Question 1

Determine the elevation difference h, between the water levels in the two open tanks shown in the figure
below.

Solution 1

For manometer problems, it is vital that you define z=0 first! Here we choose the free-surface level of
container,
1 as the z=0, then we play the point-to-point trick as I did in the lecture example. Remember
the two points in one equation must be within the same fluid!

From A to B:
0 + 0 = pB + g(hc + hm )
From B to C:
pB + m g(hc + hm ) = pc + m ghc
From C to D:
pc + ghc = 0 gh
In the three equations above, there are only three unknown variables, namely pB , pC and h, so solve
them to get:
h = 0.04m

1
Question 2
A gate in the form of a partial circular surface (called a Tainter gate) holds back water on top of a dam
as shown in the figure. The gate is very long into the page, and thus all calculations can be treated in
terms of per unit length. The circular surface of the gate has a radius of 22 ft and a center, A, located at
the same elevation as the water surface in the reservoir, i.e. 10 ft above the seat of the gate C. The gate
is supported by and can pivot around a shaft located along its centerline at A.

a) Determine the horizontal force on the gate and its line of action.
b) Determine the total vertical force on the gate.
c) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force on the gate.
d) Why must the resultant pressure force pass through the shaft located at A?

Solution 2
a) The horizontal force on the gate is the force on the gates projection onto a vertical plane. Thus the
pressure force px , as seen in the figure below, can be determined by:
1 1
px = gh2 = (62.4 lb/f t3 )(10f t)2 = 3120 lb/f t
2 2

2
Note:in the imperial system of units, we see that g = = specific weight of water = 62.4 lb/f t3 . The
line of action of this force is simply h3 from the bottom, since the gate is very long into the page, and thus
our calculations are per unit length.
h
line of action = = 3.33f t f romC
3
b) The total vertical force on the gate is equal to the weight of the fluid that would be about the surface
of the circular gate if there was fluid above the gate, or the weight of fluid the gate displaces.

From the figure above, we notice that sin = 10

22 , so = 27.0 . We want Fv = gA to get the weight of
fluid displaced:
1
AOCE = AACE AADC = (22f t)2 (
) (10f t)(22cosf t) = 16f t2
360 2
So the force can be expressed by:
Fv = gADCE = (62.4lb/f t2 )(16f t2 ) = 998.4 lb/f t
c) We can use the force calculated in (a) and (b) to find the magnitude of the resultant force.
x-direction: F x = 3120 lb/f t
y-direction: F x = 998.4 lb/f t
q p
Resultant: F = (Fx2 + Fy2 ) = (3120)2 + (998.4)2 = 3275.9 lb/f t
d)The resultant force must pass through the shaft located at A because the direction of all pressure
force on the gate is perpendicular to the surface of the gate. The resultant force must pass through the
intersection of these force, which (given the geometry of the gate as a partial circle with center A) must
be at the shaft location at A.

Question 3
You are an engineering consultant for the Fish and Wildlife Service. A developer is required to construct
an artificial freshwater marsh as mitigation for construction impacts on a coastal ecosystem. The devel-
oper submitted the following design for a gate that controls the water level. Gate AB is 5 ft wide (into
the paper) and opens to let freshwater out when the ocean tide is dropping below a certain level. The
hinge at A is 12 ft above the bottom. The gate will be constructed of lightweight materials and its weight
may be neglected.

At what seawater depth does the gate open? Assume f = 1000 kg/m3 and s = 1030 kg/m3

3
Solution 3
We determine the seawater depth that opens the gate with a balance of moments around the pivot point
A.

Freshwater side:
1
Ff = f gh2f b
2
1
a f = h hf
3
Seawater side:
1
Fs = s gh2s b
2
1
a s = h hs
3
Moment balance X
M = M f Ms = 0
Ff af = Fs as
1 1 1 1
f gh2f b(h hf ) = s gh2s b(h hs )
2 3 2 3
f 2 1 1
hf (h hf ) = h2s (h hs )
s 3 3

4
 c 2 1
h3s 3hh2s + 3 hc (h hf ) = 0
s 3
Plugging in values, we get
1000 1
h3s 3(12f t)h2s + 3 (10f t)2 (12f t 10f t) = 0
1030 3
Thus we get
hs = 9.82 ft

Question 4
Water exits a pipe as a free jet and flows to a height h above the exit plane as shown in Fig. P3.60. The
flow is steady, incompressible,and frictionless. (a) Determine the height h. (b) Determine the velocity
and pressure at section (1).

Solution 4
(a) Take the level of point (2) as z=0

5
point (2):
V2 p V2
+ +z =
2g g 2g
point (3):
V2 p
+ +z =h
2g g
So,
V2 4.92
h= = = 1.1m
2g 2 9.8
(b) Continuing equation between (1) and (2):

V A2 = V1 A1

A2 15.242
v1 = V = 4.9 = 11.025m/s
A1 10.162
Take the level of point (1) as z=0:

Point (1):
V2 p V2 p1
+ +z = 1 +
2g g 2g g
Point (2):
V2 p V2
+ +z = + 2.4m
2g g 2g
V12 p1 V2
So: + = + 2.4m
2g g 2g
1
p1 = 2.4 103 9.8 + (4.62 11.0252 ) 103 = 2.53 104 [P a]
2

Question 5
Water flows steadily from the large open tank shown in the figure. If viscous effects are negligible,
determine (a) the flowrate, Q, and (b) the manometer reading, h.

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Solution 5

(a) From the figure above, exiting velocity:

p p D2 0.12
V = 2gH so, Q=V A= 2gH = 2 9.8 4 = 0.0696m3 /s
4 4
(b)By relating the point A with the exit, we can obtain the pressure at A:

pA VA2 p0 V2
ZA + + = Z0 + + 0
g 2g g 2g

pA V2 V2 0.12 2
= 0 (1 A2 ) = H(1 ( ) )
g 2g V0 0.082
pA
= 1.44H
g
From A to B (take zA = 0)
pA pB pA pB
+ zA = + zB > = + zB
g g g g
From B to C
pB pC pB
+ zB = + zC > = h
g g g
Combine the 2 equations above, yields:
pA 1
h = ( zB ) = (1.44 4m 2m) = 0.57m
g m 13.6

Question 6
The flowrate in a water channel is sometimes determined by use of a device called a Venturi flume. As
shown in the figure, this device consists simply of a hump on the bottom of the channel. If the water
surface dips a distance of 0.07 m for the conditions shown, what is the flowrate per width of the channel?
Assume the velocity is uniform and viscous effects are negligible.

7
Solution 6

The water depth at point 2 is

h2 = 1.2 0.07 0.2 = 0.93m
Continuity:
h1
V 1 h1 = V 2 h2 > V2 =V1 = 1.29V1
h2
Take the flat bottom of the channel to be z=0, the piezometric head at cross section 1-1 can be obtained
by considering the free surface:
p1 0
+ h1 = + 1.2 = 1.2m
g g
The piezometric head at 2-2 cross sections free surface:
p2 0
+ h2 + 0.2 = + 1.2 0.07 = 1.13m
g g
Bernoulli from 1-1 to 2-2
V12 V2
+ 1.2m = 2 + 1.13m
2g 2g
V22 V12 = (1.292 1)V12 = 2g 0.07m
V1 = 1.44m/s
Q = V1 h1 = 1.73m2 /s

8
Question 7
An elbow and nozzle combination lies in the horizontal plane as shown in the figure below. The nozzle
discharges into the atmosphere. Assume d1 , d2 , p1 , Q are known.

a) Find the x-component of the total force on the flange bolts.

b) Determine the head loss associated with the flow around the 180 bend.

Solution 7

The control volume drawn above encloses the entire elbow and the fluid and is perpendicular to the flow.
The force, as drawn, is the force from the flange bolts on the CV, and we want the force on the bolts
from the CV.

a) Conservation of linear momentum in the horizontal gives:

X
0 = M~P1 + M~P2 + gravity
~ = other forces on CV

Ff b = M~P1 + M~P2
Ff b = (V12 + P1 )A1 + (V22 + P2 )A2
Ff b = V12 A1 + P1 A1 + V22 A2

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 1 1 4 1 1
Ff b = Q2 ( + ) + A1 = Q2 ( 2 + 2 ) + d21
A1 A2 d1 d2 4
b) Energy equation
H1 = H2 + H
p1 V2 p2 V2
+ z1 + 1 = + z2 + 2 + H
g 2g g 2g
p1 Q2 1 1 p1 Q2 4 2 1 1
H = + ( 2 2) = + ( ) ( 4 4)
g 2g A1 A2 g 2g d1 d2
Possible head-losses include those due to wall friction, curvature and separation at corners/ the nozzle.

Question 8
Water flow in open channels can be controlled and measured with a sluice gate. Water flows under the
gate in a wide channel as shown in the figure below; sections 1 and 2 (depths h1 and h2) are located at
moderate distances upstream and downstream of the gate, respectively, where the flow is uniform and well
behaved. The depth directly under the gate is d. The outlet of the gate has a coefficient of contraction
of Cv = 0.61.

a) Assuming h1 and d are known, find the discharge per unit width, q.
b) Find the depth along the upstream face of the gate, hG.
c) Find the horizontal force on the gate due to the flowing fluid.
d) If the pressure variation on the gate were hydrostatic, what would be the horizontal force on the gate?

Solution 8
a) We have a converging flow, so we neglect head-loss and use Bernoulli to find (1) to (2):

p1 V2 p2 V2
+ z1 + 1 = + z2 + 2
g 2g g 2g
At (1) and (2) flow are well-behaved, so the pressure varies hydrostatically perpendicular to streamline.
Thus we have:
p1 + gz1 = constant = gh1
p2 + gz2 = constant = gh2

10
at the surface, the pressure term is 0, so
1 1
gh1 + V12 = gh2 + gV22
2 2
1 Q2 1 1
h1 h2 =(V22 V12 ) = ( 2 2)
2g 2g h2 h1
s r
1 1 1 2g
Q = 2g(h1 h2 )[ 2 2 ] = h1 h2
h2 h1 h1 + h2
h2
we get h2 by the definition of the contraction coefficient Cv = d
r
2g
Q == h1 Cv d
h1 + C v d

b) We take Bernoulli along the streamline of the free surface of (1) to the gate

p1 V2 pg Vg2
+ z1 + 1 = + zg +
g 2g g 2g
Since the points are on the surface, p1 = pg = 0, and since g is at a convex conner, Vg = 0. Thus we
recover:
1
gh1 + V12 = ghg
2
Q2 h22
V12 = 2 = 2g
A1 h1 + h2
h22 (Cv d)2
hg = h1 + = h1 +
h1 + h2 Cv d + h1

c) First of all, we need to determine the CV as below:

Conservation of linear momentum in the horizontal direction gives:

F~ = M~P1 M~P2

F = (V12 + pc,1 )h1 (V22 + pc,2 )h2

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 1 1
F = (V12 + gh1 )h1 (V22 + gh2 )h2
2 2
1
F = g(h21 h22 ) + (V12 h1 V22 h2 )
2
Substituting in our expression for V12 and V22 gives:

1 h22 h21
F = [ g(h21 h22 ) + (2g h1 2g h2 )]
2 h1 + h2 h1 + h2
1 h2 h1
F = g[(h1 h2 )(h1 + h2 ) + 4h1 h2 ( )]
2 h1 + h2
1 h1 h2
F = g(h1 h2 )[(h1 + h2 ) + 4( )]
2 h1 + h2
1 h2 2h1 h2 + h22 4h1 h2
F = g(h1 h2 )[ 1 ]
2 h1 + h2
1 (h1 h2 )3
F = g
2 (h1 + h2 )
1 (h1 Cv d)3
F = g
2 (h1 + Cv d)

4) If the pressure on the gate were simply hydrostatic, the force would be
1
F = g(hG d)2
2

From these pressure distributions, it is clear that the hydrostatic pressure force on the gate is greater
than the actual pressure force distribution. (Bernoulli Equation)

Question 9
Assuming frictionless, incompressible, one-dimensional flow of water through the horizontal tee connection
sketched in the figure, estimate values of the x and y components of the force exerted by the tee on the
water. Each pipe has an inside diameter of 1 m.

12
Solution 9
First we select the CV to analysis:

Since the connector is very short, so we neglect the friction force exerted by the tube surface. We can
write the linear momentum equation:

x-direction F x + M P3 = 0 (A)

y-direction F y + M P1 + M P2 = 0 (B)
12
Fx = M P3 = A(V12 + p1 ) = (103 62 + 200 103 ) = 185kN
4
From (1) to (2), and (1) to (3), apply Bernoulli. This is because the question assume frictionless flow. In
other cases, you cannot such an assumption.

From (1) to (3)

Q
v3 = = 12.73m/s
A

13
 v32 p3 v2 p1
+ = 1 +
2g g 2g g
p3 = 1.37 105 P a
From (1) to (2)
v2 = (Q v1 A)/A = 6.73m/s
v32 p3 v2 p2
+ = 2 +
2g g 2g g
p2 = 1.95 105 P a
As a result, we can calculate M P3 = A(v32 +p3) = 2.35105 N and M P2 = A(v22 +p2 ) = 1.89105 N

Fy = 45.8kN

Question 10
As shown in the figure, two huge water tanks are connected by a pipe. The conditions are all given in the
figure and we need to determine the average flow velocity within the pipe. Here we neglect the change
of water depth in tanks and hence the flow within the pipe is steady. The inlet is sharp-edged, and the
friction factor of the pipe is 0.0212.

Solution 10
The basic equation is the generalized Bernoulli equation. We take the free surface of the upper tank as
the inflow area and the free surface of the lower tank as the outflow area, so:

p1 v2 p2 v2
+ z1 + 1 = + z2 + 2 + H
g 2g g 2g
The pressure at the free surface are the same, and the velocities at the free surface can be neglected, so:

H = h1 h2 = 1m

14
The total head loss consists of frictional head loss and minor losses, and we reference all the looses to
average velocity within the pipe:

fL V 2
Frictional head loss: Hf =
D 2g

V2
Inlet loss: Hm = Kin
2g
Since the inlet is sharp-edged:
1 2 1 2
Kin = (1 ) = (1 ) = 0.41
Cv 0.61

V2
Exit loss: Kout
2g
where
Kout = 1
V2
Bending loss: Kbend
2g
Thus:
fL V2
H = ( + Kin + Kout + Kbend )
D 2g
or
fL V2
h1 h2 = ( + Kin + Kout + Kbend )
D 2g
Thus: s
2g(h1 h2 )
V = fL
D + Kin + Kout + Kbend
r
2 9.8 1
V = = 0.919m/s
212 + 0.41 + 1 + 0.59
Although this question gives you the friction factor, in fact this is not necessary, as you should be able
to determine it using the Moody diagram. Please do so to verify that the given friction factor 0.0212 is
reasonable.

Question 11
Near the downstream end of a river spillway, a hydraulic jump often forms, as illustrated in Fig. The
velocity of the channel flow is reduced abruptly across the jump. Using the conservation of mass and
linear momentum principles, derive the following expression for h2,
s
h1 h1 2V 2 h1
h2 = + ( ) 2 + 1
2 2 g

The loss of available energy across the jump can also be determined if energy conservation is considered.
Derive the loss expression.
(h2 h1 )3
jump loss: H =
4h1 h2

15
Solution 11

1) For the problem of hydraulic jump, we consider the control volume as indicated by the dashed line
in the figure above. Section 1-1 and 2-2 are two flow areas. For this problem, the horizontal distance
between 1-1 and 2-2 is very short, so we can neglect the bottom friction. The free surface has no force on
it. Thus, for the momentum principle in the horizontal direction:

M P1 + M P2 = 0

where:
1
M P1 = h1 (v12 + gh1 )
2
1
M P2 = h2 (v22 + gh2 )
2
So:
1 1
h1 v12 + gh21 = h2 v22 + gh22 (1)
2 2
Continuity gives:
h1 v1 = h2 v2 = Q (2)
(1) + (2) gives that:
Q2 1 2 Q2 1 2
+ gh1 = + gh2
h1 2 h2 2
or
1 1 1
Q2 ( ) = g(h22 h21 )
h1 h2 2
So:
Q2 1
= g(h1 + h2 ) (3)
h1 h2 2

16
Rearrange (3) yields:
(gh1 )h22 + (gh21 )h2 2Q2 = 0
solve this quadratic function gives:
s
h1 h1 2 2Q2
h2 = + ( ) +
2 2 gh1

recall
2Q2 2v 2 h1
= 1
gh1 g
So: s
h1 h1 2 2v12 h1
h2 = + ( ) +
2 2 g

2) The total head at 1-1:

v12
H1 = + h1
2g
The total head at 2-2:
v22
H2 = + h2
2g
So:
v12 v2
H1 H2 = 2 + (h1 h2 )
2g 2g
Q2 Q2
= + (h1 h2 )
2gh21 2gh22
Q2 h22 h21
= + (h1 h2 )
2g h21 h22
Use (3) to simplify the equation

1 h2 h2
= (h1 + h2 )h1 h2 2 2 2 1 + (h1 h2 )
4 h1 h2

(h2 h1 )3
=
4h1 h2
This energy loss is due to the turbulence region on the free surface, which dissipate flow energy. Hydraulic
jump is a widely-used techniques when it is necessary to reduce flow energy in a short distance. You can
see this in most the downstream of dames.

17