Objectives: Chapter 4: Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

CHAPTER 4 : ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS
OBJECTIVES
DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003
BOUNDARY WORK
One form of mechanical work frequently encountered in

practice is associated with the expansion or compression p
of a gas in a piston-cylinder device. p1 1
Example : Automotive engines and air compressors
The real piston moves at very high speeds, therefore, the
boundary work in real engines or compressor/engines is dA=pdV
determined by direct measurements
For our analysis, the process is assumed as a quasi-static
process, the piston moves at low velocities. 2
p2
V1 dV V2 V
The differential work done during the process
Wb = Fds = pAds = pdV
Thus, the total boundary work done, p

2
Wb = W12 = 1 pdV kJ
ds 2
The total work done during the process is equal to 1
the area under the process curve on a p-V diagram
P is the initial pressure of the gas
V is the total cylinder volume
A is the cross-sectional areaof piston
1
MY EXAMPLE 4-1
A gas in a closed tank undergone an expansion process according to pV1.3
= constant. Derive the boundary work for the process.
Solution
2
Substituting p = c/V1.3 into W12 = pdV
1
2
2 CdV V 1.3 + 1
W12 =
1 V 1.3
=C
1.3 + 1 2
p2 V21.3 V2 1.3 + 1 p1V11.3 V1 1.3 + 1

=
1.3 + 1
p1V1 p2 V2
=
0.3
MY EXAMPLE 4-2
A working fluid undergone a process according to the function of p = 2V2 V. The
initial and the final volume are 0.5 m3 and 0.05 m3 respectively. Determine the work
done during the process.
Solution
2
Substituting p = 2V2 V into W12 =
1
pdV
2
W12 = 1
2
(2V 2
)
V dV
2V 3 V 2
=
2 V23 V22 2 V13 V12
=
3 2 1 3 2 3 2
Substituting V1 = 0.5 m3 and V2 = 0.05 m3, thus
2 (0 . 05 )3 (0 .05 )2 2 (0 .5 )3 (0 .5 )2
W12 =
= -1.13 kJ

3 2 3 2
2
BOUNDARY WORK FOR A

CONSTANT VOLUME PROCESS
p
Normally this process occurs when a working
fluid is contained in a rigid tank which has a
p1 1
fixed boundary.
Since the volume is constant, dV = 0,

therefore, there in no boundary work done
Area = W12 = 0
during this process (the area under the
process curve is zero)
v2 0
v
2
W12 = pdV p2
1
=0 1 = 2
EXAMPLE 4-1
3
BOUNDARY WORK FOR

A CONSTANT PRESSURE PROCESS
The volume of the system increases during p

constant pressure expansion (+ve W) and W12 = Area = p1(V2 V1)
decreases during constant volume
compression (-ve W). Using boundary work 1 2
definition, p1= p2

v2
v
v2

W12 = pdV
v1
=p
1
dV = p (V2 V1 )
Substituting an ideal gas equation of state,

pV = mRT, then for ideal gas,
W12 = mR (T2 T1 ) 1 2
MY EXAMPLE 4-3
15 kg of water in a piston-cylinder assembly, initially at 10 bar and 350 oC. The water is now
cooled at constant pressure to a saturated vapor. Sketch the process on a p- and T- and
determine the work done during the process.
p
Solution
At 10 bar (1000 kPa) Ts =179.91 oC,

T>TS shs T1 = 350 oC
10 z z
From Table A-5 at 10 bar (1 MPa) and 2 1
TS = 179.9 oC
350 oC,
1 = 0.2825 m3/kg

T
The water at state 2 is saturated vapor, thus
2 = g pada 10 bar = 0.19436 m3/kg. p = 10 bar
350 z
1
W12 = mp(2 -1 )
179.9 z
2
= (15)(10 x 102)(0.1936 0.2825)
= -1321.5 kJ

4
MY EXAMPLE 4-4
A piston-cylinder system contains an air initially at 200 kPa and 30 oC. At this condition, the piston
is resting on a set of stops with a cylinder volume of 400 litre. A pressure of 400 kPa is needed to
move the piston. The air is then heated until the volume inside the cylinder doubles. By using ideal
gas model, determine the final temperature and the total work done during the processes. For the
air take cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK and R = 0.287 kJ/kgK
Solution
p
p1V1 p 2 V2 p 3 V3 (bar)
Using = =
T1 T2 T3
V3 =2V2 and (V1 = V2)
Piston
p 3 V3 T1
T3 = Stops
p1V1 2 p =c 3
(400 )(2V1 )(30 + 273 ) Air Cylinder
400
= T3
(200 )(V1 ) 200 kPa T2
30oC =c
= 1212 K
200
1

0
T1 = 30 oC
Wtotal= W12 + W23 = p(V3 - V2) (m3/kg)
2 x 400 400 V1= V2 V3

= 400 x = 160 kJ
1000 1000
BOUNDARY WORK FOR A CONSTANT

TEMPERATURE PROCESS (ISOTHERMAL)
To maintain the temperature of a system, heat has to be supplied continuously

during isothermal expansion and heat has to be rejected during isothermal
compression.
From ideal gas equation, pV = mRT : the value of mR is constant and for isothermal
process, T is constant, thus pV = constant = C
p1V1 = p2V2 = p3V3 = .............= pnVn p

v2
1
pV = C p = C/V W12 = pdV
v1
p1

v2
dV
W12 = C = C [ ln V ] vv 2
v1 V 1
p = C
V p Area
= pV ln 2 = pV ln 1 2
V1 p2 p2

Substituting pV = mRT
V 1 2
W12 = mRT ln 2
V1
5
EXAMPLE 4-3
MY EXAMPLE 4-5
0.5 kg of gas (R = 0.1890 kJ/kgK) initially at 1.5 bar and 20 oC is contained in a closed tank. Gas is
now compressed isothermally to a pressure of 15 bar. By assuming the gas is an ideal gas,
determine the work done during the process.
Solution
m = 0.5 kg Compression
p1 = 1.5 bar p2 = 15 bar
T1 = 20 oC pV = C (T = C) T2 = T1 = 20 oC
p
W12 = mRT ln 1 = (0. 5 )(0.1890 )(20 + 273 ) ln 1.5 = - 63.76 kJ
p2 15
V
or W12 = p 2 V2 ln 2
V1
mRT (0.5)(0.1890)(20 + 273)
V1 = = = 0.1846 m3
p1 1.5 x 102
mRT (0.5)(0.1890)(20 + 273)
V2 = = = 0.01846 m3
p2 15 x 102
V
( ) 0.01846
W12 = p 2 V2 ln 2 = 15 x 102 (0.01846 )ln = 63.76 kJ
V1 0.1846
6
BOUNDARY WORK FOR

A POLYTROPIC PROCESS
A polytropic process is process which the pressure and volume of the system are
related by pV n = Constant where n is polytropic index.
V2
C dV V -n+1 V -n+1 - V2 -n+1 p1V1 - p2 V2
p= W12 = C
V2
=C = pV n 1 = kJ
Vn V1 n n-1
V - n + 1 V1 n-1
p11 - p2 2
Or per unit mass, w 12 = kJ/kg
n-1 p
Substituting pV = mRT, for an ideal gas 1

p1
mR (T1 - T2 )
W12 = kJ
n-1 Area
pn = Constant
Or per unit mass,
R (T1 - T2 ) p2
2
w 12 = kJ/kg
n-1
1 2
p-v-T RELATIONS FOR POLYTROPIC PROCESS
pn = C
RT RT
p= =
p
n
RT n RT RT n
= C RT n 1 = C p =C =C
p p n 1
T1n Tn
T1 n1 1 = T2 n2 1 p 1 n1 = p 2 n2 n1
= n2 1
p1 p2
n 1 n n 1
T2 1 p 2 1 T2 p 2
= n
= =
T1 2 p 1 2 T1 p 1
7
EXAMPLE 4-4
A piston-cylinder device contains 0.05 m3 of a gas initially at 200 kPa. At this
state, a linear spring that has a spring constant of 150 kN/m is touching the
piston but exerting no force on it. Now heat is transferred to the gas, causing the
piston to rise and to compress the spring until the volume inside the cylinder
doubles. If the cross-sectional area of the piston is 0.25 m2, determine
a) the final pressure inside the cylinder
b) the total work done by the gas
c) The fraction of this work done against the spring to compress it
Solution
EXAMPLE 4-4 cont..
8
MY EXAMPLE 4-6
1.5 kg of a pure substance initially at 20 bar and 250 oC undergoes a polytropic expansion process
until the pressure is 5 bar. The polytropic index is 1.2. Determine the work done if the pure
substance is (a) water and (b) air (R = 0.287 kJ/kgK)
m = 1.5 kg Expansion p2 = 5 bar
p1 = 20 bar
pV1.2 = C
T1 = 250 oC
W12 = ?
20 bar
a) At 20 bar, Ts = 212.38 oC, T1>Ts shs
) 1 = 0.1115 m3/kg
250 oC
1 1
p 2 1
n
p 1.2 20 1.2
= 2 = 1 x 1 = x 0.1115 = 0.3540 m3 / kg
p 1 2 p2 5
p1V1 - p 2 V2 m(p11 - p2 2 ) =
[
(1.5) (20 x 10 2 )(0.1115) (5 x 10 2 )(0.3540) ]
W12 = = 1.2 1
n-1 n-1
= 345.0 kJ
b) RT1 (0.287)(250 + 273)

1 = = = 0.0751 m3 /kg
p1 20 x 10 2
n 1
p 2 1
1
p 1.2
20 1.2
= 2 = 1 x 1 = x 0.0751 = 0.2384 m3 / kg
p 1 2 p2 5
W 12 = =
[
m (p 1 1 - p 2 2 ) (1.5) (20 x 10 2 )(0.0751) (5 x 10 2 )(0.2384)
= 232.5 kJ
]
n-1 1.2 1
INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY AND SPECIFIC HEAT
The specific heat of a substance can be defined as the energy required to raise the temperature
of a unit mass of a substance by one degree
Specific heat terms
Specific Heat at Specific Heat at

Constant Volume Constant Pressure
u h
cv = cp =
T T
The values of u and h are depend on temperature of the system (
function of T), thus
du dh
cv = and cp =
dT dT
du = cv dT and dh = cp dT
integrating
u2 u1 = cv (T2 T1) h2 h1 = cp (T2 T1)
9
INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPI AND SPECIFIC HEAT
From definition of enthalpy and the ideal gas equation of state, h = u + p and p = RT, we can
write h = u + RT or in differential forms
dh = du +pdv and dh = du + RdT or
dh du
= +R cp = cv + R or cp - cv = R
dT dT
cp
cv
Let introduce another ideal gas property called the SPECIFIC HEAT RATIO, k, defined as
cp
Specific heat ratio, k =
cv
Deviding by cv
1/k Deviding by cp
k
cp cv R cp cv R
= cp - cv = R = cp - cv = R
cv cv cv cp c p cp
R R 1 R kR
k 1= cv = 1 = cp =
cv k1 k cp k1
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEM
From the first law of thermodynamics, energy balance for closed system can be expressed as
Total energy Total energy Change in the total

entering the system - Leaving the system = Energy of the system
Ein Eout Esystem
In the rate form, E& in E& out = dE system dt kW

W
Q - W = dE dU + dKE + dPE = Q - W System

dE
U2 - U1 = Q12 - W12 dU = Q - W
E = U+KE+PE
m(u2 u1) = Q12 W12 u2- u1 = q12- w12
Q = W
For cyclic Change in total dU = 0
Process properties is zero
10
MY EXAMPLE 4-7
A closed system undergoes a cyclic process through paths 1-2-1. During the process 1-2
through path A, the system produces 50kJ of work and at the same time rejects 20 kJ of heat.
While during the process 2-1 through path B the system is supplied with 30 kJ of work. If the
energy of the system at state 1, E1 is 35 kJ, determine the heat transfer during the process 2-1,
Q21.
For process A, E2 - E1 = Q12 - W12

P
E2 = Q12 - W12 + E1 = -20 - (50) + 35 R
= -35 kJ
O
P
W12 = 50 kJ
Q12 = -20 kJ
2
A
II W21 = -30 kJ
For process B E1 - E2 = Q21 - W21 Q21 = ?
Q21 = E1 - E2 + W21 = 35 - (-35) + (-30) B

= 40 kJ
1 E = 35 kJ
Or by considering a cyclic process 1
Q12 + Q21 = W12 + W21 Prop I
Q21 = W12 + W21 - Q12 = 50 + (-30) - (-20)

= 40 kJ
MY EXAMPLE 4-8
An electric heater with a rating of 240 V and 10 A is used to heat a fluid in a rigid tank for 15
second. The fluid is stirred by a paddle wheel with a work amount to 20 kJ. During this process
the internal energy of the fluid increases in the amount of 30 kJ. Determine the amount of heat
transfer during the process.
Solution
Since no change in volume (regid tank), the

boundary work is zero. Thus, the work involve Electric
during the process are the work by the heater Motor
and the paddle wheel.
0
U = Q (Wb + We + Wpaddle) Electric heater
Electric heater work,

We = VI x t = = 36 kJ Paddle
wheel
Q = U + (We + Wpaddle)= 30 + (-36 20)

= -26 kJ
11
MY EXAMPLE 4-9
A completely insulated closed system with an elastic wall contains an air at a temperature of
30 oC. The air is heated by a 1 kW electric heater for 30 second causing the change in system
volume and the temperature increases to 60 oC. Determine the boundary work during the
process. (cv for air = 0.718 kJ/kgK)
Solution
Generally, U2- U1 = Q12 - (Wb + We)

Air
0.5 kg
With, 30 oC
We = x t = 1 kW x 30 s = 30 kJ
For an ideal gas, U2 - U1 = mcv(T2 - T1)
Wb = -mcv(T2 T1) We
= -0.5 x 0.718 x (60 30) (-30)
= 19.23 kJ
EXAMPLE 4-5
A piston-cylinder device contains 25 g of saturated water vapor that is maintained at a constant
pressure of 300 kPa. A resistance heater within the cylinder is turned on and passes a current of
0.2 A for 5 min from a 120V source. At the same time, a heat loss of 3.7 kJ occurs. (a) Show that
for a closed system the boundary work, Wb and the change in internal energy, U in the first law
relation can be combined into one term H, for a constant pressure process. (b) Determine the
final temperature of the steam
12
EXAMPLE 4-5 cont
HEAT TRANSFER DURING

THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
dU = Q - W
Q12 = U2 - U1 + W12
Proses
Sesuhu
Proses
Proses Seisipadu dT = 0 dU = 0
Setekanan
W12 = 0 (dU = mcvdT)
Q12 = U2 - U1 + W12 Q = W
Q12 = U2 - U1 = U2 - U1 + p ( V2 - V1)
= m(u2 u1) = (U2 + pV2) - (U1 + pV1)
Gas unggul H2 H1
Q12 = mcv (T2 - T1) Proses Politropik
Q12 = H2 - H1 = m(h2 h1) Next Slide
Gas unggul h2 h1 = cp(T2 T1)
Q12 = mcp (T2 - T1)
13
HEAT TRANSFER DURING

THERMODYANAMICS PROCESSES
Proses Politropik
p 1V1 p 2 V2
W12 =
m(u2 u1) = mcv(T2 T1) n1
Q12 = (U2 - U1) + W12

pV = mRT
R mR ( T1 T2 )
cv = W12 =
1 n1
mR (T1 - T2 )
Q12 = mc v (T2 - T1 ) +
n-1
W12
mR (T1 - T2 ) mR (T1 - T2 )
Q 12 = -
n-1 -1
n mR (T1 - T2 ) n
Q12 = Q 12 = * W12
-1 n-1 1
EXAMPLE 4-9
A piston-cylinder device initially contains 0.5 m3 of nitrogen gas at 400 kPa and 27oC. An electric
heater within the device is turned on and is allowed to pass a current of 2 A for 5 min from a 120 V
source. Nitrogen expands at constant pressure and a heat loss of 2800 J occurs during the
process. Determine the final temperature of nitrogen.
Solution
Qout
Assumptions : Nitrogen is an ideal gas, KE and PE is zero,
specific heat is constant Wb
14
EXAMPLE 4-9 Cont
Wb = p(V2 V1) = mR(T2 T1)
We Qout = U + Wb = mcv(T2 T1) + mR(T2 T1)
We Q out 72 2.8
T2 = + T1 = + 300 = 329.64 K = 56.6 o C
m(c v + R ) 2.245(0.74 3 + 0.2968)
EXAMPLE 4-10
A piston cylinder device innitially contains air at 150 kPa and 27oC. At this state, the piston is
resting on a pair of stops and the enclosed volume is 400 L. The mass of the piston is such that a
350 kPa pressure is required to move it. The air is now heated until its volume has doubled.
Determine (a) the final temperature (b) the work done by the air and (c) the total heat transferred to
the air.
Solution
p1V1 p 3 V3 p V T (350 )(2V1 )(27 + 273 ) piston
= T3 = 3 3 1 = = 1400 K
T1 T3 p1V1 (150 )(V1 ) stops
pV 150x0.4
m= 1 1 = = 0.6969 kg Air cylinder
RT1 0.287x300 150 kPa
27oC
0
400 400
Wtotal= W12 + W23 = p(V3 - V2) = 350 x 2 x = 140 kJ
1000 1000 p
p 350 kPa
T2 = T1 2 = (27 + 273 )
p1V1 p 2 V2 p1 p 2
= = = 700 K
T1 T2 T1 T2 p1 150 2 3
350
Wtotal = mR(T3 T2) = 0.6969 x 0.287(1400 700) = 140 kJ
Qtotal = Q12 + Q23 = m[(u2 - u1) + (u3 - u2)] + W23

= m(u3 - u1) + W23
150
1

= mcv (T3 - T1) + W23
= 0.6969(0.718)(1400 - 300) + 140
= 690.49 kJ 1 2
15
MY EXAMPLE 4-10
0.5 kg of saturated water vapor is contained in a closed system at 10 bar. The vapor is then cooled at
constant volume until the pressure is reduced to 5 bar. Determine the heat transfer during the
process and sketch the process on T- dan p- diagrams.
Solution p
(bar)
From Table A5 at 10 bar, (sat vapor),
1 = g = 0.1944 m3/kg = 2
u1 = ug = 2583.6 kJ/kg 1
10
The work done during constant volume process is zero TS1= 179.9 oC
(W12 = 0) 0 5
2
TS2= 151.8 oC
Q12 = m(u2 u1) + W12
g at 5 bar is 0.3749 m3/kg
(m3/kg)
f < 2 < g mixture T
(oC)
2 0.1944 p1= 10 bar
x2 = = = 0.519 ( f is neglected)
g 0.3749 p2= 5 bar
u2 = uf + x2ufg 1
= 639.68 + 0.519(2561.2 639.68)

179.9
= 1636.9 kJ/kg
151.8
2
Q12 = m(u2 u1) = 0.5(1636.9 2583.6 )
= -473.35 kJ
(m3/kg)
MY EXAMPLE 4-11
A closed system contains 1.5 kg of water, initially at 7 bar and quality of 0.7. The water undergoes
an isothermal expansion process until the pressure reduces to 1.5 bar. During the process 1000 kJ
heat is supplied to the system. Determine the final temperature of the water and the work done
during the process in kJ. Sketch the process on p- and T- diagram.
p
Solution (bar)
TS1 = 165 oC
T2 = T1 = Ts at 7 bar = 164.97 oC
At state 1 the water is mixture, thus 1
u1 = uf + xufg = 696.44 + 0.7(2572.5 696.44)
7
= 2009.7 kJ/kg Ts2= 111.4oC 2
1.5
At 1.5 bar, Ts = 111.4 oC. T2 > Ts, shs
(m3/kg)
p
Interpolation at 1.5 bar (shs) (bar)
p1 = 7 bar
165 150
u2 = (2656.3 2579.9 ) + 2579.9 p2 = 1.5 bar
200 150
165 2
= 2602.8 kJ/kg 1
111.4
W12 = Q12 m(u2 u1)
= 1000 1.5(2602.8 2009.9) = 110.65 kJ
(m3/kg)
16
MY EXAMPLE 4-12
5 kg of R134a at 10 bar and 0.06 m3 undergoes a polytropic expansion process according to the
law of p1.3 = constant until the pressure drops to 5 bar. Determine the heat transfer during the
process and sketch the process on p- and T- .
V1 0.06 g at 10 bar = 0.0202 m3/kg

p
1 = = = 0.0120 m3 / kg (bar)
m 5 mixture
1 0.0120 u1 = uf + x1ufg
x1 = = = 0.594 = 104.42 + 0.594(247.77 104.42)
g 0.0202 1 p1.3 = C
= 189.57 kJ/kg 10
n
p 2 1
1 1
p 1 .3
10 1.3 Ts=39.39oC
= 2 = 1 1 = 0.0120 = 0.0205 m3 / kg
p1 2 2
5
p2 5 Ts=15.74oC
At 5 bar g = 0.0409 m3/kg 2 < g, mixture (m3/kg)

T
0.0205
x2 = 2 = = 0.501 (oC) p1 = 10 bar
g 0.0409
p2 = 5 bar
u2 = uf + x2ufg = 70.93 + 0.501(235.64 70.93) = 153.45 kJ/kg
1
p p22
39.39
p1.3 = C
Q 12 = m (u 2 u1 ) + 1 1
n1 15.74
10x102 (0.0120) 5 x102 (0.0205 )
= 5 (208.30 153.45 ) +
2
1. 3 1

= 303.42 kJ (m3/kg)
THE ENDDD
17

Objectives: Chapter 4: Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Objectives: Chapter 4: Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

CHAPTER 4 : ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAPTER 4 : ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

One form of mechanical work frequently encountered in

Thus, the total boundary work done, p

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

p2 V21.3 V2 1.3 + 1 p1V11.3 V1 1.3 + 1

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAPTER 4 : ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

Substituting V1 = 0.5 m3 and V2 = 0.05 m3, thus

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

BOUNDARY WORK FOR A

Since the volume is constant, dV = 0,

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAPTER 4 : ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

BOUNDARY WORK FOR

The volume of the system increases during p

Substituting an ideal gas equation of state,

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAPTER 4 : ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

At 10 bar (1000 kPa) Ts =179.91 oC,

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

2 x 400 400 V1= V2 V3

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAPTER 4 : ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

BOUNDARY WORK FOR A CONSTANT

To maintain the temperature of a system, heat has to be supplied continuously

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAPTER 4 : ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

BOUNDARY WORK FOR

Substituting pV = mRT, for an ideal gas 1

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAPTER 4 : ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

p-v-T RELATIONS FOR POLYTROPIC PROCESS

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAPTER 4 : ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

EXAMPLE 4-4 cont..

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

b) RT1 (0.287)(250 + 273)

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAPTER 4 : ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY AND SPECIFIC HEAT

Specific heat terms

Specific Heat at Specific Heat at

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPI AND SPECIFIC HEAT

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAPTER 4 : ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEM

Total energy Total energy Change in the total

In the rate form, E& in E& out = dE system dt kW

Q - W = dE dU + dKE + dPE = Q - W System

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

For process A, E2 - E1 = Q12 - W12

Q21 = E1 - E2 + W21 = 35 - (-35) + (-30) B

Q12 + Q21 = W12 + W21 Prop I

Q21 = W12 + W21 - Q12 = 50 + (-30) - (-20)

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAPTER 4 : ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

Since no change in volume (regid tank), the