UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

TITLE PAGE

INSULATION IN CRYOGENIC, STORAGE, PIPELINES AND AIR-

CONDITIONING

Revised Report Assignment 1

GROUP 22
GROUP PERSONNEL:

Arif Hendrawan (1406531763)

Nafila Wajdi (1406531675)
Renno Afriansyah (1406577783)
Yoga Wiranoto (1506800350)
Yusran Fachry Reza (1406531826)

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ENGINEERING FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
DEPOK, FEBRUARY 2017
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In the meantime, developments in many new emerging technologies have

extended considerably the ordinary temperature range of operation, and have
presented a great number of formidable engineering problems at the extreme
temperature limits. One major problem has been the application of effective
thermal insulation at extreme temperature ranges. Consequently, an intensive
surge of interest in thermal insulation has been registered in the past few years,
particularly for cryogenic applications (temperature lower than 0).
Study research from Universiti Teknologi Malaya in 2014 showed that loss
because of evaporated the boil off LNG by the change of temperature range is
equivalent to 35328 kg or 13654 USD losses per day. The financial loss would be
greater due to LNG is a cleaner energy source other than crude oil and coal so that
global demand for natural gas is expected to increase 2%/ year between 2015 and
2030, with LNG demand expected to rise at twice that rate 4-5%/year.
The use of thermal insulation is to prevent heat gain which cause energy
consumption to skyrocket by simply providing resistance to heat flow during heat
transfer mechanisms(i.e. conduction, convection, radiation). The objective of this
report is to design a cold insulation for cryogenic application which is
occupationally safe, highly durable, easy to maintain, and has a competitive price.
Some problem with cold insulation is that if installation is finished improperly, in
this case where the temperature of the system is below ambient temperature and
humid, it will cause condensation or freezing, even corrosion.
As we know that there are many types of insulation material available in
the market. Insulation materials are generally divided into three main types :
fibrous insulation, cellular insulation, and granular insulation. Fibrous insulation
is composed of small diameter fibres which finely divide the air space. The most
widely used insulations of this type are glass fibre and mineral wool. Cellular
insulation is composed of small individual cells separated from each other. The
cellular material may be glass or foamed plastic such as phenolic foam or nitrile
rubber

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 We have nine needs that have been interpreted from 12 respondents that
we had. Based on the consumer requirements, the insulation product should be
able to meet the following criteria: have low thermal conductivity, able to
withstand thermal expansion, pressure, hit or crash, and is easy for maintenance
and services.
After collecting needs and specification, the result shows that the costumer
are satisfied enough with the existing insulation except for several problems. For
developing the existing product, they want insulation that having low thermal
conductivity as low as 0.03 W/mK, insulation that can be placed at hinges, joint,
cable holes, and at top of the storages, also insulation that able to withstand
thermal expansion, hit, pressure or crash, and is easy for maintenance.
After benchmark to several existing products Aspen Aerogels, Rockwool,
and Arabian Fiberglass we obtain their specifications. The existing products
thermal conductivity are sequentially 0,021; 0,038; 0,028 W/m.K. The service
temprature range are consecutively -156 6 oC; 0 250 oC; -18 450 oC. Their
durability are in sequence 80 years, 60 years, and 50 years. So, current best
existing product is Aspen Aerogels.
The shortage of existing product are could cause skin irritation due to, lung
and respiratory problems due to inhaling material dust, still vulnerable to
condensation, freezing, and even corrosion, the existing product not really durable
due to extreme temperature difference and quiet pricey for a low thermal
conductivity value. Although we have such a big obstacles, we offer insulation
that is low pricey with high specifications so those two points will be out main
features on our product.

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 PREFACE

Praise to Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainers of the world; God who has
been giving all His Blessing and Mercy for writer to complete this Assignment 1
Report of Chemical Product Design entitled Insulation in Cryogenic, Pipelines,
Storage and Air-conditioning.
This final report is submitted to fulfill one of the requirements in Chemical
Product Design Class as capstone course of Chemical Engineering Major in
Universitas Indonesia.
In the completion this report, the writer really gives his regards and thanks
for people who has given guidance and help, they are:
1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Widodo Wahyu Purwanto, DEA., Dr. rer. nat. Ir. Yuswan
Muharam M.T. , Dr. Ing. Ir. Misri Gozan M.Tech., Ir. Dewi Tristantini,
M.T., PhD., and others Lecturers, who has given their best guidance to the
writer in writing a great quality report and well developed chemical
product.
2. The informant and respondent of our questionnaire that helps indirectly to
begin this report
3. Imas Mega Pratiwi, Giovanni Anggasta, Raden M. Fatih, Nugrahirani
Hijrianti as the lecturer assistants of Chemical Product Design 2017 who
gives suggestion and guidance to the writer in writing this final report.
4. Our Parents, who always give their supports, prayers, and blessing.
5. Our beloved friends in Chemical Engineering Department batch 2014 who
always give their supports.
6. All of our correspondents who spend their time to fill our questionnaire.
Finally, the writer realizes there are unintended errors in writing this final
report. The writer really appreciates all readers giving their suggestion to improve
its content in order to be made as one of the good examples for the next report.
Depok, February 2017

Writer team
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 LIST OF GROUP MEMBERS

Name : Arif Hendrawan

NPM : 1406531763
Place, Date of Birth : Jakarta, 13 Agustus 1996
Address : Jl. Delima 4 Gang 1 No. 32, Duren Sawit, Jakarta Timur
13460

Name : Nafila Wajdi

NPM : 1406531675
Place, Date of Birth : Magelang, 29 Agustus 1996
Address : Jl. Wayang No. 39, Pondok Melati, Bekasi 17415

Name : Renno Afriansyah

NPM :1406577783
Place, Date of Birth : Jakarta, 05 Maret 1995
Address : Bukit Rivaria Blok D2/2, Sawangan, Depok

Name : Yoga Wiranoto

NPM : 1506800350
Place, Date of Birth : Tanah Grogot, 23 Juli 1993
Address : Jl. Gelatik, Tanjung Selor Hilir - Kab. Bulungan

Name : Yusran Fachry Reza

NPM :1406531826
Place, Date of Birth : Majalengka, 02 Desember 1996
Address : Ciluar Asri Blok B4 No 3, Bogor Utara 16156

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ......................................................................................................... i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................... ii
PREFACE ............................................................................................................. iv
LIST OF GROUP MEMBERS .............................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENT ....................................................................................... vi
TABLE OF FIGURES ....................................................................................... viii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................1
1.1. Background of The Ideas ..............................................................................1

1.2. Objective .......................................................................................................3

1.3. Problem Identification...................................................................................3

1.4. Problem Formulation ....................................................................................4

1.5. Problem Boundary ........................................................................................4

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE .......................................................5

2.1. Insulation in General .....................................................................................5

2.2. Cold Insulation ..............................................................................................7

2.2.1. Application of Cold Insulation ...............................................................9

2.3. Types of Insulation ......................................................................................12

2.4. Cold Insulation Materials ............................................................................13

2.5. Insulation Efficiency ...................................................................................19

2.6. Arranging Insulation in Equipments ...........................................................20

2.6.1 Pre-Insulation ........................................................................................20

2.6.2. Designing Insulation Systems ..............................................................20

2.6.3. Design Calculation ...............................................................................22

CHAPTER 3 NEEDS AND IDEAS ....................................................................23

3.1 Needs ............................................................................................................23

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 3.2. Consumer Requirement ...............................................................................23

3.3. Consumer Need Interpretation ....................................................................25

3.4. Lists of Needs ..............................................................................................28

3.5. Category of Consumer Needs and Needs Rank ..........................................29

CHAPTER 4 PRODUCT SPESIFICATION ....................................................32

4.1. List of Metrics .............................................................................................32

4.2. Metrics & Needs .........................................................................................32

4.3. Benchmarking Existing Product .................................................................33

4.4. Target Value for Each Metric .....................................................................35

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION .............................................................................36

REFRENCES .......................................................................................................37

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 TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Asia-Pasific LNG demand .....................................................................2

Figure 2.1 Cellular glass........................................................................................14
Figure 2.2 Cork .....................................................................................................15
Figure 2.3 Glass mineral wool ..............................................................................16
Figure 2.4 Phenolic foam ......................................................................................17
Figure 2.5 Polystyrene expanded ..........................................................................18
Figure 3.1 Respondents occupation ......................................................................24
Figure 3.2 Maps of needs ......................................................................................30

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Dew Point for Relative Humidities for Ambient Still Air Temperatures
from -20C to + 50C with Standard Barometric Pressure ....................8
Table 2.2 Water vapour permeance for different plant cold surface .....................11
Table 2.3 Thermal conductivity cellular glass at density indicated ......................14
Table 2.4 Thermal conductivity cork at density indicated ....................................15
Table 2.5 Thermal conductivity glass mineral at density indicated ......................16
Table 2.6 Thermal conductivity phenolic foam at density indicated ....................17
Table 2.7 Thermal conductivity polystyrene at density indicated .........................19
Table 3.1 Consumer needs interpretation ..............................................................25
Table 3.2 List of needs ..........................................................................................28
Table 3.3 List of tidy up needs ..............................................................................29
Table 3.4 Groups of need ......................................................................................29
Table 3.5 Groups of needs with its rank ................................................................30
Table 4.1 List of metrics ........................................................................................32
Table 4.2 The needs-metric matrix ........................................................................33
Table 4.3 Competitive benchmarking chart based on metrics ..............................33
Table 4.4 The target specifications ........................................................................34

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Ideas

Thermal insulation has long been a subject of great importance to heat
transfer engineers and was indeed one of the major concerns in the early
development of heat transfer technology. In the meantime, developments in many
new emerging technologies have extended considerably the ordinary temperature
range of operation, and have presented a great number of formidable engineering
problems at the extreme temperature limits. One major problem has been the
application of effective thermal insulation at extreme temperature ranges[1].
Consequently, an intensive surge of interest in thermal insulation has been
registered in the past few years, particularly for cryogenic applications.
The use of thermal insulation is to prevent heat gain which cause energy
consumption to skyrocket by simply providing resistance to heat flow during heat
transfer mechanisms (i.e. conduction, convection, and radiation)[2]. The
importance of insulation in low temperature ranges is easily realized by noting
that the heat of vaporization of liquids as well as the specific heats of matter at
low temperature are much smaller than the corresponding ones at room
temperature. It takes only a little heat inflow from outside to boil-off liquids or to
raise system temperature[1]. A proper thought in selection of material and design is
needed in order to achieve optimum insulation performance.
To gain insight into the economic view, a case study from Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia in 2014 showed that by assuming that LNG prices are $386,5
USD per ton, for boil off rate 0.206% kg/kg LNG evaporates per day, which is
equivalent to 35328 kg or 13654 USD losses per day. If the typical voyage
duration for a complete trip is around 20 days, the loss is $273,085 USD per
voyage[3]. The financial loss would be greater due to LNG is a cleaner energy
source other than crude oil and coal so that global demand for natural gas is
expected to increase 2%/ year between 2015 and 2030, with LNG demand
expected to rise at twice that rate 4-5%/year[4].

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Gambar 1.1 Asia-Pasific LNG Demand

(source: http://www.power-technology.com/projects/kwangyang/kwangyang7.html)

As we know that there are many types of insulation material available in

the market. Insulation materials are generally divided into three main types :
fibrous insulation, cellular insulation, and granular insulation[5]. Fibrous insulation
is composed of small diameter fibres which finely divide the air space. The most
widely used insulations of this type are glass fibre and mineral wool. Cellular
insulation is composed of small individual cells separated from each other. The
cellular material may be glass or foamed plastic such as phenolic foam or nitrile
rubber. Granular insulation is composed of small nodules which may contain
voids. Example of these insulations are calcium silicate and vermiculite which no
longer used because of asbestos which can cause fibrotic lung disease[6].
The problem with cold insulation is that if installation is finished
impoperly, it will cause heat leak through the system, and depends on the
environment where the system is installed, in this case where the temperature of
the system is below dew point of ambient air, it will cause condensation which
will be reached at some distance inside the later of insulation. This condensate
could freeze, which can render the insulation futile by increasing the thermal
conductivity and the possibility of corrosive or electrolytic attack on metal

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surface[5]. In case of fire, certain insulation systems may generate appreciable

quantities of smoke and toxic fumes if ignited which is not safe for personnel and
evironment[7]. The cold insulation requirements shall be determined with due
consideration to safety aspects as well as to process aspects and with the objective
to minimise life cycle cost[5].
By interpreting and analyzing the data which our team has gathered from
interviews and literature review, we believe that there are lots of spaces for
improvement in order to design a cold insulation which are not only prevent basic
needs such as preventing heat gain to some extent and extreme temperature
difference but also highly durable, occupationally safe, easy to maintain, and has a
competitive price.
1.2 Objective
- To design a cold insulation for cryogenic application which is
occupationally safe, highly durable, easy to maintain, and has a
competitive price.

1.3 Problem Identification

Identification of problems from cold insulation product are as follows:
- The existing product could cause skin irritation due to contact with
insulation material
- The existing product could cause lung and respiratory problems due to
inhaling material dust
- The existing product is still vulnerable to condensation, freezing, and even
corrosion
- The existing product is not really durable due to extreme temperature
difference
- The existing product is quiet expensive for a low thermal conductivity
value
- The existing product needs skilled individuals to install and maintain
which is hard to find.

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1.4 Problem Formulation

- What are the best possible materials that can be used in order to design
occupationally safe, highly durable, easy to maintain, and has a
competitive price cold insulation?
1.5 Problem Boundary
- This insulation is only designed for temperature range of 5oC to -200oC
- The insulation described herein is limited to that required for economical
reduction of heat gain, maintenance of operating temperature, prevention
of surface condensation, freezing, and corrosion
- This insulation is only used for cryogenic application.

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 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Insulation in General

To change the temperature of an object, energy is required in the form of

heat generation to increase temperature, or heat extraction to reduce temperature
(JP Holman, 1998). Once the heat generation or heat extraction is terminated a
reverse flow of heat occurs to revert the temperature back to ambient. To maintain
a given temperature considerable continuous energy is required. Insulation will
reduce this energy loss (TIASA, 2001).
Heat may be transferred in three mechanisms: conduction, convection and
radiation. Thermal conduction is the molecular transport of heat under the effect
of a temperature gradient (Van Ness, 2005). Convection mechanism of heat
occurs in liquids and gases, where by flow processes transfer heat (Cengel,
Yunus, 2003). Free convection is flow caused by differences in density as a result
of temperature differences. Forced convection is flow caused by external
influences (wind, ventilators, etc.). Thermal radiation mechanism occurs when
thermal energy is emitted similar to light radiation (Cengel, Yunus, 2003).
Heat transfers through insulation material occur by means of conduction,
while heat loss to or heat gain from atmosphere occurs by means of convection
and radiation (JP Holman, 1998). Heat passes through solid materials by means of
conduction and the rate at which this occurs depends on the thermal conductivity
(expressed in W/mK) of the material in question and the temperature drive. In
general the greater the density of a material, the greater the thermal conductivity,
for example, metals has a high density and a high thermal conductivity.
Materials, which have a low thermal conductivity, are those, which have a
high proportion of small voids containing air or gas (Van Ness, 2005). These
voids are not big enough to transmit heat by convection or radiation, and therefore
reduce the flow of heat. Thermal insulation materials fall into the latter category.
Thermal insulation materials may be natural substances or man-made. If the
density of insulation is low, the air or gas voids are comparatively large and this

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makes for the best insulation for low to medium temperatures where compression
and/or vibration is not a factor.
However, where higher temperatures are encountered, the air or gas voids
need to be reduced in size to minimize the convection within the voids and this is
achieved by increasing the density of the insulation (TIASA, 2001). Density may
be increased to a point where the solids content of the insulation is such that the
heat bridge of the solids overcomes the insulating effect of the voids. It follows
therefore, that by encasing a container of heat with thermal insulation material the
reverse heat flow will be retarded with resultant reducing energy loss and cost.
The word retarded is important because no matter how much insulation
is applied, the reverse flow of heat to ambient can never be stopped. The primary
reasons for insulation are many and varied, the main ones being (TIASA, 2001):
To conserve energy
To reduce heat loss or gain
To maintain a temperature condition
To maintain the effective operation of equipment or chemical reaction
To assist in maintaining a product at a constant temperature
To prevent condensation
To create a comfortable environmental condition
To protect personnel
The type and thickness of insulation depend on the foregoing primary
reasons together with the parameters of the specific conditions. Economic
thickness is the thickness of insulation, which will result in minimum total cost of
energy losses plus the cost of the erected insulation. The calculation of economic
thickness is complex and in some cases is overruled by the other listed primary
reasons, which can make the calculation unnecessary. The exception is when retro
fitting of insulation is envisaged. Retro fitting is the application of additional
insulation to existing insulation to further reduce heat loss or gain in order to
reduce the cost of energy losses.

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The economic thickness calculation has to be prepared by the user and is

not usually the function of the insulation contractor. It includes salient factors
such as (TIASA, 2001):
Cost of the energy losses, which include capital cost of installed
equipment to generate/extract heat
Expected price movement in the cost of fuel
Capital cost of installed insulation
Payback period that the user requires for capital investments
Various other accounting factors

2.2 Cold Insulation

Cold insulation should be considered and where operating temperatures
are below ambient where protection is required against heat gain, condensation or
freezing (TIASA, 2001). In designing an insulation system where formulae and
surface coefficients are used they should be to an appropriate international
standard, for example, Table 2.1 is recommended. In selection of material density,
it should be considered whether insulation requires being load bearing or not.
For whatever purpose cold insulation is required, the insulation system is
only as good as its vapour barrier and the care with which it is installed (TIASA,
2001). A vapour barrier is a membrane of very low permeance placed on the
warm side of insulation to limit the flow of water vapour into the insulation.
Where there is a differential in temperature or humidity between the cold
surface of the equipment and the ambient temperature a differential water vapour
pressure occurs. The greater the temperature differential, the greater the
differential water vapour pressure. Water vapour should not be confused with
moisture. Water vapour is a transparent, tasteless and odourless gas capable of
permeating through most materials depending on the pressure differential on
either side of the insulation (TIASA, 2001).

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Table 2.1 Dew Point for Relative Humidities for Ambient Still Air Temperatures
from -20C to + 50C with Standard Barometric Pressure

(Source : Thermal Insulation Handbook, The Thermal Insulation Association of Southern Africa,
2001)
Many materials, which are moisture-resistant, are not necessarily vapour-
resistant. All insulation materials are susceptible to water vapour penetration to
various degrees. If penetration is not prevented, the water vapour condenses to
moisture or ice when its temperature reaches the dew point. This will, in time,
saturate the insulation thereby rendering it useless. To prevent this from taking
place, a vapour barrier is applied on the warm side of the insulation (TIASA,
2001).
In selecting a vapour barrier, material comparisons should be made
between the various permeability ratings as supplied by manufacturers as there
may be vast differences between materials. Care should be taken to ensure that the
choice of vapour barriers does not affect the fire performance of the whole
assembly of insulating and finishing materials. The design of the cold insulation

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system should assume that at some time a breakdown of the vapour barrier might
occur (TIASA, 2001).
In such an event, and in the case of cold rooms, it is better that the water
vapour has an unhindered path to the cold surface to enable it to be drawn off by
the refrigeration equipment. In the case of pipe work and vessels, it is preferable
that the water vapour has free passage to the cold surface where the resultant
water or ice will be encased by the insulation. A break in the vapour barrier of the
insulation system will eventually cause the system to fail but its effective life will
have been prolonged by a design which permits the through transmission of water
vapour.
Whatever the primary reason for cold insulation, it should be designed to
prevent condensation. Condensation occurs when water vapour in the atmosphere
comes in contact with a surface at a temperature of less or equal to the dew point.
Therefore, if the surface temperature is less than the dew point, condensation will
occur. The presence of condensation on the warm side of the vapour barrier has no
detrimental effect on the insulation but, nevertheless, it is a condition, which has
to be avoided. To prevent condensation, the insulation thickness should be so
designed that temperature on the warm side of the vapour barrier is above the dew
point (TIASA, 2001).
In calculating the thickness of insulation required to prevent condensation,
it is prudent to know or assume conditions of high relative humidity. If the fluid
inside the pipe or vessel is likely to remain static for long periods when the
ambient temperature is below the freezing point of the fluid, it is important that
this shall be stated. Also, the fluid in small diameter pipes may be especially
susceptible to freezing, particularly if the rate of flow is intermittent or slow, it
may be necessary to consider the use of supplementary means of heating, possibly
only in local areas, like heat tracing.
2.2.1 Application of Cold Insulation
All insulation should fit snugly around piping and equipment. On low
temperature insulation work all attachments to the piping or equipment and
projecting through the insulation should also be insulated for a distance of four
times the thickness of the basic insulation from the point where the projection is

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exposed. All the insulation and the vapour barrier should be continuous at pipe
supports. Where metal cradles preformed to the outside diameter of the insulation
are provided at the pipe supports the cradle should be designed to prevent undue
compression of the insulation due to the weight of the insulated pipe (TIASA,
2001).
Joint Sealers and Adhesives
All materials intended for use for cryogenic insulation of pipes and vessels
should be checked for their suitability at low temperatures and if, for example, no
acceptable joint mastic is available for -196C (liquid oxygen, nitrogen, etc) then
only the joints on the outer layer on a multi-layer system should be sealed. Joint
sealers and adhesives should be completely compatible with the insulation, vapour
barrier and the item being insulated (refer manufacturers recommendations).
When insulating low temperature pipe work, it is advisable to create
circumferential vapour dams extending from the bare pipe to the vapour seal on
the warm side of the insulation. The longitudinal spacing of the dams is arbitrary
and as a guide, 2m, for very low temperatures to 10m for, say chilled water,
should be considered. The purpose of the dams is to prevent the failure of long
sections of pipe insulation should the warm side vapour seal be ruptured in any
way.
Support For Insulation
The following can support insulation:
Adhesive
Pins plastic or nylon
Strapping bands for large cylindrical surfaces
Pressure-sensitive tape for small diameter surfaces
Pre-installed insulation support rings, normally used on large vertical
vessels.
Vapour Barriers
The following tables provides a guideline for the required water vapour
permeance for different plant cold surface temperatures:

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Table 2.2 Water vapour permeance for different plant cold surface temperatures

(Source : Thermal Insulation Handbook, The Thermal Insulation Association of Southern Africa,
2001)

Structural Barriers
Often prefabricated to exact dimensions required and ready to install, these
are rigid sheets of reinforced plastic, galvanized, aluminium or stainless steel
jacketing - flat, corrugated or embossed.
Membran Barriers
Metal foils, laminated foils and treated papers, plastic films and sheets,
and coated felts and paper - these are either part of the insulation as supplied or
can be supplied separately.
Coating Barriers
In fluid form as a paint or mastic (or semi-fluid of the hot-melt variety) the
material can be asphaltic, resinous or polymeric. These provide a seamless coating
but require time to dry and are normally reinforced with a membrane sandwiched
between layers. Special attention must be given to vapour sealing of protrusions,
joints or any other discontinuities such as glands, local to valve spindles or
mechanical drives, etc.
Protection of Insulation
Protection of the insulation may consist of metal cladding or a coating
system. Metal and non-metallic finishes should generally be as per the insulation
guideline for hot insulation. However, care should be taken where piping and
equipment is being clad; the cladding should be manufactured and installed so as
to prevent the vapour barrier being punctured. Cushioning material applied

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between screws or rivets and vapour barrier, or other suitable means, would be a
normal practice.

2.3 Types of Insulation

There are many type of insulation that has been used for industry in case to
prevent heat loss that maybe occur. Utilization of that types of insulation be
adapted for many different condition. Below are some types of insulation and its
usage (TIASA, 2001):
Boards or batts - A rigid binder bound fibrous insulation for use on flat or
large cylindrical surfaces
Felt - A semi-flexible binder bound fibrous insulation for use on all
surfaces where vibration is of a low order for example Boilers
Loose - Loose or granulated insulation with a low binder content for filling
voids
Mattress - A flexible low binder fibrous insulation for use on all surfaces.
A wire mesh fixed to one or both sides by through stitching maintains the
mattress shape. Because of the low binder content the material is able to
withstand higher temperature without binder breakdown.
Pipe section - Insulation preformed to fit in two halves round cylindrical
surfaces of various diameters.
Pipe section covered - As for pipe section except that the outer surface is
fitted with a cover by the manufacturer, for example, canvas or foil
Segments - Cylindrical insulation for fitting round large cylindrical
surfaces in more than two parts. Confined to the closed cell insulants.
Slab - All the closed cell flat insulation and expanded/extruded insulants
fall into this category and may be applied to all surfaces provided they are
suitably shaped.
Rope - Usually of fibrous material for spirally wrapping around small
pipes.
Spray fibre - Used for insulating irregular shapes such as turbines and also
for fireproofing.

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Spray foam - Usually polyurethane or polyisocyanurate. The main

applications are for large regular surfaces such as roofs or tanks and for
cavity filling.
Tape - Usually of fibre and used for spiral wrapping on pipe work where
conditions so demand.
The use of felt or mattress is not recommended over cylindrical shapes of
less than 200mm outside diameter. Under certain circumstances boards or slab
may be used on cylindrical surfaces by cutting the insulation into bevelled staves.
The general practice on certain applications when installing where the total
insulation thickness exceeds 50mm, a multi-layer system should be used with
staggered joints to reduce heat loss or gain through direct paths to atmosphere.
When very high or very low temperatures are encountered expansion or
contraction joints should be provided. These are usually 40mm wide and packed
with a suitable insulant. It is incumbent on the manufacturers to provide all the
necessary values such as thermal conductivity (k factor) and water vapour
permeance based on the tests conducted by a testing authority. If required, the test
number and date should be given together with the particular test method and
conditions.

2.4 Cold Insulation Materials

Closed-cell insulation is the most commonly specified material used for
cold work because it possesses a degree of resistance to water vapour and because
the thermal conductivity (K factor) of some of these materials is better than the
fibrous alternative products. Selection of insulation materials should be carefully
considered where the possibility of steam purging of the equipment is required or
for other reasons which may cause the temperature to be increased to a level
which exceeds the maximum limiting temperature of the insulation materials, i.e.,
material then deteriorate. Below are materials that can be used for cold insulation
(TIASA, 2001) :

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a. Cellular Glass

Figure 2.1 Cellular Glass

(Source : https://www.globalspec.com)

Density : and range, if applicable

Thermal Conductivity
Table 2.3 Thermal conductivity cellular glass at density indicated
Thermal conductivity (W/mK) at density
indicated below

Mean temp C 120 kg/m3 135 kg/m3

-100 0,034
0 0,038 0,044
10 0,040 0,046
100 0,081

Service Temperature range : 260 430

Combustibility
Water Vapour Transmission :
Insulant (if appropriate) : 0 /
Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength
Flexural strength
Thickness Range
Forms available
: Non Combustible
: 700 /2
: 400 /2
: Available from 40 to 160mm
: Board, Pipe shells, Slabs, Vessels segments

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Typical Uses and Application

Industrial: tank bases, vessels, piping and equipment, cold stores and
marine applications. Buildings: roofs, floors, walls (internal and external),
car park decks, soffits.
b. Cork

Figure 2.2 Cork

(Source : https://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com)

Density : and range, if applicable

Thermal Conductivity

Table 2.4 Thermal conductivity cork at density indicated

Thermal conductivity (W/mK) at density
indicated below
Mean temp C 112 kg/m3
10 0,038

Service Temperature range : 180 100

Combustibility : Combustible
Water Vapour Transmission :
Insulant (if appropriate) : 20 to 40 /
Composite finish : 0,001g/(s. MN)
Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength : /2 at 10% deformation

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Thickness Range : Available from 13 to 305 mm

Forms available : Pipe Insulation
Typical Uses and Application
Available as slabs and pipe sections used as a roof insulating material
either on its own or laminated to rigid cellular plastic foams. A resilient
material, which can withstand foot traffic. Suitable for use on chilled water
and industrial refrigeration pipe work.
c. Glass Mineral Wool

Figure 2.3 Glass Mineral Wool

(Source: http://www.knaufinsulation.co.uk)
Density : 10 to 80 /3
Thermal Conductivity

Table 2.5 Thermal conductivity glass mineral wool at density indicated

Thermal conductivity (W/mK) at density indicated
below
Mean temp C 16 kg/m3 47.5 kg/m3 80 kg/m3

-20 0,031 0,028 0,028

10 0,037 0,030 0,031
20 0,040 0,032 0,032
50 0,047 0,035 0,035
100 0,065 0,044 0,042

Service Temperature range : 200 450

Combustibility : Non Combustible

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Water Vapour Transmission :

Insulant (if appropriate) : N/a
Composite finish : 0,001g/(s, MN)
Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength : 1 to 8 /2 at 5 % deformation
Flexural strength : N/a
Thickness Range : Available from 15 to 150mm
Forms available : Blown Fibre, Pipe Sections, Rolls, Slabs
Typical Uses and Application
Glass mineral wool is available in a wide range of forms ranging from
flexible rolls to rigid slabs and preformed pipe sections. It is particularly
suitable for thermal and acoustic applications in the H & V sector and is
also used as both a thermal and an acoustic insulation in transport,
shipping, building and industrial applications.
d. Phenolic Foam

Figure 2.4 Phenolic Foam

(Source: http://www.unitechenterprise.in)
Density : 35 to 120 /3
Thermal Conductivity
Table 2.6 Thermal conductivity phenolic foam at density indicated
Thermal conductivity (W/mK) at density indicated
below
Mean temp C 35 kg/m3 , 120 kg/m3
10 0,018 0,022

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Service Temperature range : 180 120

Combustibility : Non Combustible
Water Vapour Transmission :
Insulant (if appropriate) : 10 /
Composite finish : 0,001g/(s, MN)
Mechanical Properties (35 /3 )
Compressive strength : 172 (para), 84 (perp) in /2 at 10 %
deformation
Flexural strength : 210 (para), 140 (perp) in /2
Thickness Range : Available from 10 to 600 mm
Forms available : Bends, Lags, Laminate, Pipe Insulation,
Sections, Slabs
Typical Uses and Application
Used in commercial and institutional H & V applications where high
insulation standards are required but space is tight. Also as a substitute for
PUR and PIR in low temperature and heating applications. (Up to MTHW)
where Class 0 fire rating and low smoke emission characteristics are
required.
e. Polystyrene Expanded

Figure 2.5 Polystyrene Expanded

(Source: http://canada.foambymail.com)
Density : and range, if applicable
Thermal Conductivity

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Table 2.7 Thermal conductivity polystyrene expanded at density indicated

Thermal conductivity (W/mK) at density indicated
below
Mean temp C 15 kg/m3 20 kg/m3 25 kg/m3 30 /3

10 0,038 0,035 0,033 0,033

Service Temperature range : 150 80

Combustibility : Non Combustible
Water Vapour Transmission :
Insulant (if appropriate) : 25 /
Composite finish : 0,001g/(s, MN)
Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength : 15 /3
Flexural strength : N/a
Tensile strength : 200 /2
Thickness Range : Available from 5 to 610mm
Forms available : Beads, Laminates, Sheets, Pipe Insulation
Typical Uses and Application
Construction floor, wall, roof insulation in domestic, commercial and
industrial buildings. As laminated panels, e.g. Gypsum board and various
other facings. As a pipe insulation material in commercial and industrial
refrigeration applications.

2.5 Insulation Efficiency

We can define the insulation efficiency as the amount of heat that can be
saved from heat loss based on the amount of heat input. To calculate insulation
efficiency we can approach to thermal efficiency calculation. The insulation
efficiency is given by (JP Holman, 1998):

= = =1 ..........................................................1

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The properties of insulation such as thermal counductivity and thickness of

insulator will be used to calculate heat loss that can be occur. We can calculate
heat loss with the equation is given below (fouriers law) :

= (2 1 ) .......................................................................................2

when the thermal conductivity is considered constant. The insulator thickness is
, A is surface area, and 1 and 2 are the insulator-face temperatures. If the
thermal conductivity varies with temperature according to some linear relation
= 0 (1 + ) (JP Holman, 1998), the resultant equation for the heat flow is
0
= [(2 1 ) + (22 12 )]......................................................3
2

For cold insulation, we can replace heat loss with heat gain.

2.6 Arranging Insulation in Equipments

To Arrange insulation in equipment, we must know the appropriate steps
in accordance with existing standards and to prevent mistakes that can be ruin an
insulation system. Below are some steps that can help us in Arrange insulation in
equipment (TIASA, 2001).
2.6.1 Pre-Insulation
Before insulation is applied; all surfaces to be insulated shall be
thoroughly cleaned to remove dirt, oil, moisture, loose rust or any other
foreign matter.
Pressure and leak testing, it is recommended that pressure and leak testing
be carried out and any repairs effected prior to application of insulation. In
many cases this is a statutory requirement.
Heat transfer cement and heat tracing, if a temperature is to be maintained
by means of external heat sources such as heat tracers, heat transfer
cement may have to be applied to improve the heat transfer from the tracer
in severe cases. The manufacturers recommendations should be
consulted.
Corrosion protection, where the operating temperature is less than 130C
and the equipment or pipe work is other than austenitic alloy, the surfaces

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should be coated with a suitable paint. It has been found that below this
temperature corrosion conditions can occur.
Pre-Installation support, Insulation supports shall be installed prior to the
application of the insulation.
2.6.2 Designing Insullation Systems
Factors, which influence the design of an insulation system, are (TIASA,
2001):
Location of Plant
Indoors
Outdoors protected from the weather
Outdoors exposed to the weather
Shape, size and elevations all need to be taken into consideration
Temperature Condition
The normal operating temperatures
The extreme temperature if other than normal operating
temperature
Any fluctuating temperature
Duration of extreme or fluctuating temperatures
Surrounding Atmospheric Condition
Ambient temperature
Relative humidity to establish dew point for cold insulation
Flammable conditions
Potentially corrosive atmosphere
Acidic conditions in atmosphere
Air flow over insulated surface (wind velocity)
Special or Service Conditions Requirements
Resistance to compression, for example, foot traffic
Resistance to fire
Resistance to vibration
Resistance to mechanical damage
Resistance to corrosive fluids or gases

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Anticipated wide fluctuations of temperature, for example, steam

out
Resistance of insulation protection to ingress of oils and flammable
liquids
Application of insulation over special alloys
Resistance to moisture and other weather conditions
Resistance to Vermin

2.6.3 Design Calculation

The design of an insulation system is governed by the insulated operating
values, which the plant requires after insulation. The values may be (TIASA,
2001):
Emissive
Thermal conditions Heat loss/Heat gain
Process temperature drop or rise
Condensation prevention
Personnel protection temperature
Optimal economic conditions
Thermal conductivity of insulation material
Ambient temperature
Wind velocity

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 1. CHAPTER 3
NEEDS AND IDEAS

3.1.Needs
Since heat always flow from a higher temperature region to one at a lower
temperature, there is a continuous flow of heat from outside to the refrigerated
space, whether it is through walls or floor. To limit the amount of such heat flow,
it becomes necessary to use good insulating material for the system. In this case,
the temperature difference between the outside and the refrigerated space is large.
Thus it becomes essential to use insulation.
Heat transfer, as we have studied, occurs due to conduction, convection
and radiation. For reducing the heat flow through the walls and roofs of cold
storages, the heat flow due to conduction and convection has to be reducted. The
heat flow due to conduction can be reduced by the use of materials having a low-
heat conductivity. The heat transfer through convection can be reduced by having
very small closed air cells in the insulation material. Based on this theory, we
conclude that the basic needs is that an insulating material should have a low-heat
conductivity and a number of small closed air cells for good insulation.
The insulation strategy is to minimize radiative heat transfer, minimize
convective heat transfer, and introduce a minimum of solid conductance media.
Factors considered in the selection of the most suitable insulation include it
ruggedness, convenience, volume, weight, ease of fabrication and handling, and
of course thermal effectiveness and cost.
The existing insulation product hasnt been able to answer the needs of
consumers yet who are well marked by complaints regarding the operational
costs, and performances.However, we can meet consumer expectations related to
this product by listen to their voices at the beginning of this project.Thus, we do
survey in orderto identify the needs of existing consumers.
3.2. Consumer Requirement
Consumer requirement is consumer ideas that have been surveyed,
analyzed, and examined where those consumer voices are affecting the
sustainability of product design and development.

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Our insulation product design begins by identifying consumer needs. To

understand what consumer needs, first we ought to define our consumers. The
customers include both those who will buy the product and those who will use the
product. Therefore, we gather information from producer, industry professionals
as user of the product, and experts related to this field.
The method of obtaining the information is through indirect interview in
forms of phone calls and e-mails. We dont do a quick multiple choice
questionnaires because it is narrow and somehow not representative. Through
interview, we are able to apprehend consumers feedback coherently.
Based on the discussion that have been done and some questionnaires that
have been spread to professional, we know that almost all the existing products
still have weaknesses. Therefore, based on this reason we will expose and analyze
the consumer needs for the product. Then, we will formulate the products
spesification by analyzing the consumer requirements.
The author conducted a study of literature and discussions with experts to
examine the types and groups of questions. The author aimed to determine
whether the charging instructions, constructs the questions, and the words used in
the question can be understood by the respondents.

Industrial expert Producing company Lecturer expert

Figure 3.1. Respondents occupation

(Source: Private document from Interview)

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 25

Based on Figure 3.1 which is extracted from the survey, it can be seen that
from we got 12 respondentswhich comes from PT Pagoda Sakti, Air Liquide, and
Huntsman Indonesia as producing company of insulation, and also several user
companies such as Saudi Aramco, Schlumberger, Energi Mega Persada, PT
Perusahaan Gas Negara, Vico Indonesia, and Mr. Nelson Saksono as cryogenic
expert.
3.3. Consumer Needs Interpretation
The results of interviews obtained is then converted into a list of
consumers needs which is used as a standard of design concept for new insulation
for low-temperature product. Table below describes consumer needs from the
interpretation based on the answer of interviews.

Table 3.1. Consumer needs interpretation

No. Questions Answers Needs

To preserve temprature inside the

cold storage and prevent the
ocurring of condensation due to
the extreme temprature difference
between the system and the
surrounding

To avoid any heat loss/leak or to

keep maintain low temperature of Insulation that able to
Why do you use the the gas in liquid phase and in the prevent heat leak and
1 insulation system on same time to keep maintain the maintain the
the equipment? phase and avoid pressure change temperature of the
in the systems. In addition, system
external insulation will help to
mitigate any external corrosion

Insulation is used to maintain the

fluid temperature flow in pipeline
If fluid temperature is lower or
same as than ambient temperature
that cause the flow is cloged

What temperature Insulation that keeps

2 0 up to -40 C.
and/or pressure (or the temperature low

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any properties below 0 degree

relevance) you wish Celcius.
to keep inside the Up to -180 C
insulation system?

At hinges, joints, and cable holes.

What part on your Insulation that can be
equipment is most placed at hinges, joint,
3
vulnerable to the cable holes, and at top
heat-leak? At the top of gas storage tank of the storages.

What types of Panel insulation in form of sheets.

insulation are
4
installed on your
Loose-fill insulation
equipment?

Expanded polystyrene layered

with silicone modified polyester
What is the painted galvanized steel sheet
Insulation material
insulation material with slip joint; because it is thin
which takes only
5 used in your
small spaces to be
equipment? Why Polyurethane foam installed, light
you choose it?

Micro fiberglass

It doesnt have to as long as there Insulation that is firm

Is the insulation is no hit, crash, and frequently and ductile enough to
system need to be cleaned up. withstand hit or crash
replaced
periodically? If yes, Not very frequent, we select the
6 what are the long life type of insulation
effective age of
insulators before Insulation that is
Actually the insulation is designed durable
they need to be for long periode (20 years) and
replaced? the age of the plant design is
average 20 years

Insulation that is
How your company We should know the temprature
easily installed to
7 determine/select we want to maintain, the size of
every length and size
insulation product? the system
of the system

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Insulation sould have

Based on material and life time a good material and
long life cycle

The selection mainly due to cost,

technical spec suitability and
How much it costs durability (operation and
to be incurred for maintenance) Insulation with a
8 the insulation
competitive price
system on your Based on the area and the function
equipment? 10-15% of material cost
About 5 % from material cost
Insulation that can
Sometimes the cell structure is
withstand water
prompting wicking
Is there a shortage / absorbtion
complaints against
9 Insulation that is able
the insulation Some insulation life is fail due to
system is used? to withstand extreme
extreme external condition and
external condition and
sun heat exposure
sun heat exposure

Insulation that has low

thermal conductivity
Durability, we need a long
What aspects are lifetime insulation Insulation which the
considered in the raw material is easy to
10 get
selection of the
insulation system?
Low thermal conductivity, Raw
Insulation that is easy
material should be easy to get,
to maintain
easy to maintain, and price.

Find raw material that is easy to Insulation which the

find and produce one with material is easy to
affordable and stable price. find
Are there any
suggestions for Insulation which the
I expect to have more local
product material can be
12 content
development obtained from local
insulation system
for the future?
Please make new pipe material is Insulation that is
capable to maintain temperature blendable in the
without installing insulation material itself

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3.4. Lists of Needs

The survey which has been done described above can be intepreted into
some list of needs. Based on the consumer needs interpretation, list of needs for
insulation for low-temperature product development is arranged. List of needs in
the table below are intended to clarify what needs required by respondents
insulation for low-temperature products over the years. List of needs that we write
is the new needs that should be available in our product that would be our product
advantages. List of needs is shown in table below.

Table 3.2. List of needs

No. List of Needs
Insulation that has thermal conductivity minimum as low as 0.03
1
W/m.K
2 Insulation that is able to withstand thermal expansion
Insulation that can be placed at hinges, joint, cable holes, and at top
3
of the storages
Insulation material which don't take much spaces to be installed, not
4
too large and heavy
5 Insulation that is firm and ductile enough to withstand hit or crash
6 Insulation that is able to withstand wear or pressure
Insulation that is easily installed to every length and size of the
7
system
8 Insulation sould have a good material and long life cycle
9 Insulation with a competitive price
Insulation that is able to withstand extreme external condition and
10
sun heat exposure
11 Insulation that has low thermal conductivity
12 Insulation which the raw material is easy to get
13 Insulation that is easy to maintain
14 Insulation which the material is easy to find
15 Insulation which the material can be obtained from local
16 Insulation that is blendable in the material itself
17 Insulation that can withstand water absorption

After we list of needs from the respondent statement, we interpreting the

similar needs or have the same meaning and merging them into single need. The
goal of this step is to reduce the needs that has same meaning with another need

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and make it easier to classify so we can categorize them into several categories.
This category used as reference for developing insulation for low-temperature
system.
Here is the result of tidy up needs.
Table 3.3.List of tidy up needs
No. List of Tidy Up Needs
Insulation that has thermal conductivity minimum as low as 0.03
1
W/m.K
2 Insulation that is able to withstand thermal expansion
3 Insulation that is able to withstand wear or pressure
4 Insulation that is able to withstand extreme external condition
5 Insulation that is firm and ductile enough to withstand hit or crash
6 Insulation with a competitive price
Insulation that is easily installed to every length and size of the
7
system
8 Insulation that is easy to maintain
9 Insulation that can withstand water absorbtion

3.5. Category of Consumer Needs and Needs Rank

The entire lists of needs in Table 3.3 can be grouped into several groups of
needs. They are product performances, composition, perception, regulation, and
retailing. This grouping helps us to map the consumer needs.

Table 3.4.Groups of need

Need
Needs
Number
A RETAILING
6. Insulation with a competitive price
B PRODUCT PERFORMANCE
Insulation that has thermal conductivity minimum as low as
1.
0.03 W/m.K
2. Insulation that is able to withstand thermal expansion
3. Insulation that is able to withstand wear or pressure
Insulation that is firm and ductile enough to withstand hit or
5.
crash
8. Insulation that is easy for maintenance and services
9. Insulation that can withstand water absorbtion

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C PRODUCT PERCEPTION
Insulation that is able to withstand extreme external
4.
condition
Insulation that is easily installed to every length and size of
7.
the system

After grouping has been done, grading or ranking is done to know how
important these needs for insulation for low-temperature product. Needs rank
consists of :
1 undesirable needs
2 not important needs
3 nice to have needs
4 highly desirable needs
5 essential needs

Figure 3.2. Maps of needs

Table 3.5.Groups of needs with its rank

Need
Needs Rank
Number
A RETAILING
6. Insulation with a competitive price 4
B PRODUCT PERFORMANCE

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Insulation that has thermal conductivity minimum as low as

1. 5
0.03 W/m.K
2. Insulation that is able to withstand thermal expansion 5
3. Insulation that is able to withstand wear or pressure 4
Insulation that is firm and ductile enough to withstand hit or
5. 3
crash
8. Insulation that is easy to maintain or to service 4
9. Insulation that can withstand water absorbtion 3
C PRODUCT PERCEPTION
4. Insulation that is able to withstand extreme external condition 3
Insulation that is easily installed to every length and size of
7. 3
the system

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 2. CHAPTER 4
3. SPECIFICATION
4.
4.1. List of Metrics
The focus in this chapter is translating what customer needs from the previous
chapter into product specification. This chapter, we define the specification of the
product to all of needs which has been grouped and given rank into dimension and
then giving unit based on the specification. By changing the qualitative form into
the quantitative one, it helps us to determine what we should do in the future to
reach our goal to produce the desirable product.
5. Table 4.1 List of Metrics
Metric Need
Metric Rank. Units
No. Nos.
1 1 Thermal conductivity 5 W/mK
o
2 2 Service temperature range 5 C
3 3 Durability 4 Year
4 3,8 Combustibility 3 Combustible/Non
5 3,9 Water vapour transmission 4 gm/Nh
6 4 Density 4 kg/m3
7 4,5 Thickness range 2 Mm
8 6 Unit manufacturing cost 5 US$/m2
9 7,8 Time to assamble 1 S
10 8,9 Surface spread to flame 3 Class
6. (Source: Reproduce from the literature)
4.2. Metrics & Needs
The next step is making a matrix of needs and metrics. This step will help us to
see if there are some needs which have a same metric units. If there are some
needs that have same metric unit, that doesnt mean we have to erase one or some
of it. Because therere some needs that has subjective specification, its possible to
have needs that have same metric.

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8. Table 4.2 The Needs-Metric Matrix

10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Water vapour transmission
Metric

Service temperature range

Unit manufacturing cost

Surface spread to flame

Thermal conductivity

Time to assamble
Thickness range
Combustibility
Durability

Density
Need
1 Insulation that has thermal conductivity minimum as low 0.03 W/m.K
2 Insulation that is able to withstand thermal expansion
3 Insulation that is able to withstand wear or pressure
4 Insulation that is able to withstand extreme external condition
5 Insulation that is firm and ductile enough to withstand hit or crash
6 Insulation with a competitive price
7 Insulation that is easily installed to every length and size of the system
8 Insulation that is easy to maintain
9 Insulation that can withstand water absorbtion
9. (Source: Reproduce from the interview & literature)
10.
4.3. Benchmarking Existing Product
As conceptual product that will move forward to its production scale, our product
needs benchmarking. Benchmarking is a way to determine the superiority of our
products to be the production of other products that similar and have been
producing in the market. The necessity to conduct benchmarking is vital, because
we will produce a product that must be able to compete with existing products in
the market overally.
The result from benchmarking also help us to project the market segment for our
product, so we can analyze which variable require to scale up, and or further
modification so it will meet both the market share and customer needs.

11. Table 4.3 Competitive Benchmarking Chart Based on Metrics

Arabian
Metric Need Aspen
Metric Rank. Units Rockwool Fiberglass
No. Nos. Aerogels
Insulation
Thermal
1 1 5 W/mK 0.021 0.038 0.028
conductivity

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Service
o
2 2 temperature 5 C (-56) 6 0 250 (-18) 450
range
3 3 Durability 4 year 80 60 50

Combust-
4 3,8 Combustibility 3 Non Non Non
ible/Non
Water vapour
5 3,9 4 gm/Nh Zero N/a N/a
transmission
6 4 Density 4 kg/m3 160 120 64
Thickness
7 4,5 2 Mm 5-10 20 120 12.7 650
range
Unit
8 6 manufacturing 5 US$/m2 25 5.5 0.58
cost
Time to
9 7,8 1 s 7200 N/a 10800
assamble
Surface spread
10 8,9 3 Class N/a 1 1
to flame
12. (Source: Reproduce from the interview & literature)
13.
14. 4.4 Target Value for Each Metric
15. After we listed competitors specifications, we need to make the
specification for our product. The specification of our product is based on
ideal value and marginal value. Ideal value is a value we hope our product
could be reach while marginal value is an acceptable value. Marginal
value is obtained based on the interview toward the respondents and the
expertise. Ideal values are obtained by selecting the ideal specification
from the best product. We use the specification from the existing product
as reference because we could not find it from any literature. Own values
are obtained by discussing together with all of our members to select the
minimum value that our product should have.
16.
17. Table 4.4 The Target Spesification
Metric Need Marginal Ideal
Metric Rank. Units
No. Nos. Value Value
Thermal 0.021
1 1 5 W/mK 0.023 0.03
conductivity 0.03
Service temperature o (-200)
2 2 5 C (-180) 20
range 5
3 3 Durability 4 Year 15 60 90 100

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4 3,8 Combustibility 3 Combustible/Non Non Non

Water vapour
5 3,9 4 gm/Nh N/a Zero
transmission
6 4 Density 4 kg/m3 45 - 60 34 38

7 4,5 Thickness range 2 Mm 5 - 600 30-50

Unit manufacturing
8 6 5 US$/m2 0.11 64 5.5 10
cost
7200 -
9 7,8 Time to assamble 1 S 9000
10800
Surface spread to
10 8,9 3 Class 14 1
flame
18. (Source: Reproduce from the interview & literature)

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 20. CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

The use of thermal insulation is to prevent heat gain which cause energy
consumption to skyrocket by simply providing resistance to heat flow
during heat transfer mechanisms.
Basic requirement for insulation system is due to their thermal
conductivity. The lower the number of thermal conductivity the less the
flow of heat is.
The insulation strategy is to minimize radiative heat transfer, minimize
convective heat transfer, and introduce a minimum of solid conductance
media.
Based on the consumer requirements, the insulation product should be
able to meet the following criteria: have low thermal conductivity, able to
withstand thermal expansion, pressure, hit or crash, and is easy for
maintenance and services.
After benchmark to several existing products Aspen Aerogels,
Rockwool, and Arabian Fiberglass we obtain their specifications. The
existing products thermal conductivity are sequentially 0,021; 0,038;
0,028 W/m.K. The service temprature range are consecutively -156 6
o
C; 0 250 oC; -18 450 oC. Their durability are in sequence 80 years,
60 years, and 50 years. So, current best insulation product is Aspen
Aerogels.

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1. REFERENCES
2.
3. Ulric, Karl T., Eppinger, Steven D. 2000. Product Design and
Development. United States of America:McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Aspen Aerogels, Inc. 2013. PIPE INSULATION FOR COLD SERVICE.
Northborough: Aspen Aerogels, Inc.
5. Arabian Fiberglass Insulation Co., Ltd. 2015. Heavy Density Pipe
Insulation Product. Dammam: AFICO
6. Cengel, Yunus A. 2008. Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach. 7 th.
Edition, McGraw-Hill Comp: New Jersey
7. Van ness, Smith and Abbott. 2005. An Introduction to Chemical
Engineering Thermodynamics 7th Edition. Mc-Graw Hill Comp: Cambridge
[1]C.L. Tien, G.R. Cunnington, Cryogenic Insulation Heat Transfer, In:
Thomas F. Irvine and James P. Hartnett, Editor(s), Advances in Heat Transfer,
Elsevier, 1973, Volume 9, Pages 349-417.
[2]Holman, J. P. "Introduction." Heat Transfer. New York: McGraw Hill,
2010. N. pag. Print.
[3]Zakaria, MS, Osman, K, Yusof, AA, Mohd Hanafi, MH, Saadun, MNA
& Manaf, MZA 2014, 'Parametric analysis on boil-off gas rate inside liquefied
natural gas storage tank' Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, vol 6,
pp. 845-853.
[4]"Shell Launches First LNG Outlook." Shell Global. N.p., n.d. Web. 9
Feb. 2017.
[5]Bahadori, Alireza. Thermal Insulation Handbook for the Oil, Gas, and
Petrochemical Industries. Oxford: Gulf Professional, 2014. Print.
[6]"Asbestos Exposure and Cancer Risk." National Cancer Institute. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2017.
[7]"Potential Chemical Exposures From Spray Polyurethane Foam." EPA.
Environmental Protection Agency, 02 Feb. 2017. Web. 9 Feb. 2017.
8.

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