expansion of Materials
L = L L t [m]
Volumetric Heat Expansion of Materials
V = V V t [m3]
L = Length [m] ; V = Volume [m3] ;
L = Length Expansion Coefficient [1/C]
V = Volume Expansion Coefficient [1/C]
t = Temperature Change [C]
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For Ideal Gasses :
p v = R T = p 0 v0 (1+ t / 273,15)
Specific Volume v = 1 / [m3/kg]
p = Pressure (bar abs.) ; = Density [kg/ m3]
T = Absolute Temperature [K]
p0 v0 : Pressure and Specific volume at 0C
R = Gas Coefficient [J/(kgK)] :
Air = 287,1 J/(kgK) Steam = 461,5 J/(kgK)
1 kmol equals a volume of 22,4138 m
m = n M [kg]
Vn = n Vmol [mn3] at 0C and 1,01325 bar
= m / Vn [kg/m3n]
M = Mol mass [kg/mol] ; = Density [kg/m n3]
Vn = Normal Volume [mn3] ; n = Number of mol
Vmol = Molar Volume [mn3/mol] ; m = mass [kg]
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HEAT TRANSFER | VARMEOVERFRING www.abco.dk

BY CONVECTION | VED KONVEKTION Logarithmic Middle Temperature Difference

= ( t1 -
t2) / ln (
t1/
t2) ; all values in [K] | [C]
Heat Transfer by Convection Q = k F [W] t1 = Difference in Temperatures of Fluid1 and Fluid 2 at 1
F = Heat Surface Total wall area [m2] t2 = Difference in Temperatures of Fluid1 and Fluid 2 at 2
1 and 2 being the physical positions of the inlets and
Heat Transmission Coefficient outlets of heat exchanger in current or counter flow types
k = 1 / (1/ 1 + 1/
2 + e/
+ f1 + f2) [W/(m 2K)]
1 = Heat Transfer Coefficient Fluid 1 [W/(m2K)] Nusselts Number
2 = Heat Transfer Coefficient Fluid 2 [W/(m2K)] Nu = LF / [-] = Nu / LF
= Heat Conductivity Wall Material [W/( mK)] = Heat Transfer Coefficient [W/(m2K)]
e = Wall Thickness [m] LF = Flow Length [m] e.g. diameter or plate length
f 1 = Fouling Coefficient for the wall of fluid 1 [m2K/W)] = Heat Conductivity Fluid [W/(mK)]
f 2 = Fouling Coefficient for the wall of fluid 2 [m2K/W)]
General expression for forced circulation
Nu = K1 ReK2 PrK3
BY RADIATION | VED STRLING
General expression for natural circulation
Radiation Heat between two surfaces 1 and 2
4 4 Nu = K5 GrK4 PrK3
= C12 F1 ((T1/100) (T2/100) ) [W]
Prandtls Number Pr = Cp / [-]
Radiation Coefficient
C12 = 1 / (1/C1 + 1/C2 - 1/CS) [W/(m 2K)] Grashoffs Number t LF3 /
Gr = g V [-]
C = CS [W/(m 2K)] g= Gravity acceleration [m/s]
= Emission ratio [-]
CS = Radiation Coefficient for the absolute black surface [-] K1, K2, K3, K4 and K5 are different constants and equations
T = Absolute temperature [K] based on tests and depending on the type of heat transfer.
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MECHANICS OF FLUIDS | STRMNING & VSKEFYSIK

Total pressurepT = pS + pD [N/m2] Dynamic Viscosity = [Pas] | [kg/(ms)]

2
Dynamic pressure pD = c [N/m2] Reynolds Number Re = c L F / [-]
Pressure Height pH = g H [N/m2] = Kinematic Viscosity [m2/s] ; = Density [kg/m3]
c = Velocity [m/s]; LF = Flow Length [m]
pS = Static pressure [N/m2]
g = Gravity acceleration [m/s2] pTB = pD LT / d
Pressure Drop in tube
H = Height / Altitude [m] 2
= c LT / d [N/m2]
= Friction Coefficient [-]; L T = Tube Length [m]
2
Bernoullis Law about constancy in pressure. All in [N/m ] d = Internal Tube Diameter [m]; = Density [kg/m3]
c = Velocity [m/s]
pS,1 + pD,1 + pH,1 = pS,2 + pD,2 + pH,2
pS,1+ c12 + g H1 = pS,2+ c22
+ g
H2 Pump Capacity P = T qV p [W]
Total Efficiency T = (
PUMP MOTOR)
For Ideal Gasses: Efficiency = P PERFORMED / PABSORB
Dynamic Viscosity 0 (273 + t) / 273 [Ns/m2] qV = Volume flow [m3/s]
t = Temperature [C] p = Sum of all pressure drops in the circuit [Pa]
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ELECTRICITY | ELECTRICITET

Power / Capacity of a 1-Phase System : Power, Voltage and Current in Conventional Resistances
P = UPH IPH [W]
Ohms Law
Power / Capacity of a 3-Phase System : U = RI [V]
P = 3 UN IN cos [W]
UN = Net Voltage [V] ; IN = Net Current [A] Power expressed by the resistance
UPH = Phase Voltage [V] ; IPH = Phase Current [A] P = U I = U2 / R = I2 R [W]
cos = Phase Angel [-]

cos = 1 for Heating elements and other simple resist. U = Voltage [V] ; I = Current [A]
cos < 1 for Electrical Motors (inductive resistance). R = Resistance [ ] | [Ohm]