UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bioproses

ERT 210/4 Process Dynamics and Control

Answer for Tutorial 2: Theoretical Models of Chemical Processes

2.1 Given;

Figure E2.1

(a) Derive a dynamic model that will describe transient operation. Make a degrees of
freedom analysis assuming that both Streams 1 and 2 come from upstream units (i.e.,
their flow rates and temperatures are known functions of time).

(b) Simplify your model, if possible, to one or more differential equations by eliminating any
algebraic equations. Also, simplify any derivatives of products and variables.
2.6 Given;
 Figure E2.6
(a) Develop a dynamic model for this process under the conditions of no reaction. Assume that
q, Ti, and Tc all may vary.

(b) Make a degree of freedom analysis for your model-identifying all parameters, outputs, and
inputs that must be known functions of time in order to obtain a solution.
(c) In order to estimate the heat transfer coefficients, the reactor will be tested with Ti much
hotter than the exit temperature. Explain how your model would have to be modified to
account for the presence of the exothermic reaction. (For proposes of this answer, assume the
reaction is A B and be as specific as possible.)

2.8 Given;

Figure E2.8
2.10 Given;

Figure E2.10
2.15 Given;

Fig. 2.11

(a) Derive a dynamic model for this chemostat by modifying the fed-batch reactor model in
Section 2.4.9.
(b) Derive the steady-state relationship between growth rate in Eq. 2-93 and dilution rate D
where by definition, D = F/V. Suggest a simple control strategy for controlling the growth
rate based on this result.

(c) An undesirable situation called washout occurs when all of the cells are washed out of the
bioreactor and thus cell mass X become zero. Determine the values of D that result in
washout. (Hint:Washout occurs if dX/dt is negative for an extended period of time, until
X = 0.)

(d) For the numerical values given below, plot the steady-state cell production rate DX as a
function of dilution rate D. Discuss the relationship between the values of D that result in
washout and the value that provides the maximum production rate. The parameter values are:
m = 0.20 h-1; Ks = 1.0 g/l, YX/S = 0.5 g/g. The steady-state condition is D = 0.1 h-1, X = 2.25
g/L, S = 1.0 g/L, and S f = 10 g/L.
At steady state, the dynamic model given by Eqs. 1, 2 and 3 becomes: