Organismos internacionesles y ONGS

1. The international organizations we have looked at this semester provide

templates for modern organizations that we see now as common. Using
the information you have read this semester, explain how one
organization we have studied (Medici banks, charter companies, slave
trade, mafia, ect.) provides a model for a modern organizations that we
find useful in international trade and commerce.

The criminal empires became in the firsts to do social safety net" to

form illegal, but this it's not considered make an organization criminal in
every respect. because, for example, the mafia which has legitimate
origins and, even in its modern criminal version, still performs
community services that are entirely legal, has become a contemporary
business illegally benefiting the economy of each country where it is
carried.

Clearly, the Mafia is a secretive organization that neither forgives nor

forgets. Revenge for perceived injustices is inter-generational: the
retribution may not be delivered for years or decades. Contrary to some
stereotypes, the Mafia does not impose the death penalty for every
offense against it or those it protects. There is, at least in some of its
quarters, a semblance of the principle of proportionality: the
punishment should fit the crime. (Mc Carthy)

Today the Mafia is refining its strategies of national and international

economic integration. Three stand out:
1. Concealment: strategy befits a clandestine organization that
values secrecy.
2. Integration with the legal: This strategy has classically employed
legitimate real estate as bases or staging points for illegal operations, to
use military terms. The real estate is legal as purchased and operated,
although techniques of extraordinary persuasion may be used to entice
an unwilling seller to part with a coveted property. Hotels with casinos, in
states that permit gambling, are favored bases.
3. Diversification: The Mafia pursues diversification in many ways: in
product, service, location, market, technique, and strategy.

About the mafia I consider this it's very important in the economy
search, because this permitted that different countries conduct
exchanges of money and services illegal, this hurts the domestic
economy of each country but fail to see the administration that
different groups give the illegal use of resources optimized all
winnings. Although the mafia and smuggling are harmful to the
domestic economy of the countries have managed to give an
excellent use of resources. In my opinion I do not defend the mafia,
but if there is something that governments are not doing well.
2. What is trade creation trade diversion? Why are these important in
relationship to international trade? How are these concepts affecting
Colombian commerce in Colombian organizations today?

Trade creation

Trade creation means that a free trade area creates trade that would not
have existed otherwise. As a result, supply occurs from a more efficient
producer of the product. In all cases trade creation will raise a country's
national welfare.

Trade diversion

Trade diversion means that a free trade area diverts trade, away from a
more efficient supplier outside the FTA, towards a less efficient supplier
within the FTA. In some cases, trade diversion will reduce a country's
national welfare but in some cases national welfare could improve
despite the trade diversion.
Trade diversion may be, but is not necessarily, welfare-reducing

Trade creation and trade diversion, are important for the creation of
trade allows changes of consumption of a high-cost producer for a low-
cost producer. Trade diversion and allows changes consumption of a
lower-cost producer outside the trading bloc greater cost within it.

A trading bloc is more likely to lead to trade diversion rather than trade
creation if:

- When the blocs external tariff is very high. Under these

circumstances the abolition of the tariff within the union is likely to
lead to a large reduction in the price of the goods imported from any
other country within the bloc.
- When there is a relatively small cost difference between goods
purchased with and outside the bloc. Here the abolition of even
relatively low tariffs will lead to internally goods becoming cheaper
than externally produced ones.

Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) have proved to be one of the best ways to
open up foreign markets to U.S. exporters. Trade Agreements reduce
barriers to U.S. exports, and protect U.S. interests and enhance the rule
of law in the FTA partner country. The reduction of trade barriers and the
creation of a more stable and transparent trading and investment
environment make it easier and cheaper for U.S. companies to export
their products and services to trading partner markets.
 The United States-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement (TPA) entered
into force on May 15, 2012. On the day of implementation, over 80
percent of U.S. industrial goods exports to Colombia became duty-free
including agricultural and construction equipment, building products,
aircraft and parts, fertilizers, information technology equipment, medical
and scientific equipment, and wood. Other benefits of the TPA include:
- More than half of U.S. exports of agricultural commodities to
Colombia became duty-free, including wheat, barley, soybeans, high-
quality beef, bacon, and almost all fruit and vegetable products.
- Stronger protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights in
Colombia.
- Increased access to Colombias $180 billion services market for highly
competitive American companies.

References

http://export.gov/FTA/colombia/
http://www.revisionguru.co.uk/economics/creatdiver.htm
http://www.fder.edu.uy/contenido/rrii/contenido/curricular/comercio-
matutino/unidad-v-grupo-matutino/teorias-del-comercio-internacional-
material-de-apoyo.pdf
http://internationalecon.com/Trade/Tch110/T110-2A.php