ASAE EP369.

1 DEC1987 (R2005)
Design of Agricultural Drainage Pumping Plants

American Society of Agricultural Engineers

ASAE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are

dedicated to advancement of engineering applicable to agricultural, food, and biological
systems. ASAE Standards are consensus documents developed and adopted by the
American Society of Agricultural Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope
of the Society; principally agricultural field equipment, farmstead equipment, structures, soil
and water resource management, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food
and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and
waste management.

NOTE: ASAE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are informational and advisory
only. Their use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. The ASAE
assumes no responsibility for results attributable to the application of these ASAE
Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data. Conformity does not ensure compliance with
applicable ordinances, laws and regulations. Prospective users are responsible for
protecting themselves against liability for infringement of patents.

This standard may be designated ANSI/ASAE. If so, this standard is an American National
Standard. Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the
requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by
the standards developer.
Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review,
substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests.
Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily
unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a
concerted effort be made toward their resolution.

CAUTION NOTICE: In the case that this standard is an ANSI/ASAE standard, this American
National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the
American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm,
revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive
current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards
Institute.

Copyright American Society of Agricultural Engineers. All rights reserved.

ASAE-The Society for engineering in agricultural, food, and biological systems

2950 Niles Rd., St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659, USA ph. 269-429-0300, fax 269-429-3852,
hq@asae.org
ASAE EP369.1 DEC1987 (R2005)
Design of Agricultural Drainage Pumping Plants
Developed by the ASAE Pump Drainage Committee; approved by the
Soil and Water Division Standards Committee; adopted by ASAE May
1974; reconfirmed December 1978, December 1979, March 1981, March
1982, December 1986; revised December 1987; revised editorially July
1989; reaffirmed December 1992, December 1993, December 1994;
December 1999; revised editorially February 2005; reaffirmed July 2005.
1 Purpose and scope
1.1 This Engineering Practice sets forth principles and practices useful
to engineers in the planning and design of pumping plants for drainage
of agricultural land. It is not intended as complete specifications and does
not include pumping plants for deep well drainage.
2 Classification of pumping plants
2.1 For purposes of planning and design, agricultural pumping plants are
classified as:
2.1.1 Pumping plants for surface drainage. These have open sumps
for collecting and temporarily storing both surface and groundwater.
Ditches and adjacent lowland may be used to provide added storage
away from the sump area.
2.1.2 Pumping plants for subsurface drainage. These have closed
sumps for storage of groundwater only.
3 Planning of area to be pump drained
3.1 The drainage system of the area served by the pumps should be
planned to meet both drainage needs of the area and efficient operation
of the pumps.
3.1.1 Runoff from high ground, when removable by gravity flow to a
suitable outlet, should be excluded from the pumped area by diversion
around the area or by channeling through the area.
3.1.2 Protection of the pumped area against overflow or backwater from
the outlet should be provided by perimeter dikes designed against
overtopping, wave action, erosion, and instability of high water stages.
Disposal of interior drainage water should be provided through the dike
in conduits protected by gates that prevent backflow during high exterior
water stages and permit outflow during low water stages.
3.1.3 The drainage system of the pumped area should provide:
3.1.3.1 An optimum sump water stage commensurate with the design
hydraulic gradient of the drainage system.
3.1.3.2 Optimum use of undeveloped swamp or wooded lowland near or
adjoining the pumping plant to supplement sump storage for reduction of
the pumping rate.
3.1.3.3 Drainage channels to the pumps with ample depth and capacity
to avoid excessive water drawdown and channel scour.
3.1.4 Pumping plant location should be at or near the point of lowest
elevation of the pumped area and accessible to an adjacent outlet.
3.1.4.1 Site adjustments should be made as necessary to provide
foundations without excessive use of piling, freedom from flooding of
operating equipment, access to fuel or power supply, and protection from
vandalism.
3.1.4.2 Very lowland within a pumped area can often be drained more
economically and satisfactorily with a second pump rather than designing
the entire system for the lowest land.
3.2 The outlet channel from the pumped area shall have capacity for the
discharge and shall comply with applicable drainage laws and local
codes.
872 ASAE EP369.1 DEC1987 R2005
4 Pumping plant capacity
4.1 The pumping rate should be determined from the drainage
requirement, plus an allowance for seepage (when this is significant),
less temporary storage.
4.1.1 The drainage requirement will vary with climate, topography, soils,
land use, and types of crops. The drainage requirement may be
expressed as a coefficient or quantity of water to be removed per unit of
area per unit of time. Drainage coefficients are established for specific
areas and crops and are available in state and some local drainage
guides.
4.1.2 Pumping plant capacity for surface drainage should be based on
surface drainage design coefficients. In addition to state and local guides,
specific coefficients can be found in ASAE Engineering Practice EP302,
Design and Construction of Surface Drainage Systems on Agricultural
Lands in Humid Areas.
4.1.3 Pumping plant capacity for subsurface drainage should be based
on subsurface drainage design coefficients. In addition to state and local
guides, specific coefficients can be found in ASAE Engineering Practice
EP260, Design and Construction of Subsurface Drains in Humid Areas.
4.2 Pumping plant capacity of some areas has been established directly
from experience with existing installations and local conditions. This may
provide the best basis of design for plants near such sites.
5 Pump selection
5.1 Pump selection involves determination of type, characteristics,
capacity, head, size, and number of pumps in conjunction with kind and
source of power, shape and size of sump, housing, and method of plant
operation. Actual selection of the drainage pump will usually be based on
maximum, minimum and rated or average discharge; maximum,
minimum and rated or average total head; and the type of power to be
supplied.
5.2 The centrifugal pump is the most common type used in agricultural
drainage. There are three kinds of centrifugal pumps; radial flow, axial
flow, and mixed flow. The discharge section may be a volute (radial or
mixed flow), turbine (radial or mixed flow), or a straight continuation of
the suction or inlet section (axial or mixed flow).
5.2.1 Radial flow pumps operate through partial conversion of velocity
head, imparted by the impeller to the water, into pressure head. The
conversion is accomplished by the gradual change in cross-sectional
area within the impeller casing for the volute, and in a similar manner by
fixed vanes for the turbine. Radial flow pumps are commonly referred to
as centrifugal pumps.
5.2.2 Axial flow pumps develop head mostly by the propelling or lifting
action of the vanes on water. Axial flow pumps are commonly referred to
as propeller pumps. Propeller pumps are especially suited to low head
and high volume requirements of most drainage sites.
5.2.3 Mixed flow pumps, with modified blades and casing features
common to both radial and axial flow pumps, apply both axial and radial
thrust in moving water through the pump.
5.2.4 Fig. 1 is an allocation chart useful in selecting the applicable type
of pump when approximate head and discharge requirements have been
determined. The crosshatched band indicates an overlap in application or
choice of selection.
5.3 Pump performance varies with head, speed, discharge, and power
relationships. The effect of these factors on efficiency of the pumping
operation may be obtained from pump manufacturers performance
curves or pump characteristics for each kind and size of pump made.
ASAE STANDARDS 2005
Figure 1 Pump type selection chart. Crosshatched band shows the
overlap in application or choice of selection

5.3.1 Efficiency characteristics of drainage pumps on a percentage basis

are shown in Fig. 2. For capacity variation (see Fig. 2a), the radial flow
pump covers a wide span, while for head variation (see Fig. 2b), which
is most important for drainage purposes, the propeller (axial flow) pump
has a wider span. Generally, efficiency increases with the size of pumps.
Fig. 3 shows the general shape of a head-discharge curve in which
abscissa and ordinate are expressed in percent of design value at
maximum efficiency point and in terms of total dynamic head. The steep
head-discharge curve for propeller pumps shows that this type should not
be used at lower than design capacity because of increasing power
requirements.
5.3.2 Cavitation, the partial vacuum that can form in water passing
through the pump impeller, causes vibration and noise from water
hammer, reduction in discharge, and pump deterioration. Performance
curves are useful in preventing cavitation through proper selection and
operation of the pump which avoids:
5.3.2.1 Heads much higher than that at optimum efficiency of the pump.
5.3.2.2 Capacities much lower than capacity at peak efficiency of the
pump.
5.3.2.3 Suction lifts abnormally higher, or net positive suction heads
(NPSH) lower than that rated for the pump. Figure 2 Efficiency characteristics of drainage pumps
5.3.2.4 Speeds higher than those recommended for the pump.
5.4 Pumping head, H t , is the dynamic or total energy head that the
pump must impart at design discharge. C2 0.083 0.002 6
V column velocity at discharge, m/s (ft/s)
H t H H v H f (1)
Q pump capacity, m3/s (gpm)
where
D column diameter, m (in.)
H static head g acceleration of gravity, 9.81 m/s2 (32.2 ft/s2)
Hv velocity head 5.4.3 Friction head, H f , is the headloss between the entrance and
Hf friction head discharge sides of the pump installation. Friction head losses are
comprised of entrance losses; internal losses as shear in sealing rings,
5.4.1 Static head, or lift, is the vertical distance between the free water
water impact on the impeller, and friction in wearing rings and seals; and
surface at the suction side of the pump and the free water surface at the
friction and exit losses in the discharge pipe. Entrance and internal
discharge side of the pump when discharge is submerged, or at the
losses in well designed pumps are minimal and are usually compensated
center of the discharge pipe when discharge is not submerged. Design
for in the specifications and selection tables provided. Thus discharge
head is measured from the lowest water level on the suction side to the
pipe friction loss may be the only friction head value to be accounted for
highest water level on the discharge side.
in the usual pumping plant design. Losses for various sizes of pipe and
5.4.2 Velocity head, H v , in m (ft) is calculated discharge rates can be calculated for smooth pipe from
V2 Q2 C 3 LQ 1.9
H v C2 4 (2) H f (3)
2g D D 4.9
where where

ASAE STANDARDS 2005 ASAE EP369.1 DEC1987 R2005 873


Figure 3 Pump selection based on percent of design value at maximum
efficiency point
Hf total friction loss in line, m (ft)
C3 coefficient2.62109 4.64109
L length of pipe, m (ft)
Q total discharge, L/s (gpm)
D inside diameter of pipe, m (ft)
Losses are for straight pipe however bends up to 45 deg can be included
without substantial error. Sharp bends should not be used.
5.4.4 Loss of head through automatic drainage gates (flap gates) is
small and is often neglected in total head calculations. The loss of head
can be calculated from
C 4* V
L C 4 V 2 e D
where
L head loss, m (ft)
V velocity through the gate, m/s (ft/s)
D diameter of outlet, m (ft)
C4 coefficient=0.408 (0.125)
C 4 coefficient2.1 1.15
5.5 Size of pumps depends upon total head and quantity of water
pumped. The rated size is usually designated by the pipe column
diameter at the discharge end of the pump.
5.5.1 The design column velocity of a propeller pump may range from 2
to 4 m/s (7 to 13 ft/s) with highest efficiency usually occurring at values
of 2.4 to 3.0 m/s (8 to 10 ft/s). Three m/s (10 ft/s) is commonly used as
an initial estimate in developing the pumping plant design.
5.5.2 Pump size, D , can be calculated from
D size of the pump, m (in.)
CS coefficient1.13 0.64
Q pump capacity, m3/s (gpm)
V column velocity, m/s (ft/s)
5.6 The discharge pipe should be watertight and of adequate capacity.
5.6.1 The discharge pipe may be gradually enlarged away from the
pump to decrease velocity head and thereby decrease the power cost.
5.6.2 Submerged discharges are recommended to keep heads as low as
possible. An automatic drainage gate (flap gate) should be used at the
end of the discharge pipe to prevent reverse flow through the pump.
5.6.2.1 In cold areas ice may prevent the automatic drainage gate from
opening. On large pumps a dual discharge may be provided. On small
pumps a riser permanently above high water can be installed behind the
automatic drainage gate. Discharge through this alternate usually
destroys ice around the main automatic drainage gate.
5.6.2.2 Erosion protection should be considered when discharging water
into unprotected channels.
5.6.3 A siphon may be used when drainage water is pumped over a dike
for reduction in both total head and power cost.
5.6.3.1 Priming head must be greater than operating head. The pump
must be capable of delivering a full cross section of water over the crest
at a velocity greater than 1.5 m/s (5 ft/s). However, a limit on maximum
lift of the siphon and a maximum velocity of flow at the crest must be
maintained to prevent reducing inside pressure at the crest enough to
cause cavitation. The top of the discharge pipe should be installed at an
elevation below the minimum design water level in the outlet channel to
reduce pumping head. The pipe section at the crest must have sufficient
strength to resist external atmospheric pressure.
5.6.3.2 A siphon breaker must be installed at the high point in the
discharge pipe to prevent reverse flow during a power interruption. The
siphon breaker should actuate when power is interrupted or when flow
reverses. A flap gate at the end of the discharge pipe may serve in lieu
of a siphon breaker for small pumping plants.
5.6.3.3 An air release valve is required to insure smooth priming of the
siphon. This is preferably installed at the outlet end of the high part in the
discharge pipe.
5.7 Size and number of pumps are determined chiefly by quantity of
water to be pumped. Pumping from small areas or from groundwater only
is usually handled by one pump. When pumping from large areas and
when high crop values or farm improvements require some flood
protection, several pumps will provide more efficient pumping over a
(4) wider range of pumping rates and will also provide continued pumping
should one pump fail. The most flexible load distribution is achieved with
two pumps where one is about twice the capacity of the other; and for
three pumps where each has equal capacity. At least one pump should
be selected to operate efficiently over long periods. Optimum efficiency is
not so essential when a pump is used for short periods at peak stages
or discharges.
5.8 Typical drainage pump installations and head relationships that
should be considered in design are shown in Fig. 4.
5.8.1 Submersible, sewage type pumps can be used effectively for
capacities up to 50 L/s (800 gpm).
5.8.2 In-line pumps may be used in large diameter outlet drain pipe
where it is difficult to provide a satisfactory sump.
6 Storage
6.1 The volume of drainage runoff to be stored in the sump and auxiliary
areas will vary from a maximum of the total runoff of the design storm to
a minimum set by the pumping rate that will prevent excessive numbers

1/2 of pump starts and stops by the power source.

Q
DCS (5) 6.2 For manual operation of the pumps, pump starts may be limited to
V
2 per day for convenience of the operator. The volume of storage for 2
where starts per day may be calculated from

874 ASAE EP369.1 DEC1987 R2005 ASAE STANDARDS 2005

Figure 4 Typical drainage pump installations. HWL & LWL=High and low water level: L=length, H=head to centerline of pipes, Z=discharge head,
D=diameter of pipe, and S=average siphon head.

S C 6Q (6) 0.3 m (1 ft) for open sumps is recommended. Greater sump storage
depth usually adds to both installation and operation cost of the pumping
where plant. In some soils, wide and frequent fluctuations in water depth cause
S volume of storage, m3 (ft3) serious bank sloughing and channel erosion.

C6 coefficient=10.84 (24)
Q pump capacity, L/s (gpm)
6.3 For automatic operation of pumps, cycles of operation should be
limited to about 10 per hour. A cycle of operation includes running and
starting time. Running time should not be less than 3 min.
6.3.1 The minimum storage for automatic operation may be calculated
from
C 7Q
S (7)
n
where
S volume of storage, m3 (ft3)
C7 coefficient0.90 2 structures can be built and connected to provide added storage. Figs. 5
Q pump capacity, L / s gpm
n number of cycles per hour
6.4 Sump dimensions for automatic operation can be varied to fit field
conditions and to be in line with economical installation. Generally the
sump should not be deep but should be large and shallow. For efficient
automatic operation, a storage depth of 0.6 m (2 ft) for closed sumps and
7 Sump design
7.1 The drainage sump is a pit, tank, section of ditch or low area which
serves as a collection point from which the drain waters are pumped. The
shape, size, and position of the sump with respect to the pump affect the
efficiency of the pumping operation.
7.1.1 Ditches and low elevations in the watershed provide added storage
when large volumes of surface water must be handled or where manual
operation is used.
7.1.2 Corrugated metal, steel or concrete pipe and other suitable
material of large diameter may be used as a closed sump for subsurface
drainage systems. A pipe of adequate strength and size to support the
pump should be set vertically in an excavated trench to the designed
elevation. A concrete floor should then be poured. Similar adjoining
and 6 show typical closed sump installation using corrugated metal pipe.
Concrete ballast can be added to the floor and walls for necessary mass
in overcoming uplift, or the base slab can be extended outside the
vertical walls of the sump.
7.1.3 Other materials for constructing closed sumps include
cast-in-place concrete, prefabricated concrete silo staves, and
prefabricated septic tanks. Cast-in-place concrete construction is often

ASAE STANDARDS 2005 ASAE EP369.1 DEC1987 R2005 875

Figure 5 Typical pump drainage sump

difficult because of soil conditions. Concrete silo staves make

inexpensive sump walls when stable foundations can be provided for
laying a floor or ring footing. Backfill against the staves must be uniformly
and carefully placed to maintain the circular shape. Prefabricated septic
tanks may be connected in series to provide the necessary storage
volume.
7.2 Efficient pump operation requires special sump dimensions and
pump clearances for smooth, free flow of water into the suction intake
pipe. Essential dimensions and clearances are shown in Fig. 7.
7.2.1 Sump water level must be maintained above a minimum
submergence of the pump suction intake and is determined by the
greater of the following independent conditions:
7.2.1.1 Water cover over the propeller sufficient to keep the sump self-
priming.
7.2.1.2 Net positive suction head (NPSH) as determined by the pump
manufacturer to overcome cavitation.
7.2.1.3 Submergence above the suction bell, as usually recommended
in manufacturers literature for vortex suppression, can be approximated
from
0.64Q
K s 2
D 7.2.2 Shape of the pump bay of an open sump should be square or
where
Ks submergence, m (ft)
Q pumping rate, m3/s (ft3/s)
D pipe diameter, m (ft)
Figure 6 Typical submersible pump drainage sump
Figure 7 Recommended clearances for drainage sumps. (See Equation 8
for K s calculation)
7.2.1.4 Water storage capacity should be sufficient to prevent too
frequent pump starts and stops.
(8)
rectangular since a circular sump will tend to accentuate water rotation
sufficiently to interfere with pumping operation. Use of a baffle between
wall and pump, from floor to minimum static water level, or placement of
the pump near one side of the sump will counteract rotation.
7.2.3 Floor of the approach channel and sump should be level for a
distance of 5 diameters of the suction bell measured from the centerline
of the pump. Approach velocity to the pump should be within 0.3 to 0.6
m/s (1 to 2 ft/s) unless the sump configuration has been checked for
eddy currents by the manufacturer. In large pumps, approach velocity
may reach 0.9 m/s (3 ft/s). Trash rack openings below minimum static
water level should permit water passage at design velocity.
7.2.4 Sidewall clearance of pumps should not be less than 2 times the
diameter of the suction bell.
7.2.5 Minimum clearance between adjacent pump centerlines should be
the sum of the diameters of the suction bells.
7.2.6 Back wall clearance of pumps may be reduced to that necessary
for maintaining the pumps.
7.2.7 Where ditch storage is provided, the culvert inlet passing water to
the sump should be of sufficient size to handle the maximum pump
discharge at a velocity not exceeding 0.46 m/s (1.5 ft/s).
7.2.8 Subsurface drain outlets discharging into a sump should be
located as far from the pump as possible to minimize the effects of
turbulence and air entrainment.
7.2.9 The maximum water level in the sump should be about the invert
elevation of the drain discharging into the sump.

876 ASAE EP369.1 DEC1987 R2005 ASAE STANDARDS 2005

7.2.10 Additional information on sump dimensions and multiple pits may
be found in the centrifugal pump section of Hydraulic Institute Standards
for Centrifugal, Rotary and Reciprocal Pumps.
8 Power source
8.1 Driving units for pumps may be electric motors or gasoline, diesel or
gas fueled engines. Electric motors provide an economical installation
when an adequate and reliable source of electric power is available close
to the site at reasonable cost. Internal combustion engines should be
used when the source of electric power is not reliable or is too costly.
8.2 The required power of the driving unit can be calculated from
C 9 QH t
P (9)
N pN gN m
where
p power, W brake horsepower
Q pump discharge, m3/s (gpm)
Ht total dynamic head, m (ft)
Np overall efficiency of the group
Ng overall efficiency of gear drive (if used)
Nm overall efficiency of motor or engine
C9 coefficient9 800 0.000 25 10.2 Electric telemetering systems for remote control of pumps have
8.3 Electric power is convenient for pump drainage operation and easily
adapted to automatic operation.
8.3.1 Vertical, squirrel cage induction type or synchronous type constant
speed motors are normally used for pump drives. Since propeller pumps
require a high starting torque, the available line voltage must be checked
with the electric power supplier. If the voltage is sustained under 90% or
over 110% of nameplate voltage, special motors are required.
8.3.2 Induction motors will usually have adequate torque for average
conditions. Synchronous motors should always be checked for starting
conditions. Requirements for synchronous motors are full voltage starting
and suitability for across the line starting service.
8.3.3 Choice between motor types should be made on the basis of
lowest (present value) cost, including the installation cost. Motors and
controls should conform to standards of the National Electrical
Manufacturers Association.
8.3.4 Three-phase power is desirable and usually necessary. Rotary of
static phase converters may be used to generate three-phase power
from single phase power lines to operate a drainage pump in the range
10 to 50 kW (13 to 67 hp).
8.4 Gasoline, propane or natural gas, and diesel engines can be
adapted for variation in speed over a broad range and are limited only by
the range of critical speeds which produce dangerous torsional
vibrations. Ability to throttle speed and reduce pump discharge at low lifts
is an advantage. A float-operated throttle may be used to reduce speed
with decreased inflow rates.
9 Drive heads
9.1 Drive heads are required to connect the power source to the pump.
Loss of efficiency through these units ranges from none in direct
connections to about 5% in gear connections, and up to 10% in multiple
belt connections. Proper direction of pump rotation must be maintained in
all drive applications.
9.1.1 A right-angle gear drive should be used to connect a standard
electric motor to vertical pumps. Such drives are available in sizes up to
225 kW (300 hp) and with stepdown gear ratios to match higher speed
motors to slower speed pumps. Direct-connected, hollow shaft electric
motors should be used in a vertical position.
ASAE STANDARDS 2005 ASAE EP369.1 DEC1987 R2005
9.1.2 Tractors may be used to drive right-angle gear drives at 540 or
1,000 rpm. This saves the user the investment and maintenance of a
separate power unit for each pump.
9.1.3 Multiple V-belt heads and flat pully drives should be used on small
pump installations.
9.1.4 Safety devices for drive systems should conform to ASAE
Standards S203, Rear Power Take-Off for Agricultural Tractors, S207,
Operating Requirements for Tractors and Power Take-Off Driven
Implements, and American National Standard ANSI/ASAE S318, Safety
for Agricultural Equipment.
10 Automatic operation
10.1 Automatic operation is used primarily with electric power sources.
Considerations in applying automatic equipment are:
10.1.1 Added installation and maintenance costs.
10.1.2 Possible lack of interest on the part of owner or operator if
operation is too highly automated.
10.1.3 Compatibility of controls with local electrical codes.
10.1.4 Possibility of moisture getting into or submergence of controls.
10.1.5 Where freezing occurs, use of a 500W waterproof electric heating
cable to enclose the automatic water level control system so ice does not
form.
10.1.6 Greater requirement for operator vigilance and maintenance,
including lubrication and trash rack cleaning.
three basic elements:
10.2.1 A detecting element which senses the change in water level for
making power starts and stops. This is usually a float or adjustable
immersion electrode. The float should be enclosed in a corrosion
resistant well. Either type of element is satisfactory at sites where
freezing does not occur.
10.2.2 An electrical transmitter which converts the sensed signal into
switch action. Pressure of the float against adjustable stops on a vertical
float rod activates the switch on float systems, whereas immersion
electrodes respond to water contact at preset vertical positions to
activate a switch.
10.2.3 A relay control unit on the pump which energizes the starter on
the pump.
10.3 Automatic controls are available for internal combustion engines
such as an electric starting system for air-cooled engines. Such systems
are not readily adaptable to most pump installations.
10.4 Protective controls must be supplied for all installations.
10.4.1 Automatic or electric units should have safety shutoff against
overload, low voltage, and excessive heating.
10.4.2 Internal combustion engines should have controls which protect
against overheating, low oil pressure, and excessive speed.
10.4.3 Auxiliary warning devices such as signal lights on the pumphouse
which light when pumps are operating, should be provided for attention
of the owner or operator.
11 Housing
11.1 Type of housing for pumping plants depends upon importance and
size of the plant, type of power used, and plant location.
11.1.1 Factors influencing need for housing are air temperature; wind;
moisture from humidity, precipitation and flooding; fuel storage; safety;
vandalism; and plant appearance.
11.1.2 Materials used for housing should be fire resistant, water proof,
durable, and easily maintained.
11.1.3 Size of housing need only be sufficient for the containment and
servicing of the equipment. Provision should be made for removing the
pumps when required.
877
11.1.4 When a submersible pump is used in a closed pump, a protective 12.1.4 Trash racks should be sloped so cleaning by hand is easily done,
cover should be placed over the sump to prevent accidents and entry of or they must be equipped with mechanical cleaners.
trash and debris into the sump. All sumps should be covered, or a safety 12.1.5 Where trash racks are not feasible, an independent strainer cage
rail should be placed around the sump to prevent people and animals with vertical bars should surround the intake. If excessive trash is
from falling into them. expected, a secondary fence screen should be placed across the ditch to
catch weeds and floating debris.
12 Trash racks 12.1.6 Basket strainers are not practical with electric drives because
12.1 Trash racks must be provided to prevent entry of floating debris into they are easily plugged and difficult to clean. Electric motors may
sumps where damage to pumps might occur. overload due to the increasing NPSH where a strainer is plugged.
12.1.1 Trash racks should be set not less than 2 1/2 times the suction
bell diameter in front of the centerline of the pump. Cited standards:
12.1.2 Velocity of flow through the trash rack should not exceed 0.6 m/s
(2 ft/s). ANSI/ASAE S318, Safety for Agricultural Equipment
ASAE S203, Rear Power Take-Off for Agricultural Tractors
12.1.3 Recommended trash rack bar spacing in millimeters (inches) is ASAE S207, Operating Requirements for Tractors and Power Take-Off
as follows: Driven Implements
Pump diameter Bar spacing ASAE EP260, Design and Construction of Subsurface Drains in Humid
Areas
406 (16) 19 (0.75) ASAE EP302, Design and Construction of Surface Drainage Systems on
457610 (1824) 2538 (11.5) Agricultural Lands in Humid Areas
7621067 (3042) 51 (2) Hydraulic Institute Standards for Centrifugal, Rotary and Reciprocal
1067 (42) 6476 (2.53) Pumps

878 ASAE EP369.1 DEC1987 R2005 ASAE STANDARDS 2005