Chapter 8

Practice Exercises

1 109 m
8.1 = (588 nm) = 5.88 107 m
1 nm

c 3.00 108 m / s
= = = 5.10 1014 s1 = 5.10 1014 Hz
7
5.88 10 m

1106 m
8.2 = (10.9 m) = 1.09 105 m
1 m

c 2.998 108 m / s
= = = 2.75 1013 s1 = 2.75 1013 Hz
5
1.09 10 m

c 2.998 108 m s 1
8.3 = = = 3.25 m
92.3 106 s 1

1 1 1
8.4 = 109,678 cm 1 = 109,678 cm1 (0.0625 0.02778)
2 2
4 6
1 3 1
= 3.808 10 cm

= 2.63 104 cm = 2.63 m

1 1 1
8.5 = 109,678 cm 1 = 109,678 cm1 (0.2500 0.1111)
2 2
2 3
1 4 1
= 1.5233 10 cm

= 6.565 105 cm = 656.5 nm, which is red.

8.6 (a) n = 4, l = 2
(b) n = 5, l = 3
(c) n = 7, l = 0

8.7 When n = 2,
= 0, 1. Thus we have s, and p subshells.

When n = 5,
= 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. Thus we have s, p, d, f, and g subshells.
The number of subshells spans the values: 0,1,2,3,---, n 1
Thus,
Shell 1: 1 subshell
Shell 2: 2 subshells
Shell 3: 3 subshells
Shell 4: 4 subshells
Shell 5: 5 subshells
Shell 6: 6 subshells

8.8 (a) Mg: 1s22s22p63s2

(b) Ge: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p2
(c) Cd: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s2
(d) Gd: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d104f75s25p65d16s2

8.9 The electron configuration of an element follows the periodic table. The electrons are filled in the order of
the periodic table and the energy levels are determined by the row the element is in and the subshell is

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given by the column, the first two columns are the s-block, the last six columns are the p-block, the d-block
has ten columns, and the f-block has 14 columns.

8.10 (a) O: 1s22s22p4

S: 1s22s22p63s23p4
Se: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p4
(b) P: 1s22s22p63s23p3
N: 1s22s22p3
Sb: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p3
The elements have the same number of electrons in the valence shell, and the only differences
between the valence shells are the energy levels.

8.11 (a) Na:

(b) S

(c) Fe

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

8.12 (a) Mg

0 unpaired electrons
(b) Ge

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p
2 unpaired electrons
(c) Cd

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p

5s 4d
0 unpaired electrons
(d) Gd

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4p

5s 4d 5p 6s 5d 4f
8 unpaired electrons

8.13 Yes, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ni, and the elements in their groups have even numbers of electrons and are paramagnetic.
Additionally, oxygen has eight electrons, but it is paramagnetic since it has two unpaired electrons in the 2p
orbitals.

8.14 (a) P: [Ne]3s23p3

[Ne]
3s 3p (3 unpaired electrons)

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(b) Sn: [Kr]4d105s25p2

[Kr]
4d 5s 5p (2 unpaired electrons)

8.15 Based on the definition of valence, there are no examples where more than 8 electrons would occupy the
valence shell. For representative elements the valence shell is defined as the occupied shell with the highest
value of n. In the ground state atom, only s and p electrons fit this definition. The transition elements have
outer electron configurations: (n-1)dn nsm so the valence shell is the ns subshell.

8.16 (a) Se: 4s24p4 (b) Sn: 5s25p2 (c) I: 5s25p5

8.17 (a) Sn (b) Ga (c) Cr (d) S2

8.18 (a) P (b) Fe3+ (c) Fe (d) Cl

8.19 (a) Be (b) C

8.20 (a) C2+ (b) Mg2+

Review Questions

8.1 Light is a form of energy that results from small oscillations in the electrical and magnetic properties of
particles.

8.2 In general, frequency describes the number of times an event occurs in a finite time period. The frequency
of light is the number of times a wave crest passes a specific point in space in a given time interval. The
symbol for frequency is the Greek letter nu, , and has the units of inverse seconds, s1.

8.3 Wavelength is the distance between consecutive maxima of a wave. The symbol is the Greek letter
lambda, .

8.4 See Figure 8.2.

8.5 The amplitude affects the brightness of light. The color of light is affected by the wavelength or frequency.
The energy of the light is affected by the frequency or wavelength.

8.6 gamma rays < X rays < ultraviolet < visible < infrared < microwaves < TV waves

8.7 By the visible spectrum, we mean that narrow portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to which our eyes
are sensitive. These are the wavelengths from about 400 nm to 750 nm.

8.8 violet < blue < green < yellow < orange < red

8.9 = c, where c is a constant equal to the speed of light, is the wavelength and is the frequency.

8.10 E = h, where E is the energy, h is Plancks constant and is the frequency.

8.11 A photon is one unit of electromagnetic radiation whose energy is the product of h and .

8.12 Since = c/, we can substitute into equation 8.2 to get E = hc/.

8.13 (a) infrared

(b) visible light
(c) X-rays

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(d) ultraviolet light

8.14 The quantum is the lowest possible packet of energy, that of a single photon.

8.15 An atomic spectrum consists of a series of discrete (selected, definite and reproducible) frequencies (and
therefore of discrete energies) that are emitted by atoms that have been excited. The particular values for
the emission frequencies are characteristic of the element at hand. In contrast, a continuous spectrum, such
as that emitted by the sun or another hot, glowing object, contains all frequencies and, therefore, photons of
all energies.

8.16 An electron in an atom can have only certain specific values for energy. Aside from these discrete
energies, other energies are not allowed. When an excited atom loses energy, not just any arbitrary amount
can be lost, only specific amounts of energy can be lost. In other words, the energy of an electron is
quantized.

8.17 Bohr proposed a model similar in design to a solar system. The nucleus is at the center and the electrons
orbit the nucleus in specific orbits that are a constant fixed distance from the nucleus.

8.18 When an electron falls from an orbit of higher energy (larger radius) to an orbit of lower energy (smaller
radius), the energy that is released appears as a photon with the appropriate frequency. The energy of the
photon is the same as the difference in energy between the two orbits.

8.19 The lowest energy state of an atom is termed the ground state.

8.20 Bohr's model was a success because it accounted for the spectrum of the hydrogen atom, but it failed to
account for spectra of more complex atoms.

8.21 Very small particles have properties that are reminiscent of both a particle and a wave. Massive particles
also have this but the wavelike properties are too small to be observed.

8.22 Diffraction is a phenomenon caused by the constructive or the destructive interference of two or more
waves. The fact that electrons and other subatomic particles exhibit diffraction supports the theory that
matter is correctly considered to have wave nature.

8.23 To determine whether a beam was behaving as a wave or as a stream of particles, a diffraction experiment
would have to be done.

8.24 Wave/particle duality is that light and matter have both wave-like properties and particle-like properties.

8.25 In a traveling wave, the positions of the peaks and nodes change with time. In a standing wave, the peaks
and nodes remain in the same positions.

8.26 The collapsing atom paradox comes from classical mechanics and asks, "Why doesn't the electron fall into
the nucleus?"

8.27 Quantum mechanics resolves the collapsing atom paradox by allowing only certain energy levels for the
electron. The electron located in the nucleus does not give one of the allowed energies.

8.28 Wave mechanics and quantum mechanics.

8.29 This is the orbital of the electron.

8.30 First, we are interested in the energies of orbitals, because it is the energies of the various orbitals that
determine which orbitals are occupied by the electrons of the atom. Secondly, we are interested in the
shapes and orientations of the various orbitals, because this is important in determining how atoms form
bonds in chemical compounds

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8.31 n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

8.32 (a) n=1 (b) n=3

8.33 Every shell contains the possibility that
= 0.

8.34 (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7

8.35 Yes, if the value for
for this electron is 3 or larger.

8.36 The only impossible set of legitimate quantum numbers would be an electron having the exact same values
for the four quantum numbers. Recall the Pauli Exclusion Principle.

8.37 The electron behaves like a magnet, because the revolving charge (spin) of the electron creates a magnetic
field. Recall that the electron does not actually revolve but behaves in a fashion reminiscent of an electro-
magnet.

8.38 Atoms with unpaired electrons are termed paramagnetic.

8.39 No two electrons in the same atom can have exactly the same set of values for all of the four quantum
numbers. This limits the allowed number of electrons per orbital to two, since with other quantum numbers
being necessarily the same, two electrons in the same orbital must at least have different values of ms.

8.40 ms = +1/2 or 1/2

8.41 The distribution of electrons among the orbitals of an atom.

8.42 The orbitals within a given shell are arranged in the following order of increasing energy: s < p < d < f.

8.43 The energies of the subshells are quantized.

8.44 The orbitals of a given subshell have the same energy.

8.45 Li 1s22s1 N 1s22s22p3

2 2
Be 1s 2s O 1s22s22p4
2 2 1
B 1s 2s 2p F 1s22s22p5
2 2 2
C 1s 2s 2p Ne 1s22s22p6
1 5 5 1
8.46 (a) Cr [Ar]4s 3d or [Ar]3d 4s
(b) Cu [Ar]4s13d10 or [Ar]3d104s1

8.47 [Kr]5s14d10

8.48 Elements in a given group generally have the same electron configuration except that the value for n is
different, and corresponds to the row in which the element is found.
O: [He]2s22p4
S: [Ne]3s23p4
Se: [Ar]4s23d104p4
Te: [Kr]5s24d105p4
Po: [Xe]6s24f145d106p4

8.49 The valence shell is the occupied shell having the largest value of n. The valence electrons are those
electrons in the valence shell.

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8.50 As explained by the Heisenberg Uncertainly Principle, the position and momentum of an electron cannot be
known with 100% certainty, therefore it is impossible to know where an electron is, but we can determine
the probability of finding an electron in a given space. An electron is visualized as being within a cloud
around the nucleus. This electron cloud defines a volume in space where the probability of finding an
electron is high.

8.51 (a) See Figures 8.22a and 8.23 (b) See Figures 8.24a, 8.25 and 8.26.

8.52 As n becomes larger, the orbital becomes larger.

8.53 The three p orbitals of a given p subshell are oriented at right angles (90) to one another.

8.54 A nodal plane is a plane in which there is zero probability of finding an electron.

8.55 A radial node is a spherical shaped node on which the electron density is zero.

8.56 A p orbital has 1 nodal plane; a d orbital has 2 nodal planes.

8.57 See Figure 8.27.

8.58 The effective nuclear charge is the net nuclear charge that an electron actually experiences. It is different
from the formal nuclear charge because of the varying imperfect ways in which one electron is shielded
from the nuclear charge by the other electrons that are present. The effective nuclear charge remains nearly
constant from top to bottom in any one group of the periodic table, and it increases from left to right in any
one row of the periodic table.

8.59 The larger atoms are found in the lower left corner of the periodic table; the smaller atoms are found in the
upper right corner of the periodic table.

8.60 The size changes within a transition series are more gradual because, whereas the "outer" electrons are in
an s subshell, the electrons that are added from one element to another enter an inner (n 1)d subshell.

8.61 Ionization energy is the energy that is needed in order to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion.
These are positive values because the force of attraction between an electron and the nucleus of either an
atom or a positive ion (cation) must be overcome in order to remove the electron.

8.62 (a) O(g)
O+(g) + e

(b) O2+(g)
O3+(g) + e

8.63 Ionization energy increases from left to right in a row of the periodic table because the effective nuclear
charge increases from left to right. The latter trend occurs because of the consequences of the increasingly
imperfect shielding of electrons by other electrons within the same level. The ionization energy decreases
down a periodic table group because the electrons reside farther from the nucleus with each successive
quantum level that is occupied. The farther the electrons are from the nucleus, the less tightly they are held
by the nucleus.

8.64 Removing a second electron involves pulling it away from a greater positive charge because of the positive
charge created by the removal of the first electron. Hence, more energy must be spent to ionize the second
electron than the first.

8.65 The fifth electron must be removed from a different, lower n shell. Also, an electron must be removed
from an ion having a 4+ rather than only a 3+ charge.

8.66 The last valence electron of aluminum begins the occupation of the 3p set of orbitals. This electron is
therefore well shielded from the nuclear charge by the 3s electrons.

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8.67 The last valence electron of sulfur is placed in an orbital with another electron, and the two electrons are
required to be spin-paired by the Pauli exclusion principle. This destabilizes the last electron, making it
easier to ionize than is the case for the last electron of phosphorus.

8.68 Electron affinity is the enthalpy change associated with the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom:
X(g) + e
X(g)

8.69 S(g) + e
S(g), first electron affinity

S(g) + e
S2(g), second electron affinity
The first electron affinity is exothermic, while the second electron affinity should be endothermic because
work must be done to force the electron into the negative S ion.

8.70 The value for fluorine is low because of the especially small size of the atom, which causes addition of an
electron to be relatively unfavorable. The comparison between chlorine and bromine follows the normal
trend on descent of a group, the electron affinity decreasing with ionization energy.

8.71 The second electron affinity is always unfavorable (endothermic) because it requires that a second electron
be forced onto an ion that is already negative.

8.72 The electron affinity becomes more negative (exothermic) as effective nuclear charge increases. Fluorine
therefore has the more exothermic electron affinity because it has the larger effective nuclear charge.

Review Problems

The number used for the speed of light, c, depends on the number of significant figures. For one to three significant
figures, the value for c is 3.00 108 m/s, for four significant figures, the value for c is 2.998 108 m/s.

c 3.00 108 m/s

8.73 = = = 5.33 1014 s1 = 5.33 1014 Hz
563 10 9 m

c 3.00 108 m/s

8.74 = = = 1.01 1015 s1 = 1.01 1015 Hz
295 10 9 m

c 3.00 108 m/s

8.75 = = = 4.38 1013 s1 = 4.38 1013 Hz
6
6.85 10 m

c 3.00 108 m/s

8.76 = = = 6.25 1014 s1 = 6.25 1014 Hz
0.48 10 6 m

8.77 295 nm = 295 109 m

c 3.00 108 m/s
= = = 1.02 1015 s1 = 1.02 1015 Hz
295 10 9 m

c 2.99792458 108 m/s

8.78 = = = 4.73670145 1014 s1 = 4.73670145 1014 Hz
9
632.99139822 10 m
The speed of light is only given to 9 significant figures in the text.

8.79 101.1 MHz = 101.1 106 Hz = 101.1 106 s1

c 2.998 108 m/s
= = = 2.965 m
101.1 106 s 1

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 Chapter 8

8.80 5.09 1014 Hz = 5.09 1014 s1

c 3.00 108 m/s 1 nm
=

=
14
5.09 10 s 1 (
= 5.89 10 7 m )
1 10 9 m
= 589 nm

c 3.00 108 m/s

8.81 = = = 5.0 106 m = 5.0 103 km
1
60 s

8.82 1.50 1018 Hz = 1.50 1018 s1

c 3.00 108 m/s
= = = 2.00 1010 m = 2.00 101 nm = 2.00 102 pm
18 -1
1.50 10 s

8.83 E = h = 6.63 1034 J s (4.0 1014 s1) = 2.7 1019 J

J 2.7 1019 J 6.02 1023 photons
= = 1.6 105 J mol1
mol 1 photon 1 mol

8.84 E = h = hc/, and 436 nm = 436 109 m

E=
hc
=
( )(
6.63 1034 J s 3.00 108 m
s ) = 4.56 1019 J

(
436 109 m )
8.85 (a) violet (see Figure 8.7)

(b) = c/ = 2.998 108 m s1 / 410.3 109 m = 7.307 1014 s1

(c) E = h = (6.626 1034 J s) (7.307 1014 s1) = 4.842 1019 J

8.86 (a) yellow (See Figure 8.7)

c 3.00 10 8 m
(b) = = s = 5.09 1014 s 1
589 10 9 m
(c) E = h = (6.63 1034 Js) (5.09 1014 s1) = 3.37 1019 J

1 1 1
= 109,678 cm 1 1 3 1
8.87
2

2 = 109,678 cm ( 0.1111 0.02778 ) = 9.140 10 cm
3 6
= 1.094 104 cm = 1094 nm
We would not expect to see the light since it is not in the visible region.

1 1 1
= 109,678 cm 1 1 4 1
8.88
2
= 109,678 cm ( 0.250 0.0400 ) = 2.303 10 cm
2 52
= 434.2 nm, this will be purple and will just be visible

1 1 1
8.89 = 109,678 cm 1 = 5.758 103 cm1
2 2
4 10
= 1.737 106 m, this is in the infrared region

1 1 1
= 109,678 cm 1 1 1
8.90
2 = 109,678 cm (1 0.0625 ) = 102,823 cm
1 42
= 9.73 106 cm = 97.3 nm, which is in the ultraviolet region.

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 Chapter 8

E=
hc
=
( )(
6.626 x 10 34 J s 3.00 x 108 m s 1 )
= 2.04 x 10 18 J
97.3 x 10 9 m

8.91 (a) s (b) d

8.92 (a) 4 (b) 2

8.93 (a) n = 4,
= 1 (b) n = 6,
= 0

8.94 (a) n=4,
=1 (b) n = 6,
= 3

8.95 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

8.96 n=8

8.97 (a) m
= 2, 1, 0, 1 or 2 (b) m
= 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4

8.98 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

8.99 When m
= 4 the minimum value of
is 4 and the minimum value of n is 5.

8.100 If l = 5 we should have 2l + 1 orbitals which gives eleven orbitals. There are eleven values for m
: 5, 4,
3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
8.101 n
m
ms
3 1 1 +1/2
3 1 1 1/2
3 1 0 +1/2
3 1 0 1/2
3 1 +1 +1/2
3 1 +1 1/2

8.102 n
m
ms
3 2 2 +1/2
3 2 2 1/2
3 2 1 +1/2
3 2 1 1/2
3 2 0 +1/2
3 2 0 1/2
3 2 1 +1/2
3 2 1 1/2
3 2 2 +1/2
3 2 2 1/2

8.103 15 electrons have
= 1, 10 electrons have
= 2

8.104 12 electrons have
= 0, 12 electrons have m
= 1

8.105 (a) P 1s22s22p63s23p3

(b) Ca 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
(c) V 1s22s22p63s23p63d 34s2
(d) Sb 1s22s22p63s23p63d 104s24p64d 105s25p3

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8.106 (a) As 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d 104p3

(b) Cl 1s22s22p63s23p5
(c) Ni 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d8
(d) Si 1s22s22p63s23p2

8.107 (a) Ga : [Ar]3d104s24p1, one unpaired electron, paramagnetic

(b) Ba : [Xe]6s2, zero unpaired electron, not paramagnetic
(c) Cr : [Ar]4s13d5, six unpaired electrons, paramagnetic
(d) Si : [Ne]3s23p2, two unpaired electrons, paramagnetic
(e) Ne : [He]2s22p6, zero unpaired electrons, not paramagnetic

8.108 (a) Ba is [Xe]6s2, zero unpaired electrons: diamagnetic

(b) Se is [Ar]4s23d104p4, two unpaired electrons: paramagnetic
(c) Zn is [Ar]4s23d10, zero unpaired electrons: diamagnetic
(d) Si is [Ne]3s23p2, two unpaired electrons: paramagnetic

8.109 (a) Cu : [Ar]4s13d10, one unpaired electron

(b) Se : [Ar]3d104s24p4, two unpaired electrons
(c) Ca : [Ar]4s2, zero unpaired electron

8.110 (a) Cs is [Xe]6s1, 1 unpaired electron

(b) S is [Ne]3s23p4, 2 unpaired electrons
(c) Ni is [Ar]4s23d8, 2 unpaired electrons

8.111 (a) Fe [Ar]4s23d6

(b) Rb [Kr]5s1
(c) Sn [Kr] 4d105s25p2
(d) Cl [Ne] 3s23p5
(e) Sb [Kr] 4d105s25p3

8.112 (a) Al [Ne]3s23p1

(b) Se [Ar]4s23d104p4 or [Ar]3d104s24p4
(c) Ba [Xe]6s2
(d) Sb [Kr]5s24d105p3 or [Kr]4d105s25p3
(e) Gd [Xe]6s24f75d1 or [Xe]4f75d16s2

8.113 (a) Na

1s 2s 2p 3s
(b) Sc

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

8.114 a) As:

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
(b) Ni:

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8.115 (a) Cr
[Ar]
4s 3d 4p
(b) I
[Kr]
5s 4d 5p
(c) In
[Kr]
5s 4d 5p
(d) Cs
[Xe]
6s
8.116 (a) Al
[Ne]
3s 3p
(b) Se
[Ar]
4s 3d 4p
(c) Ba

(d) Sb
[Kr]
5s 4d 5p

8.117 The value corresponds to the row in which the element resides:
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 3

8.118 The value corresponds to the row in which the element resides:
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 5

8.119 (a) K 4s1 (b) Si 3s23p2 (c) Sr 5s2 (d) Te 5s25p4

8.120 (a) Mg 3s2 (b) Br 4s24p5 (c) Ga 4s24p1 (d) Pb 6s26p2

8.121 (a) K

4s
(b) Si

3s 3p
(c) Sr

5s
(d) Te

5s 5p

8.122 (a) Mg

3s 3p

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 Chapter 8

(b) Br

4s 4p
(c) Ga

4s 4p
(d) Pb

6s 6p

8.123 (a) There are 10 core electrons in Mg so the valence electron would see 12 10 or +2 as the effective
nuclear charge.
(b) There are 10 core electrons in P so the valence electrons would see 15 10 or +5 as the effective
nuclear charge.
(c) There are 2 core electrons in O so the valence electrons would see 8 2 or +6 as the effective
nuclear charge.
8.124 (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 7

8.125 (a) Na (b) Pt

8.126 (a) Al (b) Tl

8.127 Te

8.128 Since these atoms and ions all have the same number of electrons, the size should be inversely related to
the positive charge:
Mg2+ < Na+ < Ne < F < O2 < N3

8.129 Cations are generally smaller than the corresponding atom, and anions are generally larger than the
corresponding atom:
(a) Ca (b) S2 (c) Fe2+

8.130 Cations are generally smaller than the corresponding atom, and anions are generally larger than the
corresponding atom:
(a) S2 (b) Al (c) Au+

8.131 (a) Si (b) Ca (c) Se

8.132 (a) Li (b) F (c) F

8.133 (a) Br (b) As

8.134 (a) S (b) N

8.135 The element with the largest difference between the second and third ionization potential would be the
element with two valence electrons. The third ionization would remove an electron from the core, which is
much higher in energy than removing electrons from valence levels. Mg has the valence structure:

8.136 Si

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Additional Exercises

8.137 (speed = wavelength frequency) v =

v
=

330 m s
(a) longest wavelength = = 16. m
20 s 1
330 m s
shortest wavelength = = 0.016 m
20,000 s 1
1500 m s
(b) longest wavelength = = 75 m
20 s 1
1500 m s
shortest wavelength = = 0.075 m
20,000 s 1

8.138 We proceed by calculating the energy of a single photon:

E=
hc
=
( )(
6.626 10 34 J s 3.00 108 m s ) = 6.63 10 23
J

(
3.00 10 3 m )
It requires 4.184 J to increase the temperature of 1.00 g of water by 1 Celsius degree. So,
photons = 4.184 J 6.63 1023 J/photon = 6.32 1022 photons

1 1 1 1 1 nm 1 m
8.139 = 109,678 cm 1 =
n 2 n 2 410.3 nm 1 10 9 m 100 cm
2 1
1 1 1 1
5 = 109,678 cm
2

4.103 10 cm 2 x2
2.437 104 cm 1 1 1
= = 0.222
1
109678 cm 4 x2
1 1
= 0.222
2 4
x
x = 6

8.140 This corresponds to the special case in the Rydberg equation for which n1 = 1 and n2 = .

1 1 1
= 109,678 cm 1 = 109,678 cm 1 (1 0 ) = 109,678 cm
1
2 2
1
= 9.12 106 cm = 91.2 nm.

8.141 A transition from high energy to low energy may result in light emission. The transition from 5p
4d and
4d
2s are the only possibilities.

8.142 (a) Start by calculating

1 1 1
= 109,678 cm 1 = 109,678 cm 1 (1.000 0.04000 ) = 1.053 10 cm
5 1
2 2
1 5

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= 9.498 106 cm = 94.98 nm, which is in the ultraviolet region of the visible spectrum.
1 1 1
= 109,678 cm 1 1 4 1
(b)
2
= 109,678 cm ( 0.2500 0.0625 ) = 2.056 10 cm
2 42
= 4.863 105 cm = 486.3 nm, which is in the visible region of the spectrum.
1 1 1
= 109,678 cm 1 = 109,678 cm 1 ( 0.0625 0.0278 ) = 3.808 10 cm
3 1
(c)
2 2
4 6
= 2.626 104 cm = 2626 nm, which is in the infrared region of the spectrum.

8.143 (a) A d shell does not exist for n = 2.

(b) Using the shorthand notation of [Ar], we imply that 3s shell is already filled.
(c) There is nothing wrong.
(d) [Na] is not a core group of electrons.

8.144 (a) This diagram violates the aufbau principle. Specifically, the s-orbital should be filled before
filling the higher energy p-orbitals.
(b) This diagram violates the aufbau principle. Specifically, the lower energy s-orbital should be
filled completely before filling the p-orbitals.
(c) This diagram violates the aufbau principle. Specifically, the lower energy s-orbital should be
filled completely before filling the p-orbitals.
(d) This diagram violates the Pauli Exclusion Principle since 2 electrons have the same set of quantum
numbers. This electron distribution is impossible.

8.145 13

8.146 The 4s electron is lost; n = 4,
= 0, m
= 0, ms = +1/2

8.147 (a) This corresponds to the special case in the Rydberg equation for which n1 = 1 and n2 = .
For a single atom, we have:
1 1 1
= 109,678 cm 1 = 109,678 cm 1 (1 0 ) = 109,678 cm 1
2 2
1

= 9.12 106 cm = 91.2 nm.

Converting to energy, we have:

E = hc/

E=
hc
=
( )(
6.626 10 34 J s 3.00 108 m s ) = 2.18 1018 J

(
91.2 10 9 m )
(b) Conversion to kJ/mol gives us:

2.18 1018 J 1 kJ 6.02 1023 photons

kJ/mol = = 1.31 103 kJ/mol
photon 1000 J mole

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 Chapter 8

8.148
CI -
3s 3p

+ 1e-

CI
3s 3p

Thus the chloride ion, Cl, has the electron configuration of [Ar].

Since the chloride ion has a closed shell electron configuration, the addition of a second electron is
extremely difficult.

8.149 We simply reverse the electron affinities of the corresponding ions.

(a) F(g)
F(g) + e, H = 328 kJ/mol
(b) O(g)
O(g) + e, H = 141 kJ/mol
(c) O2(g)
O(g) + e, H = 844 kJ/mol

The last of these is exothermic, meaning that loss of an electron from the oxide ion is favorable from the
standpoint of enthalpy.
8.150 In problem 8.149 parts b and c we can determine that
O(g) + 2e
O2(g) H = +703 kJ
From table 8.2 we can see that O(g)
O+(g) + e H = +1314 kJ/mol.
It takes more energy to ionize oxygen than to create O2(g)

Multi-Concept Problems

1
8.151 E= mv2
2
2E
v = first determine E for a single particle
m
1 mole
E = (2080 103 J/mol) 18
= 3.454 10 J/particle
6.022 1023 particles

2(3.454 10 18 J)
v= = 2.754 106 m/sec
9.109 1031 kg

8.152 (a) We must first calculate the energy in joules of a mole of photons.

E=
hc
=
( )(
6.63 10 34 J s 3.00 108 m/s )
= 3.32 1019 J/photon
9
600 10 m
(3.32 1019 J/photon)(6.02 1023 photons/mol) = 2.00 105 J/mol

Next, we calculate the heat transfer problem as in Chapter 7:

Heat = (specific heat)(mass)(change in temperature)
2.00 105 J = 4.18 J g1 C1 X g 5.0 C
X = 9.57 103 g

167
 Chapter 8

(b) E = 6.63 1019 J/photon

E = 3.99 105 J/mol
X = 1.91 104 g

8.153 To solve this problem use E = hc/, where is our unknown quantity.

hc ( )(
6.63 10 34 J s 3.00 108 m s )
= = ( 6.02 10 23 photons
) = 3.65 10 7
m = 365 nm
E
(
328 103 J mol ) mol

8.154 From Table 8.2 we find that the first ionization energy for sodium is 496 kJ mol-1. We need to determine of
a wavelength of 23.7 nm would have enough energy to remove the 3s1 electron. If this wavelength
corresponds to an energy greater than 496 kJ mol-1, then the excess energy would be observed as the
electrons kinetic energy.

E = h = hc/

E = [6.63 x 10-34 J s x 3.00 x 108 m s-1/23.7 x 10-9 m] x 6.02 x 1023 atoms mol-1 = 5.05 x 106 J
or 5050 kJ

The maximum kinetic energy of the ionized electron would be the difference between the energy of the
photon and the ionization energy.

KE = 5050 kJ 496 kJ = 4554 kJ

8.155 The ionization energies of B are given in Table 8.2. All of the following values are in kJ mol-1.

1st IE = 800 2nd IE = 2426 3rd IE = 3659 4th IE = 25,020 5th IE = 32,820

To determine the kinetic energy of the ionized electron we need to first determine the energy of the
ionizing photon. The kinetic energy of each ejected electron will be the difference between this energy and
the energy required to ionize the electron.

Ephoton = [6.63 x 10-34 J s x 3.00 x 108 m s-1/23.7 x 10-9 m] x 6.02 x 1023 atoms mol-1 = 5.05 x 106 J
Or 5050 kJ

IE KE

1st 5050 800 kJ = 4250 kJ

2nd 5050 2426 kJ = 2624 kJ
3rd 5050 3659 kJ = 1391 kJ

The photons energy is not great enough to remove electrons beyond these. The 4th ionization
energy is 25,020 kJ or about 5 times the energy of the ionizing photon.

168