Anda di halaman 1dari 53

4HE Fluid Mechanics April-1996

Part A (20 X 2 = 40 marks)

1. An ideal fluid is an incompressible and __________ fluid.

2. For a Newtonian fluid shear stress is directly proportional to __________.

3. Kinematic viscosity of a liquid is dynamic viscosity divided by its __________.

4. In M, L, T system of dimension, Power is represented as __________.

5. Weber number is ratio of inertial force to __________ force.

6. For incompressible fluid, continuity equation in integral form is Q = __________.

7. In flow net equipotential lines are orthogonal with __________.

8. Relative roughness of a pipe surface is its absolute roughness divided by its __________.

9. In laminar flow through pipe as Reynolds number increases the friction coefficient __________.

10. Pitot -Static tube measures __________ pressure.

11. Turbulent velocity fluctuations in a flow is measured by __________ meter.

12. For a solid sphere falling under gravity at terminal settling velocity in a fluid the buoyant force is equal to
__________.

13. Pressure drag on a body is due to the formation of __________.

14. Ergun's equation relates __________.

15. Reciprocating pumps are suitable for high pressure rise and __________ discharge.

16. An example of Positive displacement pump is __________.

17. In a centrifugal pump as head increases discharge __________.

18. Power required by a fan is proportional to the discharge, pressure rise and __________.

19. Pump suitable for corrosive liquid is __________.

20. Fans have __________ pressure rise than blowers.

Part B (5 X 12 = 60 marks)

UNIT - I
21. a) Explain the following terms

i. Vapor pressure

ii. Bulk modulus

b) State the Pascal's law of pressure at a point.

c) What are the desirable properties of manometric fluid.

Or

22. a) A soap bubble 50 mm in diameter contains a pressure (in excess of atmospheric) of 2 bar. Find the
surface tension in the soap film.

b) If a 1 m diameter pipe carrying air at a velocity of 3.8 m/s is to be modelled for dynamic similarity by a
water pipe of diameter 10 cm, what would be the velocity of water.

(Data to be given:air = 1.16 kg/m3; air = 1.81 x 10-5 kg/m.sec;


velocity of water = 2.435 m/sec )

UNIT - II

23. a) Check whether the following function is a valid potential function

= A(x2 - y2)

(Yes; the given is a valid potential function)

b) A siphon consisting of a 3 cm diameter tube is used to drain water from a tank. The outlet end of the tube
is 2 m below the water surface in the tank. Neglecting friction, calculate the discharge. If the peak point of
the siphon is 1.4 m above the water surface in the tank, estimate the pressure of fluid at the point of siphon.

(15.94 m3/hr; 67.96 kPa abs )

Or

24. a) Distinguish between Laminar and Turbulent flow with example

b) Distinguish between subsonic flow and supersonic flow

c) Explain the term "Boundary Layer" and friction drag.

UNIT - III

25. a) Explain the working principle of a Hot wire anemometer.

b) Water flows through a Venturi meter which has a diameter at the inlet of 1.2 m and a diameter of 0.6 m at
the throat. The difference in pressure between the main and the throat is measured by a differential mercury
gauge, which shows a deflection of 5.1 cm. Find the discharge through the meter and also calculate the
velocity of water at the throat. Take the coefficient of discharge of the meter as 0.98.
(1.016 m3/sec; 3.594 m/sec)

Or

26. a) Compare the merits and demerits of Orifice meter and Venturi meter in the measurement of flow.

b) A 75o triangular notch is discharging under submerged conditions. The vertex of the notch is at a height
of 30 cm from the channel bed. The elevation of water surfaces upstream and downstream of the notch,
measured from the channel bed are 75 cm and 50 cm respectively. Assuming Cd = 0.6, estimate the
discharge over the notch.

UNIT - IV

27. A water softener consists of a vertical tube 50 mm diameter and packed to a height of 0.5 m with ion-
exchange resin particle. The particles may be considered as sphere with a dia of 1.25 mm. Water flows over
the bed, because of gravity as well as pressure difference, at a rate of 300 cc/s. The bed has a porosity of
0.3. Calculate the pressure drop.

(5.519 Bar)

Or

28. Derive an expression for minimum fluidization velocity. Also give its physical significance.

UNIT - V

29. Explain the working principle of an Air-lift pump with a neat sketch. What are its merits and demerits over
conventional centrifugal pump.

Or

30. Explain the various pump characteristics and indicate the shut-off head and design point.
4HE Fluid Mechanics - October 1996
Part A - (20 X 2 = 40 marks)

1. The unit of specific weight of a fluid in SI system is ______________.

2. One centipoise is equal to ______________ Pa.S.

3. The pressure inside a soap bubble will be ______________ than the surrounding atmospheric pressure.

4. Give an example of non-Newtonian fluid ______________.

5. The unit of one standard atmospheric pressure is 101.32 ______________.

6. Gauge pressure is absolute pressure ______________ atmospheric pressure.

7. Dynamic similarity is similarity of ______________.

8. In M, L, T system dimension of angular velocity is ______________.

9. The density of manometric fluid used in an inverted manometer should be ______________ than the
density of flowing fluid.

10. For steady incompressible fluid flow, the continuity equation is ______________.
11. is the equation of vorticity along ______________ axis.

12. is the equation of a ______________ in two dimensional flow.

13. For flow over flat plate, the critical Reynolds number is ______________.

14. Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial force and ______________ force.

15. Mach number is the ratio of ______________ to ______________.

16. Cd of an orifice is always ______________ than Cc.

17. The suppressed sharp crested weir is 0.6 m high and discharges water at a head of 1.2 m. The coefficient of
discharge of the weir is ______________.

18. The gas flow velocity through a fluidized bed should be less than or equal to ______________ velocity.

19. Give an example of rotary pump ______________.

20. Blowers are suitable for ______________ discharge than compressors.

Part B - (5 X 12 = 60 marks)

21. (a) Sketch stress versus strain diagram for Non-Newtonian fluid.

(b) A U-tube differential mercury manometer is connected between two pipes X and Y. Pipe X contains
carbon tetra chloride (sp.gr 1.594) under a pressure of 103 kN/m2 and pipe Y contains oil (sp.gr 0.8) under a
pressure of 172 kN/m2. Pipe X is 2.5 m above pipe Y. Mercury level in the limb connected to pipe X is 1.5
m below the center line of pipe Y. Find the manometer reading in cm.

Or

22. (a) State any three dimensionless number related to fluid flow and explain their significance.

(b) Explain the term "Geometric similarity" and "Kinematic similarity".

23. (a) Determine whether the velocity components given below satisfy the equation of continuity:

u = 2x2 + zy
v = -2xy + 3y3 + 3zy
w = -1.5z2 - 2xy - 6yz.

(Does not satisfy the equation of continuity)


(b) A 15 cm diameter pipe is reduced to 7.5 cm diameter through gradual contraction. At this contraction
the difference in pressure between these two points is 4 cm of mercury. By neglecting losses, calculate the
discharge of water.

(0.01491 m3/sec)

Or

24. (a) Explain the term "Form Drag" and "Friction Drag".

(b) An oil of relative density 0.92 and dynamic viscosity 0.082 Pa.S flows in an 80 mm diameter pipe. In a
distance of 20 m the flow has a head loss of 2 m. Calculate (I) the mean velocity (ii) discharge (iii) shear
stress at the pipe wall.

(2.202 m/sec; 0.01107 m3/sec; 18.054 N/m2)

25. (a) With a neat sketch explain the working principle of a Rotameter.

(b) A pitot tube is inserted in a pipe of 30 cm diameter. The static pressure of the tube is 10 cm of mercury
vacuum. The stagnation pressure at the center of the pipe recorded by the pitot tube is 1 N/cm 2. Calculate
the rate of flow of water through the pipe, if the mean velocity of flow is 0.85 times the central velocity.

(24.626 m3/min)

Or

26. (a) Explain the working principle of a magnetic flow meter.

(b) A rectangular weir 0.75 m high and 1.5 m long is to be used for discharging water from a tank under a
head of 0.5 m. Estimate the discharge (I) when it is used as a suppressed weir (ii) when it is used as a
contract weir. Use Rehbock equation for estimating Cd in both cases.

27. Derive an expression for pressure drop in a packed bed.

Or

28. (a) Discuss the mechanism of fluidization.

(b) Give some industrial applications of fluidization.

29. (a) What are the applications of diaphragm pump?

(b) Name any three positive displacement pump and explain the working principle of any one type.

Or

30. With a neat sketch explian the working principle of a centrifugal pump. Also explain the "Priming" of a
centrifugal pump.

4HE Fluid Mechanics April-1997


Part A (20 X 2 = 40 marks)

1. Mass and weight of a body are differentiated in terms of the ____________ acting on it.

2. Viscosity may be described as the ratio between ____________ and ____________.

3. Paint is ____________ by nature.

4. Torricelli's equation is stated as ____________.

5. Pressure of a liquid can be converted into the ____________ of the liquid by dividing by the corresponding
density.

6. Water is not a ____________ liquid.

7. The compressible fluid used in an inverted manometer is ____________.

8. The unit for Poise is ____________.

9. An ideal fluid has no ____________ or ____________.

10. The length required to establish fully developed flow in the entire cross section of the pipe is called
____________.

11. The skin friction drag may be expressed by the equation F/?.

12. For scaling up laboratory data to an industrial scale, the three similarities are ____________,
____________ and ____________.

13. Froude number is expressed as a ratio between ____________ and ____________ forces.

14. A pitot tube is used to measure ____________ velocities in a pipe line.

15. The forces acting on an aeroplane flying at a constant speed at a given altitude are ____________,
____________ and ____________.

16. The forces acting on a particle in a batch fluidized bed at steady state are ____________, ____________
and ____________.

17. Ergun's equation is useful in predicting the ____________ in a packed column.

18. In a centrifugal pump, water enters at the ____________ of the impeller.

19. Viscous liquids are transported by a ____________ pump.

20. One seventh power law states ? = ?

Part B (5 X 12 = 60 marks)

21. (a) State the types of fluids with suitable examples that are not Newtonian by nature. In a neat diagram
mark the relation between shear stress and velocity gradient.
Or

(b) How does a U - tube manometer function? Derive an expression for (P1 - P2) in terms of measurable
quantities.

22. (a) Define:

i. Form drag

ii. Skin drag

iii. Boundary layer

iv. Compressible flow

v. Smooth and rough pipes.

Or

(b) Derive Hagen-Poiseuilles equation, highlighting the assumptions made.

23. (a) Explain the working of a rotameter with a neat sketch. Apply Bernoulli's principle and derive an
expression for Q.

Or

(b) (i) With neat functional diagrams, explain the instruments used for measure of flow of gases through
pipelines 100 cm long and 60 cm in diameter.

(ii) Water is draining from a tank through a hole developed at the bottom. Calculate the coefficient of
discharge if the head of the water is maintained at 5 cm and 330 cc of water is collected in 30 sec. The hole
dia. = 0.48 cm.

(0.614)

24. (a) Write an explanatory note on fluidized beds. Derive an expression for pressure drop in such units.

Or

(b) (i) State the industrial applications of fluidized beds.

(ii) With a neat diagram, explain the relationships between pressure drop and modified Nre.

25. (a) (i) Explain with neat sketches the working of a centrifugal pump. What are the advantages and demerits
of such a pump?

(ii) Plot a graph to explain the characteristics of such a pump.

Or

(b) (i) Describe the working of an airlift pump. Give a neat sketch.
(ii) Calculate the BHP of a centrifugal pump from the data given below:

Suction head = 2.54 cm Hg

Discharge head = 20 kg/cm2

Weight of water collected in 30 sec = 15 kg.

(979.3 Watt)

4HE Fluid Mechanics October-1997


Part A (20 X 2 = 40 marks)

1. Give any two examples of Non-Newtonian fluid.

2. Define the term "Bulk Modulus".

3. State Newton's Law of viscosity.

4. State the value of specific weight of mercury in kN/m3.

5. Define "stream tube".

6. Write the differential form of continuity equation for two-dimensional steady flow of incompressible fluid.

7. What is "Drag Coefficient".

8. Write the expression for head loss due to sudden expansion.

9. Define the term "relative roughness" in flow through rough pipes.

10. What is "hydraulic mean radius"?

11. What is the optimum included angle of the divergent section of a venturi meter?

12. Define the term "Stagnation pressure".

13. State any two types of weirs used for flow measurement.

14. Name any two metal wires used in Hot wire anemometer.

15. For what application magnetic flow meter is needed?

16. What factors govern the "pressure drop" in fluidized bed?

17. Define the term "Design Point" of a pump.

18. What is "Critical fluidization velocity"?


19. What is the theoretical maximum suction lift of a centrifugal pump?

20. Name any three rotary type positive displacement pumps.

Part B (5 X 12 = 60 marks)

UNIT - I

21. a) Explain the significance of the property vapor pressure in the case of liquid flow. (5)

b) Show that Reynolds number is dimensionless. (3)

c) State different principles of pressure measurement (4)

Or

22. a) Explain Dimensional analysis with an example. (6)

b) How does model study is made use of in fluid flow problem. Explain with an example. (6)

UNIT - II

23. a) Check whether the velocity component set given below satisfy the equation of continuity (4)

u = A sin xy
v = -A sin xy

(does not satisfy)

b) Distinguish between Laminar and Turbulent flow. What factors convert a laminar flow into turbulent. (8)

Or

24. a) Explain the growth of Boundary layer for a flow over a flat plate. Indicate Laminar, Turbulent and
Laminar sublayer of boundary layer. (6)

b) A pipe line of 120 mm diameter carries water at the rate of 30 ltr/sec. The viscosity of water is 0.012
poise and friction factor is 0.0054. Find the pressure drop over a length of 100 m. (6)

63.33 kN/m2)

UNIT - III

25. a) With a neat sketch explain the use of Pitot- Static tube. (5)

b) Water flows through a 10 cm diameter nozzle fitted in a 18 cm diameter pipe. Calculate the pressure
difference between the upstream and the exit, if the discharge is 0.01 m3/s. Assume the coefficient of
discharge as 0.97. (7)

(779 N/m2)
Or

26. a) With a neat sketch explain the working of instruments based on Doppler effect. (6)

b) Compare the merits and demerits of orifice and venturi meter for the case of fluid flow measurements.
(6)

UNIT - IV

27. With a neat sketch explain the process of fluidization. State any two applications. (12)

Or

28. Draw the drag curves for regular and irregular solids and discuss. (12)

UNIT - V

29. Explain the operation of an Airlift pump. Also indicate its merit over other types. (12)

Or

30. A centrifugal pump has an impeller of outer diameter 30cm. The leaving tips are radial at outlet. For a
rotational speed of 1450rpm, calculate the net head developed for a manometric efficiency of 80%.(12)

(21.15 m)

4HE Fluid Mechanics - April 1998


Part A (20 x 2 = 40 Marks)

1. Differentiate between compressible and incompressible fluids.

2. What is kinematic viscosity? Write its unit.

3. Write the physical significance of Reynolds number.

4. What is the relationship between the drag coefficient and Reynolds number in the Stoke's law range
(Reynolds number < 1)?

5. Write the principle of orifice meter.

6. What is the head loss of the fluid at the entrance of a straight pipe?

7. Explain 'Cavitation' in pumps.

8. Define 'Minimum fluidization velocity'.

9. Define 'Equivalent diameter' for fluid flow through channels of non-circular cross section.

10. Write the principle of Magnetic flow meter.

11. Write continuity equation for three dimensional motion of an incompressible fluid.
12. Give two industrial applications of packed beds.

13. Write Bernoulli's equation. State its assumptions.

14. Differentiate between reciprocating and centrifugal pumps.

15. Explain the principle of hot wire anemometer.

16. Define 'Volumetric efficiency' of the positive displacement pump.

17. Define NPSH in centrifugal pumps.

18. What are the two types of fluidization?

19. Write the Hagen Poiseuille's equation for laminar flow in Newtonian fluid.

20. Pressure drop is __________ in globe valve as compared to gate valve.

Part B (5 x 12 = 60 Marks)

21. (a) Classify fluids. With the help of a neat sketch, explain the principle and applications of an inclined
manometer. (6)

(b) Define hydrostatic equilibrium. Express mathematically the condition of hydrostatic equilibrium. (6)

Or

22. (a) An open tank holds certain amount of liquid whose relative density is 1.25. The tank is fitted with a
manometer to a certain point of its wall and it shows a pressure of Pgage = 0.35 atm, what is the height of
liquid level in the tank from the point of connection of the manometer. (4)

(b) What are the advantages of dimensional analysis? State Buckingham theorem. (4)

(c) What are the time-dependent fluids? Classify them with examples. (4)

23. (a) Define Fanning's friction factor. How is it related to the pressure drop? (6)

(b) Prove for laminar flow of Newtonian fluids through a pipe, u/umax = 1 - (r/rw)2 (6)

Or

24. (a) Write the continuity and momentum equations for one-dimensional fluid flow. (4)

(b) Discuss the boundary layer formation during laminar and turbulent fluid flow. (4)

(c) How will you calculate the Reynolds number and friction factor for a pseudo plastic fluid? (4)

25. (a) Explain the principle, construction and working of a venturi meter with the help of a neat sketch. (6)

(b) A horizontal venturi meter having a throat diameter of 20 mm is set in a 75 mm I.D. pipeline. Water at
15oC is flowing through the line. A manometer containing mercury under water measures the pressure
differential over the instrument. When the manometer reading is 500 mm, calculate the flow rate. Take C d =
0.98. (6)

Or

26. (a) With the help of a neat sketch, explain the working principle and operation of a rotameter. (6)

(b) Explain the velocity measurement by Pitot tube with the help of a neat sketch. (6)

27. (a) Derive Ergun's equation for determining the pressure drop through a packed bed. (6)

(b) Write the important applications of fluidization technique in industries. (6)

Or

28. (a) Explain the terms 'Loading' and 'Flooding' in packed towers. (4)

(b) A packed bed of catalyst consisting of spherical particles of 150 m diameter is subjected to fluidization
by using oil of density 900 kg/m3. If the density of particles be 2500 kg/m3, determine the mass flow rate of
oil per unit area of bed to initiate fluidization. Porosity of bed = 0.48, dynamic viscosity of oil is 0.003 Pa.s.
Assume flow condition to be laminar. (8)

29. (a) Classify positive displacement pumps. Explain the function of each one of them with a neat sketch. (6)

(b) An air-lift pump raises water from a well of 120 m deep through a pipe of ID = 100 mm at the rate of 90
m3/hr. Determine the efficiency of pump.

Water level is 45 m below the surface. Air consumption = 400 m3/hr of free air compressed to 900 kN/m2;
ratio of specific heats of air ( ) = 1.4. (6)

Or

30. (a) Compare between centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. (6)

(b) Write briefly the characteristic features and applications of fans, blowers and compressors. (6)

4HE Fluid Mechanics - October 1998


Part A - (20 X 2 = 40 marks)

1. Differentiate between Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids.

2. Write the unit for surface tension coefficient.

3. What are the two important characteristics of potential flow?

4. Define 'mass velocity' of fluid through a channel.

5. What is Mach number? Define the Mach number for an ideal gas.
6. Define 'Boundary Layer'.

7. Write Ergun's equation for pressure drop through a packed bed.

8. Classify positive displacement pumps.

9. Write an expression for head loss due to sudden expansion of the fluid.

10. Write the physical significance of Froude's number.

11. Write few industrial applications of fluidized beds.

12. Inclined manometer is used for ____________.

13. Define 'Manometric efficiency' in centrifugal pump.

14. Write the principle of Pitot tube.

15. Why is rotameter called an area meter?

16. What is 'What Hammer'?

17. What is Priming?

18. What is the function of volute in a centrifugal pump?

19. Write two differences between compressors and blowers.

20. Define 'Form drag' and 'Skin drag'.

Part B - (5 X 12 = 60 marks)

21. (a) With the help of shear stress-shear rate diagram, explain the classification of non-Newtonian fluids.
Discuss their important characteristics. (8)

(b)A simple U-tube manometer is installed across an orifice meter. The manometer is filled with mercury
(sp.gr = 13.6) and the liquid above the mercury is carbon tetra chloride (sp.gr = 1.6). The manometer reads
300 mm. What is the pressure difference over the manometer in Newtons per square meter? (4)

Or

22. (a) Define Similitude. Explain the different types of similarities in fluid flow processes. (4)

(b) Pressure drop of a homogeneous fluid in a straight smooth pipe (P) is a function of the pipe geometry
(diameter d, and length l), the physical properties of the fluid (density and viscosity ) as well as its
velocity v.

P = f (d, l, v)

Using dimensional analysis, find out the relationship between dimensionless groups, defining the above
fluid flow process. (8)
23. (a) Assuming one dimensional fluid flow, write the continuity, momentum and mechanical energy
equations for an incompressible fluid. (6)

(b) Discuss the velocity profiles for laminar and turbulent fluid flow through a pipe. What is the
relationship between skin friction and wall shear in a pipe? (6)

Or

24. (a) Discuss the various zones for development of turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate. (4)

(b) Brine is to be pumped through a 25 m of smooth copper tube having an inside diameter of 2.5 cm. Flow
rate of brine is 100 litre/min. Calculate the following:
(i)Pressure drop from friction in kN/m2
(ii)Power required to overcome friction.

Data:
Specific gravity of brine = 1.15
Viscosity of brine = 2.5 cp
Friction factor f = 0.0015 + 0.125Re-0.33 (8)

25. (a) Explain the principle, construction and working of an orifice meter with the help of a neat sketch. (6)

(b) Discuss the principle and applications of Doppler effect in flow measurement. (6)

Or

26. (a) Compare between an orifice meter and venturi meter. (4)

(b) An oil of specific gravity 0.8 is flowing through a venturi meter having inlet diameter 20 cm and throat
diameter 10 cm. The mercury differential manometer shows a reading of 25 cm. Calculate the discharge of
oil through the horizontal venturi meter. Take Cd = 0.98 (8)

27. (a) With the help of a neat sketch, explain the flow of fluid through granular solids. (6)

(b) Derive Carman-Kozney equation for pressure drop through a packed bed. (6)

Or

28. (a) Explain the different types of fluidization and state their conditions. State commercial applications of
fluidized bed. (6)

(b) Differentiate between Loading and Flooding. How will you estimate the flooding velocity in a packed
tower? (6)

29. (a) Classify pumps. With the help of a neat sketch, explain the operation of a centrifugal pump. (6)

(b) State the principle and applications of air lift and diaphragm pumps. (6)

Or

30. (a) Explain the principle of operation for fans, blowers and compressors. (6)
(b) A centrifugal fan is used to take flue gas at rest and at a pressure of 700 mm Hg and a temperature of
90oC and discharges it at a pressure of 765 mm Hg and a velocity of 45 m/s. Calculate the power required
to move 18000 m3/hr of gas. Efficiency of the fan is 65%. Molecular weight of the gas = 32. (6)

4HE Fluid Mechanics April - 1999


Part - A (Answer ALL questions.) 20 x 2 = 40 Marks

1. Define Newtonian fluid.

2. What is "vapour pressure".

3. Define kinematic viscosity.

4. Write the unit of power in M.L.T. system.

5. Define 'stream tube'.

6. What is 'form drag'?

7. State the use of Reynolds number in fluid flow.

8. Indicate a possible velocity profile in "Turbulent flow".

9. Define the term 'Mach number'.

10. State Euler's equation for ideal fluid flow.

11. Why the length of divergent section of a venturimeter is much longer than its convergent section.

12. Define the term "Coefficient of Contraction".

13. Write the expression for discharge through a V-notch with an included angle of

14. What are the types of Hot-wire anemometer used in practice?

15. Suggest a flow meter for measuring slurry flow in a closed pipeline.

16. Define the term "Fluidization".

17. Name any two types of positive displacement pump.

18. Name any three applications for continuous fluidization.

19. Define the term "shut off head" of a centrifugal pump.

20. Which fan produce a high static pressure rise, a backward curved fan or a forward curved fan.
Part - B

21. (a) (i) Derive an expression for capillary rise of water in a small tube. (5)

(ii) Water has a surface tension of 0.4 N/m. In a 3 mm diameter vertical tube if the liquid rises 6 mm above
the liquid outside the tube, calculate the contact angle. (7)

Or

(b) (i) Define Geometric and Kinematic similarity. (4)

(ii) A U - tube differential mercury manometer is connected between two pipes X and Y. Pipe X contains
carbon tetra chloride (Sp.gr. 1.59) under a pressure of 103 kN/m2 and pipe Y contains oil (Sp.gr. 0.8) under
a pressure of 172 kN/m2. Pipe X is 2.5 m above pipe Y. Mercury level in the limb connected to pipe X is
1.5 m below the centerline of pipe Y. Find the manometer reading as shown by a centimeter scale attached
to it. (8)

22. (a) (i) Explain the concept velocity potential and stream function.(4)

(ii) Water flows through a horizontal conical pipe. The diameter at larger end is 1.3 m and that at smaller
end is 0.7 m. The pressure head at the smaller end is 5 m of water and discharge is 3.5 m3/sec. Calculate the
velocities at the two ends and pressure head at larger end. (8)

Or

(b) (i) Explain the method of reducing skin friction drag. (4)

(ii) A medium lubricating oil of sp.gr. 0.86 is pumped through 300 m horizontal pipe of diameter 50 mm at
a rate of 1.24 lit/sec. If the pressure drop is 0.2 MPa find the absolute viscosity of oil. (8)

23. (a) Derive an expression for coefficient of discharge of a venturimeter.

Or

(b) With a neat sketch explain the working principle of a Hot-film anemometer.

24. (a) Describe the methods of estimating pressure drop through a packed bed.

Or

(b) Describe the general properties of fluidized bed.

25. (a) Describe the working principle of any one type rotary pump with a neat sketch.

Or

(b) (i) Explain the various performance curves of a centrifugal pump.

(ii) Briefly explain the method of selecting a pump for a given application.

4HE Fluid Mechanics - October 1999


Part A (20 x 2 = 40 marks)

1. Define the term 'Static head'.

2. State Bernoulli equation. Write dimensions for each term involved.

3. Differentiate between absolute viscosity and kinematic viscosity. Write the units.

4. The coefficient of discharge for a given orifice is a function of ___________and ___________.

5. Define 'Equivalent diameter' for fluid flow through ducts of noncircular diameter.

6. Write the physical significance of Mach number.

7. What is meant by 'skin friction'?

8. Explain the terms maximum velocity and average velocity for a flow of fluid in a circular pipe.

9. Write Blake-Plummer equation for packed beds.

10. State Darcy's law.

11. The velocity gradient, beyond the boundary layer is equal to _________.

12. Name two types of fluidization and give two important industrial application.

13. How will you calculate the head developed by a pump?

14. Write any four important advantages of multistage compressors.

15. Pump size is determined on the basis of __________and_____________.

16. Determine the density of air under a vacuum of 445 mm Hg at 45oC.

17. Write the working principles of ultrasonic flow meters.

18. What is meant by loading in a packed tower?

19. Write a short note on positive displacement pumps.

20. Write momentum equation for compressible flow.

Part B (5 x 12 = 60 marks)

21. (a) Develop a differential form of expression for the estimation of pressure filed within a static fluid. (6)

(b) Derive an expression for the estimation of pressure drop in a centrifuge. (4)

(c ) State Newton's law. Give any four examples of non-Newtonian fluids. (2)
Or

22. (a) Calculate the hydraulic mean diameter of the annular space between a 4 cm and 6 cm tubes. (4)

(b) A stream of droplets of liquid formed rapidly at an orifice submerged in a second immiscible fluid. It
was found that the mean size of the droplets was influenced by the orifice diameter, velocity of liquid,
interfacial tension, viscosity of the dispersed phase, density of both dispersed and continuous phases and
the acceleration due to gravity. Using dimensional analysis approach obtain a relation between the mean
diameter and the other variables. (6)

(c ) Define the term 'roughness factor' (2)

23. (a) Using Bernoulli's equation, derive an equation for the estimation of flow rate through venturimeter. (6)

(b) Find the drop in pressure due to the friction in a pipe of 250 m long and 125 mm diameter, when water
is flowing at a rate of 0.05 m3/sec. The pipe is of glazed porcelain Absolute roughness k = 0.0015 mm;
(R/ v2 ) = 0.0017 (6)

Or

24. (a) For a circular pipe of circular cross section, from the first principles prove that

Ux/Umax = 1 - 4S2/d2

Where S is the distance from the axis of the pipe and d is the diameter of the pipe. (6)

(b) Derive Hagen-Poiseuille's equation. Explain the significance of the equation. (6)

25. (a) Water flows through an orifice of 15 mm diameter in a 75 mm pipe at a rate of 600 cc/sec. What is the
difference in level on a water manometer connected across the orifice? The discharge coefficient may be
taken as 0.62 and the viscosity of water is 1 cP, and density is 1 g/cc. (8)

(b) Write a note on weirs and give four industrial applications. (4)

Or

26. (a) A rotameter has a tube of 0.3 m long, which has an internal diameter of 25 mm at the top and 20 mm at
the bottom. The diameter of the float is 20 mm and the specific gravity is 4.8 and its volume is 6.6 cc. If the
coefficient of discharge is 0.72, at what height will the float be when metering water at 100 cc/sec. (8)

(b) What is meant by Doppler's effect? How is it used in the flow measurements? (4)

27. (a) Briefly discuss the following: (4)

1. Particulate fluidization

2. Aggregative fluidization

(b) From the first principles derive Ergun's equation, for the determination of pressure drop in a packed
tower and briefly discuss the application. (8)
Or

28. (a) Using Ergun's equation determine the minimum velocity of water to start fluidization of spherical
particles of diameter 1 mm packed in a tube of 10 mm diameter.

Porosity = 0.45
Viscosity of water = 1 cP
Density of particles = 1500 kg/m3
Assuming an wall factor of 1.067 and necessary assumptions and mention clearly. (8)

(b) Define terminal settling velocity. Discuss briefly about three ranges of operation. (4)

29. (a) Write briefly the characteristic features and industrial applications of blowers and compressors. (4)

(b) (i) Discuss briefly about centrifugal pumps. (4)

(ii) How will you define the following performance measurements for the case of centrifugal pumps? (4)

1. Manometric head

2. Manometric effficiency

Or

30. (a) A centrifugal pump is to be used to extract water from a condenser in which the vacuum is 640 mm of
Hg. At the rated discharge the net positive suction head must be at least 3 meter above the cavitation vapor
pressure of 710 mm Hg. If losses in a suction pipe account for a head of 1.5 m, what must be the least
height of liquid level in the condenser above the pump inlet. (8)

(b) With a neat sketch, briefly discuss the working principles of a diaphragm pump. Give any two important
applications. (4).

4HE Fluid Mechanics April 2000


Part A (20 x 2 = 40)

1. What is Newton's law of viscosity?

2. State the similarity laws

3. What is potential flow?

4. State the type of fluid in the following cases:


(a) Rubber latex
(b) Bentonite clay

5. Define equivalent diameter of pipe

6. Distinguish between form drag and skin drag

7. Define Mach number


8. What is the relation between maximum velocity and average velocity in laminar flow and turbulent flow

9. Draw velocity profile for laminar flow in a circular pipe

10. Compare and contrast venturi meter and orifice meter

11. What is the principle of working of pitot tube?

12. Give examples of area and head flow meters

13. Define porosity and minimum fluidization velocity

14. Draw the drag curves for regular solids

15. State Ergun's equation and its application

16. Define boundary layer

17. What is meant by NPSH?

18. Compare centrifugal pump with reciprocating pump

19. List the various losses occurring in centrifugal pump

20. Write the filed of application of various flow meters

Part B (5 x 12 = 60)

21. In a chemical reactor of 10 m tall, the density of fluid mixture varies with the distance 'y' in meters from the
top of the reactor as

= 1000[ 1 + y/50 + (y/100)2]

Assuming the mixture to be effectively stationary, determine the pressure difference between the top and
bottom of the reactor.

Or

22. The performance of an oil rig consuming a discharge Q of oil depends on the internal diameter d of the rig,
the rotational speed N of the shaft, the mass density , the dynamic viscosity , the surface tension and
the specific weight of the oil. Show by dimensional analysis
23. State and prove the Bernoulli's theorem for incompressible fluid and indicate the corrections necessary for
its application

Or

24. Water at 60oC is pumped from a reservoir to the top of a mountain through a 15 cm pipe at a velocity of 3.5
m/s. The pipe discharges into the atmosphere at a level of 1000 m above the level in the reservoir. The pipe
itself is 1500 m long. If the overall efficiency of the pump is 65%, calculate the power requirement.

25. An orifice meter having an inside diameter of 2.5 cm is located in a 8 cm pipe. Water is flowing through the
line and the mercury manometer measures the differential pressure over the instrument. The leads are filled
with water. When the manometer reading is 35 cm, what is the flow rate of water per minute?

Or

26. (a) Explain the working of a rotameter with a neat sketch. (6)

(b) Explain the method of functioning of a magnetic flow meter. (6)

27. Derive Ergun's equation and state its usefulness.

Or

28. What is continuous fluidization? Explain how and where it is applied? Briefly state the design steps for a
system using continuous fluidization.

29. (a) Discuss the factors to be considered for selecting a pump for an operation. (5)

(b) With a neat sketch explain the working of a centrifugal pump. (7)

Or

30. Write short notes on:


(a) Compressors and blowers
(b) Fans
(c) Diaphragm pumps

4HE Fluid Mechanics October 2000


Part A (20 x 2 = 40 Marks)

1. Differentiate between barometric pressure and absolute pressure.

2. What is meant by pressure of a liquid column?

3. Dynamic pressure is the difference between ________ and ________.

4. Define the term 'Slip velocity'.

5. Give two important industrial applications of fluidized bed.


6. Write the principle of Rotameter.

7. Give the relationship between Drag coefficient and Reynolds number in

(a) Newton's range of operation


(b) Intermediate range of operation

8. Write the physical significance of Archimedes number.

9. Explain the term 'Darcy friction factor'.

10. What is meant by compressible fluids? Give two examples.

11. Write Kozeny-Carman equation for packed beds.

12. Define the term Orifice coefficient.

13. Define (a) Static suction lift (b) Static suction head.

14. Give any four important criteria involved in the selection of pumps.

15. What is meant by boundary layer thickness?

16. Differentiate between fans and blowers.

17. Write the continuity equation for compressible flow.

18. What is meant by flooding in packed towers?

19. Explain 'Cavitation' in pumps.

20. Define the term hindered settling.

Part B (5 x 12 = 60 Marks)

21. (a) From first principles, develop an equation for relating pressure and height, in a static fluid. Give the
restrictions for the relation. (6)
(b) Discuss briefly about Non-Newtonian fluids. Give examples. (4)
(c) State Buckingham theorem. (2)

Or

22. (a) How fluids are classified? Explain briefly the principles and application of an inclined manometer. (6)
(b) An open tank holds certain amount of liquid whose relative density is 1.25. The tank is fitted with
manometer at a point of the wall and it shows a pressure of Pgauge = 0.35 atm. What is the height of the
liquid level in the tank from the point of connection of the manometer? (6)

23. (a) What is meant by potential flow? (2)


(b) Derive Bernoulli's equation and briefly discuss the components involved in the equation. (8) (c) Write
any four applications of Bernoulli equation. (2)
Or

24. (a) Explain the term 'skin factor' and 'form factor'. (4)
(b) How skin friction is related to pressure drop? (4)
(c) Discuss briefly about the friction factor in flow through channels of noncircular cross section. (4)

25. (a) Briefly discuss about the important flow meters used in industry. What are the advantages and
disadvantages over each other? (6)
(b) Sulfuric acid of specific gravity 1.25 is flowing through a pipe of 4.5 cm i.d. A thin ripped orifice of 1.0
cm is fitted in the pipe and the differential pressure shown by the mercury manometer is 10 cm. Assuming
that the leads of the manometer are filled with acid, calculate the weight of acid flowing per hour. Assume
Co = 0.6 (6)

Or

26. Write short notes on the following: (4 x 3 = 12)


(a) Wet gas meters
(b) Hot film anemometers
(c) Magnetic flow meters
(d) Pitot tube

27. (a) Briefly discuss about the fluidization processes. What are the different types used in industry? (4)
(b) Discuss about the following: (4)

(i) Porosity of static bed and porosity of fluidized bed


(ii) Minimum pressure drop and bed pressure drop in fluidized process.

(c) Differentiate between the following in a fluidized bed reactor. (4)

(i) Working velocity


(ii) Actual velocity

Or

28. (a) What is meant by loading in a packed bed reactor? (2)


(b) Derive Ergun's equation. Extend the equation for both laminar and turbulent conditions of packed tower
operation. (10)

29. (a) 60% Sulfuric acid is to be pumped at the rate of 4000 cm3/sec through a lead pipe 2.5 cm diameter and
raised to a height of 25 cm. The pipe is 30 m long and includes two right angled bends. Calculate the
theoretical horse power required. The specific gravity of the acid is 1.53 and its kinematic viscosity is 0.425
cm2/sec. The density of water may be taken as 1000 kg/m3.
Assume a value of roughness factor as 0.05 and R/u2 = 0.0045 each. The velocity head loss coefficient for
flow through 90o bend is 0.8. If necessary, make assumptions and mention clearly. (10)
(b) Define the term 'NPSH'. (2)

Or

30. (a) Compare the working principles and characteristics of centrifugal pumps with that of reciprocating
pumps. (6)
(b) Discuss briefly about positive displacement pumps. Explain its function with a neat sketch. (6)
Derivations - Fluid Mechanics Questions
1. Derive a general equation for the variation of pressure due to gravity from point to point in a static fluid.

2. Derive an expression for the pressure difference across two limbs of a differential manometer containing
two gauge fluids, mutually immissible. What factors influence the sensitivity?

3. Derive the equation of continuity for an incompressible flow. State the importance of the equation.

4. By applying momentum balance to the steady flow of a fluid inside a pipeline, obtain the Bernoulli's
equation. Indicate the corrections necessary to the equation for application to real situations.

5. Derive Euler's equation of motion along a streamline in differential form and obtain Bernoulli's equation in
the integral form for the flow of an incompressible fluid.

6. Derive the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for laminar flow through a circular pipe. State the limitations of the
equation.

7. Show that the average velocity of the fluid flowing through a circular pipe under laminar conditions is half
that of the maximum velocity.

8. Consider the flow of a Newtonian fluid in a pipe having roughness 'k'. By dimensional analysis, develop an
equation relating the frictional pressure drop in terms of the following:

- density of fluid
- viscosity of fluid
v - velocity of fluid
D - diameter of pipe
L - length of pipe
k - roughness

Descriptions - Fluid Mechanics Questions


1. What is Buckingham Pi-theorem? Explain its application briefly.

2. Enlist the important dimensionless groups involved in the study of fluid mechanics and explain their
physical significance.

3. Explain the terms (i) Geometric (ii) Kinematic and (iii) Dynamic similarities.

4. Describe the methods employed for flow measurements in open channels.

5. Explain the conditions on which the choice of the following meters would depend: (i)Orifice meter (ii)
Venturi meter (iii) Pitot tube.

6. Draw the characteristic curves for a centrifugal pump.

7. What is a positive displacement pump? Describe the working of any one type with neat sketch.

8. Describe the working of an Airlift pump and explain on what factors its efficiency dependent.
Short Notes - Fluid Mechanics Questions
1. Inclined manometer.

2. Flow of fluid in Boundary layer.

3. Boundary layer separation.

4. 'Hydraulically smooth' pipes.

5. Expansion and contraction losses.

6. Equivalent length of fittings.

7. Flow in non-circular conduits.

8. Pneumatic transport.

9. Steam jet ejectors.

10. Selection of pumps for handling of liquids.

11. Water hammer.

12. Net positive suction head.

13. What is cavitation and how it can be eliminated for a centrifugal pump?

Comparisons - Fluid Mechanics Questions


1. Distinguish between compressible and incompressible fluids.

2. Distinguish between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids.

3. Indicate the difference between skin friction and form friction.

4. Differentiate between packed and fluidized beds.

5. Differentiate between loading and flooding velocities in a packed absorption column.

6. Differentiate between aggressive and particulate fluidization.


7. How do variable head meters differ from variable area meters for the measurement of fluid flow?

8. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of centrifugal pump reciprocating pump.

9. Distinguish between Fans and Blowers and Compressors.

Fluid Mechanics - Problems


UNIT -I

1. A differential manometer is used to measure the pressure drop in a pipeline conveying methane gas at 20 oC
and 1 atm pressure. The two liquids in the differential manometer are kerosene (specific gravity 0.82) and
water. The inside diameter of the reservoirs and the U-tube manometer are 5cm and 0.5cm respectively. If
the reading in the manometer is 15cm, calculate the pressure difference indicated, when the change in
levels in the reservoir (i) is neglected and (ii) is taken into account.

2. A geometrically similar model of an air duct is built 1:30 scale and tested with water which is 50 times
more viscous and 800 times more dense than air. When tested under dynamically similar conditions, the
pressure drop is 2.25 atm in the model. Find the corresponding pressure drop in the full-scale prototype.

3. An inclined manometer is installed across a pipeline carrying water to measure the pressure drop due to
friction. The manometer is filled with organic liquid of specific gravity 1.6 and its readings is 5 cm. The
angle between the vertical and inclined limbs is 60o. Calculate the pressure drop.

4. A centrifuge bowl 30 cm in I.D. is rotating at a speed of 60 revolutions per second. It contains a 5 cm layer
of a liquid of specific gravity 1.6. If the system is open to atmosphere, estimate the gauge pressure exerted
at the walls of the centrifuge bowl.

5. Water at 20oC (viscosity = 1 cp) flows through a smooth straight pipe A of inside diameter 4 cm at an
average velocity of 50 cm/sec. Oil flows through another pipe B of inside diameter 10 cm. Assuming
similarities, calculate the velocity of oil through pipe B. Specific gravity of oil is 0.8 and its viscosity is 2
cp.

6. A U-tube manometer filled with mercury is connected between two points in a pipeline. If the manometer
reading is 26 mm of Hg, calculate the pressure difference between the points when (a) water is flowing
through the pipe (b) air at atmospheric pressure and 20oC is flowing in the pipe.

Density of mercury = 13.6 gm/cc Density of water = 1 gm/cc Molecular weight of air = 28.8

UNIT -II

7. Water flows through a 10-cm I. D. pipeline at an average velocity of 2m/s. Downstream the pipeline divides
into a 10cm main and a 2.5 cm. bypass. The length of 10-cm. main pipeline in the bypassed section is 8 m.
and the equivalent length of the bypass is 10 m. Neglecting entrance and exit losses, estimate the fraction of
the total water flowing through the bypass, if the flow is turbulent.
8. Calculate the power required per meter width of the stream to force lubricating oil at a rate of 100 m 3/hr per
meter width through the space between two horizontal flat parallel plates. The plates are 3 m long and
separated by a distance of 6 mm. The oil has a density of 0.9 gm/cc and a velocity of 25 cP. Make necessary
assumptions.

9. Water is pumped from a reservoir to a height of 1000 m from the reservoir level, through a pipe of 15 cm
I.D. at an average velocity of 4 m/s. If the pipeline along with the fittings is equivalent to 2000 m long and
the overall efficiency is 70%, what is the energy required for pumping? Friction factor f = 0.046 Re-0.2.

10. Calculate the power required and the pressure which should be developed by a pump of efficiency 80% to
pump 60 liters/ min. of 98% sulfuric acid at 25oC from an open tank at ground level to a closed overhead
tank at a gauge pressure of 2 atm kept 3m above the ground. The density of the acid is 1850kg/m3 and the
viscosity is 25 centipoises. Neglect frictional losses.

11. A horizontal annulus is 10 m long with an inner diameter of 2.5 cm and an outer diameter of 5.6 cm. A
sugar solution of density 1300 kg/m3 and a viscosity of 60 cP is flowing through the annulus at 20oC.
Calculate the volumetric flow rate when the impressed pressure drop is 40 kN/m2.

12. The pressures at two sections of a horizontal pipe are 0.3 kgf/cm2 and 0.6 kgf/cm2 and the diameters are 7.5
cm, and 15 cm respectively. Determine the direction of flow if water flows at a rate of 8.5 kg/sec. State
your assumptions.

13. Water flows through a 0.203 m diameter pipe, with an average velocity of 3.6 m/sec. There is a sudden
enlargement to 0.406 m diameter pipe. What is the power loss due to the sudden enlargement?

14. A capillary tube 0.2 cm in diameter and 10 cm long discharge one liter of a liquid in ten minutes under a
pressure difference of 5 cm mercury. Find the viscosity of the liquid using the following data:

15. 2.16 m3/h water at 320 K is pumped through a 40 mm I.D. pipe through a length of 150 m in a horizontal
direction and up through a vertical height of 12 m. In the pipe there are fittings equivalent to 260 pipe
diameters. What power must be supplied to the pump if it is 60% efficient? Take the value of fanning
friction factor as 0.008. Water viscosity is 0.65 cp, and density = 1 gm/cc.

16. A reaction vessel is provided with a bursting disc and the gases are vented to the atmosphere through a
stack pipe having a cross sectional area of 0.07 m2. The rupture disc has a flow area of 4000 mm2 and the
gases expand to the full area of the stack pipe in a divergent section. If the gas in the vessel is at a pressure
of 10 MN/m2 and a temperature of 500 K. Calculate the initial rate of discharge of gas.

17. Water flows through a 100 mm steel pipe at an average velocity of 2 m/s. Downstream the pipe divides into
a 100 mm main and a 25 mm bypass. The equivalent length of the bypass is 10 m; the length of the 100 mm
pipe in the bypassed section is 8 m. Neglecting entrance and exit losses, calculate the fraction of the total
water that passes through the bypass.

UNIT -III

18. Calculate the pressure drop of air flowing at 30oC and 1 atm pressure through a bed of 1.25 cm diameter
spheres, at a rate of 60 kg/min. The bed is 125 cm diameter and 250 cm height. The porosity of the bed is
0.38. The viscosity of air is 0.0182 cP and the density is 0.001156 gm/cc.
19. If a spherical particle of 5 mm diameter and specific gravity 3.0 falls at a rate of 2 m/s through an oil of
specific gravity 0.88, determine the viscosity of the oil.

20. A bed containing 32,700 kg of 100 mesh sharp sand is to be fluidized with air at 400oC and 17 atm abs in a
cylindrical vessel 3.5 m in diameter. The ultimate density of the sand particle is 2690 kg/m 3. The viscosity
of air at operating conditions is 0.032 cp. Calculate

(a)the minimum height of fluidized bed


(b)the pressure drop across the bed at the minimum porosity condition
(c)the critical superficial air velocity, given minimum porosity = 0.55, diameter of 100 mesh particle size =
0.147 mm.

21. A mixture of vapors pass through a packed bed of glass spheres having density 2.4 g/cc each of diameter
0.5 cm. The pressure drop due to the flow is 405 kgf/m2. The height of packed bed is 1.85 m. The density
and viscosity of the vapor mixture are 3.8 x 10-3 g/cc and 0.015 cP respectively.

Data:
Cross sectional area of the packed column tube = 0.09 m2
Bed porosity = 0.4
Find the mass flow rate of the vapor mixture. Is the bed fluidized?

22. A regenerative heater is packed with a bed of 6 mm cubes. The cubes are poured into the cylindrical shell
of the regenerator to a depth of 3.5 m such that the bed porosity was 0.44. If air flows through this bed
entering at 25oC and 7 atm abs and leaving at 200oC, calculate the pressure drop across the bed when the
flow rate is 500 kg/hr per square meter of empty bed cross section. Assume average viscosity as 0.025 cP
and density as 6.8 kg/m3.

23. A smooth flat plate is pulled through a pool of stagnant water at a velocity of 6 m/s. The plate has a width
of 3 m and a length of 30 m. Estimate the total drag force acting on one side of the plate.

24. 7000 kg/hr of air, at a pressure of 7 atm and a temperature of 127oC is to be passed through a cylindrical
tower packed with 2.5 cm Berl saddles. The height of the bed is 6 m. What minimum tower diameter is
required, if the pressure drop through the bed is not to exceed 500 mm of mercury?

For Berl saddles, p = (1.65 x 105 Z Vs1.82 1.85 )/Dp1.4


where p is the pressure drop in kgf/cm2, Z is the bed height in meter, is the density in g/cc, Dp is
nominal diameter of Berl saddles, Vs is the superficial linear velocity in m/sec.

UNIT -IV

25. A horizontal venturi meter having a throat diameter of 4 cm is set in a 10 cm I.D. pipeline. Water flows
through the system and the pressure differential across the venturi meter is measured by means of a simple
U-tube manometer filled with mercury. Estimate the flow rate when the manometer reading is 30 cm.
Assume Cv = 0.98. If 10% of the pressure differential is permanently lost, calculate the power consumption
of the meter.
26. The rate of flow of water in a 150 mm diameter pipe is measured with a venturi meter of 50 mm diameter
throat. When the pressure drop over the converging section is 100 mm of water, the flow rate is 2.7 kg/sec.
What is the coefficient of the meter?

27. Water is flowing through a 7.5 cm I.D. pipe. The corner taps of a 3 cm square edged orifice in the pipe are
connected to a manometer containing methyl benzoate (sp.gravity = 1.10). the difference in liquid levels in
the manometer is 30 cm. Find the flow rate.

28. Brine of specific gravity 1.2 is flowing through a 10 cm I.D. pipeline at a maximum flow rate of 1200
liters/min. A sharp edged orifice connected to a simple U-tube mercury manometer is to be installed for the
purpose of measurements. The maximum reading of the manometer is limited to 40 cm. Assuming the
orifice coefficient to be 0.62, calculate the size of the orifice required.

29. Water is flowing through a smooth pipe of 10 cm I.D. to which a horizontal venturi meter having a throat
diameter of 4 cm is attached. A mercury U-tube manometer connected to the meter shows a reading of 25
cm. Calculate the flow rate.

30. A Newtonian fluid having a viscosity of 1.23 poise, and a density of 0.893 gm/cm3, is flowing through a
straight, circular pipe having an inside diameter of 5 cm. A pitot tube is installed on the pipeline with its
impact tube located at the center of the pipe cross section. At a certain flow rate, the pitot tube indicates a
reading of 8 cm of mercury. Determine the volumetric flow rate of the fluid.

31. The rate of discharge of water from a tank is measured by means of a notch, for which the flow rate is
directly proportional to the height of the liquid above the bottom of the notch. Calculate and plot the profile
of the notch if the flow rate is 30 m3/hr, when the liquid level is 15 cm above the bottom of the notch.

32. A rotameter calibrated for metering has a scale ranging from 0.014 m3/min to 0.14 m3/min. It is intended to
use this meter for metering a gas of density 1.3 kg/m3 with in a flow range of 0.28 m3/min to 2.8 m3/min.
What should be the density of the new float if the original one has a density of 1900 kg/m3? Both the floats
can be assumed to have the same volume and shape.

UNIT -V

33. A double acting reciprocating pump has a cylinder of 15 cm in diameter and an average stroke of 20 cm.
The piston rod is 2.25 cm in diameter. The pump runs at a rate of 60 strokes per minute and discharges into
a calibration tank of 1.2 m diameter. The pump discharges such that the water level in the tank rose by 1.30
m in a period of 2 minutes. Calculate the water-end efficiency of the pump.

34. A centrifugal pump is required to deliver 70 liters per second of water at room temperature against a head
of 100 meters when running at 1450 rpm. Find the number of stages for best efficiency.

35. The impeller of a centrifugal pump has an external diameter of 45 cm and is 5 cm wide at the outer
periphery. The impeller vanes are set at 35oC at this periphery. The impeller vanes are set at 35o at this
periphery. The thickness of the vanes accounts for 7% of the flow area. The pump delivers at 200 liters/sec
of water at 650 rpm against a manometric head of 12 meters. What is the manometric efficiency of the
pump?

36. Crude oil is pumped at a rate of 80 liters/sec from a harbor to a refinery at a distance of 10 km through a 0.3
m I.D. pipeline. The crude oil has a density of 0.8 gm/cc and a viscosity of 5 cP. Calculate the power rating
of the motor driving the pump, assuming an overall efficiency of 60% at full capacity.
37. Air is flowing in a smooth pipe having 1 m diameter at a rate of 340 m3/min. The length of the pipe is 250
m. The air temperature is 20 oC. What is the difference in elevation between the inlet and outlet if the static
pressure change is zero? If a pump is to be installed keeping the pipe horizontal, which type of pump
should be selected and what should be its theoretical power requirement? Assume that behaves an ideal gas.

Data:
Kinematic viscosity of air = 1.67 x 10-5 m2/sec.
Static pressure = 1 atm.

38. A petroleum fraction is pumped 2 km from a distillation plant to a storage tank through a mild steel pipeline
150 mm in diameter at the rate of 0.04 m3/sec. What is the pressure drop along the pipe and the power
supplied to the pumping unit if it has an efficiency of 50%? The pump impeller is eroded and the pressure
at its delivery falls to one half. By how much is the flow rate reduced? = 0.705 g/cc = 0.5 milli N.s/m2.

Fluid Mechanics - Unit 1 Exercises

1. If an oil has an absolute viscosity of 510 poises, what is its viscosity in S.I. units?

2. What is a Newtonian fluid? Give examples.

3. Give an example for Pseudo plastic fluid.

4. A typical mud is 70 weight percent sand and 30 weight percent water. What is its density?
The respective densities are

sand = 140 lb/ft3 and water = 62.3 lb/ft3

5. What is the smallest diameter glass tube that will keep the capillary height-change of the
water at 20oC less than that of 0.9 mm?

6. Calculate the approximate depression of mercury at 20oC in a capillary tube of radius 1.5
mm

= 0.514 N/m, = 13.6 g/cc, = 140o

7. Air is introduced through a nozzle into a tank of water to form a stream of bubbles. If the
streams are intended to have a diameter of 2 mm, calculate by how much the pressure of
the air at the tip of the nozzle must exceed that of the surrounding water.

x 10-3 N/m.
8. Why are specific gravities most often referred to the density of water at 4oC instead of at
0oC?

9. Most swimmers find the pressure at a depth of about 10 ft painful to ears. What is the
gauge pressure at this depth?

10. A new submarine can safely resist an external pressure of 1000 psig. How deep in the
ocean can it safely dive?

11. The deepest point in the oceans of the world is believed to be in the Marianas Trench,
southeast of Japan; there the depth is about 11,000 m. What is the pressure at that point?

12. On a very cold day at the South Pole, the temperature of air is -60oF. Assuming that the
air remains isothermal up to a 10,000 ft elevation and that the pressure at the sea level is
1 atm, calculate the pressure at 10,000 ft.

13. In the hydraulic lift in Fig1, the total mass of car, rack, and piston is 1800 kg. The piston
has a cross-sectional area of 0.2 m2. What is the pressure in the hydraulic fluid in the
cylinder if the car is not moving?.

Fig.1

14. It is proposed to build a raft of pine logs to carry a cargo on a river. The cargo will weigh
500 kg, and it must be kept entirely above the water level. How many kilograms of pine
logs must we use to make the raft, if the logs may be entirely submerged and they have
sp.gr = 0.8?

15. The fluid in the manometer of Fig2 is ethyl iodide with sp.gr = 1.93. The manometeric
fluid height difference is 50 in. What is the gauge pressure in the tank? What is the
absolute pressure in the tank?
Fig.2

16. A furnace has a stack 100 ft high. The gases in the stack have M = 28g/gmol and T =
300oF. The outside air has M = 29 g/gmol. If the pressures of the air and the gas in the
stack are equal at the top of the stack, what is the pressure difference at the bottom of the
stack?

17. A natural gas well contains methane (M = 16 g/gmol), which is practically a perfect gas.
The pressure at the surface is 1000 psig. What is the pressure at a depth of 10,000 ft?
How much error would be made by assuming that methane were a constant density fluid?
Assume the temperature is constant at 70oF.

18. For low pressure differences, the inclined manometer shown in Fig3 is often used. If the
scale is set to read zero length at PA = PB and the manometer fluid is colored water, what
will the reading be at PA - PB = 0.1 lbf/in2? What would be reading of an ordinary
manometer with vertical legs for this pressure difference?

Fig.3

19. Calculate the pressure in the ocean at a depth of 2000 m assuming that salt water is

a) Incompressible with a constant density of 1002 kg/m3


b) compressible with a bulk modulus of 2.05 x 109 N/m2 and a density at the surface of
1002 kg/m3

20. The viscosity of an oil is 10 cP and its specific gravity is 0.8. Reexpress both of these in
both lbm, ft, sec system and in S.I. units.

21. Say True or False.


a. Absolute pressures and temperatures must be employed when using the ideal gas
law.

b. To convert the pressure from gauge to absolute, add approximately 1.01 Pa.

c. It is possible to have gauge pressures that are as low as -20 psig.

d. A vertical pipe full of water, 34 ft high and open at the top, will generate a
pressure of about one atmosphere (gauge) at its base.

Home

M.Subramanian, Lecturer, Chemical Engg, SVCE, Sriperumbudur - 602105, Tamil Nadu, INDIA

Unit-2 Excercises
Mass Balance: (Equation of Continuity)

1. A water tank has an inflow line 1 ft in diameter and two 1/2 ft diameter outflow lines. The velocity in the
inflow line is 5 ft/sec. The mass of water in the tank is not changing with time. What are the volumetric
flow rate, mass flow rate, and the velocity in the other outflow line? Answer: 2.55 ft3/sec, 159 lb/sec, 13
ft/sec.

2. A lake has a surface area of 100 km2. One river is bringing water into the lake at a rate of 10,000 m3/s,
while another is taking water out at 8000m3/s. Evaporation and seepage are negligible. How fast is the level
of the lake rising or falling? Answer: 72mm/h

3. A vacuum chamber has a volume of 10 ft3. When the vacuum pump is running, the steady-state pressure in
the chamber is 0.1 lbf/in2. The pump is shut off, and the following pressure-time data are observed:

4. Time after shutoff, min Pressure, psia


5. 0 0.1
6. 10 1.1
7. 20 2.1
8. 30 3.1

Calculate the rate of air leakage into the vacuum chamber when the pump is running. Air may be assumed
to be a perfect gas. The air temperature may be assumed constant at 70oF. Answer: 0.0051 lb/min.

Energy Balance: (Bernoulli's equation)

1. The tank in fig1 is cylindrical and has a vertical axis. Its horizontal cross-sectional area is 100 ft 2. The hole
in the bottom has a cross-sectional area of 1 ft2. The interface between the gasoline and the water remains
perfectly horizontal at all times. The interface is now 10 ft above the bottom. How soon will gasoline start
to flow out the bottom? Assume frictionless flow. Sp.gr of gasoline:0.72 . Answer: 36.5 sec.
Fig1

2. In the vessel in fig2 water is flowing steadily in frictionless flow under the barrier. What is the velocity of
the water flow under the barrier? Answer: 11.3 ft/sec.

Fig2

3. In the tank in fig3 water is under a layer of compressed air, which is at a pressure of 20 psig. The water is
flowing out through a frictionless nozzle, which is 5 ft below the water surface. What is the velocity of the
water? Answer: 57.4 ft/sec.

Fig3

Incompressible One-dimensional Frictional Flow:

1. Water is flowing through a horizontal tube with 1.00 in inside diameter. What is the maximum average
velocity at which laminar flow will be of stable flow pattern? What is the pressure drop per unit length at
this velocity? Answer: 2.8 ft/sec; 2.08 X 10-4 psi/ft.
2. A fluid is flowing in a pipe. The pressure drop is 10 lbf/(in2.1000 ft). We now double the flow rate, holding
the diameter and fluid properties constant. What is the pressure drop if the new Reynolds number (a) is 10
and (b) is 108? Answer: 20 psi per 1000 ft; 35 to 40 psi per 1000 ft.

3. Two tanks are connected by 500 ft of 3 in pipe. The tanks contain an oil with = 100 cP and = 0.85 g/cc.
The level in the first tank is 20 ft above the level in the second, and the pressure in the second is 10 psi
greater than the pressure in the first. How much oil is flowing through the pipe? Which way is it
flowing? Answer: 40 gal/min; from the second tank to the first tank.

4. Two large water are connected by a 10 ft piece of 3 in pipe. The levels in the tank are equal. When the
pressure difference between the tanks is 30 psi, what is the flow rate through the pipe? Answer: 1040
gal/min.

5. We are going to lay a length of 6 in steel pipe for a long distance and allow water to flow through it by
gravity. If we want a flow rate of 500 gal/min, how much must we slope the pipe (i.e., by how many feet of
drop per foot of pipe length)? Answer: .0166 ft/ft.

4HE - Fluid Mechanics

Test - 1 (22-Jan-2001) Maximum Marks : 60 Duration : 90 min


Part A (12 x 2 = 24 Marks)

1. What is a Newtonian fluid? Give two examples.

Fluid which obeys the Newton's law of viscosity:

du/dy

are said to be Newtonian fluids.

Examples: water, air, kerosene.

2. Give suitable examples for (a) Bingham plastic fluid, (b)


Thixotropic fluid

(a) Bingham plastic fluid: Tooth paste, gels, sewage sludge

(b) Thixotropic fluid: paint

3. The viscosity of an oil is 10 cP. Reexpress in both lb, ft, sec


system and in S.I. units.
lb-ft-sec units: 10 cP = 10 x 10-3 kg/m.sec = 0.01 x 2.203/(3.281 x 1)
lb/ft.sec = 6.713 lb/ft.sec

S.I: 10 cP = 0.01 kg/m.sec

4. Define 'Bulk modulus'. Write down its units.

Bulk modulus (K) = (change in pressure) / (volumetric strain)

Volumetric strain is the change in volume divided by the original volume.


Therefore,
(change in volume) / (original volume) = (change in pressure) / (bulk
modulus)

i.e., -dV/V = dp/K Negative sign for dV indicates the volume decreases
as pressure increases.

In the limit, as dp tends to 0,

K = -V dp/dV

In terms of density, K = dp/d

Bulk modulus has the units of pressure; N/m2.

5. Calculate the approximate depression of mercury at 20oC in a


capillary tube of radius 1.5 mm

= 0.514 N/m, = 13.6 g/cc, = 140o


h = 4cos()/(gd)

h = 4 x 0.514 x cos(140)/(13.6 x 1000 x 9.812 x 3 x 10-3)

i.e., h = 3.93 mm

6. State the Pascal's law of pressure at a point in a fluid.

Pressure at a point is same in all directions. This is Pascal's law. This


applies to fluid at rest
7. It is impossible to have gauge pressures that are as low as -20
psig. Justify this statement.

-20 psig = -20 + 14.7 = -5.3 psia. The minimum possible pressure is
only 0 psia. Therefore, the given gauge pressure is an impossible one.

8. The fluid in the manometer (shown in figure) is ethyl iodide


with sp.gr = 1.93. The manometeric fluid height difference is
50 in. What is the gauge pressure in the tank? What is the
absolute pressure in the tank?

P = gh = 1.93 x 1000 x 9.812 x 50 x


0.0254 = 24.05 kN/m2(g) = (101.3 + 24.05)
kN/m2(a) =125.35 kN/m2(a)

9. Differentiate between 'steady' and


'unsteady flow' with suitable examples.

10. Define 'ideal fluid'. What is the value of Reynolds number


for an ideal fluid?

Ideal fluid is a hypothetical fluid which is assumed to have a viscoisty of


zero, and incompressible.

Reynolds number of an ideal fluid is infinity.

11. (a) Determine whether the velocity components given


below satisfy the equation of continuity:

u = 2x2 + zy
v = -2xy + 3y2 + 3zy
w = -1.5z2 - 2xz - 6yz.
where u, v and w are velocity components in x, y and z
directions respectively.
u/x = 4x
v/y = -2x + 6y + 3z
w/z = -3z - 2x - 6y
u/x + v/y + w/z = 0.

Therefore, continuity equation is satisfied.

12. Write Bernoulli's equation. State its assumptions.

Flow is steady, inviscid and incompressible.

There are no addition of energy in between the the sections considered.

Part B (3 x 12 = 36 Marks)

13. Derive expressions for the variation of pressure with


altitude

(i) for adiabatic atmosphere


(ii) for the atmosphere in which the temperature
decreases with altitude at a constant rate.

(i) Variation of pressure with distance is given by,

dp/dz = -g --> 1

For adiabatic atmosphere, pV = constant

i.e., p/ = constant

p/ = p1/1

= 1(p/p1) = B p --> 2
where B is a constant = 1/p1

Substituting from equn.2 in equn.1,

dp/dz = -B pg
Separating the varaiables and integrating,

-dp/p = Bg dz

[1/( - 1)] p-+1 = Bgz + C

where C is a constant.

The constant C can be eliminated by substituting the initial conditions;


that when z = z1, p = p1

C = [1/( - 1)] p1-+1 - Bgz1

Therefore, [1/( - 1)] p-+1 = Bgz + [1/( - 1)] p1-+1 - Bgz1

(ii) For the atmosphere in which the temperature decreases with height
at a constant rate, T = To - Cz
where To is the temperature at the ground level; and C is the rate of
change of temperature with height(z).

dp/dz = -g = -(pM/RT)g = -pM/[R(To + Cz)]


where M is the molecular weight of air.

Separating the variables,

dp/p = -M/[R(To + Cz)] dz

ln p = -M/(RC) ln (To + Cz) + D


where D is a constant;

The constant D can be eliminated from the substitution of initial


conditions, p = p1 when z = z1

D = ln p1 + M/(RC) ln (To + Cz1)

Therefore, ln p/p1 = M/(RC) ln [(To + Cz1)/(To + Cz)]

Or
14. On a very cold day at the New Delhi, the temperature of
air is 5oC. Assuming that the air remains isothermal up to a
10,000 ft elevation and that the pressure at the sea level is 1
atm, calculate the pressure at 10,000 ft.

Variation of pressure with distance is given by,

dp/dz = -g --> 1

Assuming that air is following ideal gas relationship, -5 p.

Substituting for in Equn.1, dp/p = -1.255 x 10-5 x 9.812 dz Integrating


between the limits: (z1 = 0, p1 = 1 atm = 1.01325 x 105N/m2; and when
z2 = 10,000 ft = 3048 m, p2 = ?)

ln (p2/p1) = -1.255 x 10-5 x 9.812 x (z2 - z1)

i.e.,

p2/1.01325 x 105 = e-0.3753 = 0.687

Therefore, p2 = 0.6962 x 105 N/m2 = 0.687 atm (a).

15. (i) Derive an expression for the pressure difference across


two limbs of an 'Inclined U-tube manomater' with one leg of
enlarged diamater, interms of the measurable quantities.
(ii) What is the error if the movement of the fluid in the larger
dia leg is ignored?
(iii) What factors influence the sensitivity of manometer?

Or

16. A closed-U-tube manometer filled with mercury is


attached to the underside of a line carrying water, as shown in
figure. At a point directly above the closed-U-tube manometer
tap, the upstream tap of an inverted U tube is located. The
inverted-U-tube manometer is filled with a liquid of specific
gravity 0.5. What are p1 and p2 in psia?
Balance for the
mercury
manometer:

40 x 13.6 = p1 +
(58 + 2) x 1 p1 =
40 x 13.6 - 60
inch water =
12.294 m water
= 17.485 psia

Balance for the


inverted
manometer:

p1 - 39 x 1 = p2 -
14 x 1 - 25 x 0.5

p1 - p2 = 25 x 1 -
25 x 0.5 = 12.5
inch water =
0.3175 m water
= 0.03074 atm = 0.452 psi.

Therefore, p2 = 17.485 - 0.452 = 17.006 psia.

17. A siphon consisting of a 3 cm diameter tube is used to


drain water from a tank. The outlet end of the tube is 2 m
below the water surface in the tank. Water is at 25oC.

(i) Neglecting friction, calculate the discharge.


(ii) If the peak point of the siphon is 1.4 m above the
water surface in the tank, estimate the pressure of fluid at
the point of siphon.
(iii) Estimate the maximum distance between water
surface and the peak point of siphon, so that the flow is
not getting disturbed.
(vapor pressure of water at 25oC = 316.6 N/m2)

The given problem is shown as a diagram:

Bernoulli's equation for frictionless flow


is:

(a) Applying Bernoulli's equation for the


points 1 and 3, ( i.e. comparing the energy
levels for the fluid in the tank surface and at
the discharge point of tube)

p1 = 0 N/m2(g)

p3 = 0 N/m2(g)

z1 = 0 m

z3 = -2 m

Since the rate of fall of liquid level in the tank is almost negligible,

v1 = 0 m/sec.

Therefore,

0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + (v32 / 2g) - 2

v3 = (2 x 2g)0.5 = 6.265 m/sec

Discharge Q = (/4)D2 v = (/4) x 0.032 x 6.265 = 0.00443 m3/sec


= 15.94 m3/hr

(b) Applying Bernoulli's equation for the points 1 and 2, ( i.e. comparing
the energy levels for the fluid at the tank surface to the peak point of
siphon)
p1 = 0 N/m2(g)

z2 = 1.4 m

v2 = v3 = 6.265 m/sec (since the cross sectional area of sections 2 and 3


are the same)

0 + 0 + 0 = p2 / (g) + 6.2652 / (2g) + 1.4

p2 / (g) = -3.4 m

p2 = -3.4 x 1000 x 9.812 N/m2(g) = -33360.8 N/m2(g)

Absolute pressure at point 2 = 101325 - 33360.8 = 67964.2 N/m2(a)

(c) Maximum height is obtained by setting p2 = 316.6 N/m2(a):

Applying Bernoulli's equation between points 1 and 2,

1.01325 x 105/(1000 x 9.812) + 0 + 0 = 316.6/(1000 x 9.812) + 6.2652/


(2g) + hmax

Therefore, hmax = 8.294 meter

Or

18. The following data were obtained on a section of piping


through which an incompressible
viscous fluid is flowing ( See Figure)

Point 1:

Pressure = 1.25 x 105 Pa


Cross-sectional area = 15 x 10-
4
m2
Fluid Velocity = 1 m/s

Point 2:
Pressure = 1.05 x 105 Pa
Cross-sectional area = 5 x 10-4 m2
Elevation above point 1 = 3 m

Other Data:

Density of fluid = 1000 kg/m3


Power delivered by the pump = 7.5 W
assume efficiency = 100%)

Predict whether flow is taking place from point 1 to 2 or from 2 to 1.

By equation of continuity,

A1v1 = A2v2

Therefore, v2 = 15 x 1 / 5 = 3 m/sec.

Mass flow rate = Q = 1000 x 15 x 10-4 x 1 = 1.5 kg/sec.

Pump head = 7.5 / (1.5 x 9.812) = 0.51 m

Assuming flow is from 1 to 2, we can write the Bernoulli equation


between 1 and 2 as,

where 'q' is the work done by pump and 'w' is the work done by the fluid,
and h is the head loss by friction.

Substituting for the known quantites, 1.25 x 105/(1000 x 9.812) + 12/(2 x


9.812) = 1.05 x 105/(1000 x 9.812) + 32/(2 x 9.812) + 3 + h + 0 - 0.51

12.74 + 0.051 + 0 = 10.7 + 0.459 + 3 + h - 0.51

Therefore, h = -0.858 m.
For a possible flow, h can not be negative. Therefore, the assumed
direction is not correct.

Let us rework for flow from 2 to 1:

Then,

1.05 x 105/(1000 x 9.812) + 32/(2 x 9.812) + 3 = 1.25 x 105/(1000 x


9.812) + 12/(2 x 9.812) + h + 0 - 0.51

10.7 + 0.459 + 3 = 12.74 + 0.051 + 0 + h - 0.51

Therefore, h = 1.419 m, which is a positive quantity; therefore, flow is


from 2 to 1.

Home INDEX

Last Modified on: 06/27/2008 12:58:54


M.Subramanian, Lecturer, Chemical Engg, SVCE, Sriperumbudur - 602105, Tamil Nadu,

INDIA msubbu@svce.ac.in

4HE - Fluid Mechanics Test - 2 (March-2001) Maximum Marks : 60


Duration : 90 minutes
Part A (12 x 2 = 24 Marks)

1. With a neat sketch, compare the velocity profiles for laminar and turbulent flow
of a fluid in a pipeline.

2. Indicate the methods to reduce

(i) skin frictional losses


(ii) form frictional losses.

3. Calculate the hydraulic radius for flow of fluid through a rectangular duct of
size 0.5 m x 0.3 m.
4. With a neat diagram, illustrate the relation between friction factor and Reynolds
number, for laminar and turbulent flows in circular ducts, indicating the effect
of roughness.

5. The relation between frictional pressure drop (p) and volumetric flow rate (Q)
for flow through pipelines is given by

p = cQn ; where c is a constant.

What is the value of 'n' for

(i) laminar flow


(ii) turbulent flow through very smooth pipe
(iii) turbulent flow through very rough pipe

6. Draw the shape of nozzles, that is needed for accelerating the flow velocity, for
the following flow conditions, indicating the flow direction:

(i) subsonic flow to soinc flow


(ii) sonic to supersonic flow
(iii) subsonic to supersonic flow

7. Draw a neat sketch showing the development of boundary layer for laminar
flow in pipe, also indicate the shape of the velocity profiles at developing and
developed sections.

8. How does the pressure drop vary with the flow rate in a rota-meter, and in
orifice meter?

9. The pressure drop between upstream and throat of venturi meter is 100 cm of
the flowing fluid. What is the pressure drop if the volumetric flow rate is
doubled?

10.Compare the manometer readings of orifice meter and venturi meter for a
flowrate of Q through a pipe of diameter D, given that diameter of venturi
throat = diameter of orifice opening.

11. Give two industrial applications of:

(i) packed beds


(ii) fluidized beds
12.Differentiate between aggregative and particulate fluidization.

Part B (3 x 12 = 36 Marks)

13.(a) By applying momentum balance to the steady flow of a fluid in a stream-


tube, derive Eulers equation of motion. (8)
(b) Obtain Bernoulli equation from Euler equation by making necessary
assumptions. (4)

Or

14.For laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid in circular pipe, obtain the following
relations from first principles:

(i) Frictional pressure drop and wall shear stress


(ii) Velocity distribution in the radial direction
(iii) Average velocity and maximum velocity
(iv) Pressure drop and average velocity

15.Water is pumped from a ground level reservoir to an overhead tank through a


7.5 cm ID pipe as shown in the sketch:

(a) What pressure is needed at the outlet of the pump to supply water to
the tank at the rate of 100 ltr/min?
(b) What is the power required for the pump, if the pump is only 60%
efficient?
Data:
= 1 cP; = 1 g/ml.
Equivalent length of fittings (Le/D):
Globe valve (open) : 300
45o elbow : 15
Fanning friction factor for turbulent flow is given by: f = 0.079 (NRe) -0.25

Or

16.(a) A venturi meter has throat to upstream pipe cross-section ratio of 0.5. The
fluid flowing is water. The pressure at the entry of converging cone section is
137.9 kN/m2(a). What is the velocity at the throat which corresponds to a
pressure of 0 kN/m2(a) at the throat? If the water is at 200 oF, what is the highest
velocity possible at the throat at which water will boil?
Data: For water at 200oF,
Density = 980 kg/m3. Vapor pressure = 75.8 kN/m2(a). (8)

(b) A rotameter with a stainless steel float has a maximum capacity of 1.2
ltr/sec of water. What will be the maximum capacity for kerosene in ltr/sec for
the same rotameter and float? Assume that the C d for the rotameter is not
changing much with flowrate.
Data:
Specific gravity of stainless steel = 7.92
Specifc gravity of kerosene = 0.82 (4)

17.(a) Derive relations for Reynolds number and friction factor and establish the
Ergun equation for single-phase flow of fluid through packed bed. (8)
(b) Bring out the equation predicting minimum fluidization velocity. (4)

Or

18.A mixture of vapors pass through a packed bed of glass spheres having density
2.4 g/cc each of diameter 0.5 cm. The pressure drop due to the flow is 4000
N/m2. The height of packed bed is 1.85 m. The density and viscosity of the
vapor mixture are 3.8 x 10-3 g/cc and 0.015 cP respectively.
Data:
Cross sectional area of the packed column tube = 0.09 m 2
Bed porosity = 0.4

Find the mass flow rate of the vapor mixture.


4HE - Fluid Mechanics

Test - 1 Maximum Marks : 30 Duration : 90 min

Part - A (10 X 1 = 10 Marks)

1. What is a Newtonian fluid? Give examples.

2. Absolute pressures and temperatures must be employed when


using the ideal gas law.(True/False)

3. To convert the pressure from gauge to absolute, add


approximately 1.01 Pa.(True/False)

4. It is possible to have gauge pressures that are as low as -20


psig.(True/False)

5. A vertical pipe full of water, 34 ft high and open at the top, will
generate a pressure of about one atmosphere (gauge) at its
base.(True/False)

6. Why are specific gravities most often referred to the density of


water at 4oC instead of at 0oC?

7. Most swimmers find the pressure at a depth of about 10 ft


painful to ears. What is the gauge pressure at this depth?

8. A new submarine can safely resist an external pressure of 1000


psig. How deep in the ocean can it safely dive?

9. Give suitable examples for (a) Bingham plastic fluid, (b)


Thixotropic fluid

10. Give the continuity equation for three dimensional flow

Part - B (2 X 10 = 20 Marks)

11. Derive an expression for the pressure difference across


two limbs of a differential manometer containing two gauge
fluids, mutually immissible. What factors influence the
sensitivity?

Or

12. A differential manometer is used to measure the pressure


drop in a pipeline conveying methane gas at 20 oC and 1 atm
pressure. The two liquids in the differential manometer are
kerosene (specific gravity 0.82) and water. The inside diameter
of the reservoirs and the U-tube manometer are 5cm and
0.5cm respectively. If the reading in the manometer is 15cm,
calculate the pressure difference indicated, when the change in
levels in the reservoir (i) is neglected and (ii) is taken into
account.

13. Calculate the power required and the pressure which


should be developed by a pump of efficiency 80% to pump 60
liters/ min. of 98% sulfuric acid at 25oC from an open tank at
ground level to a closed overhead tank at a gauge pressure of
2 atm kept 3m above the ground. The density of the acid is
1850kg/m3 and the viscosity is 25 centipoises. Neglect
frictional losses.

Or

14. Show that the average velocity of the fluid flowing


through a circular pipe under laminar conditions is half that of
the maximum velocity.

Home

M.Subramanian, Lecturer, Chemical Engg, SVCE, Sriperumbudur - 602105, Tamil Nadu, INDIA

4HE Fluid Mechanics - Test 2

Duration: 90 min. Maximum Marks: 30

Part A (10 x 1 = 10 marks)


1. Consider a duct of square cross section of side 'b'. The hydraulic radius is given
by
(A) b/8 (B) b/4 (C) b/2 (D) b

2. Define the term 'Mach number'

3. For an orifice meter, the pressure recovery is ________ than that for a venturi
meter.

4. The equilibrium position of the float in a rotameter is determined by the


balance of three forces. These are ___________, ___________ and
___________.

5. A rotameter, through which air at room temperature and atmospheric pressure is


flowing, gives a certain reading for a flow rate of 100 cc/s. If helium
(Molecular weight 4) is used and the rotameter shows the same reading, the
flow rate is
(A) 26 cc/s (B) 42 cc/s (C) 269 cc/s (D) 325 cc/s

6. Write down the equation for flow rate through a V-notch

7. (i)What is wall drag?


(ii) What is form drag?

8. Differentiate between Loading and Flooding

9. Differentiate between bubbling and particulate fluidization

10.What is the theoretical maximum operable velocity for a fluidized bed?

Part B (2 x 10 = 20 marks)

11. 2.16 m3/h water at 320 K is pumped through a 40 mm I.D. pipe through a
length of 150 m in a horizontal direction and up through a vertical height of 12
m. In the pipe there are fittings equivalent to 260 pipe diameters. What power
must be supplied to the pump if it is 60% efficient? Take the value of fanning
friction factor as 0.008. Water viscosity is 0.65 cp, and density = 1 gm/cc.

Or

12.(a) Explain the construction and working principle of Pitot tube. (6)
(b) A venturi meter has throat to upstream pipe cross-section ratio of 0.5. The
fluid flowing is water. The pressure at the entry of converging cone section is
20 psia. What is the velocity at the throat which corresponds to a pressure of
0.0 psia at the throat? If the water is at 200oF, its vapor pressure is 11.psia.
What is the highest velocity possible at the throat at which water at 200 oF will
boil? (4)

13.Derive Ergun equation for pressure drop through a packed bed

Or

14.(a)Derive an expression for minimum fluidization velocity. (7)

(b)The pressure drop required for fluidizing a coal bed with a liquid petroleum
fraction of viscosity 0.015 Ns/m2 is 105 N/m2. What is the pressure drop
required for fluidizing the same bed with an oil (same density as the petroleum
fraction) of viscosity 0.03 Ns/m2? (3)

Anda mungkin juga menyukai