Running head: DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 1

Designing Future Wireless Charging with Nikola Teslas Ideas

Evan Zhou

RDF International School

Author Note

Evan Zhou, Honors Thesis Class, RDF International School.

Evan Zhou is now a Tenth Grader in Honors thesis Class, RDF International School.

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Evan Zhou, Honors

Thesis Class, RDF International School, Dapeng Shengzhen, Guangdong 518120.

Contact: evanzhou@qq.com

Introduction
Electronic mobile device, a legendary innovation in this era of information where every

modern man cant live without, have deeply bonded with every aspect of our lives. A great

number of institution, companies and organization are creating tons of applications on

cellphone to release the workload. International meeting, ordering items online, and even Call

the taxies. Basically, everything can be solved by programming on cell phone. However,

while people are sharing the benefit of this hard-earned era, there is actually one problem of

cell phone that can no longer be tolerant, and even the most powerful programmer cannot

solve this problem once for all. This problem has confused people even before the existence
DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 2

of any mobile devices. This problem is battery life. Since people starting use smart phone,

they have to charge them in a comparatively short period of time, the low battery alarm is

always frustrating when there is no charging cord or socket nearby. Yes, there are scientists

that are cudgel their brains for a longer battery life, but the process is slow and still, if any

mobile electronic device is running out of battery (and they have to as long as they are using

batteries), they have to be plugged on the wall and limited by the length of charging cord,

which in a sense, lowering the user experience. Are there other ways to extend the length of

charging cord? Or are there any ways to prevent a fighting for a little socket? The answer is

yes. The best way to get rid of the problem of charging cord is not using the charging cord.

As the technology developing a product called charging mat has been putting forward. It is

basically a mat that allowing cellphone to be charged by simply placed on it. As many of the

individuals is aware, this is a technology that have the potential to become dominant in the

future, and this is: wireless charging.

There are already a number of wireless charging device online and they are using similar

technology. But the origin of the idea of wireless charging can trace back to 100 years ago.

There was an engineer called Nikola Tesla. Many of his great innovations symbolized his

plan for future wireless energy transmission. He had a design that allowing electricity to

transmit through ionosphere by artificial lightning to everywhere on earth, so people could

share free energy. Never the less, he could not escape the fate, leaving his story that has been

told till now. Such a great inventor should have inspired the current wireless charging

technology, but the principle of current wireless charging seems have nothing to do with his

proposal. Is there any problem to use his technology? Or the combination of them will shack

the world? This paper will mainly discuss how to use Nikola Teslas idea to allowing current

wireless charging technology capable of transmitting electricity to everywhere on earth. The

paper will be analyzing the current wireless charging technology, understanding Nikola
DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 3

Teslas idea of wireless charging and selecting the best blue print of future renewable energy

source and supplies. The result of the analysis will be used to synthesizing a feasible plan that

modeling the future wireless energy supply.

Literature Review
Introduction to Supporting Question

Wireless charging is a type of charging technique without using charging cord. Current

wireless charging starts its development since 1985. Now, the commercialization of this

technology has brought it to the public. Wireless charging technology has several advantages

including small size, continuous electricity supply, critical environment capability and more.

Charging mat is one example of wireless charging in the market, it is the representation of

inductive wireless charging, there are two more types of current wireless charging

technology. They are called: Resonant inductive charging and radio wave (infrared) wireless

charging. This section will mainly focus on current wireless charging and peoples opinion

towards them.

Wireless inductive charging. Wireless inductive charging might not be a familiar word,

but charging mat is an example of it. Charging mat allows cell phone to charge by simply

place on it. The whole charging system only consists of two coils installed in side charging

mat and cell phone respectively. The Secondary coil (on cellphone) converts the

electromagnetic field generated by primary coil (in charging mat) into electricity by whats

called Electromagnetic Induction (see glossary) to charge cell phone. There will be no

charging cord needed since the magnetic field is doing the job for it. (See Appendices A for

complete illustrations).

People are looking positively towards the development of this technology. The scientific

reporter Christopher Null (2015) depicted a future of wireless charging by stating Someday,

full surfaces may be energized with charging technology not just tables but floors and walls

as well. (Null, 2015). This idea demonstrated the advantage of wireless charging. With that
DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 4

being said, it is not practical to apply current wireless inductive charging to the street due to

several critical defects. First of all, the charging mat and cell phone need to be closed together

to charge, Inverse Square law (see glossary) limited this physical charging distance within

few centimeters (See Appendices A for complete explanation). The excess heat is also

causing energy lost during charging, which makes it incapable for massive deployment.

MIT researchers realized that a non-radiating wireless charging technique was needed

to free power transfer from the inverse square law that governed inductive techniques.

(Digkey, 2016). As this Quote states, there might be another possible solution instead of

wireless inductive charging.

Resonant inductive charging. This is another type of wireless charging. The charger

and the cell phone will stay at same vibrate frequency to trigger resonance and thus transmit

energy. An advantage of resonant inductive charging is that the distance of resonant energy

transmission can reach 10~30 meters far without the consideration of the size of the coil.

However, as the technology in experimental stage, Resonant inductive charging is still not

perfect enough. Resonant wireless charging will be a good choice once chips supporting the

technology become more widely available. However, the designer must be prepared to trade

efficiency for convenience, such as being able to charge several devices simultaneously,

without the need for accurate alignment. (Digkey, 2016). So far, the problem of energy loss

and efficiency is still pulling this technology down.

Radio wave (infrared) wireless charging. It is the most promising technology for the

future. The conventional wireless charging is using magnetic field to transmit electricity

whereas this kind uses infrared laser (See glossary) to transmit electricity. David Roberts

(2016) states that Lasers have a lot of advantages, besides being awesome. They can carry

almost any amount of power, from milliwatts to several hundred kilowatts, over very long

distances, measured in miles. (Roberts, 2016). With proper development, Radio wave
DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 5

wireless charging will charge electronics remotely and effectively using the principle similar

to Crystal Radio (see Glossary and Appendix B for complete interpretation and illustration).

There are a number of trials on developing radio wave wireless charging. Microsoft

researchers is working on automatic positioning of light on cellphone (Emil. P, 2015).

Another technology called Freevolt is also working on collecting energy from ambient

radio wave. But it is not enough to just use ambient radio signal to charge cellphone, as

Victoria Wollaston states But it is difficult, because there is only a small amount of energy to

harvest and achieving the right level of rectifying efficiency has been the issue - up until

now. (Victoria. W, 2015). Be that as it may, Humavox Company had focused on powering

small device by using this technology. (See Appendices C for more information) RF wireless

charging technology differs from others in that it will be more natural for users to simply

drop an object, such as a hearing aid or a smartphone into a bowl rather than having to place

it on a pad in a precisely oriented manner. (Lucas. M, 2013). Last but not least, another

technology called Wi-Charge can charge electronic device in a long distance with

considerable amount of power stored in infrared laser. One of the big advantages of Wi-

Charge's technology is its ability to deliver almost any amount of power, from few milliwatts

for sensor powering to hundreds of watts used in industrial or even military applications.

(Iddo. G, 2016). It is possible for this technology to adapt every environment, and it is stable.

Conclusion

Current wireless charging is developing, however, from the perspective of a civilian,

wireless inductive charging indeed did not grab peoples attention to itself due to the lacking

of its practicability. Under the effect of commercials and technology reports online, what

people are actually expecting is no more than the words to amuse instead of its actual

practical use. At this point of view, Infrared wireless charging might become the first choice

in both civilian and military use.

DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 6

Introduction to Supporting Question 2

At very first place, lightning brought people energy in the form of fire in a storming

night; With the development of technology, lightning seems brought people with only death

and accidents. But here was a young man, he is going to revolutionize this world of electricity

twice with lightning. His thinking is beyond all present technologies yet he is generous about

his findings and contributions. His innovation kept bringing benefit to current world and even

have further influencing on future technological development. His name is Nikola Tesla, a

Serbian-American inventor, electrical and mechanical engineer.

This section will mainly focus on Nikola teslas idea of collecting energy and wireless

energy transmission. And providing current progress that is similar to that.

Generating electricity. Instead of Alternating current system (See Glossary). Nikola

Tesla is dedicated in the study of free energy. Here are some of his thoughts.

Cosmic Ray. The tremendous electrical force between these two bodies constituted, at

least in part, what he called cosmic energy. It varied from night to day and from season to

season but it is always present. (Rachel. N, 2014). Tesla believes that Cosmic ray is one

source of free energy. It consists of all kinds of microwaves emitted by heavenly bodies. He

invented a device to collect them all-day long

Temperature difference. Tesla also discovered a method to obtain power by temperature

difference, as Rachel Nuwer (2014) states Teslas design Tesla envisioned a very long

bundle of metal rods, extending from the earth to outer space. The earth is warmer than outer

space so heat would be conducted up the bars along with an electric current. Then, all that

would be needed is a very long power cord to connect the two ends of the metal bars to a

motor. The motor would continue running until the earth was cooled to the temperature of

outer space. Of course, now we wouldn't need a power cord to connect the two ends

-microwaves would serve. (Rachel. N, 2014).

DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 7

Wireless energy transmission. Despite the current wireless charging technology, Tesla

also designed a system that serves the same purpose 100 years ago to replace his alternating

current system which is already perfect. Here are the analyses of his innovation.

Electric impulser. It all starts with an accident observation. Tesla Noticed that there was

a mysterious field that surrounds a wire when high frequency, high voltage current is coming

through. In order to study its characteristics, Tesla made electrical measurements of this

projective stream. One lead of a galvanometer was connected to a copper plate, the other

grounded. When impulses were applied to wire line, the unattached and distant meter

registered a continual direct current. Current through space without wires! (Gerry. V, 1999).

This is the first time that human have observed wireless electricity. In addition, Tesla

calculates the effect it has on another unattached circuit. Turns out, the use of Skin effect (See

Glossary) made it possible for him to turn this simple circuit into a transformer.

Tesla Coil. With the shocking discovery of space flowing current, Tesla starts building

his advanced transformer which can handle a huge discharge in a distance. By using Resonant

and induction, he made Tesla Coil. It is a device that can transform electricity into thousands

or millions of volts and propagates to another circuit through air. Tesla found that as these

new "Impulse Transformers" greatly magnified power supplied to them, so also their radiant

electric effects were equally magnified. He found it possible to wirelessly project electrostatic

power to very great distances, lighting special lamps to full candlepower at hundreds of feet.

In these experiments, he also conceived of signaling systems. (Gerry. V, 2015). Also, as

Kelly Dickerson (2014) points out, Tesla developed the coil in 1891, before conventional

iron-core transformers were used to power things like lighting systems and telephone circuits.

These conventional transformers can't withstand the high frequency and high voltage that the

looser coils in Tesla's invention can tolerate. (Kelly. D, 2014). These incredible
DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 8

characteristics of Tesla Coil eventually lead him to the establishment of the greatest and most

mysterious innovation of his time.

Wardenclyffe tower. Tesla scaled up his coil and added some modifications, then, he

built a tower at New York Long Island in 1901 to test his electricity broadcasting system, this

tower is called Wardenclyffe tower. The tower generates artificial lightning to channeling

though air and transmit electricity through ionosphere to everywhere around the globe. As

Tesla states in New York America (1904), One of the chief uses will be the illumination of

residences, it takes very little power to light a dwelling with vacuum tubes operated by high

frequency currentsI may be able to offer a great convenience to the whole world with a

plant of no more than 10,000 horse power. (New York America, 1904). Wardenclyffe tower

if the master piece of Teslas intelligence, but it was teared down by government due to

Teslas financial problem. (See Appendices D for detailed explanation)

Present attempts to duplicate Teslas work. Now, a group of researchers had

successfully transmitted electricity though air by artificial lightning. This lightning is actually

produced by the heat from plasma. The air is heated so it becomes the conductor that can

transmit electricity just like natural lightning. This is exactly what Tesla did 100 years ago.

This shows the practicability of Teslas idea.

Introduction to Supporting Question 3

With Nikola Teslas idea and current wireless charging technology, it is vital to

considering the supply of energy in the face of such a big energy output. In order to make the

wireless electricity grid sustainable and reliable, it is necessary to select the best plan to

generate renewable energy effectively and continuously. This section will mainly list all kinds

of practical renewable energy that has the potential to be part of the electricity grid.

Ways of generating electricity. There are mainly two ways of generating electricity,

Thermal generating and Kinetic Generating. Geothermal power plant is the representation fo
DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 9

the former, it provides with consistent electricity output but also producing by products such

as toxic gases and chemical waste. The latter is represented by wind turbine and hydropower

station. These power plant provide absolute clean energy with no by product, but it is lack

consistency due to the frequently changeable weather and climate. It is hard to make choice

between them while other renewable energy source cannot adapt all the environment. As

Jeffrey Orloff (2016) concludes, Wind power is intermittent. Consistent wind is needed for

continuous power generation. If wind speed decreases, the turbine lingers and less electricity

is generated; Solar power does not produce energy if the sun is not shining. Nighttime and

cloudy days seriously limit the amount of energy produced; Dams can be very expensive to

build; Solar power stations can be very expensive to build. (Jeffrey. O, 2016). It is hard to

pick one type of renewable energy for long term use. Therefore, Todd Myers (2014) pictured

another possible solution for future electricity generation. As he states, In general, adoption

of a diversified mix of different renewable energy sources including storage will benefit

power quality and overall security of supplyLooking at the global picture, therefore, I do

not believe there will be one winning renewable technology. Rather, there will be a healthy

mix that depends on specific regional factors. (Todd. M, 2014). And that is why this research

will also include the examples of uncommon energy sources.

Hydrogen Fuel Cell. The fuel cell (see appendix) that converts hydrogen into electricity

is called Hydrogen Fuel cell. Through the chemical reaction with fuel cell and the air, the

electron can be released from hydrogen particle and producing pure water as the only by

product. Toyota have developed a car based on this energy source. It is extremely high

efficient and stores more energy than conventional lithium-ion battery, which makes it the

first choice of the customers. However, this technology is not yet a practical one. Having

one proton, and orbited by one or two electrons, hydrogen is the lightest of all gases, and

floats to the upper atmosphere, where it then moves to the vacuum of space. This has been a
DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 10

long term problem for the hydrogen fuel cell industry. (Keith, F. 2012). Hydrogen is the

most abundant material in the universe, but Earths atmosphere blocked it away from people.

With that being said, it is still possible to use when cheaper transporting is developed.

Redox Fuel Cell. A company called Redox have developed another fuel cell that

producing electricity by using natural gas, Hydrogen, Biofuel and gasoline. The advantage of

this fuel cell is that it produces its own energy and it is 25% more efficient than traditional

electricity grid. Every business or home should be able to safely generate its own energy,

said Warren Citrin, CEO and director of Redox. We currently rely upon a vulnerable

electrical grid. (University of Maryland, 2013). This fuel cell made it possible to power a

building off the electricity grid.

Infrared. The physicists in Harvard University have proposed a device to harvest energy

contained in infrared. If you have two components at the same temperature, obviously you

cant extract any work, but if you have two different temperatures you can. (Caroline. P,

2014). This is how Infrared energy works. It creates temperature difference by an diode and

crested electricity. The device is just like a solar panel, and due to the night time availability

of infrared, it can create continuous energy output. Last year Dr Smith and Alanson Sample,

a researcherat the University of Washington in Seattle, powered a smallhumidity and

temperature sensor using nothing more thanthe energy gleaned from a television station

4.1km (2.5miles) away. (The Economist, 2010)

Ambient energy sources. People are trying everything to building hydro power station,

deploying solar panel and establishing wind turbine, but they never pay attention to those

energies that people wasted in their lives, the energies such as vibration, body heat and even

sound wave are called Ambient energy or wasted energy. Keith D. Foote (2015) points the

advantage of vibration by stating The benefits of vibrational energy harvests include long

lasting operability and no disposal of toxic chemicals (Keith. F, 2015). Vibration energy
DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 11

could be collected form peoples movement by special designed clothing. The heat that

emitted by human body can be collected with ventilating system and also clothing

accessories. collecting the kinetic energy from human and other small animals can also be a

method to obtain minor electricity for daily use. In near future, it will be possible for people

to charge their device as they moving around and even by Wi-Fi signals. Together, these

small energy sources will build up a considerable amount of energy reserves

DISCUSSION SECTION
Pre-Intro

Current wireless charging technology is developing new way to charge peoples

electronics; Tesla invented a number of mechanisms that devoted itself to the achievement of

free energy; Tons of researchers is making progress on the harvesting of energy from ambient

environment. It is time to put them all together, how can Nikola Teslas technology help

improve current wireless charging? And how can those ambient renewable energies help the

constriction of future wireless charging system? The future of wireless charging will be better

and broader than what people have now, and it is theoretically practicable according to the

following discussion.

Introduction

Wireless charging technology is making continuous progress on current world. There are

mainly inductive wireless charging and resonance wireless charging, in addition to that,

wireless charging by using laser and radio is also in the experimental stage and ready to be

commercialized. Wireless charging is the future charging technology, but due to some

technical problem, it is not ready for generalization. For now, there are some possible way for

this technology to develop. The large-scale deployment of Near-Field wireless charging

(inductive & Resonant) like Wi-Fi routers can ensure the continuous electricity supply. Or, an

centralized radio emitter might take over the duty of electricity grid and broadcasting power

at any voltage to the city. These solutions are all very practical, but they are not likely to work
DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 12

well in the face of such a large demand for power as well as the generation of it.

Nikola Tesla does provide a lot of idea regarding wireless energy. His potentials on

modifying current electricity transmission system is not only on that particular step, but also

the excellent proposals on the generation of electricity. Tesla tower is an unfinished

masterpiece that will work even better once combine with current technologies, it

encompasses all of the understanding that a Nikola Tesla has about space flowing current.

Meanwhile, Nicola Teslas effort on creating free energy directly from the air has suggested

multiple way to generating electricity which is very positive for future electricity supply, and

this is also a big part in order to allowing future wireless charging system to work.

Finally, speaking of the source of the electricity, nature provide people multiple

renewable energy source to extract energy from. But now, people have find even more of

them, and they are available almost everywhere and any time. This availability of such big

amount of energy makes it possible for the construction of decentralized energy generation

system. With more energy that is collected from the nature, more electricity that will be

available for wireless transmitter.

The Future electricity grid. A very important flaw of current wireless charging technology

is that it is lacking mobility, the Near Field wireless charging cannot lengthen the distance of

charging, and far field wireless charging is limited due to the requirements on the

environmental condition. To be more exact, what the world need current wireless charging

technology to improve is to eliminate the external interference of wireless charging as well as

makes it easily accessible.

With that much research being done, it will be reasonable to design an electricity grid

that wirelessly transmit electricity at a different level. The amount of electricity transmitted

will gradually level down as the target area become smaller and smaller. It is just like a

modern electricity grid with a series of electric tower but without a single wire in between.
DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 13

The electricity can be transferred globally and also locally. In order to transmit electricity

globally without any lost in between, the technology in Teslas tower can be combined with

modern laser technology to channeling through air with high accuracy. This stage is where

electricity can be transferred in enormous scale and that electricity can be transferred to

Africa Countries with poor electricity supply. As long the electricity get there, the energy will

be level down and separately distributed in a relatively small scale such as within a city and

its surrounding area, at this stage, the research in University of Arizona can be used to create

pathways in the air to let electricity through. Finally, Small scale infrared laser wireless

charger will power small community and delivering electricity to everyones home. This is

the blueprint of future wireless energy supply, it is wireless, and it will be a lot cheaper than

before.

The future electricity power plant. Wireless electricity grid allowing people equally

sharing electricity all around the globe, In order to balance the output with the input, it is

necessary to consider another structure of peoples power plant. Fortunately, Tesla and other

researchers have already find a way to maximize the energy extraction from peoples lives. In

the future, there will be decentralized electricity generation site, in other words, people could

generate electricity everywhere in their living nature, and then concentrate them into

supplying other areas. The water dam and Nuclear power plant will continue working, but

they will be no longer the center of energy source, an entire city will be a power unit, small

device, sensors and even clothing are collecting energy from peoples movement, heat from

over populated building, radio signals, light pollution and even sound waves, these small

pieces of energies cannot be underestimated when putting them all together.

Conclusion. Through the analysis and the combination of Teslas idea and current

technology, it is possible to create a new wireless electricity grid that is capable of providing

continuous electricity while lowering the coast and expanding the available area. The
DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 14

advantage of wireless charging is incalculable, the development of such a grid can also

maximize the use of wasted energy in peoples daily life. It is of greatest importance to share

and convenience the society so that people can make further change.

Conclusions

As a conclusion, this paper has analyzed the practicability of Nikola Tesla's idea and its

application on current wireless charging system by analyzing current main stream wireless

charging technology, classifying Nikola Tesla's ideas as well as ideas and finding appropriate

source of renewable energy in order to power future wireless electricity grid. The research

results have demonstrated a positive feedback. Tesla's innovation it practical and possible to

combine with current wireless charging grid with the assist of decentralized electricity

generation system. Tesla's technology solved the problem of transmitting high voltage

electricity globally in order to achieve the equal share of energy all around the world. And the

proposed blue print of future wireless electricity grid will bring people closer to the future.

Acknowledgement
Many people have offered me valuable help in my thesis writing, including my tutor, my clas
DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 15

smates and my parents.

Firstly, I pleased to give my sincere gratitude to Dr. Carroll, my Coach who provide
encouragement and guidance during this whole process.
Then, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Hudson and Mr. Stevens for their precious time as my
committee member.
Besides, I would like to acknowledge My parents and Mr. Liao for their encouragement with
great comfort.

Evan Zhou

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httwp://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/tesla/esp_tesla_24.htm

Whitburn, G. (2015). 13 Fundamental Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy.

Retrieved from http://exploringgreentechnology.com/solar-energy/advantages-and-

disadvantages-of-solar-energy/

Woollaston, V. (2015). Charging gadgets using THIN AIR: Freevolt captures radio waves to

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http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3256272/Charging-phones-using-AIR-

Freevolt-captures-radio-waves-wirelessly-power-small-devices.html

Appendix A

Figure A1

Wireless inductive charging simplified circuit diagram

Inverse square law states that the further the distance between two coil, the fewer the energy

transmitted will be. The increase in diameter of the coil can boosts up the strength of

magnetic field and lengthen the physical charging distance, with that being said, the size of
DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 19

the charger will be too larger to put into peoples living environment.

Appendix B

Figure B1

Crystal Radio simplified circuit

(1) Antenna: This part collect all the ambient radio frequency emitted by radio tower.

(2) Tuning Circuit: This part selects the correct frequency of the radio station from

everything that is collected from Antenna.

(3) Demodulator: This part picks up the sound from the high radio frequency, and transfer

them into sound signal. This is the key part of Crystal Radio, it contains an ore connect to

a metal wire to form a diode which only allowing unidirectional current. This part is the

reason why this radio is called Crystal radio.

(4) Ear phone: This part turns the sound signal into actual sound for people to hear. The

energies are all come from the radio signal, so Crystal Radio does not need battery.
DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 20

Appendix C

Figure C1

Sources of radio wave in ambient environment

These (may include others) are main the sources of radio wave, and is capable of powering

small devices such as sensors and hearing aid, with the develop of radio wave wireless

charging, the problem of recharging small electronics on earth will be solved.

DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 21

Appendix D

Figure D1

Wardenclyffe Tower

Suppose the earth to a resemble a hollow rubber ball, filled with water, began Mr. Tesla.

At one place I have a tube, with a plunger, attached to the surface of this ball. If I press upon

the plunger the water in the tube will be driven into the ball and every part will be expanded.

If I withdraw the plunger the water follows it and every part of the ball will contract. Now, if

I pierce the surface of the ball in several places and set up tubes and plungers at each place,

these plungers will vibrate up and down in response to every movement that I may produce in

the plunger of the first tube. (New York Journal, 1897).

DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 22

Glossary

Alternating Current System: The electricity supply system that continuously changes its

direction due to the movement of the motor generator.

Cosmic ray: The electromagnetic wave emitted by Heavenly bodies.

Crystal Radio: The earliest radio which powers itself with radio signal.

Electromagnetic field: The field that generated when the electron is moved.

Electromagnetic induction: The moving electron generated magnetic field, the moving

magnetic field generated electric current.

Electrostatic induction: A kind of induction occurs when two charged object close together

and triggering the movement of electron in both of the objects,

Fuel Cell: A device that produce electricity through chemical reaction.

Induction: the production of an electric or magnetic state by the proximity (without contact)

of an electrified or magnetized body.

Inductive charging: One type of wireless charging technology which charged Cellphone

through electromagnetic field and replacing charging cord with magnetic field.

Infrared Laser: Concentrated light with single propagating direction. Infrared Laser is

mainly used to refer infrared light (light with the wavelength less than 400 nanometers) in the

form of laser.

Inverse Square Law: This law states that the further the two coil be in a wireless induction

charging system, the less the electricity is transmitted, and this rate dropping fast.

Resonant: Resonance occurs when an externally vibrating frequency matches an objects

natural frequency.

Skin effect: The phenomenon which current only flow through the surface of the wire instead
DESIGNING WIRELESS CHARGING WITH NIKOLA TESLA 23

of inside.

Transformer: A device that changes the voltage of a current.

Wardenclyffe tower: The experiment conducted by Nicola Tesla in 1901.

Wireless charging: Charging technology without using cord.