0 TITLE
2.0 INTRODUCTION
The deflection of a beam or bars must be often be limited in order to provide integrity and
stability of structure or machine. Plus, code restrictions often require these members not
vibrate or deflect severely in order to safely support their intended loading.
This experiment helps us to show some kind of deflection and how to calculate the
deflection value by using Castiglianos Theorem and make a comparison between result of
the experiment and the theory.
3.0 OBJECTIVE
4.0 APPARATUS
5.0 THEORY
When a force is exerted on an elastic object, work is done on it will deform. The work
energy which is stored in the elastic object is called strain energy. The elastic object
will return to its original shape when the force is released. Strain energy can be
caused by pressure, tension, bending, torsion, shear force, etc.
Castiglianos theorem states that the deflection caused by any external load is equal to
the partial differential of the strain energy with respect to that external load. At every
point of action of these forces there are deflections.
Figure 1 shows an elastic object which is acted upon by forces W1, W2, W3, .,
Wn. At every point of action of these forces there are deflections. According to
Castiglianos Theorem, the deflections at these points are:
U = X1 ; U = X 2; U = X 3; ..; U = X n
W1 W2 W3 W n
The deflection of point A in the direction of the force is equal to the partial differential of
the total strain energy U for the system with respect to W1 (force acting at point A).
W3
W2
B C
W4
x3
x2
x4 D
A x1
x5
W1
W5
For conservation of energy, the total strain energy which is caused by bending
moment M is,
U = M2/2EI ds (1)
The bending moment for a quarter circle bar, at any section d is,
M = PvRsin (2)
B. Circular Bar
U PR 2
V = = -
Pv EI 4
PR
= 0.149
EI
with the values of R, E and I the as above. The cross section of the bar is 25 x 3 mm.
6.0 PROCEDURE
A. Quarter Circle Bar
(i) A hanger attached to the free end of the bar.
(ii) Two dial gauges clamped at their allocated points.
(iii) 0.2 kg load applied and the vertical and horizontal deflections are
recorded.
(iv) Loads added in increment of 0.2 kg until a maximum load of 1.6 kg.
(v) The deflections recorded for each loading.
B. Circular Bar
(i) The above method followed but with a load increment of 0.5 kg until a
maximum load of 4 kg.
(ii) The vertical displacements for each loading recorded.
6.0 RESULTS
Table for deflections of quarter bar for each loading using theory analysis
Table for deflections of circular bar for each loading using theory analysis
= 25 x 10-3 x (3 x 10-3)3
12
= 5.625 x 10-11 m4
= 0.462 mm
I = bd3 / 12
= 25 x 10-3 x (3 x 10-3)3
12
= 5.625 x 10-11 m4
= 0.294 mm
b) Circular bar
I = bh3 / 12
= 25 x 10-3 x (3 x 10-3)3
12
= 5.625 x 10-11 m4
= 0.219 mm
7.0 DISCUSSION
Graph is straight lines with a positive slope. So, its can be said that load is linearly
dependent with vertical deflection for quarter circle bar. the vertical deflection will
increase when the load increases. From the graph plotted, the result from the experiment
is match or same with the results that calculated using theorem castigliano's.
Theoretically the straight lines obtained are through the origin point. Slope for
both of the lines are almost the same value. This shows that the error occur in the
experiment are very small and the results can be accepted.
Graph obtained is straight line with a positive gradient. Even though the graph is straight
line, but there is a difference between the experiment results and theoretical results.
Besides that, theoretical result is bigger compare than experiment results. There
are differences in the both results because there are some errors occurred during the
experiment. The errors may be caused by the Castiglianos Theorem formula which is not
recommended to be used in the calculation for horizontal deflection for quarter circle bar.
This is because the forces applied are only assumptions values and not the real values.
But, it still can use for compare with theory and experiment.
Graph in a straight line shape obtained for load (N) versus vertical deflection v (mm)
for circular bar. The gradient for both of the lines are positive. The lines are through the
origin point.
There differences between the experiment results and theoretical results are very
small compare to graph of load (N) versus horizontal deflection H (mm) for quarter
circle bar. This shows that the experiment results and calculation results are almost the
same. Even though the errors are very small, but it could not be neglected and have to be
taken in consider.
Fro the graphs plotted, we can conclude that deflection is linearly dependent on
applied load. Deflection will be increase, when the applied load increases.
From the data that has been recorded, there are a lot of errors occurred causes the
differences between the experiment results and theoretical results. The factors which
cause the errors are:
i. This theorem can measured deflection of the bar that bend but Macaulay
methods can only measured deflection of vertical and horizontal.
ii. The value of young Modulus E is fixed according to the material been used.
iii. Calculation that is to get the value of beam deflection is more simple if the
differences between load is solve first before we integrate or other solution.
iv. This method is using the dummy where it function is to take the point that is
not mentioned the actual load.
(c) Besides Castiglianos Theorem, other methods that can be used to measure
the beam deflection are:-
i. Macaulay method Need an equation for all beams. This method is using all
three basics equations to find the value of deflection and beam slope.
ii. Double integration method This method is having 3 equations to find the
value of deflection that is overall beam moment equation, deflection equation
and slope equation. If the load situation is changed along the beam, the
moment equation is also changed.
8.0 CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, this experiment has achieved its main objective to validate the
formula of deflection of curved bars based on Castiglianos Theorem. The formulas are:
Even though the formula for horizontal deflection for quarter circle bar is given as
H = PR3/4EI, but the results obtained from experiment is much bigger compare to the
calculation done using that formula. According to reference book Mechanics of
Engineering Materials, the formula for horizontal deflection for quarter circle bar is
H = PR3/2EI. This formula is almost matching with results obtained from the
experiment. So the more exact formula to calculate the horizontal deflection for quarter
circle bar is H = PR3/2EI.
There are some differences of results obtained from the experiment and the
theorem. This is because of the errors occurred during the experiment. However the
overall conclusion is, deflection is linearly dependent on the applied weight.
9.0 REFERENCES
Books:
a) Benham, P.P. and Crawford, R. J., Mechanics of Engineering Materials, 1994,
Longman Scientific & Technical, England.
b) Beer & E.Russell Johnston, Jr.(1992). "Mechanics of Materials, Metrics Editions,
McGraw-Hill Book Company
c) 1. Clive L. Dyme (1997), Structural Modelling & Analysis
Cambridge University Press, UK. Page: 261
Internet:
http://www.public.iastate.edu/~fanous/ce332/virtualwork/homepage.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaulay%27s_method
http://www.codecogs.com/reference/engineering/materials/curved_beams.php#sec8