ISSN 2456-1312

Volume 1, Number 2
Universal Journal of Mathematics

Some Fixed Point Theorems Through -distance Mappings

Anwar Bataihah1and Mohammad Bani Hani2
1
Ministry of Education,
Irbid, Jordan
anwerbataihah@gmail.com
2
Ministry of Education,
Irbid, Jordan
mohamad200710350@gmail.com
Abstract
In this paper, we prove a new fixed point theorems in the setting of G-metric spaces in sense of Mustafa and
Sims [2] through the concept of -distance which introduced by Saadati et.al. [24] using linear and nonlinear
contractions.

Indexing terms/Keywords:
nonlinear contractions; G-metric space; fixed point; -distance.

SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION:
Fixed point theory

INTRODUCTION
The fixed point theory considered as a basic and very simple mathematical setting, since it has an applications in
many interesting fields as differential equations, economics and engineering. The Banach contraction theorem [1]
considered as a fundamental theorem concerning fixed point theory which is known later as Banach contraction
principle. Subsequently, a large number of generalizations of Banach contraction principle were obtained fo r
example see [3]-[13]
In 2006 Mustafa and Sims [2] introduced a new generalization of the usual notion of a metric space named of a
G -metric space. After that, many authors proved several fixed point results in complete G -metric spaces for
example see [14]-[20]. In fact Jleli and Samet [21] and Samet et.al. [22] proved that some fixed point theorems in
the setting of G-metric spaces can be obtained from known fixed point theorems in usual metric spaces or quasi
metric spaces. In 2010 Saadati et.al. [23] introduced the concept of -distance associated to a G -metric space
and proved an interesting results, many authors studied many fixed and common fixed point theorems using -
distance for example see [24]-[29]. Henceforth, we mean by and the sets of nonnegative real numbers and the
natural numbers respectively.

In 2006 Mustafa and Sims [2] introduced the notion of a G -metric space as follows:

Definition 1.1. [2] Let X be a nonempty set and let G : X X X be a function satisfying:
(G1) G (x , y , z ) =0 if x y z ;
(G2) G (x , x , z ) > 0 for all x , y X with x y ;

(G3) G (x , y , y ) G (x , y , z ) for all x , y , z X with y z ;

(G4) G (x , y , z ) = G ( p{x , y , z }) for each permutation of x , y , z (the symmetry);

(G5) G (x , y , z ) G (x , a, a ) + G (a, y , z ) for all x , y ,z X (rectangle inequality).

Then the function G is called a generalized metric space, or more specifically G -metric on X , and the pair ( X ,G )
is called a G -metric space.

Definition 1.2. [2] Let (X ,G ) be a G -metric space, and let (x n ) be a sequence of points of X, we say that (x n )

is G -convergent to x if for any 0 , there exists k such that G (x , x n , x m ) , for all n, m k .

Definition 1.3. [2] Let (X ,G ) be a G -metric space, a sequence (x n ) X is said to be G -Cauchy if for every

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0 , there exists k such that G (x n , x m , x l ) for all n, m, l k .

Definition 1.4. [15] A G -metric space (X ,G ) is said to be G -complete or complete G -metric space if every

G -Cauchy sequence in ( X ,G ) is G-convergent in ( X ,G ) .

In 2010, Saadati et.al. [23] Introduced the notion of -distance associated with a complete G -metric
space and proved some interesting results. For other works in -distance see for example [23]-[29].

The definition of -distance is given as follows:

Definition 1.5. [24] Let (X ,G ) be a G -metric space. Then a function : X X X is called an

-distance on X if the following conditions satisfied:

(a) (x , y , z ) (x , a, a) (a, y , z ) x , y , z , a X ;

(b) for any x , y X , (x , y ,.), (x ,., y ) : X X are lower semi continuous;

(c) for each > 0, there exists a > 0 such that (x , a, a) and (a, y , z ) imply G (x , y , z ) .
Definition 1.6. [24] Let (X ,G ) be a G -metric space and be an -distance on X. Then we say that X is

-bounded if there exists M 0 such that (x , y , z ) M for all x , y ,z X .

The following lemma plays an important role in the development of our main results.

Lemma 1.1. [24] Let X be a metric space with metric G and be an -distance on X . Let (x n ),( y n ) be
sequences in X , (n),(n) be sequences in [0, ) converging to zero and let x , y , z ,a X . Then we have the
following:

(1) If ( y , x n , x n ) n and (x n , y , z ) n for n , then G (x , y , z ) < and hence x y ;

(2) If ( y n , x n , x n ) n and (x n , y m , z ) n for any m n , then G ( y n , y m , z ) 0 and hence

yn z ;

(3) If (x n , x m , x l ) n for any n , m , l with n m l , then (x n ) is a G -Cauchy

sequence;

(4) If (x n , a, a ) n for any n ,then (x n ) is a G -Cauchy sequence.

MAIN RESULT
We begin with the following definition.

Definition 2.7. Let denotes the set of all functions : such that
1) is non decreasing,

2) (
n 1
n
(t ))
2

It is easy to show that

(i) lim n (t ) 0 , for all t 0,

n

(ii) (t ) t , for all t 0 and

(iii) 1 (0) 0.

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Theorem 2.2. Let (X ,G ) be a complete G-metric space and be an -distance on X such that X is -bounded.
Suppose that T :X X is a self mapping. Suppose that such that T satisfies the following condition

1
(Tx ,T 2 x ,Ty ) [ ((x ,Tx , x )) (( y ,Ty , y ))] x , y X . (2.1)
2
Also, suppose that u X if Tu u , then

inf{(x ,Tx ,u ) : x X } 0 . (2.2)

Then T has a unique fixed point in X .

Proof. Consider x 0 X . Define a sequence (x n ) in X by x n Tx n 1, n . If there is some

r {0} such that x r x r 1, , then x r is a fixed point for T in X . Assume that

x n x n 1 , n {0} .
Consider s 0. Then by (2.1), we have n

(x n , x n 1 , x n s ) (Tx n 1 ,T 2 x n 1 ,Tx n s 1 )
1
[ ((x n 1 , x n , x n 1 )) ((x n s 1 , x n s , x n s 1 ))] (2.3)
2
Now,

(x n 1 , x n , x n 1 ) (Tx n 2 ,T 2 x n 2 ,Tx n 2 )
1
[ ((x n 2 , x n 1 , x n 2 )) ((x n 2 , x n 1 , x n 2 ))]
2
((x n 2 , x n 1 , x n 2 ))

If we apply the contractive condition (n 1)-times, we get (x n 1 , x n , x n 1 ) n 1 ((x 0 , x 1 , x 0 )) .

Therefore ( (x n 1 , x n , x n 1 )) n ((x 0 , x 1, x 0 )).

Since X is - bounded, there is M 0 such that (x , y , z ) M , x , y , z X .

Thus

( (x n 1 , x n , x n 1 )) n (M ).
Also,

(x n s 1 , x n s , x n s 1 )
(Tx n s 2 ,T 2 x n s 2 ,Tx n s 2 )
1
[ ((x n s 2 , x n s 1 , x n s 2 )) ((x n s 2 , x n s 1 , x n s 2 ))]
2
((x n s 2 , x n s 1 , x n s 2 ))

By applying the contractive condition (n 1)-times, we get (x n s 1 , x n s , x n s 1 ) n 1 ((x s , x s 1, x s )) .

Therefore ( (x n s 1 , x n s , x n s 1 )) n ((x s , x s 1, x s )).

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Hence

( (x n s 1 , x n s , x n s 1 )) n (M ).
Thus, (2.3) becomes

( (x n , x n 1 , x n s )) n (M ). (2.4)

Now, by using the definition of -distance and (2.4), we have for all l m n
(x n , x m , x l ) (x n , x n 1, x n 1 ) (x n 1 , x n 2 , x n 2 ) ... (x m 1, x m , x l )

n (M ) n 1 (M ) ... m 1 (M )
1
m n 1 1

( n 1 (t )) 2 ( i (M )) 2
i 1
1
1

( n 1 (t )) 2 ( i ( M )) 2 .
i 1
1
Since ( i (M )) 2 , then lim (x n , x m , x l ) 0 . By Lemma 1.1, (x n )
i 1
n , m ,l
is a G -Cauchy sequence.

Therefore there is u X such that lim x n u.

n

Consider > 0. Then there exists r0 such that (x n , x m , x l ) n , m , l r0 . Therefore

lim (x n , x m , x l ) lim = . n , m r0 .
l l

So by the lower semi continuity of , we have

(x n , x m ,u ) lim (x n , x m , x p ) n , m r0 .
p

Consider m n 1 . Then (x n , x n 1 ,u ) lim (x n , x n 1, x p ) n r0 .

p

If Tu u , then (2.2) implies that

0 inf{(x ,Tx ,u ) : x X }
inf{(x n , x n 1 ,u ) : n r0 }
,

for each > 0 which is a contradiction. Therefore Tu u .

To prove the uniqueness. Suppose that there exists v X such that Tv v . First, we show that if Tw w ,
w X , then (w ,w ,w ) 0 .
By (2.1) we have

(w ,w ,w ) (Tw ,T 2 w ,Tw )Z
1
[ ((w ,w ,w )) ( (w ,w ,w ))]
2
((w ,w ,w )) (w ,w ,w )
a contradiction. Therefore,

(w ,w ,w ) 0 w X with Tw w . (2.5)

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Now, by (2.1) and using (2.5), we have

(u ,u ,v ) (Tu ,T 2u ,Tv )
1
[ ((u ,u ,u )) ( (v ,v ,v ))]
2
1
[0 0] 0 .
2
Thus (u ,u ,v ) 0 , and by (2.5), we have (u ,u ,u ) 0 . Hence by the definition of -distance we
have G (u ,u ,v ) 0 . Thus u v .

Corollary 2.3. Let (X ,G ) be a complete G-metric space and be an -distance on X such that X is -bounded.
Suppose that T :X X is a self mapping. Suppose that such that T satisfies the following condition for
some m
1
(T m x ,T x ,T m y ) [ ((x ,T m x , x )) (( y ,T m y , y ))] x , y X .
m 1
(2.6)
2
Also, suppose that u X if T mu u , then
inf{(x ,T m x ,u ) : x X } 0 . (2.7)

Then T has a unique fixed point in X .

m
Proof . By Theorem 2.2, we conclude that T has a unique fixed point in X say u.
m 1
But Tu T (T mu ) T u T m (Tu ) , so Tu is another fixed point for T m
and by uniqueness Tu u .

To prove that u is a unique fixed point for T, let v be another fixed point for T ; that is Tv v . Then T mv v ,
by uniqueness v u .

If we define :

by (x ) kx , k [0,1) , then we have the following result:
Theorem 2.4. Let (X ,G ) be a complete G-metric space and be an -distance on X such that X is -bounded.
1
Suppose that T :X X is a self mapping. Suppose that there is a constant q [0, ) such that T satisfies
2
the following condition

(Tx ,T 2 x ,Ty ) q [(x ,Tx , x ) ( y ,Ty , y )] x , y X . (2.8)

Also, suppose that u X if Tu u , then

inf{(x ,Tx ,u ) : x X } 0 . (2.9)

Then T has a unique fixed point in X .

Corollary 2.5. Let (X ,G ) be a complete G-metric space and be an -distance on X such that X is -bounded.
1
Suppose that T :X X is a self mapping. Suppose that there is a constant q [0, ) such that T satisfies the
2
following condition for some m
(T m x ,T m 1x ,T m y ) q [(x ,T m x , x ) ( y ,T m y , y )] x , y X . (2.10)

Also, suppose that u X if T

m
u u , then

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inf{(x ,T m x ,u ) : x X } 0 . (2.11)

Then T has a unique fixed point in X .

Proof. The proof is same as the proof of Corollary 2.3.

Theorem 2.6. Let (X ,G ) be a complete G-metric space and be an -distance on X such that X is -bounded.
1
Suppose that T :X X is a self mapping. Suppose that there is a constant k [0, ) such that T satisfies the
3
following condition

(Tx ,Ty ,Tz ) k [(x ,Tx , x ) ( y ,Ty , y ) (z ,Tz , z )]x , y , z X . (2.12)

Also, suppose that u X if Tu u , then

inf{(x ,Tx ,u ) : x X } 0 . (2.13)

Then T has a unique fixed point in X.

Proof. Consider x 0 X . Define a sequence (x n ) in X inductively by x n Tx n 1, n .

If there is some r {0} such that x r x r 1, , then x r is a fixed point for T in X . Assume that

x n x n 1 , n {0} .
Consider s 0. Then by (2.12), we have n
(x n , x n 1 , x n s ) (Tx n 1 ,Tx n ,Tx n s 1 )

k [(x n 1 , x n , x n 1 ) (x n , x n 1 , x n ) (x n s 1 , x n s , x n s 1 )]. (2.14)

Now,

(x n 1 , x n , x n 1 ) (Tx n 2 ,Tx n 1 ,Tx n 2 )

k [(x n 2 , x n 1 , x n 2 ) (x n 1 , x n , x n 1 ) (x n 2 , x n 1, x n 2 )]
2k
Therefore, (x n 1 , x n , x n 1 ) (x n 2 , x n 1 , x n 2 ).
1 k
2k
Let q . Then (x n 1 , x n , x n 1 ) q (x n 2 , x n 1 , x n 2 ).
1 k
If we apply the contractive condition (n 1)-times, we get (x n 1 , x n , x n 1 ) q n 1(x 0 , x 1 , x 0 ).
Since X is -bounded, there is M 0 such that (x , y , z ) M , x , y , z X . Thus

(x n 1 , x n , x n 1 ) q n 1M .
Also, by (2.12), we have

(x n , x n 1 , x n ) (Tx n 1 ,Tx n ,Tx n 1 )

k [(x n 1 , x n , x n 1 ) (x n , x n 1 , x n ) (x n 1 , x n , x n 1 )
2k
Therefore (x n , x n 1 , x n ) (x n 1 , x n , x n 1 ) and so (x n , x n 1 , x n ) q (x n 1 , x n , x n 1 ).
1 k

If we apply the contractive condition (n 1)-times, we get (x n , x n 1 , x n ) q n 1(x 1 , x 2 , x 1 ).

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Thus,

(x n , x n 1 , x n ) q n 1M .
Also, by (2.12), we have

(x n s 1 , x n s , x n s 1 ) (Tx n s 2 ,Tx n s 1,Tx n s 2 )

k [(x n s 2 , x n s 1 , x n s 2 ) (x n s 1 , x n s , x n s 1 ) (x n s 2 , x n s 1 , x n s 2 )].
2k
Therefore, (x n s 1 , x n s , x n s 1 ) (x n s 2 , x n s 1 , x n s 2 ).
1 k
Thus, (x n s 1 , x n s , x n s 1 ) q (x n s 2 , x n s 1 , x n s 2 ).

If we apply the contractive condition (n 1)-times, we get (x n s 1 , x n s , x n s 1 ) q n 1(x s , x s 1, x s ).

Thus

(x n s 1 , x n s , x n s 1 ) q n 1M .
Hence, (2.14) becomes

(x n , x n 1 , x n s ) q n 1M . (2.15)

Now, by using the definition of -distance and (2.15), we have for all l m n
(x n , x m , x l ) (x n , x n 1, x n 1 ) (x n 1 , x n 2 , x n 2 ) ... (x m 1, x m , x l )

q n 1M q n M ... q m 2M

q n 1
M.
1 q

By taking the limit as n and keeping in mind that q 1 , we get then lim (x n , x m , x l ) 0 .
n , m ,l

By Lemma 1.1, (x n ) is a G -Cauchy sequence. Therefore there is u X such that lim x n u.

n

Consider > 0. Then there exists r0 such that (x n , x m , x l ) , n , m , l r0 . Therefore

lim (x n , x m , x l ) lim = n , m r0
l l

By the lower semi continuity of , we have

(x n , x m ,u ) lim (x n , x m , x p ) n , m r0 .
p

Consider m n 1 , then (x n , x n 1 ,u ) lim (x n , x n 1, x p ) n r0 .

p

If Tu u , then (2.2) implies that

,

0 inf{(x ,Tx ,u ) : x X }
inf{(x n , x n 1 ,u ) : n r0 }
,
for each > 0 which is a contradiction. Therefore Tu u .

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To prove the uniqueness, first we show that if w Tw , then (w ,w ,w ) 0 .
By (2.12), we get
(w ,w ,w ) (Tw ,Tw ,Tw )
k [(w ,w ,w ) (w ,w ,w ) (w ,w ,w )]
3k (w ,w ,w ).
1
Since k , then (w ,w ,w ) 0.
3
Now, assume that there exists v X such that v Tv . Then

(u ,v ,v ) (Tu ,Tv ,Tv )

k [(u ,u ,u ) (v ,v ,v ) (v ,v ,v )] 0.
Therefore, (u ,v ,v ) 0. Hence by part (3) of the definition of -distance we get
and so u v .
corollary 2.7. Let (X ,G ) be a complete G -metric space and be an -distance on X such that X is

1
-bounded. Let T :X X be a self mapping. Suppose that there is a constant k [0, ) such that T
3
satisfies the following condition f or some m

(T m x ,T m y ,T m z ) k [(x ,T m x , x ) ( y ,T m y , y ) (z ,T m z , z )]x , y , z X . (2.16)

Also, suppose that u X if T

m
u u , then

inf{(x ,T m x ,u ) : x X } 0 . (2.17)

Then T has a unique fixed point in X.

CONCLUSION
The method of Jleli and Samet [21] and Samet et.al. [22] depends on transforming the contractive condition from
the setting of G-metric to the setting of metric spaces or quasi metric spaces. By this method they proved that
many fixed point theorems in the setting of G-metric spaces can be derived from existing theorems in the setting of
metric spaces or quasi metric spaces. In this paper, we use the concept of -distance in sense of Saadati et.al.
[23] to introduce new fixed point results through the concept of G-metric spaces in sense of Mustafa and Sims [2].
We underline that the method of Jleli and Samet doesnt work in the present paper.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their valuable suggestions for the improvement of this paper.

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