Gtechref

GRIDGENR
Technical Guide
copyright 2001, 2002 by Landmark Graphics Corporation
Part No. 159675 R2003.4

This publication has been provided pursuant to an agreement containing restrictions on its use. The publication is also
protected by Federal copyright law. No part of this publication may be copied or distributed, transmitted, transcribed,
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electronic, magnetic, manual, or otherwise, or disclosed to third parties without the express written permission of:
Landmark Graphics Corporation

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FAX: 713-839-2401
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Note
The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a
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error that may appear in this manual. Some states or jurisdictions do not allow disclaimer of expressed or implied
warranties in certain transactions; therefore, this statement may not apply to you.

Table of Contents
Preface
About This Manual
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Operating Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Mouse Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Mouse Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
GRIDGENR Prompts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Special Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Key Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Motif Window Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Other Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
New Terminology/Emphasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
Related Manuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Chapter 1
GRIDGENR File Types
Chapter 2
Grid Generation and Array Interpolation
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21
Computation of Z-Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21
Computation of Transmissibilities and Pore Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-23
The Sloping Fault Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-24
Chapter 3
Method for Estimating Volumetrics
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-27
Geometry of the Trilinear Solid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-27
R.2003.4 - Landmark iii

Table of Contents GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE
The Volumetric Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29
Chapter 4
GRIDGENR Import Format
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
GRIDGENR Reference Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34
Zone Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35
Reservoir Simulation Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37
Tielines Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-38
LGR Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-39
Null Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-39
LGREF Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-39
CARTREF Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-40
RADZREF Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41
RADXREF Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-42
RADYREF Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-43
LGMOD Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-44
Well Data (Vertical Wells Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-44
WELLTRACES Data (Deviated Wells Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-45
WELLPERF Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-46
Contour/Fault Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-49
Point Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-50
Mesh Grid Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-51
Sample Import File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-53
Chapter 5
System and Model Limits
Model Size Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-55
System Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-56
Appendix A
Upscaling of Permeability
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-57
Transmissibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-57
Half-Block Transmissibilities from Continuous
Distribution of Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-59
Half-Block Transmissibilities from Discrete
Distribution of Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-60
iv Landmark - R.2003.4
GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE Table of Contents
Approximate Calculation of Transmissibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-66

Half-Block Transmissibilities by Renormalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-66
Half-Block Transmissibilties by Harmonic Summation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-69
Parallel-Tube Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-69
Series-Slice Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-70
Harmonic Average of Parallel-Tube and Series-
Slice Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-71
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-72
Subject Index
R.2003.4 - Landmark v
Table of Contents GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE
vi Landmark - R.2003.4

List of Figures
Preface
About This Manual
Figure 0-1: Mouse Button Arrangement and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Chapter 1
GRIDGENR File Types
Chapter 2
Figure 2-1: Z-Value Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22
Figure 2-2: Result of Z Value Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-23
Figure 2-3: No Correction Applied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25
Figure 2-4: Quadratic Correction Applied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25
Figure 2-5: Linear Correction Applied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-26
Chapter 3
Figure 3-1: The Bilinear Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28
Figure 3-2: The Trilinear Solid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Appendix A
Figure 5-1: Coarse Block with Arbitrary Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-57
Figure 5-2: Transmissibility Between Two Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-58
R.2003.4 - Landmark vii

List of Figures GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE
Figure 5-3: Block with Continuous Permeabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-59

Figure 5-4: Problems Used to Solve for Half-Block Transmissibilities . . . . . . . 6-59
Figure 5-5: Subdivision of a Coarse Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-60
Figure 5-6: Discrete Problems Used to Solve for Half-Block
Transmissibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-62
Figure 5-7: Schematic of Discrete Problems Used to Solve for Half-Block
Transmissibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-63
Figure 5-8: Equivalent Electrical Network for TXL (NX=8, NZ=7) . . . . . . . . . 6-64
Figure 5-9: Detail of Network for Single Elemental Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-65
Figure 5-10: First Level of Renormalization for NX = NY = NZ = 16 . . . . . . . . 6-67
Figure 5-11: Network Problem for Calculating TX in Reducing 2x2x2
Collection of Blocks to a Single Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-67
Figure 5-12: Second Level of Renormalization for NX = NY = NZ = 16 . . . . . 6-68
Figure 5-13: Third Level of Renormalization for NX = NY = NZ = 16,
to Obtain TXL for the Coarse Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-68
Figure 5-14: Equivalent Electrical Network for TXL Computed by Series-Slice
Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-70
Subject Index
viii Landmark - R.2003.4

List of Tables
Preface
About This Manual
Table 0-1: Typical Mouse Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Table 0-2: Names and Locations of Common Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Table 0-3: Window Operation Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Chapter 1
GRIDGENR File Types
Table 1-1: Common File Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Table 5-1: UNIX Commands for Determining System Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-56
Appendix A
Subject Index
R.2003.4 - Landmark ix
List of Tables GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE
x Landmark - R.2003.4
Preface
About This Manual
Purpose
This manual provides a reference to the technical features of the
Landmark Grid Generator (GRIDGENR) software and all of its related
utilities. The manual does not provide a guide to using the software, and
should be used only as a supplement to the GRIDGENR Users Guide.
Audience
This manual is intended for use by reservoir engineers or other technical
personnel who are trying to describe reservoir structure and properties in
a format that can be used by reservoir simulation software such as the
Landmark line of VIP simulators. This manual assumes you have a basic
familiarity with computers. Experience with the X Window System/Motif
interface is especially helpful as is some familiarity with the technical
requirements of reservoir simulators.
Organization
The manual is arranged in a user guide format with step-by-step
procedures covering all aspects of program operation. The chapters are
arranged in the following order:
Chapter 1 - Setting Up the System explains how to set environment

variables for GRIDGENR and configure the printer and digitizer.
Chapter 2 - GRIDGENR File Types explains the meaning of all the file
extensions used with GRIDGENR.
Chapter 3 - Grid Generation and Array Interpolation explains how

GRIDGENR computes and interpolates data during array calculationf.
Chapter 4 - Method for Estimating Volumetrics presents

GRIDGENRs method for estimating the volume of gridblocks.
Chapter 5 - GRIDGENR Import Format explains acceptable formats

for importing data into GRIDGENR.
R.2003.4 - Landmark xi
About This Manual GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE
Chapter 6 - System and Model Limits explains the limitations on size

and quantity of various model components.
Chapter 7 - Upscaling of Permeability explains the process of

upscaling, which is used to integrate fine-scale permeability to
produce effective permeabilities.
Operating Conventions
This manual uses certain conventional methods to indicate the correct
mouse button and keyboard usage.
Mouse Buttons
Mouse buttons are named MB1, MB2, MB3, and MB4 as shown in the
illustration below. The mouse examples below show a right-handed
arrangement. Button arrangement may be reversed for left-handed
mouses (see your system documentation for details).
MB1 MB2 MB3 MB1 MB2 MB3 MB4
Three-Button Mouse Four-Button Mouse
Figure 0-1: Mouse Button Arrangement and Terminology
xii Landmark - R.2003.4

GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE About This Manual
Mouse Operations
You can use the mouse by rolling it across the surface of the mouse pad or
desk (except on Sun). As you move the mouse, the pointer moves to a
corresponding location on the screen. The following terms are used to
describe various mouse operations:
Table 0-1: Typical Mouse Operations
Mouse
Instructions
Operation
Click Press MB1 and release rapidly.
Double-click Press MB1 two times rapidly.
Triple-click Press MB1 three times rapidly.
Control-click Hold down Control key and click once.
Shift-click Hold down Shift key and click once.
Drag Hold down MB1 and move the mouse, then release when
pointer reaches desired location.
Select Click once or double-click at the indicated location.
Shade Drag the mouse pointer across a group of text, double-click

to shade a word, or triple-click to shade a line or paragraph.
Set cursor Click MB1 in text at location where you want to start typing.
View pop-up Click MB3 then click menu option to select. Some menus
menu may require you to drag MB3 to view and select from the
pop-up menu.
R.2003.4 - Landmark xiii

GRIDGENR Prompts
GRIDGENR often prompts you with instructions on what to do next.
Typically these prompts indicate which mouse button to press for what
action. For example:
Prompt
The prompt above indicates you should press MB1 to select a point, MB2
to delete a point, MB3 to view a pop-up menu, or MB4 to finish entering
points. If an MB4 option is shown, it will not be available on a three-button
mouse. However, most prompts give the same option for both MB3 and
MB4. For example: (3-4) Finish
Special Keys
Some keys are named differently on different systems. Our standard
names for the major keys are listed below, along with an explanation of
how to identify each one. Other special-purpose keys (Compose, Pause,
etc.) are either not used with our system or are used infrequently.
Table 0-2: Names and Locations of Common Keys
Name Typical Label Typical Location
Returna Return, Enter, or bent Right side of main keyboard.

arrow pointing left
Tab Tab or double arrows Upper left on main keyboard.

pointing left/right
Deleteb Delete or Del or large Upper right on main keyboard,

arrow with X or to right of main keyboard.
Backspaceb Backspace, Remove, or Upper right on main keyboard.

long arrow pointing left
Esc Escape or Esc Upper left on main keyboard.
Shift Shift or arrow pointing Bottom right and left on main

upward keyboard.
spacebar None (long bar) Bottom of main keyboard.
Control Control or Ctrl Lower left on main keyboard.
Altc Alt Left and/or right of spacebar.
Metac Diamond symbol () Left of spacebar.
xiv Landmark - R.2003.4

Table 0-2: Names and Locations of Common Keys (Continued)
Name Typical Label Typical Location
Cursor Short arrows pointing up, To right of main keyboard.

arrow down, right, and left
F1, F2, etc. F1, F2, etc. Top of main keyboard or to left
of main keyboard.
PgUp Page Up or PgUp To right of main keyboard.
PgDn Page Down or PgDn To right of main keyboard.

a. On many keyboards there is both a Return and an Enter key. In these cases,
always use Return.
b. Delete and Backspace may be interchangeable on some keyboards.
c. Alt and Meta may be interchangeable on some keyboards.
Key Combinations
Some keys such as the Control key, Meta key, and Alt key are used in
combination with others. For example, you can press Control-D by
holding down the Control key and pressing the D key. The same applies to
combinations like Alt-F4, Meta-F4, etc. Always hold down the first key
before pressing the second.
Combining keys may also be used with mouse clicks. For example,
Control-click means to hold down the Control key and click MB1. Control-
Shift-click means to hold down the Control key and the Shift key before
clicking once with MB1.
Motif Window Operation

Software components appear in various windows that you can control
using the following conventions. These conventions work only for
systems running the X Window System with the OSF/Motif window
manager:
Table 0-3: Window Operation Procedures
Window Operation Correct Procedure
Resize window Drag any corner or edge.
Fill screen Click square button at top right corner.
Convert to icon Click dot button at top right corner.
Convert icon to window Double-click on icon.
Move window Drag the title.
Bring window to front Click on title.
R.2003.4 - Landmark xv
Table 0-3: Window Operation Procedures (Continued)
Window Operation Correct Procedure
Move window to back Alt-F3 or Meta-F3.
Close window Alt-F4 or Meta-F4.
Other Conventions
Other conventions are used in this manual to provide you with additional
information about the software.
New Terminology/Emphasis
Any new or unfamiliar term is highlighted in italics. For example, the
word hypertext may be new to you, therefore it is highlighted. Italics are
also used for emphasis, such as when a procedure warns you not to do
something.
Error Messages
Most error messages encountered when using the software are
highlighted at the place where they might occur in each procedure. Error
message information is enclosed in a shaded box like the one below:
Line Cannot Cross Itself
This message appears when you try to draw a contour that doubles back on
itself. Click MB2 to back up and redraw the contour.
The error message is shown in bold text and the appropriate action is
listed directly underneath.
xvi Landmark - R.2003.4

Related Manuals
The following manuals provide more information on Landmark products
related to GRIDGENR. For more information, please consult the
appropriate manual listed below.
GRIDGENR User Guide. This manual contains complete instructions

on how to start, stop, and operate the GRIDGENR program.
Getting Started with VIP. An introduction to the VIP product line in

general and the DESKTOP-VIP program in particular. Explains all of
the concepts and data you need to prepare and run reservoir
simulations.
VIP-CORE Reference Manual. A complete summary of all keywords

and data formats needed to build an initial reservoir model.
VIP-EXECUTIVE Reference Manual. A complete summary of the

keywords and data needed to simulate reservoir operation.
VIP-EXECUTIVE Technical Reference. A detailed discussion of the

mathematical theory behind the VIP simulators.
VIP-THERM Reference Manual. A summary of the keywords and

data entry formats needed to set up a VIP-THERM simulation.
DESKTOP-PVT Users Guide. A summary of the keywords and data

entry formats needed to use the EOS-PAK product.
GeoLink User Guide. A summary of the user interface available with

the GeoLink package.
3DVIEW Users Guide. A summary of the user interface available

with the 3DVIEW package.
Contact your Landmark representative for more information about these

manuals or other Landmark products.
R.2003.4 - Landmark xvii

xviii Landmark - R.2003.4

Chapter
1
GRIDGENR File Types
The following types of files are automatically produced while you are
using GRIDGENR and the Calculation module. You can tell the different
files apart by their file extensions. For example, coning1.gdb and coning1.acf
contain two different sets of data related to the same case study. The table
below shows the file extension used by each type of file, a description of
the file and its uses, and the software option which produces the file.
Table 1-1: Common File Types
File
Description Produced by
Extension
.gdb The original grid database file contain- GRIDGENR/File/Save

ing the grids, contours, faults, wells,
and text
.acf The array control file containing calcu- Text editor (user-gener-
lation instructions. ated)
.gtf The grid database file in ASCII text for- GRIDGENR/File/

mat. You can use this file for export to Export utility
other applications or for gross editing
of data that you plan to reimport back
into GRIDGENR.
.mtf A metafile in text or random (binary) GRIDGENR/Hard-

format for use with the Metaplot utility. copy/Metafile or
Required to print data to non-Postscript Calculate/Observe/
printers or plotters, such as Versatec. Copy/Meta
.dxy A text file containing arrayed depth val- Calculate/File/Dump

ues, DX, DY, DZ, and DZNET for each
layer. Can be used for input to VIP-
CORE.
.pv A text file containing pore volume (PV) Calculate/File/PV-

and transmissibility data for each calcu- Trans
lated layer. Can be used for input to
VIP-CORE.
.cor A text file containing the correct key- Calculate/File/Core

word input format for entering array
data to VIP-CORE. Can be used with
other keyword files initialize the VIP
reservoir simulator.
R2003.4 - Landmark 1-19

GRIDGENR File Types GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE
Table 1-1: Common File Types
File
Description Produced by
Extension
.wij A text file containing gridblock loca- Calculate/File/Well

tions (row/column) for each well. Can
be used for input to VIP-EXEC.
.fpf This contains the locations for deviated Well Perforations

wells. It is suitable for use in VIP-EXEC. (fperf)
.fpfpx This contains locations for deviated Well Perforations

wells. It is suitable for input to (PREXEC)
PREXEC.
1-20 Landmark - R2003.4

Chapter
2
Introduction
The general basis for the interpolation process is based on the work of Dr.
Alan K. Cline and Dr. Robert J. Renka. Details of the interpolation process
in the absence of faults are described in detail in Dr. Renkas Doctoral
Dissertation1. Subsequently, the triangulation process has been modified
to be able to incorporate fault nodes.
The user has the option to select piecewise linear (C0) or piecewise cubic
(C1) interpolation for each property that is interpolated. In order to
perform the interpolation a triangulation is passed through the node
values with fault boundaries incorporated into the triangulation mesh.
Values are computed at the fault nodes based on a global surface fit. If C1
interpolation is used, then partial derivatives are calculated at all nodes
also based on a global surface fit. This global fit minimizes the L2 norm of
the linearized curvature of the surface. Once one has values at all nodes
and partials in the case of C1 interpolation, then it is simply a matter of
finding which triangle contains the point in question and computing the
value at the point based on the three surface values at the vertices of the
triangle and additionally using the partials when C1 interpolation is used.
Computation of Z-Values
Z values are computed for each grid block at each of the four corners.
When there are no faults present, the southeast corner of a block will have
the same Z value as the southwest corner of its neighbor to the east and
the northeast corner of its neighbor to the south and the northwest corner
of its neighbor to the southeast.
R2003.4 - Landmark 2-21

Grid Generation and Array Interpolation GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE
Nw Ne Nw Ne
1 2
a b
Sw Se Sw Se
Nw Ne d Nw Ne
c
3 4
Sw Se Sw Se
Fault
Figure 2-1: Z-Value Calculation
In the diagram above, without the fault,
1(Se) = 2(Sw) = 3(Ne) = 4(Nw)
When faults are present, a line from the center of each block to the corner
is constructed and the intersection point identified. A point just slightly
towards the center point is generated (points a, b, and c in the diagram). If
no fault intersection is encountered, then the corner point is used (point
d). Z values are interpolated for each of these points. The next step taken is
to construct a line between the center of each block, the midpoint of the
block interface, and the center of the neighbor block. If an intersection is
encountered, the fault is considered to exist between the two blocks. If an
intersection is not encountered, there is no fault between the blocks and
the Z values generated for the corners are averaged together and assigned
to the Z value for the corner of the block.
In the above diagram, there is no fault between 1 and 2 nor between 1 and
3, thus
( Za + Zb + Zc )
1(Se) = 2(Sw) = 3(Ne) = 4(Nw) = -------------------------------------
3
4(Nw) = Zd
2-22 Landmark - R2003.4

GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE Grid Generation and Array Interpolation
This results in the model description as shown in the following diagram.
Nw Ne Nw Ne
1 2
a b
Sw Se Sw Se
Nw Ne d Nw Ne
c
3 4
Sw Se Sw Se
Fault
Figure 2-2: Result of Z Value Calculation
Computation of Transmissibilities and Pore Volumes

When one of the 3D upscaling options are not selected the
transmissibilities are generated by using Gaussian quadrature to integrate
the permeability from the centroid of the block to the face of the block.
1 x
--- =
T -------------------------
n
(2-1)
--g- K y z
Likewise, pore volumes are also generated by using Gaussian quadrature.
n
PV = --g- x y z (2-2)
The user can choose between one and three quadrature points to be
specified in each direction. The geometry is always integrated exactly. For
one quadrature point the computation is exact for a constant permeability
distribution, for two points it is exact for a linear surface, and for three
points it is exact for a quadratic surface. Since a C1 interpolation is also
exact for a quadratic surface, there is no need to use more than three
quadrature points. The location of these points and the weights associated
to these points are determined from standard mathematical formulae. For
further details, refer to the next chapter, Method for Estimating
Volumetrics, by Alan Cline.
R2003.4 - Landmark 2-23

The Sloping Fault Correction

The sloping fault correction is a correction applied to a reservoir grid in
Array/Calculate that is intended to improve our facilities for handling
sloping faults (Only normal faults). Our facilities, prior to this addition,
consisted of the ability to model sloping faults by digitizing grid lines
concurrent to each side of the fault and then nulling out the line of grid
blocks that lay between them. The major problem with this was that
although the calculated grid was consistent with the data, the data was
itself generally not internally consistent and this led to grids that were also
not internally consistent.
The new option attempts to ameliorate this problem by applying a

correction to those gridpoints that lie along a null such as to minimize
inconsistency problems. This correction is applied after the normal
calculation of the grid points but before any properties are calculated. This
option has not been integrated with local grid refinement and therefore
local grids must not abut or cross the sloping fault.
The general plan of attack is thus. For each line of null grid blocks, retrieve
each column of points. Lay a smooth approximating curve through those
points. Then move each grid point to the point on the curve nearest to the
original point.
There are two options for the approximating curve. The user may select
either a linear fit or a quadratic fit. Either one is calculated using a least
squares fit. The quadratic curve is frequently closer to the original data.
However, since it is later approximated in the grid by straight line
segments, there can still be some gaps and overlaps. With a linear fit, the
user is assured that there are no gaps and overlaps, but generally the
points are moved father to get to the curve. Because the quadratic fit
honors the data more closely it has been chosen as the default option.
Note that since the grid points are actually moved to the curve the areal
view of the calculated data will not longer match the digitized data
exactly. Because of this we have also provided the option of no correction.
There is also a weighting factor available to influence the calculation.

What it controls is how much of the movement will be taken in Z versus
how much in X and Y. Numerically, what it is used for is scaling the data
in Z before and after the calculation. Practically, the affect is that if it is 1
then movement in Z is as likely an outcome as movement in X, or Y. The
larger it is, then, the less movement there will be in Z and the more
movement there will be in X and Y. This is set to a default of the maximum
delta and X or Y over the data set divided by the average delta in Z over a
column of grid points. Then all of that divided by four. This value actually
used for the calculation will be displayed on the screen during calculation
and written to the arary.log. The default weighting factor may also be
viewed on the sloping fault option panel after a calculated is performed.
2-24 Landmark - R2003.4

GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE Grid Generation and Array Interpolation
In order to make this feature more convenient, only those points which
correspond to a digitized grid in GRIDGENR plus the bottom grid are
used in the calculation of the approximating curve. This allows the user to
only digitize those grids in GRIDGENR that are necessary to define a well
behaved grid. Because a correction is only applied to the grid points along
the null, if there is significant movement of the fault in comparison to the
size of the grid blocks, then additional grids must be specified, lest the
grid points along the null be moved past the grid points on the other side
of that block.
Figure 2-3: No Correction Applied
Figure 2-4: Quadratic Correction Applied
R2003.4 - Landmark 2-25

Figure 2-5: Linear Correction Applied
2-26 Landmark - R2003.4

Chapter
3
Method for Estimating Volumetrics1
Introduction
This short paper presents a method for approximating integrals of a
function of three variables over a roughly rectangular solid region. The
second section describes the geometry of the special solids allowed and
the final section presents a numerical quadrature method for the integral
approximation.
Geometry of the Trilinear Solid

The "box" over which the function is integrated is a generalization of a
rectangular solid. It is defined by its eight "corners": C1,...,C8. To
understand its geometry one first should understand the geometry of each
of its "sides", namely, the bilinear surface. Recognize that three points in
three-dimensional space determine a plane. Denoting these points P1, P2,
and P3, the plane may be described parametrically by
P1+ u (P2 P1) + v (P3 P1)
for all u and v. If a fourth point P4 is specified, in general no plane will pass
through all four point. However a "bilinear" surface will and it may be
described parametrically by
P1+ u (P2 P1) + v (P4 P1) + u v (P3 P4 P2 + P1)
for all u and v (see following diagram). If we restrict u and v both to lie in
[0, 1], then the surface has "edges" between P1 and P2, P2 and P3, P3 and P4,
and P4, and P1. These edges are straight line segments between the given
points and the surface has certain other linear characteristics. For example,
if for any [0,1], one moves of the way from P1 to P2 and also moves
of the way from P4 to P3, then both point are on the edges. Furthermore
the straight line segment between these two points lies in the surface.
(Similarly for moving between P1 and P4 and between P2 and P3.) What
makes the surface nonlinear is that the line segments corresponding to
different values of are not (necessarily) parallel. If, in fact, P4 lies in the
1. This appendix was provided by Alan Kaylor Cline, (consultant)
R2003.4 - Landmark 3-27

Method for Estimating Volumetrics GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE
plane determined by the other three points, then the bilinear surface is
planar, i.e. a quadralateral.
P4
P3
P1
P2
Figure 3-1: The Bilinear Surface
The trilinear solid is the three dimensional analogy of the bilinear surface.
Parametrically, it can be described by
C1 + u (C2 C1) + v (C4 C1) + w (C5 C1)
+ u v (C3 C4 C2 + C1) + v w (C8 C4 C5 + C1) + w u (C6 C5 C2 + C1)
+ u v w (C7 C3 C6 C8 + C2 + C4 + C5 C1)
for u, v, and w in [0,1] (see following diagram). Each of its six "sides" are
bilinear surfaces. As above, if the fourth point on each side is coplanar
with the other three, the sides are planar. The solid in such a case would be
a hexahedron. Of course, if in addition, the distances were chosen
properly a parallelopiped would result. Finally, if the angles in the solid
were right angles then the solid would be rectangular.
C4
C1 C3
C2
C8
C5 C7
C6
Figure 3-2: The Trilinear Solid
3-28 Landmark - R2003.4

GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE Method for Estimating Volumetrics
An important feature to notice is that if two trilinear solids are defined

such that they share four mutual corners on a side, then they share the
entire side. Thus a three dimensional region may easily be partitioned into
boxes that overlap only on their sides.
The Volumetric Approximation

We assume now that a trilinear solid H has been specified via its eight
corners and that a function f of three variables is to be integrated over H.
We will not attempt to integrate f analytically, but instead accept a
numerical approximation. There are several reasons for this rejection of
the exact analytic integral. The first is that a symbolic form for f may not be
known: it may only be possible to evaluate f at specific points using some
sort of "black box" (e.g. an interpolation program). The second is that even
if a symbolic form for f were given, a closed form for the indefinite integral
may not exist. The third reason for accepting a numerical approximation is
that even if the closed form of the indefinite integral were given,
evaluating it over the trilinear surface may not be closed. The final reason
is that generally numerical approximations yield sufficient accuracy with
far less computation than symbolic approaches.
The quantity we seek is
f ( x, y, z )dxdydz
( x , y, z ) H
Let g be the transformation from the unit cube onto H
g(u,v,w) = C1 + u (C2 C1) + v (C4 C1) + w (C5 C1)
+ u v (C3 C4 C2 + C1)
+ v w (C8 C4 C5 + C1)
+ w u (C6 C5 C2 + C1)
+ u v w (C7 C3 C6 C8 + C2 + C4 + C5 C1)
If we define Jg, to be the Jacobian of g and let detJg(u, v, w) denote its

determinant evaluated at (u, v, w), then a change of variables results in
0 0 0
1 1 1
f ( x, y, z )dxdydz = f ( g ( u, v, w )detJ g ( u, v, w ) )dudvdw
( x, y, z ) H
R2003.4 - Landmark 3-29

Suppose we have three numerical quadrature formulae:

nu
pi f ( ui ),
1 u
0
f ( u )du
i=1
nv
p j f ( v j ),
1 v
0
f ( v )dv
j=1
and
nw

1 w
0
f ( w )dw pk f ( wk )
k=1
u
chararacterized by the nodes {ui}, {vj}, and {wk}, and by the weights { p i },
v w
{ p j }, and { p k }, respectively. If the first is exact for polynomials in u of
degree du, the second is exact for polynomials in v of degree dv, and the
third is exact for polynomials in w of degree dw, then the composite
quadrature rule (formed by the tensor product of the three):
nu nv nw

1 1 1 u v w
0 0 0
f ( u, v, w )dudvdw p i p j p k f ( u i, v j, w k )
i=1 j=1 k=1
is exact for polynomials in u, v, and w of degree du, dv, dw. (That is, the
formula is exact for any f that is a sum of products of powers of u, v, and w,
in which the power for u is less than or equal to du, the power for v is less
than or equal to dv, and the power for w is less than or equal to dw.)
Combining this integral approximation with the change of variables for
the volumetric integral from above, we obtain
nu nv nw
f ( x, y, z )dxdydz =

u v w
p i p j p k f ( g ( u i, v j, w k )detJ g ( u i, v j, w k ) )

( x , y, z ) H i=1 j=1 k=1
This is the method employed. A reasonable quadrature formula is the

three point Gaussian method where the nodes are ( 1 .6 )/2 , 1/2, and
( 1 + .6 )/2 with respective weights 5/18, 4/9, and 5/18. The same
formula is used for u, v, and w. The resultant composite formula requires
27 function values.
A final note on the application of this method for the volumetric

calculation concerns its efficient usage in situations where obtaining the
values of f is quite computationally intensive. If the trilinear solid is
3-30 Landmark - R2003.4

GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE Method for Estimating Volumetrics
specified so that the first four corners have the same depth (i.e.,
z-coordinate) and the last three corners share the same depth, then the top
and bottom of the trilinear solid will be parallel to the x-y plane.
Furthermore, for each value of k, the nu nv points g (ui, vj, wk) will lie in
such a plane as well. If an entire array of trilinear solids have tops in the
same plane and bottoms in the same plane, it may be efficient to obtain a
large number of values of f for each fixed wk and accumulate the
volumetric integrals over the entire array of boxes concurrently.
R2003.4 - Landmark 3-31

3-32 Landmark - R2003.4

Chapter
4
Introduction
Any file imported into GRIDGENR must use a certain format in order for
the data to be recognized by GRIDGENR. This format is called the
GRIDGENR text format or GTF. The easiest way to see an example of this
format is to export a GRIDGENR file to an ASCII format (see File Export
Procedure in Chapter 2 of the GRIDGENR Users Guide) then view the
ASCII file at any command line prompt, for example:
more filename
The following pages explain the required formats for various types of
importable data, and shown an example of a complete import file. Each
format is listed in a typewriter font, for example:
SCREEN literal entry

fpname1
fpname2 variables
Characters that you must type in literally are listed in regular typewriter
font and variables that you must insert are listed in an italic typewriter
font. Data may appear at any location within a line. At least one space
must separate keywords and numbers. You can edit the import file using
any text editor, such as the vi editor provided in UNIX.
R2003.4 - Landmark 4-33

GRIDGENR Import Format GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE
GRIDGENR Reference Points

You can add certain lines to any import file to automatically reset the
GRIDGENR reference points and screen coordinates. This can be used if
you want to ensure that the imported data is mapped to the correct
coordinates. The format is:
SCREEN
fpname1
fpname2
xfp1 yfp1 xfp2 yfp2
xscr1 yscr1 xscr2 yscr2
where
fpname1 The name of the first fixed point
fpname2 The name of the second fixed point
xfp1 yfp1 The coordinates of first fixed point
xfp2 yfp2 The coordinates of second fixed point
xscr1 yscr1 The lower left map coordinates of the graphics

screen
xscr2 yscr2 The upper right map coordinates of the graphics

screen
4-34 Landmark - R2003.4

GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE GRIDGENR Import Format
Zone Modifications
By default each input geologic zone maps to exactly one simulation layer.
Using zone modification you may vary this mapping.
ZONEMODS
NAME zonezoneName
.
.
.
INACTIVEzone
.
.
.
COMBINEzone1 - zone2unitName
.
.
.
SPLIT zonenum*fraction
.
.
.
SPLITUNIT unitNamenum*fraction
.
.
.
END
where
Name Keyword that indicates that a zones will be named.
zone Geologic zone to be named.
zoneName Name for geologic zone.
INACTIVE Keyword that indicates a zone should be set

inactive.
zone Geologic zone to be set inactive
COMBINE Keyword that indicates a range of zones will be

combined.
zone1 Start zone for range of zones to be combined.
zone2 End zone for range of zones to be combined.
unitName Name for combined unit.
All of the zones within this range will be combined into a

combined unit.
R2003.4 - Landmark 4-35

SPLIT Keyword that indicates a zone will be split.
zone Zone number
num Number of values.
fraction Fraction to use for this split
To get the actual number of splits the fractions will be summed and
normalized to 1.
SPLITUNIT Keyword that indicates a combined unit will be

split.
unitName Name of combined unit to be split.
num Number of values.
fraction Fraction to use for this split.
To get the actual number of splits the fractions will be summed and
normalized to 1.
This must come after the combined unit has been defined.
END Keyword that indicates the end of the zone

modification.
Example:
ZONEMODS
NAME 1 sand1
INACTIVE 2
INACTIVE 7
COMBINE 3 -5 sandunit
SPLIT 1 2*.5
SPLIT 6 3*.33
SPLIT 8 1*.5 1*.2 1*.3
SPLIT 9 4*.33
END
4-36 Landmark - R2003.4

Reservoir Simulation Grids

Any reservoir simulation grid being imported into GRIDGENR must use
the following format. The format gives the x,y coordinates at each corner
point, then puts those coordinates in a framework by indicating the
number of columns and rows. This format does not apply to mesh grids
produced by mapping packages, as indicated later in this chapter. Third-
party mapping packages such as Z-MAP, ISM, and CPS do not produce
reservoir simulation grids.
GRID nx ny
ZONE zone
x1 y1
x2 y1
. .
. .
xnx+1 y1
x1 y2
. .
. .
. .
xnx+1 yny+1
END
where:
nx ny The number of grid intervals in the x and y

directions.
zone The zone number to which grid applies.
xn yn The x,y coordinates of each corner point, listed

sequentially beginning at upper left corner of grid.
R2003.4 - Landmark 4-37

Tielines Data
To define the curves to tie the reservoir grid to, use the following format.
The first four curves are the boundary of the grid.
TIELINES izz
TIE i1 j2 j2 j2
x1 y1
x2 y2
.
.
.
TIE i1 j2 j2 j2
x1 y1
.
.
.
END
where
izz Indicates the zone number.
i1 j1 The first grid point that is tied to this tie line.
i2 j2 The last grid point that is tied to this tie line.
i1, j1 and i2, j2 must be on the same grid line. It may

either be an x line or a y line. That is either i1 or i2
must have the same value or j1 and j2 must have the
same value.
x n yn The x,y coordinates for the tie line.
4-38 Landmark - R2003.4

LGR Data
To signal the nulls and local refinement use the keyword LGR with the
following formats.
LGR
Null Data
To define the null regions in the simulation grid, use the following format.
XNULL k
.
.
.
YNULL k
.
.
.
where
XNULL Keyword to indicate that a line of x blocks will be

nulled out.
YNULL Keyword to indicate that a line of y blocks will be

nulled out.
k Which line of blocks will be nulled out.
LGREF Data
To indicate the start of local refinements the following format should be
used. Each refinement may be a cartesian refinement or radial refinement
in either X, Y or Z.
LGREF ngrid
where
LGREF Keyword that indicates the beginning of local grid

refinements.
ngrid Defines the number of local grids.
R2003.4 - Landmark 4-39

CARTREF Data
To specify the parameters for defining a cartesian refinement, the
following format should be used.
CARTREF name
PARENT parent i1 i2 j1 j2 k1 k2
XREF num*value
YREF num*value
ZREF num*value
XSPACE num*value
YSPACE num*value
ZSPACE num*value
where
CARTREF Indicates a cartesian refinement.
name Indicates the name of the refinement.
PARENT Defines where the refinement is located.
parent Indicates the number of the parent grid.
i1 i2 j1 j2 k1 k2 Indicates the location on the parent grid where this

grid is defined.
XREF The definition of the refinements in the x direction.
num Indicates the number of values.
value Indicates which value.
YREF The definition of the refinements in the y direction
ZREF The definition of the refinements in the z direction.
XSPACE Indicates the spacing for the refinements in the X

direction.
YSPACE Indicates the spacing for the refinements in the Y

direction.
ZSPACE Indicates the spacing for the refinements in the Z

direction.
4-40 Landmark - R2003.4

RADZREF Data
To specify the parameters for defining a refinement around a well spot, the
RADZREF name
LGRWELLparentwellz1 z2
RADINFOrw mxr myr
ZREF num*value
ZSPACE num*value
where
RADZREF Keyword that indicates a refinement around a well

spot.
LGRWELL Information about where this refinement is located.
well The number of the well this refinement is around.
z1 z2 Indicates the top and bottom place for this

refinement.
RADINFO Information about a radial well.
rw Well radius.
mxr Number of radial refinements.
myr Number of angular refinements.
ZREF The definition of the refinements in the Z direction.
ZSPACE Indicates the spacing for the refinement in the Z

direction.
R2003.4 - Landmark 4-41

RADXREF Data
To specify the parameters for defining radial grids along the x axis, the
RADXREF name
PARENT parenti1 i2 j1 j2 k1 k2
RADINFOrw mxr myr
XREF num*value
XSPACE num*value
END
where
RADXREF Keyword that indicates a refinement around a well

spot.
PARENT Defines where this refinement is located.

grid is defined.
rw Well radius.
XREF The definition of the refinements in the x direction.
XSPACE Indicates the spacing for the refinement in the x

direction.
4-42 Landmark - R2003.4

RADYREF Data
To specify the parameters for defining radial grids along the y axis, the
RADYREF name
PARENT parenti1 i2 j1 j2 k1 k2
RADINFOrw mxr myr
YREF num*value
YSPACE num*value
END
where
RADYREF Keyword that indicates a refinement around a well

spot.
PARENT Defines where this refinement is located.

grid is defined.
rw Well radius.
YREF The definition of the refinements in the y direction.
YSPACE Indicates the spacing for the refinement in the y

direction.
R2003.4 - Landmark 4-43

LGMOD Data
To specify the parameters for defining local grid modification flags, the
LGMOD nmod
inc/omitflag gridi1 i2 j1 j2 k1 k2
END
where
nmod Indicates the number of modification cards to

follow.
include/omit flag 0 = Include

1 = Omit
grid Indicates which grid this should apply to.
x1 x2 y1 y2 z1 z2 Indicates the location on the parent grid of this

modification.
Well Data (Vertical Wells Only)

Imported well spot data must use the following format, which lists the
names and coordinates for each well.
WELL
name1 x1 y1
namen xn yn
END
where
namen The name of each well (10 characters maximum

length).
xn yn The x,y coordinate of each well.
4-44 Landmark - R2003.4

WELLTRACES Data (Deviated Wells Only)

To specify the parameters for defining import deviated well traces, the
WELLTRACES
WELLNAMEname1
WELLBOREbore_number1
x1 y1 z1 md1
x2 y2 z2 md2
.
.
.
xn yn zn mdn
MDTOS zone1 x1 y1 z1 md1
MDBOS x2 y2 z2 md2
ZTOS zone3 x3 y3 z3
ZBOS x4 y4 z4
WELLBORE bore_number2
x1 y1 z1 md1
.
.
.
WELLNAMEname2
x1 y1 z1 md1
x2 y2 z2 md2
.
.
.
xn yn zn mdn
MDTOS zone1 x1 y1 z1 md1
MDBOS x2 y2 z2 md2
ZTOS zoneid2 x1 y1 z1
ZBOS x2 y2 z2
.
.
.
END
where
name Indicates the name of the well.
bore_number Identifies the number of the bore. This must be

unique within a well.
xn yn zn Indicates the position for the well bore.
mdn Indicates the measured depth to the point. This is

optional.
zone Indicates the zone this intersection applies to.
R2003.4 - Landmark 4-45

xyz Indicates the location of an intersection.
md Indicates the measured depth of an intersection.
NOTE: The ZTOS, ZBOS, MDTOS, and MDBOS cards are optional, they are
used to display the intersection of a grid trace with a zone top or zone
bottom. You may use either the ZTOS and ZBOS cards or the MDTOS
and MDBOS cards. The measured depth cards provide a better
definition of an intersection. MDTOS and MDBOS are a pair as are
ZTOS and ZBOS
WELLPERF Data
This format should be used to import perforations for deviated well. This
requires that the traces have been defined.
WELLPERFS
STARTDATE DD MM YYYY
WELLNAMEname well-type
WELLBOREbore_number
PERFMD perfid md_start md_end starttime endtime
KEY keyword value keyword value ...
PERFZ perfid z_start z_end starttime endtime
.
.
.
.
.
.
WELLNAME name
WELLBORE bore_number
PERFMD perfid md_start md_end starttime endtime
PERFZ perfid zstart zend startime endtime
.
.
.
WELLBORE bore_number
.
.
.
END
where
4-46 Landmark - R2003.4

STARTDATE This keyword is used to give the program the start

date for the simulation. If start time and end time
are entered as days then they will be converted to
dates using this date.
WELLNAME This keyword indicates the start of a well.
name Indicates the name of the well.
well-type Keyword to indicate how the well will be modeled,

either VERTICAL or DEVIATED. If the well is
DEVIATED, length and angle information will be
written to the .fpf file. If the well is VERTICAL, the
information will not be output.
WELLBORE This keyword indicates the start of a bore.
bore_number Identifies the number of the bore.
PERFMD Used to define a perf if you do have the measured

depth.
perfid Identifies the number for the perf.
md_start Indicates the start location of the perf in measured

depth.
md_end Indicates the end location of the perf in a measured

depth.
starttime The time the perf comes on line. This should be

either in DD MM YYYY format or it should be days
since start date.
endtime The time the perf is shut in. This should be either in
DD MM YYYY format, or it should be days since
start date.
PERFZ This cards is used to define a perf if you do not have

measured depths.
z_start Start location of the perf in true depth.
z_end End location of the perf in true depth.
KEY This card is used to pass in data which needs to be

written to the FPERF card.
keyword Indicates which keyword to write to the FPERF

header card.
value Indicates the value to write for this well.
R2003.4 - Landmark 4-47

NOTE: The name and the bore_name must match a defined well trace.
If a well has no perforation information entered for it in the .gtf file, then it
is assumed to be perforated for its entire length and FPERF definitions are
written for the entire length of the well trace.
By default LENGTH ANGLV and ANGLA are written out for all deviated
wells but not for any well spots. You may also control this using the
keywords DEVIATED or VERTICAL in the perforation definition next to
the well name in the .gtf file. If you enter VERTICAL, the length and angle
information will not be generated for a particular well. If you enter
DEVIATED, the length and angle information will be generated. (See
Section 3.2 of the VIP-EXECUTIVE Reference Manual for further
discussion.)
You may also enter extra keywords in the .gtf file for output to the FPERF
file. These keywords will be passed through the program and output to
the FPERF definition with no additional processing. The keywords must
be the same for all the perforations for a particular well.
4-48 Landmark - R2003.4

Contour/Fault Data
Imported contour or fault data must use the following format. All
contours in the same set should be listed together. The format begins with
the name of the property being described, the zone, and the minimum/
maximum contour values. Then the format lists the coordinates of each set
of data points associated with each contour or fault.
CONTOUR property
ZONE zone
RANGE min max
VALUE val/type
x1 y1
x2 y2
. .
VALUE type
x1 y1
x2 y2
. .
END
where:
property Name of the property associated with this data:
TOS- Top of Structure

BOS - Bottom of Structure
GROSS - Gross Thickness
NET - Net Thickness
NTG - Net to Gross Ratio
POR - Porosity
KX - Horizontal Permeability x-direction
KY - Horizontal Permeability y-direction
KZ - Vertical Permeability
KZ-KX - KZ to KX ratio
SWR - Connate Water Saturation
SGR - Critical Gas Saturation
SWRO - Water Saturation at Residual Oil
SGRO - Gas Saturation at Residual Oil
zone Number of the zone where the data appears.
min max Minimum and maximum contour values (for color-

coding scale). If you enter AUTO, GRIDGENR
automatically calculates minimum and maximum.
R2003.4 - Landmark 4-49

val/type The contour value or the type of fault being

described. Fault data includes fault ID and
transmissibility factor. Closed contours are
indicated by placing the word CLOSED after the
value, for example:
VALUE 1800.00 CLOSED
xn yn The x,y coordinates of each data point along the

current contour or fault.
Point Data
Point data may be defined using the Contour/Fault format replacing the
VALUE keyword with POINTS.
POINTS
x1 y1 z1
x2 y2 z2
. . .
END
4-50 Landmark - R2003.4

Mesh Grid Data

Gridded data imported from mapping packages are called meshes in the
GRIDGENR application. In general, the mesh data received from other
mapping packages can be imported without further editing or conversion.
You must specify the property and zone that the mesh represents. For Z-
MAP and CPS-3 meshes, the header information will provide the
necessary parameters to reconstruct the mesh. However, for other generic
meshes, you must specify parameters that indicate the organization and
location of the mesh data. These parameters can be added to the same file
as the mesh data, or set up in a separate file. If the parameters are in a
separate file, you must use the parameter file for import into GRIDGENR,
and it pulls the mesh data file along with it.
The format for import file parameters is described below. The parameters
indicate the property being described, the zone to which it applies, the
number of columns and rows in the mesh, the x,y coordinates of the first
point, the distance between mesh points, and other information.
MESH property
ZONE zone
NX nx
NY ny
X0 x0
Y0 y0 or ZMAPFILE filename
ZNULL znull or CPSFILE filename
DX dx
DY dy
ANGLE angle
hand
FILENAME filename
END
where:
property The name of the property being described:
TOS- Top of Structure

BOS - Bottom of Structure
GROSS - Gross Thickness
NET - Net Thickness
NTG - Net to Gross Ratio
POR - Porosity
KX - Horizontal Permeability x-direction
KY - Horizontal Permeability y-direction
KZ - Vertical Permeability
KZ-KX - KZ to KX ratio
SWR - Connate Water Saturation
R2003.4 - Landmark 4-51

SGR - Critical Gas Saturation

SWRO - Water Saturation at Residual Oil
SGRO - Gas Saturation at Residual Oil
zone The zone number where the data applies.
nx ny The number of mesh points in the x and y

directions.
x0 y0 The x,y coordinates of the first mesh point.
znull An indicator for null values
dx dy The distance between mesh points in the x and y

directions.
angle The desired angle of rotation, counter clockwise

from origin.
hand The handedness of the data (LEFTHAND or

RIGHTHAND). For example:
Left-Handed Data:
x
y
1 2 3 3 6 9
4 5 6 2 5 8
7 8 9 x 1 4 7
y
Right-Handed Data:
9 6 3 7 8 9
8 5 2 4 5 6
x
7 4 1 y 1 2 3
y x
filename The name of file containing the mesh data. INLINE

indicates the data follows in this file.
4-52 Landmark - R2003.4

Sample Import File

SCREEN
FP1
FP2
0.00 0.00 1000.00 1000.00
-96.59 -22.49 1731.40 1066.92
WELL
WELL1 281.39 646.66
WELL2 533.18 450.12
WELL3 781.53 244.01
END
GRID 3 3
ZONE 1
185.55 750.71
403.44 759.20
636.07 755.52
862.63 749.25
179.30 551.93
404.12 551.73
651.52 548.91
881.55 544.37
170.43 337.53
417.83 339.92
667.84 349.25
893.53 343.84
145.11 161.33
435.05 173.23
659.87 165.23
894.24 164.15
END
CONTOUR TOS
ZONE 1
RANGE 0.00 1000.00
VALUE SEALING
47.38 712.88
184.02 652.45
331.87 625.09
495.38 591.69
648.46 557.38
833.88 463.21
989.56 433.26
1135.47 467.60
VALUE 1000.00 CLOSED
396.69 459.27
353.11 408.79
347.04 346.75
384.71 293.91
442.96 262.28
508.06 262.65
570.60 283.76
605.64 336.89
615.88 401.67
581.03 456.25
520.91 480.10
455.56 484.95
VALUE 900.00
850.74 458.99
R2003.4 - Landmark 4-53

821.57 389.12
768.82 339.67
705.62 298.35
648.57 249.80
580.61 222.24
505.11 224.33
430.40 224.99
356.82 239.66
295.44 282.65
260.19 347.05
253.14 422.26
275.44 492.50
319.52 553.22
348.64 621.19
VALUE 800.00
989.63 432.48
941.62 371.24
889.47 313.94
831.76 261.76
775.69 207.79
711.39 164.40
637.64 140.51
559.64 133.79
482.57 140.58
406.82 158.41
327.39 158.69
249.63 159.07
190.37 205.42
160.61 277.95
165.13 356.02
173.30 434.53
155.27 508.30
105.15 568.31
50.31 622.81
5.73 686.68
END
4-54 Landmark - R2003.4

Chapter
5
Model Size Limitations

GRIDGENR has certain limits on the size of the model it can handle. This chapter
contains those limits.
Description Equivalent
Maximum Number of Grid Points in 1 Zone 60000
Maximum Number of Grid Blocks in 1 Zone 300000
Maximum Number of Points on a Grid Side 1000
Maximum Number of Boundary Points 4000
Maximum Number of Contour Points in a Property for 1 200000

Layer
Maximum Number of Contours in a Property for 1 Layer 200000
Maximum Number of Points in 1 Contour 1000
Maximum Size of a Mesh 1000000
Maximum Number of Well Locations 2000
Maximum Number of Deviated Wells 2000
Maximum Number of Deviated Well Paths 2000
Maximum Number of Points on Well Paths 60000
Maximum Number of Well Zone Intersections 10000
Maximum Number of Well Perforations 20000
Length of Text Strings 80
Maximum Number of Text Strings 20
Maximum Number of Zones Allowed in Model 1000
Maximum Number of Local Grids 2500
Maximum Size of Radial Refinement 5000
R2003.4 - Landmark 5-55

System and Model Limits GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE
Description Equivalent
Maximum Number of Refinement Blocks 125000
Maximum Number of Faults 20000
Maximum Number of Fault Points 100000
System Limits
In addition to the model limits described earlier, your system hardware may have
limitations on the size of memory and swap space which can restrict the size and
complexity of models that it can handle effectively. To check the limits on your
machine, use the following UNIX commands:
Table 5-1: UNIX Commands for Determining System Limits
System Command What It Does
SGI IRIX/IRIX64
hinv Shows memory size
swap -l Shows swap space
limits Shows user limits
ps -ef Memory usage for a particular job
AIX
lscfg | grep -i mem Shows memory size
lsps -9 Shows swap space
Sun Solaris
dmesg | grep mem Shows memory size
swap -1 Shows swap space
5-56 Landmark - R2003.4

Appendix
A
Introduction
Though formation properties such as permeability may be available on a
very fine level of detail, their direct use for reservoir simulation is, in
general, not practical because of the excessive computer time and memory
that would be required. Hence it is necessary to use relatively coarse
blocks that are feasible for reservoir simulation. The process of integrating
the fine-scale permeability to produce effective permeabilities of the
coarse blocks is called upscaling.
Actually, what are required for input to the reservoir simulator are not
effective permeabilities of the coarse blocks, but transmissibilities from the
center of each block to the center of each of its neighbors. The
calculation of these transmissibilities are the subject of this chapter.
The coarse blocks need not be orthogonal but, more likely, will have some
arbitrary shapes (such as shown in Figure 5-1) which are defined by the
coordinates of the eight corner points of each block.
Figure 5-1: Coarse Block with Arbitrary Shape
Transmissibilities
As stated above, the input required for the reservoir simulator are the
transmissibilities from the center of each block to the center of each of its
neighbors. Consider Figure 5-2, which shows the computation of
transmissibility between Block A and the block to its right, Block B:
R2003.4 - Landmark A-57

Upscaling of Permeability GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE
Figure 5-2: Transmissibility Between Two Blocks
Let AAR be the total area of the right face of Block A, ABL be the total area
of the left face of Block B, and AAB be the area of their mutual intersection.
Note that in the unfaulted case, AAB = AAR = ABL.
Let TXAB be the desired transmissibility from Block A to Block B. Let

TXRA be the transmissibility from a plane through the center of Block A to
its right face, and TXLB be the transmissibility from a plane through the
center of Block B to its left face. Then
A AB
T X AB = -----------------------------------
- (5-1)
A AR A BL
-------------- + --------------
TX R A TX L B
So we see that for each coarse block (i, j, k), we need to obtain six
transmissibilities of half-blocks, which we will call half-block
transmissibilities. Specifically, TXLijk is transmissibility from the left face
to a plane through the center and approximately parallel to the left and
right faces, and TXRijk is the transmissibility from the right face to the
same plane TYLijk is the transmissibility from the front face to a plane
through the center and approximately parallel to the front and back faces,
and TYRijk is the transmissibility from the back face to that same plane.
TZLijk is the transmissibility from the top face to a plane through the
center and approximately parallel to the top and bottom faces, and TZRijk
is the transmissibility from the bottom face to that same plane.
A-58 Landmark - R2003.4

GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE Upscaling of Permeability
Half-Block Transmissibilities from Continuous Distribution of

Permeability
Assume we are given a distribution of anisotropic permeabilities that is
continuous within the coarse block, as shown in Figure 5-3.
kx(x,y,z)
ky(x,y,z)
kz(x,y,z)
Figure 5-3: Block with Continuous Permeabilities
Then, to determine the six half-transmissibilities, we need to solve six

problems, four of which are shown in Figure 5-4
PO
PI PI
QxL PO
QxR
QzL
PI
PO
PI
PO
QzR
Figure 5-4: Problems Used to Solve for Half-Block Transmissibilities

In each of the six problems, we set pressures uniformly at two opposite

faces of the half-block, use no-flow boundary conditions on the remaining
four faces and measure the flow into or out of one face. Then
TXLijk = QxL / (PI-PO) (5-2)
TXRijk = QxR / (PI-PO) (5-3)
TYLijk = QyL / (PI-PO) (5-4)
TYRijk = QyR / (PI-PO) (5-5)
TZLijk = QzL / (PI-PO) (5-6)
TZRijk = QzL / (PI-PO) (5-7)
Half-Block Transmissibilities from Discrete Distribution of Permeability

In GRIDGENR, the user designs the coarse blocks in accordance with areal
details and vertical layering information from the geological model (such
as faults, unconformities and stratigraphy), and selects a subdivision of
the coarse blocks into elemental blocks, a typical example of which is
shown in Figure 5-5.
Figure 5-5: Subdivision of a Coarse Block
Let NX and NY be the number of elemental blocks in the x- and y-

directions. NX and NY must be even, and the subdivisions in the x- and y-
directions are essentially uniform. Let NZ1 be the number of elemental
blocks in the z-direction in the upper level, NZ2 be the number of
elemental blocks in the z-direction in the lower level, and let NZ = NZ1 +
NZ2. The upper and lower levels are divided by a plane that passes

approximately through the center of the coarse block. In the z-direction,

the elemental blocks are not uniform in size but, rather, are distributed
according to sub-layers within the coarse block.
From the available fine-scale permeability information, GRIDGENR

assigns a uniform permeability by interpolation from the geological model
to each elemental block (i, j, k), and calculates six half-block
transmissibilities for each elemental block: FTXLijk, FTXRijk, FTYLijk,
FTYRijk, FTZLijk, and FTZRijk. That calculation, which uses harmonic
integration, is based solely on the corner-point geometry of the elemental
blocks, and is described in Reference 1.

Now, to obtain the six half-block transmissibilities of the coarse block, we

consider the descretized version of the continuous problems discussed in
Half-Block Transmissibilities from Continuous Distribution of
Permeability on page A-59. Four of the six discrete problems are shown
in Figure 5-6
PI PO
PI PO
TXL TXR
PI
PO
TZL
PI
PO
TZR
Figure 5-6: Discrete Problems Used to Solve for Half-Block Transmissibilities

Actually, since the geometric information about the shapes of each

elemental block has been folded into the values of FTXL, FTXR, FTYL,
FTYR, FTZL, and FTZR, we can represent these problems by simpler
schematics, such as shown in Figure 5-7.
PI PO PI PO
TXL TXR
PI
TZL PO
PI
PO
TZR
Figure 5-7: Schematic of Discrete Problems Used to Solve for Half-Block

Transmissibilities

Further, solution for each half-block transmissibility of the coarse block

corresponds exactly to the solution of an equivalent electrical network
problem. Figure 5-8 shows the network problem for calculating TXL. (For
clarity, only two dimensions are shown in these figures.
PI PO
Figure 5-8: Equivalent Electrical Network for TXL (NX=8, NZ=7)
Figure 5-9 shows, in more detail, the elements of the network for a single
elemental block. The resistance for each resistor is the reciprocal of one of
the half-block transmissibilities of the elemental block. In the analogy,
voltage is equivalent to pressure and current to equivalent to fluid flow.
Note that the top and bottom elemental blocks are special cases; either 1/
FTZL or 1/FTZR is omitted; in that manner the no-flow boundary

conditions at top and bottom are imposed. (Not shown in these two-
dimensional figures is that the elemental blocks at the front and back faces
are also special cases, for which 1/FTYL or 1/FTYR are also omitted.)
R=1/FTZL
R=1/FTXR
R=1/FTXL
R=1/FTZR
Figure 5-9: Detail of Network for Single Elemental Block
We solve now for the pressures (voltages) at each node of the network
(corresponding to the center of each elemental block) by solving a system
of simultaneous difference equations. The difference equation for
elemental block (i, j, k) is
FTX L ijk ( P i 1, j, k P ijk ) + FTX R ijk ( P i + 1, j, k P ijk )

+ FTY L ijk ( P i, j 1, k P ijk ) + FTY R ijk ( P i, j + 1, k P ijk ) (5-8)
+ FTZ L ijk ( P i, j, k 1 P ijk ) + FTZ R ijk ( P i, j, k + 1 P ijk ) = 0
This equation applies only to interior elemental blocks. For elemental

blocks on the left face the first term of Equation 5-8 is replaced by
FTX L i, j, k ( P I P 1, j, k )
For elemental blocks on the right face, the second term of Equation 5-8 is
replaced by
FTX R NX 2, j, k ( P O P NX 2, j, k )
For elemental blocks on the front face, the third term of Equation 5-8 is
omitted, on the back face, the fourth term is omitted, on the top face, the
fifth term is omitted, and on the bottom face, the sixth term is omitted.
There are as many simultaneous difference equations as there are

elemental blocks in half of the coarse block: (NX/2) x NY x NZ. This
system of simultaneous equations may be solved directly by a band
algorithm or, more efficiently, by iteration using BLITZ2.

After solution for the pressure at the nodes, the flow into the left face is
computed by
NY NZ
Q xL = FTX L1, j, k ( PI P1, j, k ) (5-9)
j=1 k=1
and TXL for the coarse block is computed by
Q xL
TXL = ------------------ (5-10)
PI PO
Similar calculation are made for the other five half-block transmissibilities
of the coarse block: TXR, TYL, TYR, TZL, and TZR.
Approximate Calculation of Transmissibilities

In the interest of reducing computing time and memory, several other
methods for computing transmissibilities have been proposed. These
methods will, in general, not be as accurate as the direct method discussed
above, but may be worth considering if they result in sufficiently reducing
computing time for those cases where the number of elemental blocks is
very large. Two of these methods have been implemented in GRIDGENR
and are examined here.
Half-Block Transmissibilities by Renormalization

Renormalization3 has attracted considerable attention in the literature as a
method for upscaling permeabilities that should be faster than the direct
methods described above. As it turns out, it is not faster than BLITZ.
However, it has been implemented in GRIDGENR for NX, NY, and NZ up
to 16. While the implementation will handle various values of NX, NY,
and NZ, it is most easily described for NX, NY, and NZ equal to 4, 8, or 16.
Here we discuss it for the case NX = NY = NZ = 16, for which there are
three levels in the renormalization process.

In the first level, each 2 x 2 x 2 collection of elemental blocks is reduced to a

single block, as shown in Figure 5-10 (which shows only the left half of a
coarse block).
Figure 5-10: First Level of Renormalization for NX = NY = NZ = 16
The network problem for this reduction is shown in Figure 5-11, which
shows how TX is calculated for the new single block. Here TX is the
transmissibility from the left face all the way to the right face of the new
single block. Then, for that new single block, TXL = TXR = 2 x TX. Similar
calculations are carried out to obtain TYL = TYR and TZL = TZR for that
new single block.
PI PO
Figure 5-11: Network Problem for Calculating TX in Reducing 2x2x2 Collection

of Blocks to a Single Block

The 16 x 16 x 16 elemental blocks have now been reduced to 8 x 8 x 8

blocks. In the second level of the renormalization, the same process is
carried out, to obtain a 4 x 4 x 4 collection of blocks, as shown in Figure 5-
12 (which again shows only the left half).
Figure 5-12: Second Level of Renormalization for NX = NY = NZ = 16
In the third and final level of the renormalization, shown in Figure 5-13,
half of the 4 x 4 x 4 collection of blocks is used to calculate each half-block
transmissibility of the coarse block. Here, the reduction calculation is
somewhat different, in that a 4 x 4 x 2 collection of blocks is reduced to a
single block (i.e., half the coarse block).
Figure 5-13: Third Level of Renormalization for NX = NY = NZ = 16, to Obtain

TXL for the Coarse Block

In each reduction of a 2 x 2 x 2 collection or a 4 x 4 x 2 collection of blocks

to a single block, the calculations required are sufficiently small that the
direct band algorithm is the preferred method of solution.
Half-Block Transmissibilties by Harmonic Summation

Harmonic summation is the discrete analog of harmonic integration,
which is described in Reference 1. It does have the advantage of being
extremely rapid, but will likely have the least accuracy. Three variations
are implemented: parallel-tube, series-slice, and the harmonic
average of parallel-tube and series-slice.
Parallel-Tube Method
In this method, the elemental blocks form tubes which run from the input
face to the output face. It corresponds to the network of Figure 5-8 with all
the vertical resistors omitted, and involves the following summations:
NY NZ
( pt )
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1
TX L = NX 2
- (5-11)
------------------- - + ---------------------
j=1 k=1 1 1
FTX L ijk FTX R ijk
i=1
NY NZ
( pt )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
TX R = NX
- (5-12)
FTX -------------------- + ---------------------

j = 1k = 1 1 1
L ijk FTX R ijk
i = 1 + NX 2
NX NZ
( pt )
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1
TY L = NY 2
(5-13)
FTY-------------------- + --------------------
i = 1k = 1 1 1
L ijk FTY R ijk
j=1
NX NZ
( pt )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
TY R = NX
- (5-14)
------------------- - + --------------------
i = 1k = 1 1 1
FTY L ijk FTY R ijk
j = 1 + NY 2
NX NY
( pt )
---------------------------------------------------------------
1
TZ L = NZ 1
- (5-15)
FTZ -------------------- + --------------------

i=1j=1 1 1
L ijk FTZ R ijk
k=1
NX NY
( pt )
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
TZ R = NZ
- (5-16)
------------------- - + --------------------
i=1 j=1 1 1
FTZ L ijk FTZ R ijk
k = 1 + NZ 1

Series-Slice Method
In this method, all the elemental blocks in a vertical plane are connected
together to form a slice, and the slices are then connected in series. It
corresponds to the network of Figure 5-8 with all the vertical resistors
omitted, but with solid vertical lines added, as shown in Figure 5-14.
PI PO
Figure 5-14: Equivalent Electrical Network for TXL Computed by Series-Slice

Method
It involves the following summations:
NX 2

1 1
------------------
- =
( ss )
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
NY NZ
(5-17)
TX L
------------------- - + ---------------------
i=1 1 1
FTX L ijk FTX R ijk
j = 1k = 1
NX

1 1
------------------
- =
( ss )
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NY NZ
- (5-18)
TX R
------------------- - + ---------------------
i = 1 + NX 2 1 1
FTX L ijk FTX R ijk
j=1 k=1

NY 2

1 1
------------------
( ss )
= ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
NX NZ
- (5-19)
TY L
------------------- - + --------------------
j=1 1 1
FTY L ijk FTY R ijk
i=1 k=1
NY

1 1
------------------
- =
( ss )
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
NX NZ
- (5-20)
TY R
------------------- - + --------------------
j = 1 + NY 2 1 1
FTY L ijk FTY R ijk
i=1 k=1
NZ 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1
-----------------
- =
( ss ) NX NY
- (5-21)
TZ L
------------------- - + --------------------
k=1 1 1
FTZ L ijk FTZ R ijk
i=1 j=1
NZ

1 1
------------------
- =
( ss )
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NX NY
- (5-22)
TZ R
------------------- - + --------------------
k = 1 + NZ 1 1 1
FTZ L ijk FTZ R ijk
i=1 j=1
Harmonic Average of Parallel-Tube and Series-Slice Methods
When the elemental transmissibilities are nonuniform, parallel-tube

harmonic summation gives results always too low, while the series-slice
method gives results always too high. This can be seen from the network
analogies. As pointed out above, parallel-tube harmonic summation
corresponds to the network of Figure 5-8 with the vertical resistors
omitted. Omission of the vertical resistors results in increasing the overall
resistance between the input and output, which corresponds to a decrease
in the transmissibility. On the other hand, the series-slice method
corresponds to the network of Figure 5-14; the vertical connections that
were added there decrease the overall resistance between input and
output, which corresponds to an increase in the transmissibility.
It was found that a harmonic average of the results obtained by both the
harmonic summation methods yields values that are considerably more
accurate. Consequently, a third method is available, where the half-block
transmissibilities are computed as follows:
( ha ) 2
TX L = --------------------------------------------- (5-23)
1 1
------------------
( pt )
- + ------------------
( ss )
-
TX L TX L
( ha ) 2
TX R = ---------------------------------------------- (5-24)
1 1
------------------
( pt )
- + ------------------
( ss )
-
TX R TX R

( ha ) 2
TY L = --------------------------------------------- (5-25)
1 1
------------------
- + ------------------
( pt ) ( ss )
TY L TY L
( ha ) 2
TY R = --------------------------------------------- (5-26)
1 1
------------------
( pt )
- + ------------------
( ss )
-
TY R TY R
( ha ) 2
TZ L = -------------------------------------------- (5-27)
1 1
------------------
( pt )
- + -----------------
( ss )
-
TZ L TZ L
( ha ) 2
TZ R = --------------------------------------------- (5-28)
1 1
------------------
( pt )
- + ------------------
( ss )
-
TZ R TZ R
As pointed out above, this method is very fast, but may not be
accurate enough. Comparison should be made with the results using
the direct method described on pages H-4 to H-9 to see whether the
results are sufficiently accurate.
References
1. VIP-EXECUTIVE Technical Reference, Appendix B, Corner-Point
Geometry, Landmark Graphics.
2. BLITZ Users Guide, Version 3.0, Landmark Graphics Corp..
3. P.R. King, A. H. Muggeridge, and W. G. Price: Renormalization

Calculations of Immiscible Flow, Transport in Porous Media 12 237-
260, 1993.

000000Subject Index
A E
Alt key Enter key
defined xiv defined xv
use with other keys xv error messages
array control file (ACF) 1-19 how indicated xvi
arrays Esc key
math technique used to calculate 2-21 defined xiv
B F
Backspace key F1, F2, etc.
defined xiv defined xv
faults
import format for 4-49
file extensions 1-19
C
clicking the mouse xiii
contours G
Control key gridblocks
defined xiv volumetric calculation 3-29
use with other keys xv grids
Control-clicking the mouse xiii from Z-MAP, ISM, CPS-3, see mesh grids
cursor import format for 4-37
setting with the mouse xiii math techniques used to calculate 2-21
cursor arrow keys GTF files
defined xv format of
GTF files, see also importing
D
I
Delete key
defined xiv icons
documentation converting to/from a window xv
other related manuals xvii importing map data
double-clicking the mouse xiii correct format (GTF) 4-33
dragging the mouse xiii
R2003.4 - Landmark Subject Index-73

Subject Index GRIDGENR USERS GUIDE
reservoir simulation grids, see grids

K Return key
defined xiv
keys
names and locations xiv
S
M selecting
with the mouse xiii
menus Shift key
viewing/selecting from pop-up (MB3) xiii defined xiv
mesh grids Shift-clicking the mouse xiii
import format for 4-51 simulation grids, see grids
Meta key spacebar
defined xiv defined xiv
use with other keys xv
metafiles
file extension 1-19
Motif window manager T
how to operate xv
mouse Tab key
button definitions xii defined xiv
overview of buttons and operations xiixiii text
setting the cursor in xiii
shading with the mouse xiii
transmissibility
P equation used 2-23
triple-clicking the mouse xiii
PgDn key
defined xv
PgUp key
defined xv V
pop-up menu (MB3)
how to view xiii VIP
pore volume input file extensions 1-19
equation used 2-23
prompts
how to respond xiv W
wells
Q windows
quadrature how to move, resize, etc. xv
technical description 3-27
Z
R z value
reference points technical discussion of 2-21
Subject Index-74 Landmark - R2003.4

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GRIDGENR

Part No. 159675 R2003.4

Landmark Graphics Corporation

R.2003.4 - Landmark iii

The Volumetric Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29

Approximate Calculation of Transmissibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-66

R.2003.4 - Landmark vii

Figure 5-3: Block with Continuous Permeabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-59

viii Landmark - R.2003.4

About This Manual

Chapter 1 - Setting Up the System explains how to set environment

Chapter 3 - Grid Generation and Array Interpolation explains how

Chapter 4 - Method for Estimating Volumetrics presents

Chapter 5 - GRIDGENR Import Format explains acceptable formats

Chapter 6 - System and Model Limits explains the limitations on size

Chapter 7 - Upscaling of Permeability explains the process of

MB1 MB2 MB3 MB1 MB2 MB3 MB4

Three-Button Mouse Four-Button Mouse

Figure 0-1: Mouse Button Arrangement and Terminology

xii Landmark - R.2003.4

Table 0-1: Typical Mouse Operations

Click Press MB1 and release rapidly.

Double-click Press MB1 two times rapidly.

Triple-click Press MB1 three times rapidly.

Control-click Hold down Control key and click once.

Shift-click Hold down Shift key and click once.

Select Click once or double-click at the indicated location.

Shade Drag the mouse pointer across a group of text, double-click

R.2003.4 - Landmark xiii

Table 0-2: Names and Locations of Common Keys

Name Typical Label Typical Location

Returna Return, Enter, or bent Right side of main keyboard.

Tab Tab or double arrows Upper left on main keyboard.

Deleteb Delete or Del or large Upper right on main keyboard,

Backspaceb Backspace, Remove, or Upper right on main keyboard.

Esc Escape or Esc Upper left on main keyboard.

Shift Shift or arrow pointing Bottom right and left on main

spacebar None (long bar) Bottom of main keyboard.

Control Control or Ctrl Lower left on main keyboard.

Altc Alt Left and/or right of spacebar.

Metac Diamond symbol () Left of spacebar.

xiv Landmark - R.2003.4

Table 0-2: Names and Locations of Common Keys (Continued)

Name Typical Label Typical Location

Cursor Short arrows pointing up, To right of main keyboard.

PgUp Page Up or PgUp To right of main keyboard.

PgDn Page Down or PgDn To right of main keyboard.

Motif Window Operation

Table 0-3: Window Operation Procedures

Window Operation Correct Procedure

Resize window Drag any corner or edge.

Fill screen Click square button at top right corner.

Convert to icon Click dot button at top right corner.

Convert icon to window Double-click on icon.

Move window Drag the title.

Bring window to front Click on title.

Table 0-3: Window Operation Procedures (Continued)

Window Operation Correct Procedure

Move window to back Alt-F3 or Meta-F3.

Close window Alt-F4 or Meta-F4.

Line Cannot Cross Itself

xvi Landmark - R.2003.4

GRIDGENR User Guide. This manual contains complete instructions

Getting Started with VIP. An introduction to the VIP product line in