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Microbial
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Biotechnology
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Thebelowmentionedarticleprovidesa
noteonmicrobialbiotechnology.

Biotechnologyistheapplicationofliving
organismsandtheirproductsinindustrial
processesonlargescale.Microbial
biotechnologyisthataspectof
biotechnologywhichinvolvestheuseof
microorganismsortheirproducts.

Microbialbiotechnologyissometimesalso
referredtoasindustrialmicrobiology
whichisanoldfieldthathasbeengiven
newdimensionsbecauseofthediscoveries
madeinthefieldofgeneticengineeringin
vitromanipulationofDNAmoleculesto
generatenewcombinationsofgenesor
sequences,toplacethegeneunderthe
controlofdifferentregulatorysystems,to
introduceaspecificmutationina
molecule,etc.

Industrialmicrobiologycameinto
existenceinitiallybyestablishmentof
alcoholicfermentationprocessesto
producewineandbeer.Thereafter,came
themicrobialproductionofantibiotics,
andfoodadditivessuchasaminoacids,
enzymes,butanolandcitricacid.

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Geneticengineeringhasenabledustouse
microorganismsforproductionofnew
substanceswhichthemicroorganisms
couldnothaveproducednormally,suchas
theproductionofhormoneinsulina
pancreatichormonewhichstimulatesthe
transportationofglucoseintocells.The
productionofinsulinbybacteriumhas
beenpossibleduetogeneticengineering
techniquesofinsertinghumaninsulin
geneintobacterium.

Microbialbiotechnologycanbe
dividedundertwosubheadings:

(1)Traditionalmicrobialtechnologywhich
isthelargescalemanufactureofproducts
whicharenormallyproducedby
microorganisms.
(2)Microbialtechnologywithgenetically
engineeredmicroorganismsinwhichnew
geneshavebeeninserted.

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IndustrialMicroorganisms:

Industrialmicroorganismsarethose
microorganismswhichhavebeenselected
carefullytomakeoneormorespecific
products.Industrialmicroorganismsare
selectedfortheirmetabolicactivities
whicharecapableofspecificproductsand
givehighyieldofparticularmetabolites.

Toachievethedesiredobjectivesofhigh
metabolicspecializationtheindustrial
strainsaregeneticallymodifiedby
mutationorrecombinationusing
techniquesofgeneticengineering.The
minormetabolicpathwaysareeither
broughtdownoreliminated.Thoughthe
industrialstrainsmaygrowwellunder
highlyspecializedartificialconditionsof
thefermentertheymayshowpoorgrowth
characteristicsinnaturalconditionsof
competitiveenvironments.

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SourceofIndustrialStrains:

Theinitialandultimatesourceof
industrialstrainshasnodoubtbeennature
butthroughtheexperienceofyearsof
largescalemicrobialprocessesperfection
hasbeenachievedforgreateryield.The
strainssodevelopedhavebeendeposited
inculturecollections.Togetanew
industrialprocesspatented,theapplicant
isrequiredtodepositastraincapableof
carryingontheprocess,toarecognized
culturecollection.

Althoughmostindustrialcompanieswould
bereluctanttodeposittheirbestcultures
withanyrecognizedculturecollection,yet
thesecollectionsserveasareadysourceof
cultures:Averybiglistofculture
collectionsisgivenintheWorldDirectory
ofCollectionofMicroorganisms(1982),
updatedbyV.F.McGowanandV.B.D.
Skerman.

Someofthegeneralculture
collectionswiththeirabbreviation,
fullnameandlocationsaregiven
below:

AMRC(FAOWHOInternational
ReferenceCentreforAnimalMycoplasma)
InstituteofMedicalMicrobiology,
UniversityofAarhas,Denmark.

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ATCC(AmericanTypeCultureCollection)
12301.

ParklawanDrive,Rockvilla,Maryland
20852,USA.

CBS(CentralBureauVoor
Schimmelcultures)Oousterstraat1,Baarn,
TheNetherlands.

CCEB(CultureCollectionof
EntomophagousBacteria)Instituteof
Entomology,CzechslovakAcademyof
Sciences,FemingovoN2,Prague6,
Czechoslovakia.

CDDA(CanadianDepartmentof
Agriculture)Ottawa,Canada.

CIP(CollectionofInstitutePasteur)Rue
dueDrRoux,Paris15,andFrance.

CMI(CommonwealthMycological
InstitutepresentlyknownasInternational
MycologicalInstitute)Kew,UK.

DSM(DeutscheSamndungvon
Microorganismen)Grisebachstrasse8,
Gottingen,FederalRepublicofGermany.

FAT(FacultyofAgriculture,Tokyo
University)Tokyo,Japan.

IAM(InstituteofAppliedMicrobiology)
UniversityofTokyo,Bunkyoku,Tokyo,
Japan.

IFO(InstituteofFermentation)454
Jusonishinocho,OsakaJapan.

IMI(InternationalMycologicalInstitute)
BakehamLane,Egham,SurreyTW209
TY,UK.

IMY(InstituteofMicrobiology&Virology)
AcademyofSciencesoftheUkranian
S.S.R.,Kiev.
NCIB(NationalCollectionofIndustrial
Bacteria)Aberdeen,Scotland.

NCTC(NationalCollectionofType
Cultures),London,U.K.

NRRL(NorthernRegionalResearch
Laboratory)Peoria,ILUSA.

UQM(CultureCollection,Departmentof
Microbiology,UniversityofQueensland),
Herston,Brisbane4006,Australia.

UWO(UniversityofWesternOntario
CultureCollection,DepartmentofPlant
Sciences),OntarioN6A587,Canada.

Maintenanceandpreservationofcultures
isalsoveryessentialforgettingcultures
fromtheculturecollections.

StrainImprovement:

Microorganismsfromoriginalsourcesare
highlymodifiedinthelaboratory.The
modificationisdonetoachieveatargetof
higheryield.Oneoftheinteresting
examplesoftheprogressiveimprovement
istheantibioticpenicillinproducedbythe
fungusPenicilliumchrysogenum.The
productionofpenicillinonindustrialscale
wasforthefirsttime1to10pg/ml.

However,theprogrammesofstrain
developmentaccompaniedbychangesin
mediumandthegrowthconditionsafter
hardworkofmanyyears,increasedthe
yieldofantibioticpenicillintoabout
50,000pg/ml.Thus,almost50,000times
increasewaspossiblebymutationand
selectionwithoutinvolvinggenetic
engineeringtechniques.Theadditionof
newgeneticengineeringtechniqueshas
brightenedthechancesforyetgreater
yield.

RequisitesforanIndustrial
Microorganism:

Notallbutonlyafewselected
microorganismsaresuitablefor
applicationinindustrialproduction.An
industrialmicroorganismmustgrow
readilyinlargescalemanufacturing
equipment.Nodoubtanindustrial
microorganismsfirstrequisiteisto
manufacturetheproductofinterestbutit
mustalsogrowrapidlyandonrelatively
cheapculturemedia.

Anindustrialmicroorganismshouldhave
thepossibilityofundergoing
manipulationsgeneticallyforitsstrain
improvement.Anindustrial
microorganismshouldneitherbe
pathogenicnoritshouldproduceanytoxic
productswhichmaybeharmfulto
humans,animalsorplants.

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