CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter defines Building Information Modelling and the buildings

mechanical system. It also shows the advantages of BIM over the traditional
designing and construction method, the information to be extracted from BIM,
and the present problems with the traditional method.

1.1 Background of the Study

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is defined as a digital representation of
physical and functional characteristics of a facility and a shared knowledge
resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions
during its life-cycle. [1]. BIM provides an integrated workflow, as it is created on
coordinated or reliable information about a project from the design phase, going
through construction and into operations. BIM, as a collaborative process,
therefore makes designing and project management practices faster and efficient
by enabling the multidisciplinary groups of building engineers and architects to
visualize, simulate, analyze and assess building performance in the design
phase [2].

BIM has a database that contains necessary and accurate information about
the building. The information is highly accurate compared to the traditional
method and 3D Computer Aided Design (CAD). For instance, collision detection
in BIM is based on algorithms developed in gaming industry and computer
graphics procedures, which is unavailable in CAD and more efficient than the
traditional method which is based on overlapping designs. BIMs database
contains several variables necessary for analysis and assessment, such as
environmental protection and energy consumption, time scheduling, faster cost
estimation, facility management application, etc., all of which are manually and
separately done in traditional and CAD methods [3]. BIM has become a
revolutionary approach to the development in the architecture, engineering and
construction industries. A more efficient integrated design and construction
 2

process can be facilitated, resulting to a better quality of buildings at lower cost

and reduced time duration of the project [4].BIM has already reached Philippines.
There are a few firms, particularly large firms that outsource their projects to
contractors that offer BIM services [5]. However, only few firms are into BIM.
Most firms still utilize the traditional method. This research intends to study and
understand the functionalities of BIM in the design phase, and to create a
mechanical system design utilizing BIM to analyze its benefits and efficiency in
implementation. The mechanical system of a building consists of heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), plumbing, fire protection, elevators, and
escalators. However, in this study, only HVAC, plumbing, and fire protection are
covered. The mechanical system is one of the largest energy consumer in
buildings. Relatively small improvements in design can mean large long-term
savings in energy expenditures over the life cycle of the system [6].

1.2 Statement of the Problem

BIM in the Philippines is still at its early stages, with only large scale,
particularly, AAA construction firms using it, since clients require them. This
implies that medium and small-scale construction firms have not yet adopted
BIM, with those using them mostly focusing only on 3D modelling [7].
Considering that only 6% of contractors in the country are large contractors (AAA
& AA), with the rest being medium (37%) and small sized (57%) [8], the usage of
BIM has not yet fully penetrated the Philippine construction industry.
Small-scale construction firms are known to be conservative and slow in adopting
new innovations and technology [9] this includes the use of the BIM System.
They still use the traditional methods in handling construction projects, especially
in the design phase, which normally causes implementation delays and late
project completion [10].

1.3 Objectives of the Study

This research provides the locality an efficient mean of designing mechanical
systems, particularly HVAC, fire protection and plumbing systems through BIM.
This will establish a well-prepared plan with more accurate and adequate
 3

information, which are essential for efficient implementation. Step-by-step

instructions will be established in order to understand the functionalities of BIM
platforms for the creation of building models.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This research equips enough knowledge and skills for mechanical system
development when BIM is utilized during design phase. The established step-by-
step instructions will provide a manual for introduction of BIM to engineers and
contractors of firms, as well as universities willing to incorporate BIM in their
methodology and curricula, respectively. If the firms will be able to successfully
incorporate BIM this will result in increased efficiency in implementation of future
projects in building construction process by minimizing labor costs and time
consumption, and advocating global competence by transcending traditional
means.

1.5 Scope of the Study

The study demonstrates the design phase for the majority of the mechanical
systems, particularly the heating, ventilation and air conditioning system, fire
protection system, and piping system, of a commercial building with an existing
architectural and structural plan. The output of the study will contain a Building
Information Model containing the mechanical systems design using Autodesk
Revit. This study establishes sample instruction only up to a level 2 BIM where all
parties involved in the design procedure use a common file format for their own
3-D models and share their design information among members for interrogative
inquiry.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the different theories behind Building Science, Heating,
Ventilation, and Air Conditioning, Fire Protection, Plumbing, and Building
Information Modeling.

2.1 Introduction to Building Science

Building science is the collection of knowledge and techniques in the
 5

processes involving the construction of a building. This body of knowledge

defines different approaches applied and factors that affect the completion of a
project. It provides engineers and contractors the methods to efficiently
implement a building plan in terms of material cost and time spent with
accordance to different standards provided by different regulatory bodies [11].

2.2 Stages of a Project Lifecycle

All buildings, regardless of size, type, or purpose will pass through sequential
stages commonly known as the project lifecycle. The stages are generally
referred to as the concept, design, tendering, preconstruction, construction and
commissioning. The time scale for the different stages is shown in Figureure 2.1.

Figureure 2.1 Stages of a project lifecycle

The concept phase defines the amount of work the project needs and the
conceived end result. This phase is crucial in properly defining what the client
needs and wants. This provides a basis for the design phase where
professionals, architects, and engineers provide the schematic plans and in
depth building specifications. Tendering phase is done to form contracts with
organizations willing to undertake the work specified by the designers. The Pre-
 6

construction phase begins when the main contract has been awarded to the
selected contractor. This is the time allotted for the contractor to organize and
gather the necessary resources to begin construction. Construction begins when
site possession is given to the main contractor and ends when the project
reaches practical completion. Commissioning begins when principal is given the
liability for the facility. During this period the contractor is still under the defects
liability where remaining construction tasks is done, defects found are dealt with,
and service fixtures are properly inspected [12].

2.3 Contractor Sizes

The Philippine Contractors Association Board released the Categorization-
Classification Table which classifies the contractors of construction in terms size
based on the stockholders equity [6].
 7

Table 2.1 Categorization-Classification Table [6]

2.4 Mechanical Systems in the Project Design Phase

The project design phase is done by architects, engineers, and other
professionals to give the contractor the approved final necessary building
specifications so construction can begin. Schematic designing follows when pre-
designing or the conceptual phase is done. Proper building layouts and floor
plans are provided by architects and civil engineers, then mechanical and
electrical engineers provide the mechanical, electrical and plumbing layouts.
 8

These schematics are then subjected to further development and redesigning to

suit building standards and principal preferences during design development.

2.5 Working Principles of Mechanical Systems

The mechanical systems of an ordinary commercial building cover the
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system, automatic fire
protection system, and the plumbing system [13].

2.5.1 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning system

A buildings HVAC system is designed to provide conditioned air to a control
area. The system will change the air characteristics depending on the
requirement; from comfort conditioning to work process applications. The
characteristic of a well-designed HVAC system is that it operates with a high
reliability at the least possible energy consumption [14]. An HVAC system allows
the manipulation of the temperature, pressure, air flow, moisture content, and
purity of the air in a confined space. The study of these properties is called
Psychrometry.
For tropical locations such as the Philippines, the most common type of air
conditioning is summer air-conditioning, where the room air is cooled to lower
temperatures. The most common and most reliable means of cooling is the Vapor
compression cycle. It has a wide range of operation depending on the
application.. This method of refrigeration relies on the Vapor compression cycle
shown in Figureure 3.1.
 9

Figureure 2.2 Vapor compression cycle process flow [8]

The compressor increases the pressure of the refrigerant by applying work on

it, increasing its temperature. This will be the driving force that will determine
operating costs. Then, a heat exchanger rejects the heat to the outside heat sink.
A flow control device or expansion valve decreases its pressure decreasing its
temperature. Another heat exchanger absorbs the heat from the control space
which will constitute the refrigerating effect [8].

Centralized air-conditioning generates cooling in one location, usually in the

form of chillers, and distributes the working substance, usually water, to the air
handling units. An air handling unit circulates air through a series of supply and
return ducts to provide the cooling effect to the controlled spaces. Some
advantages of the use of centralized air conditioning is that there is more
flexibility when performance is concerned, larger and fewer components tend to
be more efficient, and a centralized location provides service accessibility. The
chiller unit processes are shown in Figureure 2.3 [9].
 10

Figureure 2.3 Chiller unit process flow [10]

2.5.2 Automatic Fire-suppression system

Fire protection systems are dedicated to preventing or mitigating the effects of
unwanted fires which can be dangerous to the people occupying the building.
There are key elements to fire protection which can be generalized into particular
categories. Fire prevention refers to the precautions taken to prevent a fire from
starting. Passive fire protection refers to the structural design of the building to
allow fire separation, structural stability, and safe means of escape. Detection
and notification refers to shortening of response times of the occupants and the
fireFigurehters to minimize the fires effect on life and property. Fire suppression
systems emphasize on controlling the fire size and duration to minimize and
extinguish its destructive power [11]. Fire hazards are classified into different
levels of occupancies which engineers use as basis of determining the fire
protection needed. Occupancy levels arranged from low to high level of danger
are Light Hazard, Ordinary Hazard 1, Ordinary Hazard 2, Extra Hazard 1, and
 11

Extra Hazard 2. The standard automatic sprinkler system types and their main
characteristics are shown in Table2.2.

Table 2.2 Sprinkler system types [12]

Type Characteristics
Wet pipe Has water under pressure at all times in the whole sprinkler system.
Usually used when freezing and special parameters are not present.
Dry pipe Does not contain water in its sprinkler system. Used when freezing is
possible and activation delay is not a grave concern.
Deluge Delivers water to the entire protected area in the least amount of time
possible, usually used on extra hazards.
Preaction Similar to the dry pipe but with more conditions to activate to prevent
accidental activation due to sensitivity of property protected.
Anti- Similar to the wet pipe but has an anti-freeze solution to prevent freezing
freeze in the system. Usually used as a subsystem of a wet pipe protecting an
area exposed to freezing temperatures.

A sprinkler system is mainly comprised of the sprinklers, piping branches,

various fittings, storage tank, the hangers and alarms. Water is pumped to the
storage tank to ensure sufficient pressurized water is available at all times. In the
event of a fire, water travels through the piping and fittings and is discharged
from the sprinklers in a spray pattern to properly envelop the flames. Alarms
detect the water flow through the system which notifies the occupants of the
existing threat [13].

2.5.3 Plumbing system

A plumbing system of a building conveys fluids for various applications such
as, make up water for heating and cooling, waste removal from various fixtures,
and source of potable water [14]. The plumbing system comprises mainly of
pipes and fittings to convey waste and supply water. Fittings regulate or redirect
the direction of flow of water. Vents are pipes for regulation of air pressure. For
high rise buildings pumps might be necessary to reach the higher elevations. A
 12

sewer system conveys the waste water to proper disposal areas or treatment
plants. If a sewer system is unavailable, a septic system will be required [15].

2.6 Theoretical Principles in Designing Mechanical Systems

Thermodynamics deals with the study of heat and temperatures and their
relation to energy and work. Heat is the transfer of energy. There are three
classifications of heat transfer; conduction, convection and radiation. Calculating
for the heat flux is given by Equation 2.1.

q=dTU Equation 2.1

Where: q = heat rate (kW/m2)

dT = Temperature gradient (K)
U = overall heat transfer coefficient
(kW/m2K)

Calculation of the overall heat transfer coefficient will depend on the

dimensions of the transfer medium, mode of heat transfer, and type of medium
material. These values usually are tabulated by experimentation [16].
The steady flow energy equation provides a convenient mathematical
equation showing the properties of fluids to and from a component shown in
equation 2.2 [17].

q1-2 w1-2 =h2 h1 + (c22 /2) (c12/2) Equation 2.2

Where: q1-2 = net heat (kW)
W1-2= net work (kW)
h = enthalpy (kJ/kg)
c = velocity of flow(m/s)

Following the conservation of energy, decreasing the kinetic energy will result
in an increase in potential energy. Fluids also follow this rule when studying their
behavior at varying velocities; this is referred to as Bernoullis Principle. This is
useful when predicting the pressure of fluids following changes in elevation and
velocity. Due to friction losses and pump energy inputs energy loss and gain will
 13

be considered for actual systems. Equation 2.3 demonstrates this concept

mathematically. [17].

c 2 /2 g+z + P/ g= H Equation 2.3

Where: c = velocity (m/s)

g = gravitational constant (m/s2)
z = elevation (m)
P = pressure of the fluid(Pa)
= density of the fluid(kg/m3)
H = head of the fluid(m)

Flow rate through different cross-sectional areas are constant

therefore a decrease in cross sectional area results in an increase in velocity.
This relationship can be expressed by equation 2.4 [18].

Q = A1 c1 = A2 c2 = constant Equation 2.4

Where: Q = volume flow rate(m3/s)
A = cross sectional area of passage(m2)
c = velocity of fluid(m/s)

Strength of materials deal with the behavior of materials subjected to

different stresses and strain. Engineers use the theories to create standards for
bracing and selecting pipe dimensions during production. Designers may also
verify the given dimensions if it passes safety standards [19].

2.7 Tables, Graphs, and Standards in Design

Standards are provided by different building codes to provide engineers a set
of recommended guidelines for design and implementation. These tend to be
regulatory to ensure that the systems are reliable, safe, sustainable, affordable,
and resilient.

2.7.1 HVAC Tables

Psychrometry integrates enthalpy, moisture content, specific volume, dry bulb
temperature, wet bulb temperature, relative humidity and dew point into a graph
to provide ease of determination air characteristics. Also, ducts sizers and heat
 14

load analyzers are made by companies to eliminate the need for tedious
calculations [9].

2.7.2 Automatic Fire Protection Tables

Automatic Fire Protection Tables determine the amount of water required by a
workplace to provide the needed level of fire suppression, a graph is provided by
the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) where the total floor area, and
hazard level are considered. The graph is shown in Figure. 2.4. The NFPA
requires a minimum of 7psi at the most remote sprinkler to ensure a proper spray
umbrella develops. Automatic sprinklers are classified into different temperature
ratings which are selected based on the combustibles present. [13]

Figureure 2.4 Density Based Sprinkler Demand Graph [13]

2.7.3 Plumbing Tables

Flow rate through pipes during appliance use is determined by fixture units
which plumbing codes have standardized as shown in Table 2.3. The resulting
flow rate will be the basis for the designer to determine pipe diameters according
to standards [15].
 15

Table 2.3 Load Values Assigned to fixtures [15]

Water Supply
Fixture Occupancy
Fixture Unit (wsfu)
Bathtub Private/Public 1.4/4.0
Bidet Private 2.0
Combination fixture Private 3.0
Dishwashing Private 1.4
machine
Drinking Fountain Offices, Etc. 0.25
Kitchen sink Private/Hotel, restaurant 1.4/4.0
Lavatory Private/Public 0.7/2.0
Service Sink Offices, Etc. 3.0
Shower Head Private/Public 1.4/10.0
Urinal Public 3.0
Water Closet Private/Public 2.2/5.0

2.8 Project Cost Estimation

In early stages of design phase, project costs are already estimated based on
the parameters used for construction. These parameters, such as areas,
volumes, dimensions, number of materials and labor are adequate to generate a
parametric cost estimate [1]. Once the parameters are determined, the cost of
materials, labor, equipment and the like are to be determined. Material cost is
usually based on its market unit price. Labor and equipment cost depends on
factors such as hours of work and operation, fringe benefits, and the like. The
unit price will then be multiplied to the parameters for total cost [20]. Cost
estimators do the cost estimation. As they prepare for cost estimates, they
 16

digitize the designers drawings and import them into a cost estimating package,
or do manual estimates. This introduces possibility of human error [21].

2.9 Construction Planning

Construction planning refers to the time scheduling and sequencing of a
construction project. This considers time as the 4 th dimension in scheduling.
There are methods to do construction planning. However, the Critical Path
Method (CPM) is the most common method [22]. In this method, the project is
divided into individual activities. Each activity is linked to previous activities which
are required for completion before the linked activity starts. The sequences of
events must be undertaken to help decision makers identify the best sequence
for time schedule estimate [23].

2.10 Building Information Modeling

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a digital representation of a facility,
attributed with physical and functional characteristics. It also includes information
of the facility necessary for the basis of decision-making during the life-cycle [4].
It might be confused from a regular 3D representation of a facility, however the
two are entirely different. Regular 3D representations do not contain smart
information, but merely itself. Moreover, BIM is referred to as a process, rather
than a tool, of utilizing the model and information of the facility, called the Building
Information Model, for simulation and critical evaluation necessary for the project
[1]. BIM allows accurate and efficient collaboration of project teams, including
contractors, owners, engineers and architects. Through the model project teams
can share knowledge and communicate with each other. Each team member can
provide their expertise to the project team [22]. As the model is being created, the
project team members can modify, and update their portion of work in the model
depending on the design changes of the project for constant refinement and
accuracy of the model before it is approved [24].

BIM as an approach is utilized in all phases of construction. Figureure 2.5

shows the construction phases throughout the life cycle of a project with BIM [2].
 17

Figureure 2.5 Workflow of BIM in all phases of construction [2]

2.10.1 BIM Dimensions

As BIM developed over time, BIM concept of dimensions has also been
developed. Such BIM dimensions are being classified according to the
information and function each holdsXX. 3D BIM involves a 3D virtual parametric
model, integrating all systems design (MEP, Structural and Architectural) and
systems analyses plus Building Performance Analysis (BPA). Clash detection can
be easily identified, avoiding future on-site clash detection [25]. 4D BIM involves
3D BIM plus time schedule, which visualize the entire construction progress and
duration throughout the projects life cycle. Autodesk Navisworks is the platform
used to create 4D BIM. 5D BIM involves 3D BIM plus cost scheduling, which
provides cost estimation of the project and materials take-off. The cost schedule
is already integrated in Autodesk Revit [3].

2.10.2 BIM Software

There are many softwares that can be used for BIM. Among these softwares,
Autodesk Revit is the most widely used. 67% of the respondents are using
 18

Autodesk Revit. For time schedule, 71% use Autodesk Navisworks. Autodesk, as
one of the leading BIM solutions, has strengths that balance out the criteria for
BIM.

Figureure 2.6 Survey on BIM Software Awareness and Usage [25]

Autodesk Revit includes tools and features for architecture, structural

engineering and MEP engineering. For commercial licenses, this software costs
depending on the time subscription. For 1-year subscription, its price would be
between $2000-$2265. Navisworks costs $2070-$2230 [26]. However, the
student licensed version is free for educational purposes [27].

Revit is an interoperable software. It supports several file formats generated

from different software. Therefore, a model can be created from different
software and then be smoothly imported to Revit. The file format it supports are:
DWG, DXF, DGN, SAT; DWF/DWFx; ADSK; Image; IFC; ODBC; nwf [28]. The
IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) file format is an object-oriented, neutral file
format developed by the International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) so that the
interoperability in the building industry will be eased and thereby move towards
the concept of BIM. In instances when information needs to be shared between
the project team but their respectively internal software prevents a traditional
export/import, the procedure of transferring information can be handled by the
IFC file format [29].
 19

2.11 Conceptual Framework

Figureure 2.7 Conceptual Framework with BIM

In the design phase, the input would consist of a finished architectural and
structural plan for the commercial building containing complete building
dimensions, and space allotment for different building activities. The mechanical
system to be designed will depend on the standards and laws that the local
building code requires. The clients preferences regarding budget and time limits
will be taken into consideration.

Once the necessary building and constructions requirements are approved,

and the mechanical systems plans are finished, Building Information Modeling
Process will then be utilized. With the aid of Autodesk Revit Software, the virtual
3D structural and architectural design of the plan will be created. The creation of
3D HVAC, plumbing and fire Protection designs will then follow. During the
creation progress of the 3D designs, properties such as construction time and
Cost Scheduling will be created. These designs and properties will be integrated
in the software. Clashes may occur, so necessary modification of the integrated
design will be done. The Building Information Model will automatically update
 20

itself for the changes made. Once finished, the output would consist of data
generated from the model and simulation, such as the Analysis Data, Bill of
Materials, Construction Time Schedule as well as drawing sheets of the
schematic designs.
CHAPTER III
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter discusses the significant studies and papers regarding

construction projects and Building Information Modeling. This covers mainly the
problems faced in construction, utilization and benefits of Building Information
Modeling in construction.

3.1 Construction Management for Government Projects in Philippines

The construction processes in the Philippines were analyzed based from the
Asian Development Bank project, a government project owned by Department of
Public Works and Highways. The construction processes included project
organization, contracting procedures, project planning and financing, and
information technology. Problems encountered during the design phase were
stressed out. One problem was the altering of design specifications during
implementation of project, which was due to unprepared designs and insufficient
data. This had caused delays in project completion and problems in price
negotiation between the government and the contractor. Another problem
stressed out was the errors in design drawings prepared by consultants; a tight
budget limited consultation, as well as low incentives for local consultants, thus
sacrificing the work quality. Factors were discussed in order to address the
construction cycle problems in the Philippines. It was stressed out that it is
important to improve the planning and design strategy in construction processes
in the Philippine setting [30] . However, only the factors were plainly discussed.
Concrete and specific methods to achieve these factors were unexplained. The
factors were considered only as guidelines for future projects to avoid the
problems encountered in construction.
 22

3.2 Case Study: Factors causing delays in project implementation

According to the findings, contractors lack organization skills of construction
projects due to lack of organizing training programs and seminars for
Construction Management, and conflicts among different building engineers that
would take time to be resolved. The lack of methodologies of construction prior to
or during the construction phase, lack of technical skills for effective planning,
scheduling and cost estimation of the project and outdated methods of
construction further aggravated the delays [31].

3.3 Current Global Trends and Usage of BIM

BIM is not new worldwide. Many countries have already adapted BIM as their
methods of construction. According to survey, US & Canada dominated the other
countries by 86% in terms of BIM maturity of 3 years and above. Japan and
South Korea followed with 75% BIM maturity, whereas UK, France and Germany
as one had 53% BIM maturity [32].

3.4 Comparison Between Traditional CAD vs. BIM in the Design Phase
Traditional CAD and BIM are two entirely different methods. They cover
several differences particularly in the design phase. For instance, CAD can be a
2D or 3D representation of a model but it does not contain intelligent information.
In traditional CAD separate, independent documents are used to explain a
building. Whereas in BIM, all information such as schedules, quantity take-offs
and analyses are assembled in one database, thus it contains intelligent
information [33]. In terms of visualization, section, plan, elevation, and 3D views
are each manually created in Traditional CAD. In BIM, a created 2D plan can
already generate different views [22]. Table 3.1 shows more differences of the
two methods.
 23

Table 3.1 Difference between Traditional CAD and BIM [33]

In traditional CAD design, project team members have to wait for each other s
design completion before exchanging information. However, in BIM, the
integrated designs allow earlier and timelier exchange of information between
members, which is necessary for design adjustments and modifications. Apart
from that, BIM minimizes idle times and unwanted delays of waiting for designs,
unlike in CAD where complete information is still waited. Reworks are very
normal in design phase. When this occurs in traditional CAD, any adjustment of a
certain concept or a drawing perspective has to be reflected in all other
disciplines and views. However, in BIM, one modification in a view automatically
modifies other views, which saves time and prevents cost overruns [34].

3.5 Benefits of BIM in MEP Design

One case study discussed the experience of Buro Happold Ltd., a
multidisciplinary company, of the beneficial use of BIM in MEP in a high-
 24

performing advanced learning center project in England. On previous projects,

Buro Happold had only used Revit MEP for detailed design and downstream
stages. On this ALC project, the firm explored the use of Revit MEP for schematic
design. Early stage modeling during the schematic design phase helped the firm
gain confidence in its emerging design and helped improve its internal
processes. Traditionally, during schematic design the firm used 2D software to
create hatched plans of the building(s) to convey design intent for the project.
With Revit MEP, Buro Happold used the softwares automatic space and filter tool
to more quickly create hatched zoning deliverables for all MEP systems; helping
to increase productivity during schematic design by an estimated 30 percent. In
addition, the use of bi-directionally linked area schedules allowed the hatch areas
to be more quickly changed using simple engineering equations that calculated
heat output and lux levels. Another is, Buro Happold took advantage of the
automatic scheduling tools within Revit MEP for its HVAC design, unlike in
traditional methods wherein scheduling is created separately at other softwares.
This dynamic interoperability between the design model, drawings, and
schedules helped increase team confidence concerning changes made during
the design process and improved overall design efficiency. One of the largest
advantages that Buro Happold gained from the use of Revit software on this
project was the improved coordination of all the design disciplines. Throughout
the project, the extended design and construction team placed a strong
emphasis on the use of a common Revit design platform for cross-discipline
project collaboration and coordination. By sharing discipline-specific design
models, the overall project design was more naturally coordinated. In addition,
the main contractor used Autodesk Navisworks manage to aggregate cross-
discipline design models and to help perform clash detection in preparation for
project design reviews. This helped the team to make quick, on-the-spot
decisions and resolve design interferencesminimizing field delays and costly
change orders [35].
 25

3.6 Cost and Time Benefits of BIM

BIM was found to be very beneficial in terms of cost savings and time
schedule. In one case study, after data were gathered from 32 projects, the
benefits of BIM were reported. Up to 40% of the costs were eliminated from
unbudgeted change orders; 10% from contract value was saved through clash
detection; and up to 7% of the project time was reduced. Aside from that, two
case studies presented the two projects of Holder Construction Company, a
midsized company. The cost and time savings were realized upon utilizing BIM.
One project, the $46 million Aquarium Hilton Garden Inn project, saved over
$200,000 attributed to elimination of design clashes, and saved 1143 hours (48
days) in project time, upon implementing $90 000 worth of BIM. Another project,
the $12 million Savannah State University, saved $1,995,000 upon implementing
$5000 worth of BIM [24].

The Return of Investments of BIM of the four projects of the midsized general
contractor labeled Company X (for confidentiality) were estimated. Projects A and
B were commercial warehouses were comparable in terms of size, scope,
contract value, delivery method, and construction type. Projects C and D were
condominiums which were also comparable. The estimated ROIs for Projects A
and C were based on the BIM-preventable time overrun issues, mainly design
conflicts, with associated direct and indirect costs. For Projects B and D, ROIs
were based on indirect costs saved from early completion and delays. Table
showed the summary of the project details with their corresponding ROI. It was
concluded that great ROI was achieved on larger projects, however, savings
were still realized regardless of the project size. The usage of BIM also
completed the project schedule on or ahead of time [36].

Table 3.2 Project Details [36]

 26

As BIM had been expanding globally, many countries had reported positive
ROI on their investment on BIM. Figureure showed the percentage of contractors
from the 10 BIM-adopting countries who reported positive ROI for BIM. It clearly
showed that Japan, France and Germany report top ROI on BIM investments,
while South Korea, UK and US trailed [32].
100%
50% 97% 97% 97% 87% 85% 78% 74% 59%
0% 48%

Figureure 3.1 Reports of Positive BIM ROI per country [32]

3.7 Benefits of BIM in Construction and BIM Based Scheduling

Since the early 1960s, the construction industry faced a steady decline in its
labor efficiency. This is due to the fragmented nature of the traditional
construction method, and use of 2D CAD. This deters the collaborative
participation of project actors. Additionally, it required additional work hours per
contract amount. To further study and understand BIM in detail, a 3D model of a
house was developed under Revit Architecture 2010 and its time schedule under
MS Project in order to import the 3D files to Synchros 4D BIM tool, where the
final product was a video file of the schedule activities. Furthermore, MIT Koch
 27

Center project was also used to study the application of BIM for 3D coordination,
construction planning, prefabrication, visualization, and record model. In
conclusion, the visualization is the simplest use of BIM. The 3D coordination was
used for clash and conflict detection. Better construction planning has resulted
from BIM based time scheduling which helped in understanding of the
construction mechanisms and scheduling [22].

3.8 How to Measure the Benefits of BIM

BIM is under inquiry of many AEC professionals examining its potential
benefits on their works or projects. An applicable calculation methodology and
standard to properly assess BIMs benefits is yet to be established, thus there
are varied perspectives and conclusion of the benefits of BIM. More
comprehensive methodology to analyze the benefits of BIM and apply past
projects to this methodology to quantify outcomes is to be established to result in
a more holistic framework of BIM and its impacts on designing efficiency. To
properly assess BIMs benefit, a case study is made on a semiconductor
manufacturer, Company 1, which is pursuing to increase efficiency in design,
construction, operations and updating facilities though the utilization of BIM. It
concludes that the proper execution of BIM on a project greatly depends on
many factors including the size of the project, team members competence, and
interaction between project teams. Despite the positive outlook for BIM, its
projected benefits that is supposed to be measured by quantified results and
metrics were not consistently applied. Hence, it concludes that BIMs positive
benefits, measured under a value-based framework, are to be proven [37].

3.9 Building Code Compliance Checking Using BIM Technology

Building code compliance checking in the Traditional Method of designing and
construction is greatly based on graphical representation of conventional 2D
CAD and involves great human interpretation and intervention. Thus, creating an
outline for a BIM-based project strategy where all project actors are capable to
keep track of the status of code compliance of their respective designs and in
seeking alternative building code-based designs throughout the process is
 28

beneficial. A proposed outline or framework for building design utilizes a standard

process and information model, namely the Integrated Definition for Function
Model (IDEF0). The controls of this framework include guidelines, standards, and
criteria, while the outputs are the status of the code compliance. Although the
system is automated when checking for code compliance, preparing the system
requires additional technical knowledge. Further refining this automated system
could provide the method for checking less time and skills required than it does
[38].
3.10 BIM-Based Scheduling of Construction A Comparative Analysis of
Prevailing and BIM-Based Scheduling Processes
The Critical Path Method (CPM) has turned out to be an effective means for
scheduling, planning, controlling projects, especially for non-repetitive complex
work. It has been part of the prevailing planning and scheduling technique of
construction projects. However, its inability to manage and apply in the actuality
of construction, the resource limitations, raised criticisms. On the other hand,
resources, such as labor, equipment, and building materials, are, despite the
evident requirement of work and resource coordination in construction works are
occasionally allotted to the scheduled activities. On the other hand, BIM
enhances trade coordination as it turns architectural and engineering design and
management disciplines of cost and time scheduling into parallel and integrated
processes. However, the application of BIM for the management of construction
work, e.g. scheduling, is still about to emerge in the industry. Scheduling on the
detailed level follows a stipulated approach to scheduling, i.e. the Last Planner
System (LPS), which is defined by involvement of all actors in the construction
phase. In conclusion, most challenges with scheduling is in the early phases of
building construction. Furthermore, involving subcontractors and manufacturers
in the earliest phase of the project in order to construct project specific
information for the overall schedule is much needed [39].

3.11 BIM Adoption Problems

 29

Current AEC industry process as being fragmented and the paper based
communication is considered to be the primary reason behind this. Additionally,
the study discloses that the application of BIM on a project level requires
comprehensive planning by facility owners and project participants to provide
successful transition from a traditional approach to integrate this recent
technology into the project workflow. This factor is vital when attempting to adapt
BIM because it cannot operate if building data is limited to paper and digital
copies are unavailable. This might be a reason for the slow adaptation of BIM
[40].
CHAPTER IV
METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the systematic methods to utilize Building Information

Modelling as an approach to design the mechanical systems of a certain building.
The research design, procedure and workflow, and the timeline are discussed.

4.1 Research Design

This study used the qualitative research approach with the aim to gain an in-
depth understanding of the functionalities of BIM to be utilized as a tool in
designing mechanical systems to establish an organized design plan containing
more accurate and adequate information, which is essential for efficient
implementation.

To achieve this, mechanical systems were designed using BIM approach.

Once the design was completed, necessary data was extracted and thoroughly
analyzed in terms of its benefits. The related study reviews will represent the
base for analysis of the benefits of BIM.

Finally, this study came up with a recommended mechanical systems design

based from BIM, which was consulted, signed and sealed by a professional
 31

mechanical engineer as mandated by the Philippine Mechanical Engineering Law

(RA 8495).
BIM Design Data Design
of Data Consolidati Consultatio
Mechanical Gathering on and n and
Systems Analysis Approval
Figure. 4.1 Research Design Workflow

4.2 Research Procedure

This will discuss the procedures upon utilizing BIM as an approach to
mechanical systems design.

4.2.1 Design of Mechanical Systems

A building was taken as the sample basis to design the mechanical systems.
Initially, the building parameters were identified. Then, the architectural and
structural designs of the building were acquired and transported to Autodesk
Revit, which was the 3D design platform. Then, preliminary designs of the
mechanical systems, particularly HVAC, plumbing and fire protection systems
begun. Schematic designs and calculations for the systems were created, in
accordance to the design codes and standards. Next, the schematic designs
were created in detail in Autodesk Revit. After the mechanical systems were
designed, they were integrated into unified design to check for clashes.
Necessary modifications were made possible. Finally, the design will be finalized
and rendered into a 3D building information model.

4.2.2 Construction Time and Cost Schedule

Once the 3D building model was rendered, cost estimation was created in
Autodesk Revit by determining the unit cost of the materials to be used, and
linking it with the building parameters (area, number of materials and the like).
Calculations were automatically created and the data was easily generated for
Bill of Materials. Once finished, the building information model containing cost
schedule was exported to Autodesk Navisworks for construction time schedule.
 32

Construction time schedule was created and linked to the model. Further
refinements were done when necessary.

4.2.3 Data Gathering, Consolidation and Analysis

It is noted that during the design phase, there were some data that were
already observable. On the other hand, there were data that could be acquired
after design completion. Once the design was complete, the data was acquired in
terms of analyses reports and drawing sheets in portable document file (PDF)
format. The analyses reports would consist of HVAC, plumbing, fire protect and
building performance analyses. Bill of Materials and a graph of construction time
schedule were also extracted. An animation in real time was rendered to show
the construction sequence. The animation was then finally exported to video file
format. The data gathered was consolidated and used for thorough analysis of
BIM in terms of its advantages.

4.2.4 Design Consultation and Approval

The BIM-based mechanical systems design underwent consultation and
inquiry from professional mechanical engineers. Once the design was approved,
it was signed and sealed, which indicated an agreement of compliance to the
advantages of utilizing BIM as a tool in designing mechanical systems design for
efficient implementation. Further analysis of the gathered data took place.

4.3 Technical Workflow

 33

Figureure 4.2 Technical Workflow

4.4 Time Table of Activities
 34

The Gantt Chart shows estimated duration of tasks necessary for designing
mechanical systems using the BIM approach. The study was estimated to
complete in 93 days.

Figure. 4.3 Gantt Chart

CHAPTER V
RESULTS AND FINDINGS
 36

This chapter contains the findings of the study conducted. Details regarding
the prominent differences of traditional designing and BIM, and the cost and time
benefits are discussed in this chapter.

5.1 Mechanical Systems Models

The study produced the three mechanical systems for a 4-storey government
office building. The individual mechanical system models produced are shown in
Figure 5.1, Figure 5.2, and Figure 5.3. The consolidated model is shown in
Figure 5.4.

Figure 5.1. Fire Protection System model

 37

Figure 5.2. Plumbing System model

Figure 5.3. HVAC System model

 38

Figure 5.4. Consolidated model

5.2 Particular Differences of BIM and Traditional Means

Using the software Autodesk Revit and Navisworks, multiple tedious steps in
the traditional designing are replaced with simpler steps. Assistive features in the
software also provide simpler alternatives. Specific differences are listed in Table
5.1.

Table 5.1 Prominent Differences In The Design Process

Task Traditional means Building Information Modeling

PLUMBING
 39

Routing pipes The routing is Autodesk Revit show multiple solution

drafted manually on proposals which is user selected.
Autodesk CAD Steps in Autodesk Revit are the ff:
1. Select create piping system to
start routing process.
2. Select fixtures involved in the
system to be routed.
3. Select generate layout to produce
the proposed solutions
4. Select desired layout
5. Adjust accordingly
HVAC
Determination The cooling load is Revit has an incorporated heat load
of Cooling load determined using calculator that automatically considers
manual calculation the building dimensions. Steps in
or using other Autodesk Revit are the ff:
1. Open heating and cooling loads to
software such as
set the building parameters.
Hourly Analysis
2. Input parameters the click
Program by Carrier.
calculate
3. Collect necessary data.

Task Traditional means Building Information Modeling

Placement of The placement is A Smart diffuser add-on which aids
diffusers drafted manually on placement of diffusers. Steps in
Autodesk CAD Autodesk Revit are the ff:
1. Create virtual grid
2. Click find optimal placement of
 40

diffuser
3. Input diffuser specification
4. Adjust placement accordingly
Routing of The routing is Autodesk Revit show multiple solution
ducts drafted manually on proposals which is user selected.
Autodesk CAD Steps in Autodesk Revit are the ff:
1. Select create ducting system to
start routing process
2. Select equipment involved in the
system to be routed.
3. Select generate layout to produce
the proposed solutions
4. Select desired layout
5. Adjust the routing accordingly
Sizing of ducts Duct dimensions Revit has a built in sizing feature that
are selected sizes the ducts accordingly. Steps in
manually using Autodesk Revit are the ff:
1. Select ducts to size
different methods of
2. Select duct sizing button
sizing. 3. Choose the desired method of
sizing
4. Adjust the sizes accordingly

Task Traditional means Building Information Modeling

FIRE PROTECTION
Routing of The routing is Autodesk Revit show multiple solution
pipes drafted manually on proposals which is user selected.
Autodesk CAD Steps in Autodesk Revit are the ff:
1. Select create piping system to
start routing process
2. Select components involved in the
system to be routed.
3. Select generate layout to produce
 41

the proposed solutions

4. Select desired layout
5. Adjust the routing accordingly
GENERAL FEATURES
Placement of The placement is A Smart hanger add-on which aids in
hangers drafted manually on the placement of hangers
1. Select components to be supported
Autodesk CAD
by hangers
2. Choose hanger type
3. Choose distribution method
4. Adjust accordingly

Interference Superimposing Revit conducts the clash detection

checking plans printedon between the systems.
1. Select the Clash Test button
tracing paper is
done to visually
determine clashes

Task Traditional means Building Information Modeling

System error Manual inspection Revit conducts error checking
checking for disconnections automatically
1. Open manage tab
and missing
2. Select warnings button
components 3. address errors accordingly
System position Manual adjustment Revit adjusts components accordingly
1. Move or Edit components as
adjusting of other
desired by click and dragging or
components in
changing the size.
Autodesk CAD.
2. Other components auto adjusts
Bill of materials Manual counting of Automatic materials
components list
1. Click Schedule button on view
 42

tab
2. Click Schedules/Quantities button
3. Click costs category
4. Input corresponding cost of material
Title block Manual drafting in Automatic creation of sections
1. Open the 3-D model
making Autodesk CAD.
2. Select the view desired
3. Hide components that should not
be included

5.3 Scheduling of the Finished Mechanical systems Model

This section will discuss the steps taken to produce the cost and time schedule
for the mechanical systems of the building.

5.3.1 Cost Scheduling Process

The cost of individual components, due to the lack of a data base for the
prices, was done by canvassing and estimating the prices of the components. A
sample bill of materials taken directly from Autodesk Revit is shown in Figure 5.5.
 43

Figure 5.5. Materials Schedules of the plumbing system

5.3.2 Time Scheduling Process

Only the installation of the mechanical systems was taken into consideration
for the construction time estimation. The estimates are largely dependent on the
order systems are installed, labor force, and contractor, and principal
preferences. These estimates are subject to change if data are available. Sample
screenshot of the resulting Gantt char and model produced from Navisworks is
shown in Figure 5.6.
 44

Figure 5.6. Navisworks model and sample timeline

5.4 Resulting Time and Cost benefits for the project

The resulting benefits of BIM can be measured in terms of Cost
avoidance from clash detection and labor hours avoided from convenient design
tools offered by BIM.

5.4.1 Cost Benefit Estimation

The cost benefits were measured by taking total number of collisions and their
corresponding labor cost. An assumption was made that 25% of the collisions will
not be detected if BIM is not used. [29] Minimum wage will be considered in
determining the labor cost which will constitute the cost benefit. It is estimated to
take 3hours to address each collision since majority of the clashes involve
hangers, piping, and ductwork. Labor hours saved will comprise a portion of the
time benefit. The summary of clash detections and total cost benefit is
summarized in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 Cost Benefit from Collision Detection

Estimated Cost Estimated Saved Labor

 45

Avoidance (Php) Hours

229 recorded collisions 206100.00 687
Deduct 75%% assumed (154575.00) (515.25)
resolution via
conventional methods
Net Adjusted Cost 51525.00 171.75
Avoidance
Cost of BIM (34,000.00)
Total Cost Benefit 17,525.00 171.75

5.4.2 Time Benefit Estimation

The actual number of hours spent in designing and modelling the system
during the study was not recorded due to frequent referrals in between. These
estimations are based on the estimate of the proponents if the time allotted for
research and learning were neglected and typical estimates for conventional
designing from experienced practitioners. The summary of time savings is shown
in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3 Cost Benefits from collision detection

Estimated Time of
Estimated Time of
Accomplishment using
Task Accomplishment using
Conventional Method
BIM (labor hours)
(labor hours)
Plumbing System Design 84 48
Fire Protection System 48 36
Design
HVAC Design 64 72
 46

Consolidation 36 -
Clash Detection 36 -

Information Extraction 36 12
304 168
Total
Total Time Benefit 136

5.5 Prominent advantages of BIM

During the study some features of BIM as a tool for mechanical systems
designing were noteworthy. This section will discuss significant processes that
could only be done if BIM is used.

5.5.1 Auto-3D and Elevation View Generation of Design

Upon designing the mechanical layout in 2D, its 3D model is automatically
generated. In addition to that, elevation views are also automatically generated;
therefore there is no need to create them separately. A sample screenshot of this
feature is shown in Figure 5.7.
 47

Figure. 5.7. 2-D to 3-D model sample

5.5.2 Parametric Elements

The elements or objects created are not just mere lines and shapes, but
representations of real objects, with parameters that can be modified depending
on the requirements of the design. . A sample screenshot of this feature is shown
in Figure 5.8.
 48

Figure. 5.8 Parametric Elements sample

5.5.3 Associability of Elements
Different elements connected to each other are associative with one another.
Modification of one element will also affect the other. For example, if the diameter
of the sinks outlet is reduced, the pipe connected to it will adjust to the new
diameter. A sample screenshot of this feature is shown in Figure 5.9.

Figure. 5.9 Associability of Elements sample

5.5.4 Auto generation of ducting/piping system layout

Auto-routing solution provide many options of possible routing of ducting and
piping systems. Still, the user can modify the auto-routed ducting/piping layout
when deemed necessary. A sample screenshot of this feature is shown in Figure
5.10.

Figure. 5.10 Auto generated layout samples

5.5.5 System Inspection

 49

Revit contains System Inspector tool which simulates the flow direction of the
system. It also shows the flow rate and pressure information of the section of
duct and piping systems. A sample screenshot of this feature is shown in Figure
5.11.

Figure.5.11 System inspection sample

5.5.6 Check Systems

The check systems tool provides options to check the systems for any
disconnections and/or open connections. It shows a warning dialog if such
conditions exist. A sample screenshot of this feature is shown in Figure 5.12.
 50

Figure. 5.12 Systems check sample

5.5.7 Interference check within the system/s

Clashes are very common when modelling. Interference check inspects and
detects clashes between two elements, then notifies the user through
interference report in order to fix the clashes immediately. A sample screenshot
of this feature is shown in Figure 5.13.
 51

Figure. 5.13 Interference check sample

5.5.8 Errors can easily be located through show error option

Error notification alerts the user of the errors encountered during designing.
The error notification will not remove unless the errors are resolved.

5.5.9 Element information are contained in a database

The elements contain many rich information about it and are stored in a
database. These pieces of information can be modified, reduced, or new
information can be added.

5.6 Disadvantages of using BIM

Several requirements must be met before any firm will be able to use BIM
efficiently. During the study there were drawbacks that greatly influenced our
results. Our study was unable to fully harness the potential of BIM as a time and
cost saving process for building designing due to multiple factors. Compatibility
issues were experience when exporting to lower versions of the software.
Though BIM has many automated features, user inputs are still required and will
 52

act as the basis for the automated features. Proper management of information is
essential for effective implementation.

5.6.1 Hardware and Software Requirements

The strength of BIM lies on its digital nature, and cannot be done without the
software to work on the project. The limits of the computer being used to run the
software determine the extent of the size of the project to be created. The lack of
sufficient processing capabilities of a computer will affect the users experience
while using the software.

The computers that were used in the designing were the MacBookPro11, and
the Lenovo 80RU. These computers were capable of modelling our sample
building. We are not able to provide a guide for selecting computer specifications
depending on the anticipated project sizes.

5.6.2 Learning Process

The large drawback to emphasize the time saving capabilities of utilizing BIM
was the learning process involved in using the software Revit and Navisworks.
Online free tutorials on https://www.youtube.com/ are available which were used
as our main reference to gain knowledge on using the software. TESDA offers
formal lectures on Revit architecture but we were not able to enroll due to budget
and time constraints.

5.7 Major Factors that Affected the Study

Certain factors that were discovered that caused the resulting required time to
finish the study to reach approximately 100 days.

5.7.1 Exclusivity of the Task

The study was conducted during normal semester classes which divided the
attention of the proponents. In normal construction firms, professional designers
 53

typically have their tasks specialized. The actual number of hours spent on
conducting the study was not kept on track. This fault caused the study to be
unable to provide a concrete time-benefit analysis.

5.7.2 Technical Proficiency

The learning process did not consist of solely learning the use of software, but
also included learning standards that were necessary for the design to comply
various building laws and codes. Throughout the duration of the study, there was
a constant referral to building codes, professional engineers and software
tutorials. This would not have been the case if professionals conducted the study.

5.7.3 Lack of Baseline Data

The sample building remained a concept building and construction was not
considered. Concrete cost benefits of BIM versus traditional means for
conducting the project design were limited due to the absence of data using
traditional means. The study resorted to other literature to come up with a cost
and time benefit analysis. However, the comparison was conditional since the
projects are similar only to a degree.

CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter will discuss the conclusion of the study and recommendations
that would have improved the data gathered.

6.1 Conclusion
The duration it took to finish the mechanical systems design took
approximately 100 days from start to finish, including days where the study was
not being worked on. A number of factors were considered to have great effect
on the result of the study.

It was found that BIM provides construction firms a much more organized,
accurate, and convenient process to conduct construction project designing for
 54

even for small to medium scale buildings, however, the time and cost efficiency
of BIM conducted in this study was inconclusive due to the manner the study was
conducted. Better planning and preparations should have yielded better results.

6.2 Recommendations
The study recognized factors that affected the data only during the execution
of the study. This section will discuss how to properly address the factors in order
to acquire more accurate and conclusive data representing actual work
conditions.

6.2.1 Proper Time Allotment and Documentation

The study needs better control over the time variable. The study would yield
better results if the number of hours spent doing specific tasks was documented
in order to gauge an estimate on how much working hours is required to finish a
task. The study should have also been done without the burden of other
laborious tasks. Work exclusivity would better simulate actual working
environment. Time comparison would then be possible.

6.2.2 Increase Preparation Prior to Execution

The manner in which the designing was conducted was largely affected by the
capability of the proponents to process and acquire needed information to meet
the demand of the task at hand. Before the designing started, ample skills and
references should have been ready to eliminate the unnecessary time addition of
learning the basics, and minimize the effects of referrals.

6.2.3 Importance of Baseline Data

The study resorted to other literature for the comparison of using BIM and
traditional means. The comparison would be better if the same building project
with different approaches, were to be designed using BIM. This will provide the
comparison parameters that are similar enough for direct quantitative
comparisons to be made. Cost-benefits will be more accurate which will better
gauge the efficiency of BIM.
 55

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