Science Notes

Huck Kim
March 22, 2017

1 Nomenclature
There are different naming rules for naming ionic compounds, covalent molecules,
and acids.

1.1 Ionic Compounds

In ionic compounds the metal goes first then the non metal. The ending is
removed from the non metal and is replaced with -ide.
NaCl - Sodium Chloride MgO - Magnesium Oxide

1.2 Covalent Molecules

In covalent bonds attatch a prefix for each element corresponding with its
cations.

1. Mono
2. Di
3. Tri
4. Tetra
5. Penta
6. Hexa
7. Septa
8. Octa

If the first element has only one cation then there is no need to add the
mono- prefix.

N2 O3 Dinitrogen Trioxoide

CO2 Carbon Dioxoide

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1.3 Acids
There are two types of acids binary, and tertiary, both follow different naming
schemes

1.3.1 Binary Acids

If there are only two types of elements in the chemical compound ( one being
hydrogen) and it is dissolved in water (aqueous solution) it is considered a bi-
nary acid The naming scheme is as follows.

First add a Hydro- prefix to the beginning of the name. Then remove the
-ide and replace with a -ic.

HCl( aq) Hydrochloric Acid

1.3.2 Tertiary Acids / Oxoacid

If there are three elements in the chemical compound (one being hydrogen and
the other being a polyomic ion) and is dissolved in water (aqueous solution) it
is considered a tertiary acid The naming scheme is as follows.

There is no Hydro- prefix before beginning of the name. Remove the -ate
and replace with a -ic

H2 SO4( aq) Sulfuric Acid

1.4 Bases
The naming scheme stays the same for the bases

NaOH Sodium Hydroxide

2 Reactions
There are four different types of reaction that we know of

Synthesis
Decomposition
Single Displacement

Double Displacement

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2.1 Synthesis
Synthesis is when there are two reactants and only one product.

A + B AB

Example
2Li + Cl2 2LiCl

2.2 Decomposition
Decomposition is when there are one reactant and two products.

AB A + B

Example
2H2 O 2H2 + O2

2.3 Single Displacement

Single Displacement is where a nonmetal or metal element takes the place of
another nonmetal or metal within a compound or molecule. A Single displace-
ment reaction will not occur if the metal or non metal element is less reactive
than the one in the compound or molecule. A metals reactivity is determined
by its location on a activity series and a non-metal is more reactive if is further
down the periodic table.

A + BC = AC + B

In this example the Copper (Cu) takes the palce of the Silver (Ag)

Cu + 2AgNO3 2Ag + Cu(NO3 )2

In this example there is no single displacement as Copper (Cu) is below

Aluminium (Al) on the activity series

Cu + AlCl3 no reaction

2.4 Double Displacement

Double Displacement is when two elements get displaced from their original
compound or molecule to the other compound or molecule.

AB + CD AD + CB

In this example the Sodium and the hydrogen switch forming two new com-
pounds

Na2 S + 2HCl( aq) 2NaCl + H2 S

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3 Acids and Bases
Nomencalture for Acids and Bases can be seen in subsection 1.3 and subsection
1.4.

3.1 Acids
Acids are solutions that contain Hydrogen that have been dissolved in water
to become a aqueous solution known as an acid. The strength of an acid is
determined by the power of the Hydrogen or more commonly known as its pH.
The pH scale varies from 0 - 14 where 0 is highly acidic, 7 is neutral, and 14 is
highly basic or alkeline.
There are two types of acids, binary and tertiary, that contain hydrogen.
There is only one type of base, base, that contain the hydroxide ion.

3.2 Indicators
Indicators are used to show how acidic or basic a substance is. It uses a chemical
change in color to indicate where the substance stands on the pH Scale.
Litmus Paper
Below 4.5 is red and above 8.4 is Blue
Bromothymol Blue
Below 6.0 is yellow and above 7.6 is Blue
Phenolphthalein
Acidic is colorless and Basic is pink

3.3 Neutralization
Neutralization is the process in which an acid and a base react to produce a
water an a salt (ionic compound). This is due to the Hydrogen ions in the acid
and the Hydroxide ions in base creating water and due to the Law of Conser-
vation of Mass leaving the two remaining ions to form.

Here Sodium Hydroxide (base) reacts with Hydrochloric (Acid) to produce

water(H2 O) and the salt Sodium Chloride.
NaOH + HCl( aq) NaCl + H2 O

3.4 Acid Percipitation

Rain water is already naturally acidic due to the carbon dioxide (CO2 ) in the
air. This reacts with the water to create Carbonic Acid.
CO2 + H2 O H2 CO3( aq)