ISSN 2456-1312

Volume 2, Number 1
Universal Journal of Mathematics

ABSOLUTE ALMOST CONVERGENCE OF FOURIER SERIES AND

CONJUGATE SERIES
G.Das, Asima Manjari Dash * , B.K.Ray
Institute of Mathematics & Applications, Andharua, Bhubaneswar-751003, India
*
E-mail: asimadash@gmail.com
Abstract:
The main object of the present paper is to study the absolute almost convergence of Fourier Series and Conjugate Series
using fractional means of generating function and extend a recent result of Das and Ray.

Keywords: Absolute Almost Convergence; Fourier Series; Conjugate Series.

AMS Mathematics Subject Classification(2000) number: 40C05, 40H05.
1 Introduction
n
Given an intimate series an which we shall denote by a, we write S n ak . If
n 0 k 0

1 m
t m ,n S n k s
m 1 k 0
uniformly in n (1.1)

Then an is said to be almost convergent to s (see [8]). Let c denote the set of almost convergent sequences. The

series a (or the sequence sn is said to be absolutely almost convergent (see[3],[4],[5],[6]) if

m,n a uniformly in n. (1.2)
m0
where
m
1
mn a0 an , n 1
mm 1 1
0 , n a 0 (1.3)

We denote absolutely almost convergent sequences by the symbol l . An infinite series an is absolutely

C, , 0 summable C, , in short if
n
n

n 1

where n is the C, mean ([1]) of the sequence n, an ; that is,

n
1
n
An
Ank1 kak
k 0

and where the co-efficents An are given by

96 April 11, 2017

Universal Publishing & Research Organization
 ISSN 2456-1312
Volume 2, Number 1
Universal Journal of Mathematics

1
An x n , x 1 .
1 x 1 n 0

Let l and l denote the set of absolutely convergent series and absolutely almost convergent series, then the following

results are known: (i) l l C ,1 (ii) l and C, ,0 1 are mutually exclusive [4].
Let f be a 2 -periodic function and Lebesgue integrable over , . The Fourier Series of f at x is given by

1
a0 a n cos nx bn sin nx An x .
2 n1 n 0
The series conjugate to Fourier Series is given by

an sin nx bn cos nx Bn x .
n1 n1
We write,

1
t x t f x t f x t 2 f x
2
1
t f x t f x t
2
t
1
t t u u du, 0, 0 t t
1
0

t 1t t , 0
t and t are defined in a similar way.
2 Main Theorems
Bosonquet first studied in the absolute Cesaro summability of Fourier Series and his result reads as follows:

Theorem A[1] t BV 0, An x C, , 0
Recently Das and Ray proved the following.

Theorem B [7] t BV 0, An x l .
We now extend Theorem B and prove the following theorem.

Theorem 1 Let 0 1. Then

t BV 0, An x l ,
The result is not necessarily true if 1.
We may remark that the result of Theorem 1 is significant in view of the fact that the l and C, ,0 1 are not
comparable.
With regard to the Conjugate Series we prove.

Theorem 2 Let 0 1. Then

97 April 11, 2017

Universal Publishing & Research Organization
 ISSN 2456-1312
Volume 2, Number 1
Universal Journal of Mathematics

u

d u Bn x l .
0 n 0

The result is not necessarily true for 1.

3 Lemmas
We need the following additional notations and lemmas.
m
Tm n An x (3.1)
1
m

lm n, t sin n t (3.2)
1 n
m
Rm n, t cosn t (3.3)
1
n
K m n, t cosn t (3.4)
1

1
J m, n, u t u Rm n, t dt
1 u
(3.5)

u
1 d
V m, n, u J m, n, d
1 0 d
(3.6)

Lemma 1 Uniformly in n and 0t

Om

(i) lm n, t

O t 1

Om
2

(ii) Rm n, t

O mt 1

where l m n, t and Rm n, t are defined in (3.2) and (3.3) respectively.

Proof: As sin n t 1 uniformly in n, the first estimate follows at once. Next, as is
n n
monotonic decreasing in , we have uniformly in n

M
m
lm n, t max sin n t O t 1 .
n m M M M
We omit the proof of (ii) as it is similar to that of (i).

98 April 11, 2017

Universal Publishing & Research Organization
 ISSN 2456-1312
Volume 2, Number 1
Universal Journal of Mathematics

Lemma 2 uniformly in n and for 0 u

(i)
J m, n, u O m1

(ii) J m, n, u Om u 1

Proof: We write

u 1
m
1 J m, n, u 1 t u Rm n, t dt

u u
m

I1 I 2 , say (3.7)

Using Lemma 1(ii)

1
u

t u dt
m

I1 O m 2
u

Om Om Om
2 1 1
.

1
By second Mean value Theorem followed by an application of Lemma 1(i), we get, for u .
m

1 t u Rm n, t dt

I2
u
m

1 Rm n, t dt

m
u
m

1
m lm n, lm n, u
m

m Om O m1
and this ensures Lemma 2(i). Using Lemma 1(ii)
1 1
u u
m m

t u Rm n, t dt Om t t u dt
1
I1
u u

1
u

t u dt Om u .
m
Om
1

u
from the proof of the Lemma 2(i), we have

99 April 11, 2017

Universal Publishing & Research Organization
 ISSN 2456-1312
Volume 2, Number 1
Universal Journal of Mathematics

1
I 2 m lm n, lm n, u O m u 1
m
Using Lemma 1(i); and this completes the proof of lemma 2(ii).

Lemma 3 Uniformly in n

(i)
V m, n, u O u m1
(ii) V m, n, u Om u . 1

Proof: By integration by parts and Lemma 2

u
d
1V m, n, u J m, n, u d
0
d

Om
u
1 1
u O m 1
dv O u m1 .
o

This established Lemma 3(i). As V m, n, u 0 , we have

d
1V m, n, u 1V m, n, J m, n, u d
u
d

d
J m, n, d
u
d


J m, n, u


u 1 J m, n, d
u

u
J m, n, u 1 J m, n, d
u

u O m u
1
O1 1
m 1 d
u

O m u 1
Om 2
d as 0 1
u

O m u 1
by using the estimate of Lemma 2(ii).
This completes the proof of Lemma 3(ii).

4 Proof of Theorem 1 As ([4], page 51)

2
An x t cos nt dt ,
0

100 April 11, 2017

Universal Publishing & Research Organization
 ISSN 2456-1312
Volume 2, Number 1
Universal Journal of Mathematics

we have,
m
Tm n An x
1

2

t K m n, t dt (4.1)
0

where K m n, t is defined in (3.4). Now using the inversion formula(see[1])

t
1
t t u d u , 0 1
1 0
(4.2)

We get from (4.1)

t
2
Tm n R n, t dt t u d u

1 0 m 0

2
d u t u Rm n, t dt


1 0 u

2

J m, n, u d u .
0
Now by integration by parts

Tm n
2
u J m, n, u u0 2 u d J m, n, u du
dt 0

2 d

u du J m, n, u du sin ce 0 0, J m, n, 0
0

2
u J m, n, u du
1
u
0

2 u d
u J m, n, d
0 1 d u 0

2 1 u
d
d u
d
J m, n, d

0 1 0

2 2
u V m, n, V m, n, u d u (4.3)
0

101 April 11, 2017

Universal Publishing & Research Organization
 ISSN 2456-1312
Volume 2, Number 1
Universal Journal of Mathematics

In the special case when t 1 , we have t 1, Tm n 0 and the last integral in (4.3) vanishes. Hence

(putting t 1, V m, n, 0 . Thus(4.3) reduces to

2
Tm n V m, n, u d u (4.4)
0

Now the series An x l if and only if

1 2
V m, n, u d u
mm 1 0
(4.5)
m1

uniformly in n..

As
d u is infinite, for the validity of (4.5), it is enough to show that, uniformly in 0 u and
0
uniformly in n.

1
V m, n, u O1
mm 1
(4.6)
m1
we write

V m, n, u
say (4.7)
mu 1
mu
1 1 2

using Lemma 3(i)

m1
Ou
1 m1 m
O u m 1
1
O1 (4.8)
1 mu mu
uniformly in n. Using Lemma 3(ii)

1
1
mm 1
O m u 1
2 mu

O u 1 m
1
2

O u 1 O u1 O1 (4.9)
mu 1
Using (4.8) and (4.9), we get (4.6) and this completes the proof of first part of Theorem 1.

The absolute almost convergence of Fourier Series is a non-local property of its generating function as l C ,1 and it

is known [1] that C,1 summability of fourier series can not be ensured by local condition. Hence Theorem 1 breaks
down when 1 as the hypothesis 1 t BV 0, is a local condition [1] although it appears to be non-local.
5 Further Lemmas
We need the following additional notations and Lemmas for the proof of Theorem 2.
m
Tm n Bn x (5.1)
1

102 April 11, 2017

Universal Publishing & Research Organization
 ISSN 2456-1312
Volume 2, Number 1
Universal Journal of Mathematics

m

lm n, t cosn t
~
(5.2)
1 n
m
Rm n, t sin n t
~
(5.3)
1

1
J m, n, u t u Rm n, t dt
~ ~
1
(5.4)
u

Lemma 4 Uniformly in n and 0 t

Om
~
(i) lm n, t

O t 1

Om 2

Rm n, t
~
(ii)

O nt 1

Lemma 5 Uniformly in n and 0u
(i) J m, n, u O m1
~

(ii) J m, n, u O m u 1
~

We omit the proof of Lemma 5 it is similar to the proof of Lemma 3.

6 Proof of Theorem 2
We have,
m
Tm n Bn x
~
1

m
2


t sin n t dt
1 0

2 m
t sin n t dt
0 1

2
t Rm n, t dt
~
(6.1)
0

It is known [2] that, for 0 1

t
1
t t u d u
1 0

103 April 11, 2017

Universal Publishing & Research Organization
 ISSN 2456-1312
Volume 2, Number 1
Universal Journal of Mathematics

and hence from (6.1), we get

t
2
Tm n Rm n, t dt t u d u
~ ~

1 0 0

2
d u t u Rm n, t dt
~

1 0 0

2
J m, n, u d u
~
(6.2)
0

J m, n, u is defined in (5.4).
~
where

Hence Bn x l if and only if, uniformly in n

Tm n

~
mm 1 ;
m1
That is, uniformly in n

1 2~
J m, n, u d u ;
m1 mm 1 0

By the hypothesis
u

d u and hence it remains to show that uniformly in 0u and uniformly in
0
n

J m, n, u
~

*
mm 1
O u (6.3)
m1

writing

* J~m, n, u
1 1 mm 1
mu mu

and using Lemma 5(i) and Lemma 5(ii) respectively over the sums and , we obtain (6.3) and this completes
mu 1 m u 1
the proof of Theorem 2.

References
[1] L. S. Bosonquet, The Absolute Cesaro Summability of Fourier Series, Proc. London Math. Soc. 41(1936), 517-
528.
[2] L. S. Bosonquet and J.M.Hyslop, On the Absolute Summability of the Allied Series of a Fourier Series, Math. Zeit.
42(1937), 489-512.
[3] G. Das, British Mathematical Colloquimum (1968), Birmingham University.
[4] G. Das, B. Kuttner and S. Nanda, Some Sequence Spaces and Absolute Almost Convergence, Tran. American
Math. Soc. 283, Number 2, (1984), 729-739.

104 April 11, 2017

Universal Publishing & Research Organization
 ISSN 2456-1312
Volume 2, Number 1
Universal Journal of Mathematics

[5] G. Das and B. Kuttner, Space of Absolute Almost Convergence, Indian Jour. Math. 28(3)(1986), 241-257.
[6] G. Das, B. Kuttner and S. Nanda, On Absolute Almost Convergence, Journ. Mathematical Analysis and
Applications, 161(1),(1991), 50-56.
[7] G. Das and B. K. Ray, Lack of Tuberain Theorem for Absolute Almost Convergence, Analysis Mathematica,
35(2009), p.37-49.
[8] G. G. Lorentz, A Contribution to the Theory of Divergent Sequences, Acta Math. 80(1948), 167-190.
[9] A. Zygmund, Trigonometric Series, Vol.I, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1959.

105 April 11, 2017

Universal Publishing & Research Organization