WAVES

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 Contents
9. Wave - I 571-632
9.1 Introduction 572
9.2 Pulse and wave 572
9.3 Graphical representation of 9.30 Ultrasound 608
simple harmonic wave 573
9.4 Sound 575
9.5 Wave front 575
9.6 Equation of a travelling wave 576
9.7 Plane progressive harmonic wave
or sinusoidal wave: y = a sin(wt kx) 577
10. Wave -II 633-698
9.8 Initial phase 577
9.9 Phase and phase difference 578
9.10 Particle velocity and acceleration 579
9.11 Wave equation , y =a sin (kx wt) 580
9.12 The speed of a travelling wave 581
9.13 Non-sinusoidal waves 581
9.14 Speed of transverse wave 585
9.15 Sound waves 588
9.16 The speed of longitudinal wave 589
9.17 Speed of sound : newtons formula 590
9.18 Laplaces correction 591
9.19 Factors affecting speed of sound in gas 592
9.20 Energy of a progressive wave 594
9.21 Power transmission 595
9.22 Intensity of sound 597
9.23 Doppler effect 599
9.24 Doppler effect in light 601
9.25 Some important cases of doppler effect 602
9.26 Characteristics of sound 606
Contents
9.27 Reflection of sound 607
9.28 Reverberation 607
9.29 Range of hearing 608
9.31 Sonar 609
9.32 Shock waves 609
Review of formulae & important points 611
Exercise 9.1 - Exercise 9.6 612-622
Hints & solutions 623-632
10.1 Reflection and refraction of
sound waves 634
10.2 Reflection and transmission of
transverse wave in stretched string 635
10.3 Superposition of waves 637
10.4 Interference 639
10.5 Interference of sound waves:
quinkes tube 641
10.6 Interference in time : beats 644
10.7 Stationary waves 649
10.8 Stationary waves in stretched 654
string fixed at the ends
10.9 Stationary longitudinal waves
in organ pipes 657
Review of formulae & important points 668
Exercise 10.1 - Exercise 10.6 670-684
Hints & solutions 685-698
 Chapter10
Wave-II
657
10.9 STATIONARY LONGITUDINAL WAVES IN ORGAN PIPES
When air is blown through the mouth, the sound waves move along the pipe and get
reflected at its end (open or close), producing stationary waves. If both the ends of the
pipe are open, it is called an open organ pipe. If one end of the pipe closed, it is called
closed organ pipe. Close end of the pipe behaves as rigid boundary and open end as the
free boundary for the displacement wave, so at the close end, displacement node or
pressure antinode forms and at the open end, displacement antinode or pressure node
forms.
Open organ pipe
Figure shows the various modes of vibrations of organ pipes in the form of displacement
and pressure waves.

(i) First mode of vibration : The lowest frequency note is called

fundamental note which is corresponding to the longest wavelength. Thus

l1
L =
2

or l1 = 2L

v 1 gP
Frequency of vibration f = = = f (say)
l1 2L r

This is the first harmonic.

658 MECHANICS, HEAT, THERMODYNAMICS & WAVES
(ii) Second mode of vibration :

l2 l2
Here L = + = l2
2 2

or l2 = L

v 2 gP
Frequency of vibration = =
l2 2L r

= 2f
This frequency is called first overtone or second harmonic.
(iii) Third mode of vibration :

l3 l3 l3 3l3
Here L = + + =
2 2 2 2

v 3 gP
Frequency of vibration f3 = =
l3 2L r

= 3f
This frequency is called second overtone or third harmonic.
Hence in open organ pipe, the harmonics of frequencies ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : ....... are
possible.

Analytical treatment : Consider an open organ pipe of length L lying along

the x-axis, with its ends at x = 0 and x = L. The sound wave travelling along the pipe can
be represented as

DP = DPm sin(kx - wt )

The reflected sound wave from open end (rigid boundary) is represented by

DP2 = DPm sin(-kx - wt + p)

= DPm sin(kx + wt )

The resultant stationary wave is given by

DP = DP1 + DP2

= DPm sin(kx - wt ) + DPm sin(kx + wt )

or DP = 2DPm sin( kx) cos(wt )

For all values of t, the resultant pressure variation is zero, for which
sin kx = 0
or kx = np

2p
or x = np
l

nl
x = , where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ........
2
 WAVE - II 659

l 3l
\ x = 0, , l, , ..........
2 2
These points of zero pressure variation are called pressure nodes.
On the other hand, the pressure variation is maximum for all values of t, for which

sin kx = 1

p
or kx = (2n + 1)
2

2p p
or x = (2 n + 1)
l 2

l
x = (2 n + 1) , where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ................
4

l 3l 5l
\ x = , , ,........
4 4 4
These points of maximum pressure variation are called pressure antinodes.

Note:

1. If P0 is the normal pressure in the pipe, then at the positions of pressure nodes,
the pressure will be P0 and at the positions of pressure antinodes, it will be
P0 2DPm or P0 2 ABk . Thus pressure at antinodes varies from P0 - 2 ABk to

P0 + 2 ABk .

2. The loud sound is heard at pressure antinode or displacement node.

Strain : We know that bulk modulus of medium (air) is

dP dP
B = =
dV (- dy / dx )
-
V

dy dP
\ strain = =-
dx B

DP
= -
B
660 MECHANICS, HEAT, THERMODYNAMICS & WAVES

As DP is maximum (2DPm ) at the antinodes, so strain (positive or negative) at the

pressure antinodes and zero at pressure nodes.
At antinodes due to the compressions or the rarefactions of the oppositely travelling
waves, the strain becomes maximum. At nodes strain becomes zero due to the compression
of one wave coming across the rarefaction of the other, as shown in figure.
End corrections : Till now we have assumed that node/ antinode is formed just
at the open end. Lord Rayleigh showed that due to inertia the vibrating particles form
node/ antinode little above the open end of the pipe. So an end correction is applied
which is approximately e = 0.61 r, where r is the radius of the pipe. Thus,
for close organ pipe, the effective length Le = L + e,
for open organ pipe, the effective length Le = L + 2e.
Close organ pipe
Fig. 10.48, shows the various modes of vibration in the form of displacement and
pressure waves.

(i) First mode of vibration : In this mode of vibration

l1
L = or l1 = 4L
4

v 1 gP
Frequency, f1 =
l1
= = f (say)
4L r
This frequency is called first harmonic or fundamental note.
 WAVE - II 661
(ii) Second mode of vibration : In this mode of vibration
l 2 l2 3l
L = + = 2
2 4 4
4L
or l2 =
3
v 3 gP
Frequency f2 =
l 2 = 4 L r = 3f
(iii) Third mode of vibration : In this mode of vibration
l3 l3 l3 5l
L = + + = 3
2 2 4 4
4L
or l3 =
5

v 5 gP
Frequency , f3 = l3
= = 5f
4L r
This frequency is called second overtone or fifth harmonic.
Hence different frequencies produced in a closed organ pipe are in the ratio
1 : 3 : 5 : .......... i.e., only odd harmonics are present in a closed organ pipes.
Analytical treatment :
Consider a cylindrical pipe of length L lying along the x-axis with its closed end at x = 0
and open end at x = L.
The sound wave sent along the pipe can be represented as
DP1 = DPm sin(kx - wt )
The reflected wave from the closed end is represented by (sound wave suffers no phase
change due to the reflection from closed end.).
DP2 = DPm sin(-kx - wt )
= -DPm sin(kx + wt )
The resultant wave is given by
DP = DP1 + DP2
= DPm sin(kx - wt ) - DPm sin(kx + wt )
or DP = 2DPm cos(kx )sin(wt )
For all values of t, the resultant pressure variation is zero, for which
cos(kx ) = 0
p
or kx = (2n + 1)
2
2p p
x = (2 n + 1)
l 2
l
x = (2n + 1) , where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..........
4
l 3l 5l
\ x = , , ,........
4 4 4
These points of zero pressure variation are called pressure nodes. On the other hand, the
pressure variation is maximum for all values of t, for which
cos(kx ) = 1
or kx = np
662 MECHANICS, HEAT, THERMODYNAMICS & WAVES

2p
or x = np
l
l
x = n , where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ............
2
l 3l
\ x = 0, , l, ,......
2 2
These points of maximum pressure variation are called pressure antinodes (see Fig.10.49).
The pressure at these points varies from (P 2D Pm) to (P0 + 2DPm).

Resonance tube : It is used to determine the speed of sound in air with the help
of tuning fork of known frequency. It is a close pipe whose length can be changed by
changing level of liquid in the tube. When a vibrating tuning fork is brought over its
mouth, its air column vibrates longitudinally. If the length of the air column is varies until
its natural frequency becomes equal to the frequency of fork, then resonance will occur
and loud sound is heard.
l
For the first resonance L1 + e = (i)
4
3l
and for second resonance L2 + e = (ii)
4
Here L1 and L2 are the length of resonance columns and e is the end correction.
After solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
l = 2( L2 - L1 )

L2 3L1
and e =
2
If f is the frequency of the fork, then speed of sound in air
v = f l = 2 f ( L2 - L1 )

Ex. 24 The first overtone of an organ pipe beats with the first Ex. 25 Determine the possible harmonics in the longitudinal
overtone of a close organ pipe with a beat frequency of 2.2 Hz. The vibration of a rod clamped in the middle.
fundamental frequency of the closed organ pipe is 110 Hz. Find the Sol. Consider a rod of length L clamped in the middle. It has one node
lengths of the pipes. Velocity of sound in air = 330 m/s.
in the middle and two antinodes at its free ends in the fundamental mode.
Sol.
Suppose Lo and Lc are the lengths of open and close pipes respectively.
Frequency of first overtone of open organ pipe,
2v v
fo = 2 Lo = Lo
Frequency of first overtone of close organ pipe
3v Fig. 10.52
fc = 4 Lc
l1
Here L = 2 or l1 = 2L
Given fo - fc = 2.2 Hz 4
Frequency of first harmonic
v 3v
\ - = 2.2 v
Lo 4 Lc v
f1 = l =
1 2L
v
As 4 L = 110 Hz and v = 330 m/s
c

330
\ - 3 110 = 2.2
Lo
or L o = 0.99m Ans. Fig. 10.53
 WAVE - II 663
In the second mode of vibration
v
l2 l2 l2 l2 3l 2 (d) f =
L = + + + = 4L
4 2 2 4 2
v 400
2L \ L = 4 f = 4 25 = 4m Ans.
or l2 =
3
Ex. 27 Find the temperature T0 at which the fundamental
v 3v frequency of an organ pipe is independent of small variation in the
Frequency, f2 = l = = 3f1 temperature in terms of the coefficient of linear expansion (a) of
2 2 L
the material of the tube.
This is called the third harmonic or first overtone .
Similarly for third mode
Sol.
f3 = 5f1. If L0 is the length of the pipe at T0, then its length at temperature T is
This is the fifth harmonic or second overtone. T = L0[1 + a(T - T0 )]
Hence f1 : f 2 : f3 :....... = 1: 3 : 5: ........... gRT
The speed of sound, v =
Ex. 26 Three successive frequencies for a string are 75, 125, M
175 Hz. We have to find the temperature T0 at which
(a) State whether the string is fixed at one end or at both ends. f (T0 ) = f (T ) for small (T T0)
(b) What is the fundamental frequency?
(c) To which harmonics do these frequencies corresponds? gRT0
gRT
(d) Taking the speed of the transverse wave on the string as M
\ = M
400 m/s, determine the length of the string. 2 L0
2 L0 [1 + a (T - T0 )]
Sol.
(a) The given harmonics are in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5, so the string is fixed T
or T0 = 1 + a(T - T0 )
at one end.
(b) As the common maximum frequency in the harmonics is 25 Hz, so
1/ 2
fundamental frequency = 25 Hz. T - T0
(c) The given harmonics are the third, fifth and seventh harmonics. or 1 + = 1 + a(T - T0 )
T0
For small (T T0), we can write

1 T - T0
1+ = 1 + a(T - T0 )
2 T0

1
or T0 = Ans.
2a
Kundts tube : It is a long glass tube about 5 cm in diameter held horizontally. At
one end it carries a disc of cork or board connected with a metal rod which is clamped at
its middle. Other end of the tube is closed by a movable piston, so that its length can be
adjusted. Lycopodium power is spread on the box of the tube. The free end of the rod
rubbed along its length by resin cloth. The rod begins to vibrate longitudinally. These
vibrations forced air inside tube through disc. And so stationary longitudinal vibrations
are set-up in the tube. At resonance, frequency of vibration of rod becomes equal to
frequency of vibration of air column inside tube.
l rod
For rod : = Lrod l rod = 2 Lrod
2
Fig. 10.55
l air
For air : = Lair lair = 2 Lair
2
Since frod = fair
vrod vair v l L
\ = rod = rod = rod
l rod l air vair l air Lair
By using Kundts tube one can compare the speed of sound in different mediums.
670 MECHANICS, HEAT, THERMODYNAMICS & WAVES

MCQ Type 1 E xercise 10. 1

Level -1
13. A standing wave having 3 nodes and 2 antinodes is formed between apart are moving towards each other as shown in the figure. The
two atoms having a distance 1.21 between them. The wavelength speed of each pulse is 2 cm/s. After 2 s, the total energy of the
of the standing wave is : pulses will be
(a) 1.21 (b) 2.42
(c) 6.05 (d) 3.63
14. Two sinusoidal waves with same wavelengths and amplitudes
travel in opposite directions along a string with a speed 10 m/s. If 8 cm
the minimum time interval between two instants when the string
is flat is 0.5 s, the wavelength of the wave is (a) Zero
(a) 25 m (b) 20 m (b) Purely kinetic
(c) 15 m (d) 10 m (c) Purely potential
15. Standing waves are produced in a 10 m long stretched string. If the (d) Partly kinetic and partly potential
string vibrates in 5 segments and the wave velocity is 20 m/s, the 21. A man is standing on a railway platform listening to the whistle of
frequency is an engine that passes the man at constant speed without stopping.
(a) 2 Hz (b) 4 Hz If the engine passes the man at time t0. How does the frequency f
of the whistle as heard by the man changes with time :
(c) 5 Hz (d) 10 Hz
16. A string in musical instrument is 50 cm long and its fundamental
frequency is 800 Hz. If a frequency of 1000 Hz is to be produced, f f
then required length of string is
(a) 62.5 cm (b) 50 cm (a) (b)
(c) 40 cm (d) 37.5 cm
17. A man is watching two trains, one leaving and the other coming in t0 t t0 t
which equal speed of 4 m/s. If they sound their whistles, each of
frequency 240 Hz, the number of beats heard by the man (velocity
of sound in air = 320 m/s) will be equal to
(a) 6 (b) 3 f f
(c) 0 (d) 12
(c) (d)
18. An open pipe is resonance in its 2nd harmonic with tuning fork of
frequency f1. Now it is closed at one end. If the frequency of the
tuning fork is increased slowly from f1 then again a resonance is t0 t t0 t
obtained with a frequency f2. If in this case the pipe vibrates nth
harmonics, then 22. The figure shows four progressive waves A, B, C and D with their
phases expressed with respect to the wave A. It can be concluded
3 5 from the figure that
(a) n = 3, f2 = f (b) n = 3, f2 = f
4 1 4 1
y
5 3 A C D
B
(c) n = 5, f2 = f (d) n = 5, f2 = f
4 1 4 1
19. An organ pipe is closed at one end has fundamental frequency of
1500 Hz. The maximum number of overtones generated by this O p wt
p/2 3p/2 2p
pipe which a normal person can hear is
(a) 14 (b) 13
(c) 6 (d) 9
20. Two pulses in a stretched string whose centres are initially 8 cm

Answer Key 13 (a ) 15 (c ) 17 (a ) 19 (c ) 21 (a )
Sol. from page 685 14 (d ) 16 (c ) 18 (c ) 20 (b ) 22 (b )
 WAVE - II 671

p
(a) The wave C is ahead by a phase angle of and the wave B (c) The wave C is ahead by a phase angle of p and the wave B
2
lags behind by a phase angle of p
p (d) The wave C is behind by a phase angle of p and the wave B
lags behind by a phase angle of
2 lags ahead by a phase angle of p

p
(b) The wave C is behind by a phase angle of and the wave B
2

p
lags ahead by a phase angle of
2
 WAVE - II 685

S olutions Exercise10.1Level -1
13. (a) The wavelength
n
l = l = 1.21 18. (c) f1 = 2
2l
14. (d) T/2 = 0.5 s, \ T = 1 s
n n
l= = nT = 10 1 = 10 m. f2 = n
f 4l

l n
15. (c) 5 = 10, \ l = 4 m. \ f2 = f1 ; (where n is odd number.)
2 4

n 20 As f 2 > f1, \ n = 5.
Now f = = = 5 Hz.
l 4 19. (c) A person can hear sound of frequency f 20000 Hz.
1 \ n 1500 = 20000
16. (c) As f = F /m ,
2l 20000
or n = 1500 ; where n is an odd number

f1 l2
\ f2 = l1 = 13.33
\ n = 13.
f1 800 It is 13th harmonic or 6 overtones.
or l2 = l1 = 50 = 40 cm. 20. (b) After 2 s, the each wave travels a distance = 2 2 = 4 m.
f2 1000
The wave shape is shown in figure.
320 Thus energy is purely kinetic.
n
17. (a) f1 = f = 240 320 - 4 = 243 Hz.
n - ns n n
21. (a) f1 = f and f2 = f ; so the frequency of
n 320 n - v s n + vs
and f2 = f = 240 = 237 Hz.
n + ns 320 + 4 whistle suddenly changes from f1 to f2.
22. (b) For wave B, y = A and so j = p / 2 .
\ Beats frequency fb = f1~f2 = 6 Hz.
For wave C, y = A and so j = - p / 2 .