epilepsi- Bagian 1
Radwa A.B. Badawy a,b, Anthony S. Harvey c,*, Richard A.L. Macdonell a,b
a Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
b Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Level 1, Neurosciences
Building, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, Austin Health,Heidelberg West, Victoria, Australia
c Department of Neurology, Royal Childrens Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052,
Australia
1. Pendahuluan
Epilepsi mencakup berbagai kelompok gangguan kejang yang disebabkan oleh berbagai
perubahan seluler dan molekuler dari otak terutama mempengaruhi cortex cerebral, menyebabkan
serangan kejang epilepsi yang berulang tanpa provokasi. Terlepas dari penyebab yang mendasari,
epilepsi menggambarkan aktivitas hipersinkronisasi listrik yang abnormal pada jaringan saraf, yang
(1)
disebabkan oleh ketidakseimbangan antara eksitasi dan inhibisi. Epileptogenesis mengacu pada
perubahan jaringan saraf yang normal menjadi jaringan yang hipereksitasi dimana dapat terjadi kejang
yang spontan dan berulang. (2)
Gambar1. Keadaan kanal selama fase potensial aksi yang berbeda: inhibitori, eksitatori, dan pencetusan
epilepsi. AMPA = beta-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylsoxazole-4-propionic acid, Ca +2 = calcium, Cl-chloride,
EPSP = excitatory postsynaptic potential, GABA = gamma-aminobutyric acid; IPSP = inhibitory
postsynaptic potential, K+ = potassium, Na+ = sodium, NMDA = N-methyl-d-aspartate.
Bibliography
1. McCormick DA, Contreras D. On the cellular and network bases of epileptic seizures. Annu Rev
Physiol 2001;63:81546. .
3. Jan LY, Jan YN. Voltage-gated and inwardly rectifying potassium channels. J Physiol 1997;505:267
82. .
5. Ashcroft FM. The Yin and Yang of the K(ATP) channel. J Physiol 2000;528:405. .
6. Catterall WA. From ionic currents to molecular mechanisms: the structure and function of voltage-
gated sodium channels. Neuron 2000;26:1325. .
8. Catterall WA. Structure and regulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol
2000;16:52155. .
9. Tanabe M, Gahwiler BH, Gerber U. L-Type Ca2+ channels mediate the slow Ca2+ -dependent
afterhyperpolarization current in rat CA3 pyramidal cells in vitro. J Neurophysiol 1998;80:226873. .
10. Elliott EM, Malouf AT, Catterall WA. Role of calcium channel subtypes in calcium transients in
hippocampal CA3 neurons. J Neurosci 1995;15:643344. .
11. Poncer JC, McKinney RA, Gahwiler BH, et al. Either N- or P-type calcium channels mediate GABA
release at distinct hippocampal inhibitory synapses.Neuron 1997;18:46372. .
12. Jentsch TJ, Gunther W. Chloride channels: an emerging molecular picture.Bioessays 1997;19:11726.
.
13. Grunder S, Thiemann A, Pusch M, et al. Regions involved in the opening of CIC- 2 chloride channel
by voltage and cell volume. Nature 1992;360:75962. .
14. Jordt SE, Jentsch TJ. Molecular dissection of gating in the ClC-2 chloride channel. EMBO J
1997;16:158292. .
15. Smith RL, Clayton GH, Wilcox CL, et al. Differential expression of an inwardly rectifying chloride
conductance in rat brain neurons: a potential mechanism for cell-specific modulation of postsynaptic
inhibition. J Neurosci 1995;15:405767. .
16. Staley K, Smith R, Schaack J, et al. Alteration of GABAA receptor function following gene transfer
of the CLC-2 chloride channel. Neuron 1996;17:54351. .
17. Itier V, Bertrand D. Neuronal nicotinic receptors: from protein structure to function. FEBS Lett
2001;504:11825. .
18. Chen ZW, Chang CS, Leil TA, et al. GABAA receptor-associated protein regulates GABAA receptor
cell-surface number in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Mol Pharmacol 2005;68:1529. .
19. Wilson-Shaw D, Robinson M, Gambarana C, et al. A novel gamma subunit of the GABAA receptor
identified using the polymerase chain reaction. FEBS Lett 1991;284:2115. .
21. Misgeld U, Bijak M, Jarolimek W. A physiological role for GABAB receptors and the effects of
baclofen in the mammalian central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 1995;46:42362. .
22. Deisz RA, Billard JM, Zieglgansberger W. Presynaptic and postsynaptic GABAB receptors of
neocortical neurons of the rat in vitro: differences in pharmacology and ionic mechanisms. Synapse
1997;25:6272. .
24. Raol YH, Lynch DR, Brooks-Kayal AR. Role of excitatory amino acids in developmental epilepsies.
Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2001;7:25460. .
25. Ptacek LJ, George Jr AL, Griggs RC, et al. Identification of a mutation in the gene causing
hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Cell 1991;67:10217. .
26. Ptacek LJ, Fu YH. Channels and disease: past, present, and future. Arch Neurol 2004;61:16658. .
27. Lossin C, Rhodes TH, Desai RR, et al. Epilepsy-associated dysfunction in the voltage-gated neuronal
sodium channel SCN1A. J Neurosci 2003;23:1128995. .
28. Dravet C. Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infants and its related syndromes.Epilepsia 2000;41(Suppl
9):7. .
29. Lossin C, Wang DW, Rhodes TH, et al. Molecular basis of an inherited epilepsy.Neuron
2002;34:87784. .
30. Speckmann EJ, Elger CE. The neurophysiological basis of epileptic activity: a condensed overview.
Epilepsy Res Suppl 1991;2:17. .
31. Connors BW, Gutnick MJ, Prince DA. Electrophysiological properties of neocortical neurons in vitro.
J Neurophysiol 1982;48:130220. .
32. Schwartzkroin PA, Haglund MM. Spontaneous rhythmic synchronous activity in epileptic human and
normal monkey temporal lobe. Epilepsia 1986;27:52333. .
34. Jefferys JG. Experimental neurobiology of epilepsies. Curr Opin Neurol 1994;7:11322. .
35. Traub RD, Jefferys JG. Are there unifying principles underlying the generation of epileptic
afterdischarges in vitro? Prog Brain Res 1994;102:38394. .
36. Alger BE, Nicoll RA. Epileptiform burst afterhyperolarization: calcium dependent potassium
potential in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. Science 1980;210:11224. .
37. McCormick DA. GABA as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in human cerebral cortex. J Neurophysiol
1989;62:101827. .
38. Scanziani M, Debanne D, Muller M, et al. Role of excitatory amino acid and GABAB receptors in
the generation of epileptiform activity in disinhibited hippocampal slice cultures. Neuroscience
1994;61:82332. .
39. Perez-Velazquez JL, Valiante TA, Carlen PL. Modulation of gap junctional mechanisms during
calcium-free induced field burst activity: a possible role for electrotonic coupling in epileptogenesis. J
Neurosci 1994;14:430817. .
41. Meldrum BS. The role of glutamate in epilepsy and other CNS disorders.Neurology 1994;44(Suppl
8):S1423. .
42. Dingledine R, McBain CJ, McNamara JO. Excitatory amino acid receptors in epilepsy. Trends
Pharmacol Sci 1990;11:3348. .
43. De Deyn PP, Marescau B, MacDonald RL. Epilepsy and the GABA-hypothesis a brief review and
some examples. Acta Neurol Belg 1990;90:6581. .
44. Wong RK, Watkins DJ. Cellular factors influencing GABA response in hippocampal pyramidal cells.
J Neurophysiol 1982;48:93851. .
45. Greenberg DA, Cayanis E, Strug L, et al. Malic enzyme 2 may underlie susceptibility to adolescent-
onset idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Am J Hum Genet 2005;76:13946. .
47. Loscher W, Schwark WS. Evidence for impaired GABAergic activity in the substantia nigra of
amygdaloid kindled rats. Brain Res 1985;339: 14650. .
48. Meldrum BS. Update on the mechanism of action of antiepileptic drugs.Epilepsia 1996;37(Suppl
6):S4S11. .
49. Schmidt D. Clobazam for treatment of intractable epilepsy: a critical assessment. Epilepsia
1994;35(Suppl 5):S925. .
50. Remy C. Clobazam in the treatment of epilepsy: a review of the literature.Epilepsia 1994;35(Suppl
5):S8891. .
52. Macdonald RL, McLean MJ, Skerritt JH. Anticonvulsant drug mechanisms of action. Fed Proc
1985;44:26349. .
53. Aicardi J, Mumford JP, Dumas C, et al. Vigabatrin as initial therapy for infantile spasms: a European
retrospective survey. Sabril IS Investigator and Peer Review Groups. Epilepsia 1996;37:63842. .
54. Dingledine R, Borges K, Bowie D, et al. The glutamate receptor ion channels.Pharmacol Rev
1999;51:761. .
55. Engelborghs S, DHooge R, De Deyn PP. Pathophysiology of epilepsy. Acta Neurol Belg
2000;100:20113. .
56. van Gelder NM, Janjua NA, Metrakos K, et al. Plasma amino acids in 3/sec spike-wave epilepsy.
Neurochem Res 1980;5:65971. .