McGraw-Hill ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING SERIES Fuepentck Emmons Terman, Consulting Editor ANTENNASMcGRAW-HILL ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING SERIES Freperick Emuons Terman, Consulting Editor W. W. Harman anv J. G. Truxav. Associate Consulting Editors AuREND? anp Savanr - Servomechanism Practice ANGELO - Electronic Circuits ASELTINE - Transform Method in Linear System Analysis AxwaTer - Introduction to Microwave Theory Bamey Np Gavtr - Alternating-current Machinery BERANEX + Acousties Bracewett - The Fourier Transform and Its Applications BRaceWELL - ‘Transform Methods in Linear Systems Breyer an Javip - Analysis of Electric Circuits Brown - Analysis of Linear Time-invariant Systems Bruns 4ND SAUNDERS - Analysis of Feedback Control Systems Cage - Theory and Application of Industrial Electronies Cavzn - Synthesis of Linear Communication Networks Cus - The Analysis of Linear Systems Cun - Linear Network Design and Synthesis Cumuan - Analysis and Design of Electronic Cireuits CHIRLIAN AND ZeMANTAN - Electronics Cresent AND JouNsoN - Blectrical Engineering Science Core an Oaxzs + Linear Vacuum-tube and Transistor Circuits Cucers + Harmonies, Sidebands, and Transients in Communication Engineering Cunsinenant « Introduction to Nonlinear Analysis D’Azzo anv Hovpis - Feedback Control System Analysis and Synthesis EsstMan + Fundamentals of Vacuum Tubes E) enn - Control Systems Theory Fernstety - Foundations of Information Theory Frrzceratp anb Hicctsnornant + Basic Electrical Engineering Frrzceratp anp Krnastey - Electric Machinery Frank - Electrical Measurement Analysis Fureptanp, WiNG, anp ASH - Principles of Linear Networka Guaust + Principles and Design of Linear Active Circuits Gnose - Microwave Circuit Theory and Analysis Gruiwer - Semiconductor Devices and Applications Hannon - Electrical Engineering Hancock - An Introduction to the Principles of Communication Theory Harpe an Hesseperta - Engineering Electronics Harman + Fundamentals of Electronic Motion Haran - Principles of the Statistical Theory of Communication Harman anp Lyte - Electrical and Mechanical Networks TlanriNeTon + Introduction to Electromagnetic Engineering Harnivorox - Time-harmonic Electromagnetic Fields Hayassu - Nonlinear Oscillations in Physical Systems Hare - Engineering Elcetromagneties Hayr anp Kewaerty - Engineering Circuit Analysis Huu - Electronics in Engineering Javip aN BRENNER - Analysis, Transmission, and Filtering of Signal Javp anv Brown - Field Analysis and Electromagneties JoHNSON - Transmission Lines and Networks Kornia ap Bracket - Electromechanical System Theory Kounic, Toxap, AND Kesavan - Analysis of Discrete Physical Systeme Rravs - Antennas Knaus - Blectromagneties ‘Kun axp Peperson « Principles of Circuit Synthesis Kvo + Linear Networks and Systems Le pier - Digital Computer and Control Engineering LePace - Analysis of Alternating-current Circuits‘LuPacs - Complex Variables and the Laplace Transform for Engineering LePace anp Sezzy - General Network Analysis Levi anp Panzer - Electromechanical Power Conversion Ley, Lorz, anp Renpere - Linear Circuit Analysis Linvitt axp Girnons - Transistors and Active Circuits Lirraver - Pulse Electronics Lyon AND TrUxaL - Introductory System Analysis Lywen anp Truxat « Principles of Electronic Instrumentation Lynen anp Truxat - Signals and Systems in Electrical Engineering: Mannina - Electrical Circuits McCuusxey - Introduction to the Theory of Switching Cireuits Meisex - Principles of Electromechanical-energy Conversion Mutiwan + Vacuum-tube and Semiconductor Electronics Muuiman anv Sezty - Electronics Muuan anv Tavs - Pulse and Digital Circuits Minuman anp Tavs - Pulse, Digital, and Switching Waveforms Misnxix aND Braun - Adaptive Control Systems Moone - Traveling-wave Engineering Nawavari - An Introduction to Semiconductor Electronics Psrmir - Electronic Switching, Timing, and Pulse Circuits Prewren - Concepts of Probability Theory Pretrrex - Linear Systems Analysis Reza - An Introduction to Information Theory Reza anv Seety - Modern Network Analysis Rogers - Introduction to Electric Fields Ruston anp Borpoana - Electric Networks: Functions, Filters, Anaiysia Ryver - Engineering Electronics Scuwaxrz : Information Transmission, Modulation, and Noise Scnwanz anp Fuiepuanp - Linear Systems Sexy - Electromechanical Energy Conversion Seety - Electron-tube Circuits Swexy - Electronic Engineering Sxxvy - Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields Seecy - Radio Electronics Szirenr AND SreEc - Control Systems Engineering Siskin - Direct-current Machinery Sxituine - Electric Transmission Lines SxinuinG - Transient Electric Currents SranGeNnBERG - Fundamentals of Electron Devices SPANGENBERG - Vacuum Tubes Stevenson - Elements of Power System Analysis Stewart - Fundamentals of Signal Theory Storer - Passive Network Synthesis Srnavss - Wave Generation and Shaping Su - Active Network Synthesis ‘TexMan - Electronic and Radio Enginecring ‘TerMan anp Pertst - Electronic Measurements ‘Tuaten - Elements of Servomechanism Theory ‘Tater anv Brown - Analysis and Design ot Feedback Contro! Systems ‘Tuaver aNp Paster - Analysis and Design of Nonlinear Feedback Control Systems ‘Tuomrson - Alternating-current and Transient Circuit Analysis ‘Tou - Digital and Sampled-data Control Systems ‘Tou » dsedern Control Theory ‘Ynuxar. » Automatic Foedback Control System Synthesis ‘Turtue - Electric Networks: Analysis and Synthesis Vatpxs - The Physical Theory ot ‘Transistors Van Biape - Electromagnetic Fields Weinsexa - Network Analysis and Synthesis Wittiams anp Youn - Electrical Enginecring ProblemsANTENNAS By JOHN D. KRAUS, Px.D. Proresson oF Etecraicat, ENGINEERING ‘Tue Onto Srate University NEW YORK TORONTO LONDON McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY 1950ANTENNAS, Copyright, 1950, by the McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers, 26 27 28 29 30 FGBP 79 ISBN 07-035410-3PREFACE It is the purpose of this book to present the basic theory of antennas with emphasis on their engineering applications. An effort has been made to give a unified treatment of antennas from the electromagnetic theory point of view while keeping in mind the aspects of engineering importance. The principles given are basic and are applied to antennas for all fre- quencies, The first four chapters deal with the fundamental theory of point sources and of the antenna as an aperture. These are followed by three chapters on linear, loop, and helical antennas in that order. The theories of the biconical antenna and of the cylindrical antenna are then discussed. The self and mutual impedance of antennas and the theory of arrays of linear antennas are taken up in the next chapters, and these are followed by chapters on reflector-type antennas, slot, horn, complementary, lens, long wire antennas, and many other types. ‘The final chapter describes methods and techniques of antenna measurements and includes a discussion of wave polarization. The Appendix has a number of useful tables for reference. Antennas form the dominant theme of the book, and other subjects are placed in a subordinate position. For example, transmission lines are not considered per se but are discussed in connection with impedance measure- ments and matching arrangements for antennas. ‘The book is an outgrowth of lectures given in recent years by the author in a course on antennas at The Ohio State University. The material is suitable for use at about senior or first-year graduate level and is more than sufficient in amount for a one-semester course, allowing considerable lati- tude as to the subjects treated. Problem sets are given at the end of each chapter. As preparation for the course on antennas, it is desirable that the student have a knowledge of elementary electromagnetic theory, trans- mission lines and wave guides, and vector analysis. “Antennas” has been written to serve not only as a textbook but also, it is hoped, asa reference bock for the practicing engineer and scientist. Asan aid to those seeking additional information on a particular subject, the book is well documented with footnote references. Some of the material in the book is published here for the first time. This refers particularly to portions of the treatments on point sources and on helical antennas. v