MATERIAL DE APOYO DEL PROGRAMA DE INGLS NIVEL A1.

BELLO ANTIOQUIA, 2017

 SUBJECT MATTER (A1.1)
LEVEL LEARNING UNIT LESSONS
1. Greetings and
Farewells
2. The Alphabet
3. The Colors
Unit 1: Hello! 4. The Numbers
5. Personal Pronouns
6. The Articles
7. Wh Questions
Let's talk!
8. Countries and
Nationalities
9. The Verb To Be
Unit 2: Where are you from?
10.What do you do for a
living?
Let's talk!
A1.1 11.Plural
12.There is (sing) / There
are (Plural)
Unit 3: What is it? 13.This / These - That /
Those
14.Using Adjectives
Let's talk!
15.The hour
16.The Human Body
Unit 4: Lets count!
17.The Family Members
Let's talk!
18.Possesive Adjectives
19.El Posesivo Sajn/
Unit 5: Welcome! Caso Posesivo
20.Have Got Verb
Let's talk!
 A1.1 LEVEL
HERE WE GO!!!

UNIT 1: HELLO!

Vocabulary:

- Hi!
- Hello!
- Whats up buddy?
- Hey you!
- Good morning, good afternoon, good evening.
- How are you?
- Hows everything?
- Whats going on?
- Im fine, excellent, great.
- Ive been better!
- Thanks.
- Nice to meet you
- Nice to meet you too
- Glad to meet you!

LESSON # 1: GREETINGS AND FAREWELLS.

There are many ways to greet someone. We'll learn about the most common way
to greet someone in this lesson. I'll give a variety of example sentences.

GREETING SOMEONE YOU KNOW

"Hey John, how have you been?"

"Hi Bob, how are you?"
"Andy, it's been a long time, how are you man?"

If you meet someone unexpectedly, you can say,

"Hey Jack, it's good to see you. What are you doing here?"

OR
"What a surprise. I haven't seen you in a long time. How have you been?"

GREETING - EXAMPLE CONVERSATIONS.

Let's take a look at these examples, then we can move on to the practice section.

1.

Person A: "Hi, my name is Steve. It's nice to meet you."

Person B: "I'm Jack. It's a pleasure to meet you, Steve."
Person A: "What do you do for a living Jack?"
Person B: "I work at the bank."

2.

Person A: "What is your name?"

Person B: "Jackson."
Person A: "What was that again?"

3.

Person A: "Hey John, how have you been?"

Person B: "What a surprise. I haven't seen you in a long time. How have you
been?"
Person A: "I'm doing very well. Thanks for asking! I'm pretty busy at work these
days, but otherwise, everything is great.
Person A: "Andy, it's been a long time, how are you man?"
Person B: "What a surprise. I haven't seen you in a long time. How have you
been?"
Person A: "Do you come to this restaurant often?"
Person B: "I've been here a couple of times

FAREWELLS SAYING GOODBYE.

How many different ways can we use for saying goodbye in English? Do we
always use the same one? Lets see!!!

- See you soon!

- See ya!
- See you later!
- Bye!
- Take care yourself!
- Well be on touch!
LESSON # 2: THE ALPHABET.

Can you spell your name?

My name is ALBERT EINSTEIN.

How do you spell your name?

A L B E R T
(ei) (el) (bi) (i) (ar) (ti)

E (i) I (ai) N (en) S (es) T (ti) E (i) I (ai) N (en)

EXERCISE # 1: Solve the follwing puzzles:
LESSON # 3: THE COLORS.

- Black: The Bat is Black.

- Brown: The Wood is Brown.
- Grey: The Elephant is Grey.
- White: The Eggs are White seen from the outside.
The Milk is White.
- Yellow: The Sun is Yellow.
- Orange: The Basketball is Orange.
- Red: The Rose is Red.
- Pink: The Pig is Pink.
- Purple: The Grapes are Purple.
- Blue: The Sky is Blue.
- Green: The Grass is Green.
- Beige:
- Golden:
- Fuchsia:
- Maroon:
- Silver:
- Transparent:
- Turquoise:
- Violet:
- Dark:
- Dark blue:
- Deep:
- Deep blue:
- Light:
- Light blue:
- Pale: Plido
- Pale blue:
- Coal-black: Negro carbn
- Deep blue: Azul intenso
- Navy blue: Azul marino
- Royal blue: Azul Francia
- Bottle Green: Verde botella
- Emerald green: Verde esmeralda
- Grass green:
- Jade-green: Verde turquesa
- Lime Green: Verde lima
- Olive-green: Verde oliva
- Blood-red: Rojo sangre/intenso
- Brick red: Rojo ladrillo
- Cherry red: Rojo cereza
- Dusky red: Rojo violceo
- Lily-white: Blanco puro
- Off-white: Blancuzco
- Snow-white: Blanco como la nieve
- Canary yellow Amarillo canario/patito
- Lemon yellow: Amarillo limn
- Colourful (GB): Colorido, lleno de color
- Multicolored: Multicolor.
EXERCISE # 2: What color is it? What's your favorite color?

Practice in class with partners and your Teacher.

Vocabulary:

TREE APPLE BANANA CLOUD

SKY ORANGE ROSE TYRE

1. What color is the Tree? The Tree is green.

2. What color is the Orange? ________________________
3. What color is the Tyre? ________________________
4. What color is the Cloud? ________________________
5. What color is the Banana? ________________________
6. What color is the Rose? ________________________
7. What color is the Sky? ________________________
8. What color is the Apple? ________________________

LESSON # 4: THE NUMBERS.

CARDINAL NUMBERS: Used mainly for counting, give your age, give your
telephone number, give years

1 TO 10: One, Two. Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine and Ten.

11 TO 19: Eleven. Twelve, Thirteen, Fourteen, Fifteen, Sixteen, Seventeen,

Eighteen and Nineteen.

Rule: Eleven and Twelve are different.

 THRIR
FOUR
FIF
SIX TEEN
SEVEN
EIGHT
NINE

20 TO 29: Twenty, Twenty-one, Twenty-two

30 TO 39: Thirty, Thirty-one, Thirty-two

40: Forty

50: Fifty

60: Sixty

70: Seventy

80: Eighty

90: Ninety

100: One hundred

1.000: One thousand

99.999: Ninety-nine thousand, nine hundred and ninety-nine.

100.000: One hundred thousand

1.000.000: One million

EXAMPLES:

181: One hundred and eighty-one.

1.254: One thousand, two hundred and fifty-four.
567: Five hundred and sixty-seven.
10.507: Ten thousand, five hundred and seven.
106.932: One hundred six thousand, nine hundred and thrirty-two.
185.721: One hundred eighty-five thousand, seven hundred and twenty-one.
1.854.000: One million, eight hundred and fifty-four thousand.
508.035.001: Five hundred eight million, thrirty-five thousand and one.
338.983.231: Three hundred and thrirty-eight million, nine hundred and eighty-
three thousand, two hundred and thrirty-one.
7.987.645.219: Seven thousand and nine hundred eighty seven million, six
hundred and fourty-five thousand, two hundred and nineteen.

LESSON # 5: PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

NUMBER PERSON GENDER SUBJECT OBJECT

singular 1st male/ female I me

2nd male/ female you you

3rd Male he him

female she her

neuter it it

plural 1st male/ female we us

2nd male/ female you you

3rd male/ female/ neuter they them

EXAMPLES: (in each pair, the first sentence shows a subject pronoun, the second
an object pronoun):

1. I like coffee. / John helped me.

2. Do you like coffee? / John loves you.
3. He runs fast. / Did Ram beat him?
4. She is clever. / Does Mary know her?
5. It doesn't work. / Can the man fix it?
6. We went home. / Anthony drove us.
7. Do you need a table for three? / Did John and Mary beat you at doubles?
8. They played doubles. / John and Mary beat them.

When we are talking about a single thing, we almost always use it. However,
there are a few exceptions. We may sometimes refer to an animal as he/him or
she/her, especially if the animal is domesticated or a pet. Ships (and some other
Vessels or vehicles) as well as some countries are often treated as female and
referred to as she/her. Here are some examples:
This is our dog Rusty. He's an old dog.
The Titanic was a great ship but she sank on her first voyage.
My first car was a Mini and I treated her like my wife.
Thailand has now opened her border with Cambodia.

For a single person, sometimes we don't know whether to use he or she. There are
several solutions to this:

If a teacher needs help, he or she should see the principal.

If a teacher needs help, he should see the principal.
If a teacher needs help, they should see the principal.
We often use it to introduce a remark:

It is nice to have a holiday sometimes.

It is important to dress well.
It's difficult to find a job.
Is it normal to see them together?
It didn't take long to walk here.
We also often use it to talk about the weather, temperature, time and distance:

It's raining.
It will probably be hot tomorrow.
Is it nine o'clock yet?
It's 50 kilometres from here to Cambridge.

LESSON # 6: THE ARTICLES.

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE:

The definite article is the word the. The definite article limits the meaning of a noun
to one particular thing. For example, your friend might ask, Are you going to the
party this weekend? The definite article tells you that your friend is referring to a
specific party that both of you know about. The definite article can be used with
singular, plural, or uncountable nouns.

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE:

The indefinite article takes two forms. Its the word a when it precedes a noun that
begins with a consonant. Its an when it precedes a noun that begins with a vowel.
The indefinite article indicates that a noun doesnt refer to a particular thing. For
example, you might ask your friend, Should I bring a gift to the party? Your friend
will understand that you are not asking about a specific type of gift or a specific
item. I am going to bring an apple pie, your friend tells you. Again, the indefinite
article indicates that she is not talking about a specific apple pie. Your friend
Probably doesnt even have any pie yet. The indefinite article only appears with
singular nouns.
CHOOSING A OR AN:

There are a few exceptions to the general rule of using a before words that start
with consonants and an before words that begin with vowels. The first letter of the
word honor, for example, is a consonant, but its unpronounced. The first sound of
the word is a vowel sound; therefore, use an.

My mother is a honest woman.

My mother is an honest woman.
Similarly, when the first letter of a word is a vowel but is pronounced with a
consonant sound, use a.

She is an United States senator.

She is a United States senator.

TABLE OF ARTICLES:

NUMBER INDEFINITE DEFINITE

Singular a / an the

Plural Nothing the

Non-Count Nothing the

Quick Hints

A before consonants. (a book)

an before vowels (an exam).

Pronunciation is what matters.

an hour ('h' is silent and it's pronounced: an our).

Temporary illnesses: (I have a headache, a cold, a fever, a backache).

"The" with superlative forms (He is the smartest kid I have seen.)

SOME RULES USING ARTICLES:

SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS:

Indefinite: use a
Definite: use "the"

EXAMPLES:
My daughter wants to buy a dog this weekend. (Indefinite-Could be any dog).
The dog in the backyard is very cute.(Definite-The one in the backyard).
He requested a puppy for his birthday.
He wanted the puppy he played with at the pet shop.
She ordered a hamburger without onions.
Did you drink the coke I just ordered?

PLURAL COUNT NOUNS:

Use "the" or Nothing, never 'a'.

Come and look at the children. (definite)

Children are always curious. (indefinite)
She loves flowers. (indefinite)
The flowers in her garden are beautiful. (definite)
Do you like reading grammar rules?
Do you like reading the grammar rules on this book?

Non-count nouns:

Use "the" or nothing.

He has experience. (if indefinite or mentioned for the first time)

He has the experience necessary for the job. (if definite or mentioned before)
The medicine the doctor prescribed had unpleasant side effects.
Writing in a second language is especially challenging.
Have you studied the history of South Africa?
History reminds us that events repeat themselves.

LESSON # 7: WH QUESTIONS.

QUESTION WORDS:

Question words are also called wh questions because they include the letters 'W'
and 'H'.

Question
Meaning Examples
words
Who person Who's that? That's Nancy.
Where place Where do you live? In Boston
reason Why do you sleep early? Because I've got
Why
to get up early
When time When do you go to work? At 7:00
How manner How do you go? By car
What object, idea or action What do you do? I am an engineer
Which choice Which one do you prefer? The red one.
Whose possession Whose is this book? It's Alan's.
Whom object of the verb Whom did you meet? I met the manager.
description What kind of music do you like? I like quiet
what kind
songs
what time time What time did you come home?
quantity (countable) How many students are there? There are
how many
twenty.
amount, price How much time have we got? Ten minutes
how much
(uncountable)
duration, length How long did you stay in that hotel? For
how long
two weeks.
frequency How often do you go to the gym? Twice a
how often
week.
how far distance How far is your school? It's one mile far.
how old age How old are you? I'm 16.
how come reason How come I didn't see you at the party?

ASKING QUESTIONS:

1. If you ask about the subject of the sentence, simply add the question word
at the beginning:

EXAMPLE: James writes good poems. Who writes good poems?

2. If you ask about the predicate of the sentence (the part of a sentence which
contains the verb and gives information about the subject), there are three
options:

If there is a helping (auxiliary) verb that precedes the main verb (for
example: can, is, are, was, were, will, would...), add the question word and
invert the subject and the helping (auxiliary) verb.

EXAMPLES: He can speak Chinese. What can he speak?

They are leaving tonight. When are they leaving?

If you ask about the predicate and there is no helping (auxiliary) verb and
the verb is "to be", simply add the question verb and invert the subject and
the verb.

EXAMPLE: The play was interesting. How was the play?

 If there is no helping (auxiliary) verb in the the predicate and the main verb
is not "to be", add the auxiliary "do" in the appropriate form.

EXAMPLES: They go to the movies every Saturday. Where do they go every

Saturday? He wakes up early. When does he wake up?
They sent a letter. What did they send?

LESSON: LETS TALK.

Everyone must talk with the teacher and they will be able to solve any question.

UNIT 2: WHERE ARE YOU FROM?

LESSON # 8: CONTRIES AND NATIONALITIES.

Singular Plural

Country Countries
Nationality Nationalities

LIST OF COUNTRIES, NATIONALITIES AND THEIR LANGUAGES:

Below is a list of countries with the appropriate nationality. The Language that
appears is the main language that is spoken in the country. We have not included
all the languages that they may speak in that country.

Country Nationality Language

Afghanistan Afghan Persian - Pashto
Argentine
Argentina Spanish
Argentinian
Australia Australian English
Belgium Belgian French / Flemish
Bolivia Bolivian Spanish
Brazil Brazilian Portuguese
Cambodia Cambodian Cambodian
Cameroon Cameroonian French / English
Canada Canadian English / French
Chile Chilean Spanish
China Chinese Chinese
Colombia * Colombian Spanish
Costa Rica Costa Rican Spanish
Cuba Cuban Spanish
Denmark Danish (Dane) Danish
Dominican Republic Dominican Spanish
Ecuador Ecuatorian Spanish
Egypt Egyptian Arabic
Salvador Salvadorian Spanish
England English British English
Estonia Estonian Estonian
Ethiopia Ethiopian Amharic
Finland Finnish Finnish
France French French
Germany German German
Ghana Ghanaian English
Great Britain British English
Greece Greek Greek
Guatemala Guatemalian Spanish
Haiti Haitian French / Creole
Honduras Hondurian Spanish
Indonesia Indonesian Indonesian
Iran Iranian Persian
Ireland Irish Irish / English
Israel Israeli Hebrew
Italy Italian Italian
Japan Japanese Japanese
Jordan Jordanian Arabic
Kenya Kenyan Swahili
Laos Laotian Laotian
Latvia Latvian Latvian
Lithuania Lithuanian Lithuanian
Malaysia Malaysian Malay / Malaysian
Mexico Mexican Spanish
Morocco Moroccan Arabic / French
Netherlands Dutch Dutch
New Zealand New Zealander English / Maori
Nicaragua Nicaraguan Spanish
Norway Norwegian Norwegian
Panama Panamanian Spanish
Paraguay Paraguayan Spanish
Peru Peruvian Spanish
Philippines Filipino Tagalog / Filipino
Poland Polish Polish
Portugal Portuguese Portuguese
Puerto Rico Puerto Rican Spanish
Romania Romanian Romanian
Russia Russian Russian
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabic
Scotland Scottish English
South Korea Korean Korean
Spain Spanish Spanish
Sweden Swedish Swedish
Switzerland Swiss German, French, Italian, Romansh
Taiwan Taiwanese Chinese
Tajikistan Tajik Tajik (Persian)
Thailand Thai Thai
Turkey Turkish Turkish
Ukraine Ukrainian Ukrainian
(The) United Kingdom British English
(The) United States American ** English
Uruguay Uruguayan Spanish
Venezuela Venezuelan Spanish
Vietnam Vietnamese Vietnamese
Wales Welsh Welsh / English

* NOTE: Colombia is the correct spelling of the country and not "Columbia".
** You will notice that people from United States have the nationality 'American'.
Some people from other parts of the American continent (especially Central and
South America) tend not to like the word American for people from the United
States. You will find that they will call them North American.

EXERCISES:
1. I live in France, I'm ______French_____________.

2. I live in ____England___________. I'm English

3. I live in America. I'm ______American____________.

4. I live in __Ireland__________________. I'm Irish

5. I live in Italy. I'm ___Italian______________________.

6. I live in ______Spain_____________. I'm Spanish.

7. I live in Germany. I'm _German________________________.

8. I live in _______Japan_____________.I'm Japanese.

9. I live in Scotland. I'm __Scottish_________________.

10. I live in Great Britain, I'm ___British__________________.

Where are you from? Im from Colombia. Im Colombian.

COMPLETE THE SENTENCE:

- I _______ from Spain.
- Agustn ___________ from Argentina.
- Youssef ___________ from Morocco.
- We ____________ from Spain.
- They ____________ from the USA.

WRITE THE COMPLETE ANSWER:

a) Where is Danny from? London

He is from the UK.
b) Where are Iker and Ester from? Madrid
_______Theyre from Spain____________________
c) Where is Ravi from? Kiev
____Hes from Ukraine_______________________
d) Where is Youssef from? Moscow
____Hes from Russia_______________________
e) Where is Helena from? Athens
_______Shes from Greece____________________
f) Where is Agustin from? Rio de Janeiro
_______________Hes from Brazil____________

WRITE THE CORRECT QUESTION:

a) I'm from Brazil. __Where are you from?_________________________.
b) Jan is from the USA. Where is he from?___________________________.
c) Mary is from the UK. Where is she from?___.
d) We are from Canada. Where are you from_______.
e) Achmed and Hashin are from Morocco. Where are they from?________.

LESSON # 9: THE VERB TO BE.

Probably the best known verb in the world: "To be or not to be..."

To Be - Affirmative

Subject To Be Examples

I am I am from New Zealand.

You are You are Chilean.
He is He is twenty years old.
She is She is a nurse.
It is It is a big dog.
We are We are intelligent.
You are You are students.
They are They are married.

To Be - Contractions
Contractions of To Be are very frequent when we are speaking.

To Be Contraction Examples

I am I'm I'm from New Zealand.

You are You're You're Chilean.
He is He's He's twenty years old.
She is She's She's a nurse.
It is It's It's a big dog.
We are We're We're intelligent.
You are You're You're students.
They are They're They're married.

To Be - Negative Sentences
The negative of To Be can be made by adding not after the verb.

Subject To Be Examples
I am not I am not from Spain.
You are not You are not Australian.
He is not He is not thirty years old.
She is not She is not a secretary.
It is not It is not a small cat.
We are not We are not stupid.
You are not You are not teachers.
They are not They are not single.

To Be - Negative Contractions
There are two ways of forming contractions of To Be in negative sentences. One is
with a contraction of the subject and the verb (e.g. I am = I'm) OR a contraction of
the verb and not (e.g. are not = aren't)

I'm not from Spain. --- --------------*

You're not Australian. OR You aren't Australian.
He's not thirty years old. OR He isn't thirty years old.
She's not a secretary. OR She isn't a secretary.
It's not a small cat. OR It isn't a small cat.
We're not stupid. OR We aren't stupid.
You're not teachers. OR You aren't teachers.
They're not single. OR They aren't single.
* Notice that the only possible contraction for I am not is I'm not.

To Be - Questions
To create questions with To Be, you put the Verb before the Subject.

Affirmative You are happy.

Subject Verb

Question Are you happy?

Verb Subject

Affirmative Question

I am intelligent. Am I intelligent?
You are a student. Are you a student?
He is a pilot. Is he a pilot?
She is from Spain. Is she from Spain?
It is a big house. Is it a big house?
We are ready. Are we ready?
You are doctors. Are you doctors?
They are rich. Are they rich?

To Be - Short Answers
In spoken English, we usually give short answers in response to questions. Are you
a student? - Yes, I am (a student). The last part (a student) is not necessary. We
use shorts answers to avoid repetition, when the meaning is clear.

Question Short Answers** Short Answers

Am I intelligent? Yes, you are. No, you aren't.

Are you a student? Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Is he a pilot? Yes, he is. No, he isn't.
Is she from Spain? Yes, she is. No, she isn't.
Is it a big house? Yes, it is. No, it isn't.
Are we ready? Yes, we are. No, we aren't.
Are you doctors? Yes, we are. No, we aren't.
Are they rich? Yes, they are. No, they aren't.
** With To Be, We don't use contractions in affirmative short answers unless there
is additional information after it (in which case they are no longer considered short
answers).
LESSON # 10: WHAT DO YOU DO FOR A LIVING?

Jobs, professions and occupations

Whats your Job? What do you do?

Accountant contador
Actor actor
Actress actriz
air hostess Azafata
Architect arquitecto
Astronaut astronauta
Attorney abogado titulado
Babysitter niera
Baker panadero
bank Clerk empleado bancario
Beekeeper apicultor
Barber barbero, peluquero (de hombre)
Bookseller librero
Bricklayer albail
bus driver conductor de autobs
Butcher carnicero
Chemist farmacutico
chimney-sweeper deshollinador
Consultant asesor
Cook cocinero
customs officer oficial de aduanas
Dentist dentista
disc jockey, DJ disc jockey, DJ
Doctor mdico
Driver conductor
driving instructor instructor de manejo
Dustman basurero
Electrician electricista
Employee empleado
Engineer ingeniero
factory worker obrero
Farmer agricultor
fashion designer diseador de moda
firefighter, fireman bombero
Fisherman pescador
flight attendant asistente de vuelo
Gardener jardinero
graphic designer diseador grfico
Hairdresser peluquero (de mujer)
Inspector inspector
interior designer diseador de interiores

Jeweller joyero
Journalist periodista
Judge juez
Lawyer abogado
Libraran bibliotecario
Lifeguard salvavidas, socorrista
lorry driver camionero
Mechanic mecnico
Model modelo
mailman (US) cartero
Nanny niera
Nurse enfermera
office worker oficinista
Painter pintor
Photographer fotgrafo
Pilot piloto
Plumber fontanero, plomero
Policeman polica
Policewoman mujer polica
Politician poltico
postman (GB) cartero
Psychiatrist psiquiatra
Psychologist psiclogo
Receptionist recepcionista
Reporter reportero
Sailor marinero
Salesman vendedor
Scientist cientfico
Secretary secretario
security guard guardia de seguridad
Shepherd pastor
Shoemaker zapatero
Singer cantante
Soldier soldado
sports instructor instructor de deportes
Stockbroker agente de bolsa
Student estudiante
Surgeon cirujano
Tailor sastre
taxi driver taxista
Teacher profesor, maestro
Technician tcnico
telemarketer, telesales person persona que vende por telfono
tourist guide gua turstica
Translator traductor
university lecturer profesor universitario
vet (GB), veterinarian (US) veterinario
Waiter camarero
Waitress camarera
Watchmaker relojero
Writer escritor

EXERCISE:

1. Where does a waiter work? __________________________.

2. Where do the chefs work? __________________________.
3. Who can fix a Watch? __________________________.
4. Who can fix a Car? __________________________.
5. Where does an attorney work? __________________________.
6. Where do nurces work? __________________________.

LESSON: LETS TALK.

We are going to solve some exercises in class and make a full review from the
beginning until now.

UNIT 3: WHAT IS IT?

LESSON # 11: PLURAL.

REGULAR NOUNS

Most singular nouns form the plural by adding -s.

EXAMPLES:

Singular Plural

boat boats

house houses

cat cats

river rivers

A singular noun ending in s, x, z, ch, sh makes the plural by adding-es.

EXAMPLES:
Singular Plural

bus buses

wish wishes
Singular Plural

pitch pitches

box boxes

A singular noun ending in a consonant and then y makes the plural by dropping the
y and adding-ies.

EXAMPLES:

Singular Plural

penny pennies

spy spies

baby babies

city cities

daisy daisies

IRREGULAR NOUNS

There are some irregular noun plurals. The most common ones are listed below.

EXAMPLES:

Singular Plural

woman women

man men

child children

tooth teeth

foot feet

person people

leaf leaves

mouse mice
Singular Plural

goose geese

half halves

knife knives

wife wives

life lives

elf elves

loaf loaves

potato potatoes

tomato tomatoes

cactus cacti

focus foci

fungus fungi

nucleus nuclei

syllabus syllabi/syllabuses

analysis analyses

diagnosis diagnoses

oasis oases

thesis theses

crisis crises

phenomenon phenomena

criterion criteria

datum data
Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural.

EXAMPLES:
Singular Plural

sheep sheep

fish fish

deer deer

species species

aircraft aircraft

LESSON # 12: THERE IS AND THERE ARE.

We use there is and there are to say that something exists.

POSITIVE SENTENCES:
We use there is for singular and there are for plural.
There is one table in the classroom.
There are three chairs in the classroom.
There is a spider in the bath.
There are many people at the bus stop.
We also use There is with uncountable nouns:
There is milk in the fridge.
There is some sugar on the table.
There is ice cream on your shirt.

CONTRACTIONS:

The contraction of there is is there's.

There's a good song on the radio.
There's only one chocolate left in the box.
You cannot contract there are.
There are nine cats on the roof.
There are only five weeks until my birthday.

NEGATIVE FORM:

The negative is formed by putting not after is or are:

There is not a horse in the field.
There are not eight children in the school.
There is not a tree in the garden.
There are not two elephants in the zoo.
We almost always use contractions when speaking.
The Negative contractions are:
There's not = There isn't
There are not = There aren't

THERE AREN'T WITH ANY:

When we want to indicate that a zero quantity of something exists we use there
aren't any.
There aren't any people at the party.
There aren't any trees in my street.
We also use this structure with uncountable nouns:
There isn't any water in the swimming pool.
There isn't any sugar in my coffee.

QUESTIONS:

To form a question we place is / are in front of there.

Again we use any with plural questions or those which use uncountable nouns.
We also use there is / are in short answers.
Is there a dog in the supermarket? - No, there isn't.
Are there any dogs in the park? - Yes, there are.
Is there a security guard in the shop? - Yes, there is.
Are there any polar bears in Antarctica? - No, there aren't.
Is there any ice-cream in the freezer? - Yes, there is.

HOW MANY WITH ARE THERE:

If we want to find out the number of objects that exist we use How many in the
following form:
How many + plural noun + are there (+ complement).
How many dogs are there in the park?
How many students are there in your class?
How many countries are there in South America?
How many Star Wars films are there?

LESSON # 13: USING THIS/THAT THESE/THOSE.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS:

We use this (singular) and these (plural) to refer to something that is here / near.

EXAMPLES:

This is my car. (singular)

These are our children. (plural)

We use that (singular) and those (plural) to refer to something that is there / far.

EXAMPLES:

That is our house. (singular)

Those are my shoes. (plural)

Note that the verb changes (i.e. singular / plural) depending on the pronoun that
you use.

LESSON # 14: USING ADJETIVES.

Adjectives are used to describe or give information about things, ideas and people:
nouns or pronouns.

EXAMPLE:

The grey dog barks. (The adjective grey describes the noun "dog".)

Some adjectives give us factual information about the noun - age, size colour etc
(fact adjectives - can't be argued with).

Some adjectives show what somebody thinks about something or somebody -

nice, horrid, beautiful etc (opinion adjectives - not everyone may agree).

If you are asked questions with which, whose, what kind, or how many, you need
an adjective to be able to answer.

COLOUR

Adjectives can be used to describe colour.

Rainbow, blue, red, green, brown, yellow, black, white, etc.

EXAMPLE: The blue bag. / The blue bags.

OPINION

Adjectives can be used to give your opinion about something.

Thumb up Thumb down. Good, pretty, right, wrong, funny, light, heavy, happy,
sad, full, soft, hard etc.
EXAMPLE: He was a silly boy. / She was a silly girl.

SIZE

Adjectives can be used to describe size.

Tall/short Big/small Little/long Tall/short

EXAMPLE: The big man. / The big woman.

AGE

Adjectives can be used to describe age.

Old Child Young

EXAMPLE: He was an old man. / She was an old woman.

SHAPE

Adjectives can be used to describe shape.

Circle Cube Round Circular Triangular Rectangular Square Oval, etc.

EXAMPLE: It was a square box. / They were square boxes.

ORIGIN

Adjectives can be used to describe origin.

Germany France

EXAMPLE: "It is a German flag. / They are German flags.

DISTANCE

Adjectives can be used to describe distance.

Long, short, far, bear, around, start, high, low, etc.

EXAMPLE: This is a long road. / These are long roads.

TEMPERATURE

Adjectives can be used to describe temperature.

Cold, warm, hot, cool, etc.

For Example:

It is a hot day. / We eat ice cream on hot days.

TIME

Adjectives can be used to describe time.

Morning, night, late, early, bed, nap, dinner, lunch, day, morning, night, etc.

EXAMPLE: You are late. (At work, meeting or something like that.)

PURPOSE
Adjectives can be used to describe purpose. (These adjectives often end with "-
ing".)

EXAMPLE: She gave them a sleeping bag." or "She gave them sleeping bags."

Note - Have you noticed how the adjective stays the same, whether it is describing
a masculine, feminine, singular or plural noun? Nice, huh?

When using more than one adjective to modify a noun, the adjectives may be
separated by a conjunction (and) or by commas (,).

EXAMPLE: Her hair was long and blonde. / She had long, blonde hair.

Adjective Pretty Serious Fast Quiet

For She is a prettyHe was a seriousIt could be aThey were quiet
Example: girl. boy. fast car. children.
Note - Adjectives that go immediately before the noun are called attributive
adjectives.

Adjectives can also be used after some verbs. They do not describe the verb,
adverbs do that.

Adjectives after a verb describe the subject of the verb (usually a noun or
pronoun).
EXAMPLE: Lynne looks tired.

The subject (in this case Lynne) is being described as tired not the verb to look.
There is also the adjective used to, which is such a beast that it gets its own
section - Used To.

LESSON: LETS TALK.

Make some exercises with your partners and then answer the questions that the
teacher will ask to everybody in class.

UNIT 4: LETS COUNT!

LESSON # 15: THE HOUR.

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

WHAT TIME IS IT? IT IS NINE OCLOCK

WHAT TIME DO YOU TAKE A SHOWER? ____________________________.
WHAT TIME DO YOU TAKE BREAKFAST? ____________________________.
WHAT TIME DO YOU GO TO WORK? ____________________________.
WHAT TIME DO YOU HAVE LUNCH? ____________________________.

1. _______________________________________________.
2. _______________________________________________.
3. _______________________________________________.
4. _______________________________________________.
5. _______________________________________________.
6. _______________________________________________.
7. _______________________________________________.
8. _______________________________________________.

LESSON # 16: THE HUMAN BODY.

VOCABULARY:

1. Wrist: Between palm and forearm.

2. Shin: Soccer players must protect it.
3. Toenail: Every toe and finger have one.
4. Sole: Its under the foot.
5. Heel: Its a hard rearfoot bone.
6. Forearm: One part of the arm.
LESSON # 17: THE FAMILY MEMBERS.

Immediate Family

Masculine Feminine
father mother
son daughter
brother sister
husband wife

When you have children, you are a parent.

If you are a male parent, you are a father.
If you are female parent, you are a mother.
If one of your children is a boy, he is your son.
If one of your children is a girl, she is your daughter.
When a couple gets married, the man is the husband, and the woman is his wife.
A brother and sister both have the same parents.
One collective word to describe brothers and sisters is siblings. However this word
is normally only used in written English, not orally.

Different Generations
Masculine Feminine
Forefathers
Great-great grandfather Great-great grandmother
Great grandfather Great grandmother
Grandfather Grandmother
Father Mother
Son Daughter
Grandson Granddaughter
Great grandson Great granddaughter
Great-great grandson Great-great granddaughter
Descendents

Relatives and Extended Family

Grandparents: the parents of your parents

Grandfather: the father of your father/mother
Grandmother: the mother of your father/mother
Grandchildren: the children of your children
Grandson: the son of one of your children
Granddaughter:the daughter of one of your children
Great grandfather: the father of your grandfather/grandmother
Great grandmother: the mother of your grandfather/grandmother
Uncle: the brother (or brother-in-law) of your mother/father
Aunt: the sister (or sister-in-law)of your mother/father
Cousin: the child of your aunt/uncle
Nephew: the male child of your brother/sister
nNece: the female child of your brother/sister

The In-Laws

The in-laws are the members of the family of your spouse (the person you are
married to) or via a marriage in your family:

Father-in-law: the father of your spouse

Mother-in-law: the mother of your spouse
Son-in-law: the husband of your daughter
Daughter-in-law: the wife of your son
Brother-in-law: the husband of your sister
Sister-in-law: the wife of your brother

Note: To refer to more than one brother-in-law or sister-in-law etc. we has an S to

the brother/sister part.
e.g. My brothers-in-law are fun. My sisters-in-laws are crazy.

The Family Mix

Nowadays in many countries a person can get married more than once. These are
the terms used to describe the "new" members of the family when someone gets
remarried.

"Step-" means that you are related as a result of one parent marrying again

Stepfather: the (new) husband of your mother but not your biological father
Stepmother: the (new) wife of your father but not your biological mother
Stepson: the son of your (new) husband / wife (he is not your biological son)
Stepdaughter: the daughter of your (new) husband / wife (she is not your
biological daughter)
Stepsister: the daughter of your stepmother or stepfather
Stepbrother: the son of your stepmother or stepfather
Sometimes one of your parents gets married again and they have more children.
There
Half-brother: the brother you have only one parent in common with .
Half-sister: the sister you only have one parent in common with.
Even if your parent didn't get married (and had the child outside of marriage), they
are still your half-brother or half-sister.
However, note that it is common to still call your half-brother or half-sister just your
brother or sister (without adding the half- part).
Check out this chart comparing the relationships between different members of the
family:

LESSON: LETS TALK.

Make some exercises with your partners and then answer the questions that the
teacher will ask to everybody in class.

LESSON # 18: POSSESIVE ADJETIVES.

Possessive adjectives are used to show possession or ownership of something.

While we use them when we refer to people, it is more in the sense of relationship
than ownership.

The possessive adjectives in English are as follows:

The possessive adjective needs to agree with the possessor and not with the thing
that is possessed.

Examples:

My car is very old.

Her boyfriend is very friendly.
Our dog is black.
Their homework is on the table.

Like all adjectives in English, they are always located directly in front of the noun
they refer to. (Possessive Adjective + Noun).
We do not include an S to the adjective when the noun is plural like in many other
languages.

Examples:

Our cars are expensive. (Correct)

Ours cars are expensive. (Incorrect)

However, the verb that is used needs to be in agreement with the noun - if the
noun is singular then the verb is singular; if the noun is plural then the verb is
plural.

Examples:

My pen is black. (Singular)

My pens are black. (Plural)
Our child is intelligent. (Singular)
Our children are intelligent. (Plural)

Its vs. It's

Be careful not to confuse its and it's.
Its = The possessive adjective for It.
It's = a contraction of it is.

LESSON # 19: POSSESIVE CASE GENITIVE CASE.

Possessive Case

The possessive case is used to show ownership. (CocaCola's secret.)

The good news is that the genitive case is used less and less in English today.
Hooray!

You may still hear someone say something like "The mother of the bride," but it
could equally be; "The bride's mother."

However, the possessive pattern ('s) is generally used when indicate a relation of
ownership or association with a person, rather than a thing.

Example:

Lynne's web site kept growing larger and larger.

There are, as ever, exceptions to this rule. When a group of people is involved or
animals.
Example:

The members' forum.

The dogs' tails.

Singular and irregular plural nouns that don't end in 's' take -'s.

Example:

Boy's videogame.
The people's court.

Plural nouns that end in " s " take an apostrophe at the end ( ' ).

Example:

The girls' dresses.

People's names that end in "s" you can write (') or ('s).

Example:

Charles' job was on the line.

or
Charles's job was on the line.

If you have to show joint ownership, give the possessive form to the final name
only.

Maurice and George's famous painting.

Pronouns and determiners are inflected to show the possessive case.

PERSONAL PRONOUN/DETERMINER
Possessive

Lynne's Lynne's
My Mine
Your Yours
His His
Her Hers
Its Its
Our Ours
Their Theirs
Whose Whose
Example:

This is CocaCola's secret. It's my secret!. It's mine!

It's not Maurice's computer. It's not his computer. It's not his.
Have you seen her book? It's her book. It's hers.

Genitive Case

You should still use the genitive case when talking about things that belong to other
things.

Example:

The door of the car.

The content of the website.
The top of the page.

!Tip: If you aren't sure what to use stick to (of the).

LESSON # 20: HAVE GOT - HAVE.

Have got and have mean the same. Have got is more informal. We use have (got)
here to refer to both verbs:

Ive got a terrible pain in my back.

I have a terrible pain in my back. (more formal)
They havent got a car.
They dont have a car. (more formal)
We use have (got) to talk about possession, relationships, characteristics and
illnesses. In these contexts, it is not used in the continuous form:
Shes got two cats and a dog.
She has two cats and a dog.
Have you got a monkey?
Do you have a monkey? (more formal)
How many brothers have you got?
How many brothers do you have? (more formal)
Shes got a new boyfriend.
She has a new boyfriend. (more formal)
Shes got a delightful voice.
She has a delightful voice. (more formal)
Its got 153 calories.
It has 153 calories. (more formal)
Shes got a headache.
She has a headache.