INTRODUCION

Electricity is the modern mans most convenient and useful form of energy without which the
present social infrastructure would not be feasible. The increase in per capita production is
the reflection of the increase in the living standard of people. When importance of electricity
is on the increasing side, then how much should theft of this energy or illegal consumption of
power from the transmission lines be averted? Power theft has become a great challenge to
the electricity board. The dailies report that Electricity Board suffers a total loss of 8 % in
revenue due to power theft every year, which has to controlled.
Electricity theft is a common problem. Due to electricity theft, not only there are losses to the
revenue of the government but over loading and damage to the transformers is an unwanted
consequence of the theft as well. This project is an attempt to resolve electricity theft
problem. The project detects the theft by detecting over loading at the transformer. Once
the over loading is detected, a relay circuit is employed to shut down the power supply from
the respective transformer. Definitely, power shut down on doing electricity theft will
discourage the mischievous elements.
MODES OF THEFT:
It has been seen that there are 4 common methods of power theft as given below :-

Bogus seals and tampering of seals.

Meter tampering, meter tilting, meter interface and meter

bypassing.

Changing connection.

Direct tapping from line.

Due to introduction of modern electronic metering equipments ,power thieves

are utilizing more technological methods. Recent cases of power theft discovered by British
inspectors included customers tunneling out to roadside mains cables and splicing into the
supply, a garage taking its night time power supply from the nearest lamp post and domestic
customers drilling holes into meter boxes and attempting to stop the counter wheels from
turning. Another method of Power theft is by keeping a strong magnet in front of the disc in
the energy meter and thus arresting the rotation of the disc, connecting the load directly to the
power line bypassing the energy meter. But, it can be avoided easily by providing a
nonmagnetic enclosure.
MODERN DETECTING TOOLS:

There are many modern tools that assist in power theft identification. Some of
them are :-

Tamper proof seals and labels.

Meter leaders.

Tamper resistant screws / locks.

Check meter and remote meter readers.

Tamper alarms and sensors.

This paper undertakes the Check meter and remote meter readers for power theft
identification. In our case, the consumption recurred by the check meter is compared with the
revenue meter consumption. If there is a difference, then it indicates either there is a theft or
revenue meter malfunction .The check meter can also be used to monitor the energy used on
the secondary of a distribution transformer serving several customer and compared to the sum
of all the meter usage. Besides spotting out the line where power theft is suspected to occur, it
also detects the amount of energy stolen. Compact size, lightweight for quick and high
accuracy make the system more effective.
MICROCONTROLLER BASED AUTOMATION:

Embedded systems - a combination of software, hardware and additional

mechanical parts that together forms a component of a larger system, to perform a specific
function. Its a technology, characterized by high reliability, restricted memory footprint and
real time operation associated with a narrowly defined group of functions. Automation has
made the art of living comfortable and easy. Embedded systems have made the process of
automation a most successful one. Here, we have focused on automotive, an area of
embedded controllers, in which we have dealt with the Power theft identification and also
about the remote monitoring of an energy meter.

Technology have taken the world by storm

performance ratings and exceptionally value for money prices

The microcontroller chip is preprogrammedd to perform a dedicated or a narrow range

of functions as a part of a larger system, usually with minimal end user or operator
intervention.
THEORY

TRANSFORMER

The Voltage Transformer can be thought of as an electrical component rather than an

electronic component. A transformer basically is very simple static (or stationary) electro-
magnetic passive electrical device that works on the principle of Faradays law of induction
by converting electrical energy from one value to another.

The transformer does this by linking together two or more electrical circuits using a common
oscillating magnetic circuit which is produced by the transformer itself. A transformer
operates on the principals of electromagnetic induction, in the form of Mutual Induction.

Mutual induction is the process by which a coil of wire magnetically induces a voltage into
another coil located in close proximity to it. Then we can say that transformers work in the
magnetic domain, and transformers get their name from the fact that they transform one
voltage or current level into another.
Transformers are capable of either increasing or decreasing the voltage and current levels of
their supply, without modifying its frequency, or the amount of electrical power being
transferred from one winding to another via the magnetic circuit.
A single phase voltage transformer basically consists of two electrical coils of wire, one
called the Primary Winding and another called the Secondary Winding. For this tutorial
we will define the primary side of the transformer as the side that usually takes power, and
the secondary as the side that usually delivers power. In a single-phase voltage transformer
the primary is usually the side with the higher voltage.
These two coils are not in electrical contact with each other but are instead wrapped together
around a common closed magnetic iron circuit called the core. This soft iron core is not
solid but made up of individual laminations connected together to help reduce the cores
losses.
The two coil windings are electrically isolated from each other but are magnetically linked
through the common core allowing electrical power to be transferred from one coil to the
other. When an electric current passed through the primary winding, a magnetic field is
developed which induces a voltage into the secondary winding as shown.

Single Phase Voltage Transformer

 In other words, for a transformer there is no direct electrical connection between the two coil
windings, thereby giving it the name also of an Isolation Transformer. Generally, the
primary winding of a transformer is connected to the input voltage supply and converts or
transforms the electrical power into a magnetic field. While the job of the secondary winding
is to convert this alternating magnetic field into electrical power producing the required
output voltage as shown.

Transformer Construction (single-phase)

Where:

VP - is the Primary Voltage

VS - is the Secondary Voltage

NP - is the Number of Primary Windings

NS - is the Number of Secondary Windings

(phi) - is the Flux Linkage

Notice that the two coil windings are not electrically connected but are only linked
magnetically. A single-phase transformer can operate to either increase or decrease the
voltage applied to the primary winding. When a transformer is used to increase the voltage
on its secondary winding with respect to the primary, it is called a Step-up transformer.
When it is used to decrease the voltage on the secondary winding with respect to the
primary it is called a Step-down transformer.

However, a third condition exists in which a transformer produces the same voltage on its
secondary as is applied to its primary winding. In other words, its output is identical with
respect to voltage, current and power transferred. This type of transformer is called an
Impedance Transformer and is mainly used for impedance matching or the isolation of
adjoining electrical circuits.
The difference in voltage between the primary and the secondary windings is achieved by
changing the number of coil turns in the primary winding ( NP ) compared to the number of
coil turns on the secondary winding ( NS ).

As the transformer is basically a linear device, a ratio now exists between the number of turns
of the primary coil divided by the number of turns of the secondary coil. This ratio, called the
ratio of transformation, more commonly known as a transformers turns ratio, ( TR ). This
turns ratio value dictates the operation of the transformer and the corresponding voltage
available on the secondary winding.

It is necessary to know the ratio of the number of turns of wire on the primary winding
compared to the secondary winding. The turns ratio, which has no units, compares the two
windings in order and is written with a colon, such as 3:1 (3-to-1). This means in this
example, that if there are 3 volts on the primary winding there will be 1 volt on the secondary
winding, 3 volts-to-1 volt. Then we can see that if the ratio between the number of turns
changes the resulting voltages must also change by the same ratio, and this is true.

Transformers are all about ratios. The ratio of the primary to the secondary, the ratio of the
input to the output, and the turns ratio of any given transformer will be the same as its voltage
ratio. In other words for a transformer: turns ratio = voltage ratio. The actual number of
turns of wire on any winding is generally not important, just the turns ratio and this
relationship is given as:

A Transformers Turns Ratio

Assuming an ideal transformer and the phase angles: P S

Note that the order of the numbers when expressing a transformers turns ratio value is very
important as the turns rati

turns ratio 3:1 expresses a very different transformer relationship and output voltage than one
in which the turns ratio is given as: 1:3.

N=230/12 ~19

CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT)

A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is used to measure AC Current. It

produces an alternating current (AC) in its secondary which is proportional to the AC current
in its primary. Current transformers, together with voltage transformers (VTs) or potential
transformers (PTs), which are designed for measurement, are known as an Instrument
transformer.
The main tasks of instrument transformers are:
 To transform currents or voltages from a usually high value to a value easy to handle for
relays and instruments.
To insulate the metering circuit from the primary high voltage system.
To provide possibilities of standardizing the instruments and relays to a few rated currents
and voltages.
When the current to be measured is too high to measure directly or the system voltage of the
circuit is too high, a current transformer can be used to provide an isolated lower current in its
secondary which is proportional to the current in the primary circuit. The induced secondary
current is then suitable for measuring instruments or processing in electronic equipment.
Current transformers have very little effect on the primary circuit.
Current transformers are the current sensing units of the power system. The output of the
current transformers are used in electronic equipment and are widely used for metering
and protective relays in the electrical power industry.

Function

Like any transformer, a current transformer has a primary winding, a core and a secondary
winding, although some transformers, including current transformers, use an air core. In
principle, the only difference between a current transformer and a voltage transformer
(normal type) is that the former is fed with a 'constant' current while the latter is fed with
a 'constant' voltage, where 'constant' has the strict circuit theory meaning.

The alternating current in the primary produces an alternating magnetic field in the core,
which then induces an alternating current in the secondary. The primary circuit is largely
unaffected by the insertion of the CT. Accurate current transformers need close coupling
between the primary and secondary to ensure that the secondary current is proportional to the
primary current over a wide current range. The current in the secondary is the current in the
primary (assuming a single turn primary) divided by the number of turns of the secondary. In
the illustration on the right, 'I' is the current in the primary, 'B' is the magnetic field, 'N' is the
number of turns on the secondary, and 'A' is an AC ammeter.

Current transformers typically consist of a silicon steel ring core wound with many turns of
copper wire as shown in the illustration to the right. The conductor carrying the primary
current is passed through the ring. The CT's primary therefore consists of a single 'turn'. The
primary 'winding' may be a permanent part of the current transformer, i.e. a heavy copper bar
to carry current through the core. Window-type current transformers (aka zero sequence
current transformers, or ZSCT) are also common, which can have circuit cables run through
the middle of an opening in the core to provide a single-turn primary winding. To assist
accuracy, the primary conductor should be centered in the aperture.

CTs are specified by their current ratio from primary to secondary. The rated secondary
current is normally standardized at 1 or 5 amperes. For example, a 4000:5 CT secondary
winding will supply an output current of 5 amperes when the primary winding current is 4000
amperes. This ratio can also be used to find the impedance or voltage on one side of the
transformer, given the appropriate value at the other side. For the 4000:5 CT, the secondary
impedance can be found as ZS = NZP = 800ZP, and the secondary voltage can be found as
VS = NVP = 800VP. In some cases, the secondary impedance is referred to the primary side,
and is found as ZS = N2ZP. Referring the impedance is done simply by multiplying initial
secondary impedance value by the current ratio. The secondary winding of a CT can have
taps to provide a range of ratios, five taps being common.

Shapes and sizes vary depending on the end user or switch gear manufacturer. Low-voltage
single ratio metering current transformers are either a ring type or plastic molded case.

Split-core current transformers either have a two-part core or a core with a removable section.
This allows the transformer to be placed around a conductor with minimum disturbance.
Split-core current transformers are typically used in low current measuring instruments, often
portable, battery-operated, and hand-held (see illustration lower right).

VOLTAGE REGULATOR
A voltage regulator is a voltage stabilizer that is designed to automatically stabilize a constant
voltage level. A voltage regulator circuit is also used to change or stabilize the voltage level
according to the necessity of the circuit. Thus, a voltage regulator is used for two reasons :-

1. To regulate or vary the output voltage of the circuit.

2. To keep the output voltage constant at the desired value in-spite of variations in the
supply voltage or in the load current.
To know more on the basics of this subject, you may also refer Regulated Power Supply.
Voltage regulators find their applications in computers, alternators, power generator plants
where the circuit is used to control the output of the plant. Voltage regulators may be
classified as electromechanical or electronic. It can also be classified as AC regulators or DC
regulators.
Electronic Voltage Regulator

All electronic voltage regulators will have a stable voltage reference source which is provided
by the reverse breakdown voltage operating diode called zener diode. The main reason to use
a voltage regulator is to maintain a constant dc output voltage. It also blocks the ac ripple
voltage that cannot be blocked by the filter. A good voltage regulator may also include
additional circuits for protection like short circuits, current limiting circuit, thermal shutdown,
and over voltage protection.

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated

optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do
not emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color
or monochrome. LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose
computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed or
hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment displays, as in a digital clock. They use
the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of
small pixels, while other displays have larger elements.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer

monitors, televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor
signage. Small LCD screens are common in portable consumer devices such as digital
cameras, watches, calculators, and mobile telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens
are also used on consumer electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices
and clocks. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in
nearly all applications. LCD screens are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT
and plasma displays, with LCD screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to
huge, big-screen television sets.

Since LCD screens do not use phosphors, they do not suffer image burn-in when a static
image is displayed on a screen for a long time (e.g., the table frame for an aircraft schedule
on an indoor sign). LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.[2] The LCD screen
is more energy-efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a CRT can. Its low electrical
power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment more
efficiently than CRTs can be. By 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens
exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide, and the CRT became obsolete for most purposes.

MICROCONTROLLER