Table of Contents

Abstract..2
Introduction...2
Objective3
Theory3-5
Apparatus ..6
Procedure......6-7
Results7-8
Sample of calculations...8
Discussion...9
Conclusion..9
Recommendation...10
References..10
Appendix

Abstract

1
This experiment was conducted to determine and to study the performance of the shell and
tube heat exchanger, the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) for the shell and tube exchanger.
The Heat Exchanger operates with a heated water as the heating medium for the Tube-side
and at the Shell-side. This experiment was ran for five times with different flow rate and
pressure for every 10 minutes. This experiment also ran for both hot and cold water with
different pressure and also flow rate of the medium. The objective of this experiment is to
determine the heat loss and also the heat transfer for each data taken by using the measured
flow rate of water in the shell and tube exchanger. The others objective for this experiment is
also the determine the LMTD which is also known as the log mean temperature difference
that is measured at the inlet and the outlet of shell and tube and also the last objective for this
experiment is to calculate the heat transfer coefficient of the fluids.

Introduction

It is important either to add or to remove heat from a process stream in most of the chemical
industry and it is necessary for a heat reaction mixture to increase the rate of the reaction to
make the process to be more practicable or it is important to let the solution to be cool to
ensure crystallisation of a product. It is necessary to remove the amount of an energy in the
system in a rapid, controllable and reliable way. Thus a heat exchanger is designed for stream
raising plant and the general principles of heat transfer theory are applicable in heat exchanger
technology. Therefore, it is important to understand the operation of the heat exchanger and
also the general principles of the heat exchanger.

Heat exchangers were design not only to runs a process between two temperatures which is
hot and cold stream but also to runs a process at specific rate of heat transfer coefficient. The
heat exchanger were design also to solve the problem of the rapidly transferring of energy.
The performance of heat exchanger will also progressively degrade as the contract surface
become corrosive or also known as fouled and this will reduce the efficiency of the heat
exchanger by at least half.

Special care must be taken to deal potential corrosion and fouling problems to prevent extra
expense to be used to rectify the heat exchanger if there is a problem in the heat exchanger.
The heat exchanger must be capable of dealing with both normal process conditions and any
reasonably foreseeable overload.

2
Objectives

The objective for this experiment is to determine the heat transfer and the heat loss for the
energy balance for this process and also to identify the log mean temperature difference
(LMTD). The last objective for the shell and heat tube exchanger experiment is to determine
the heat transfer coefficients for this process.

Theory

To observe the temperature profile in the heat exchanger is by identifying the characteristic of
the heat exchanger such as the flow management and the type of construction. The simplest
type of heat exchanger is the one with the hot and cold fluids move in same or move in
opposite directions. The temperature difference between the hot and the cold fluid may vary
along the length of the heat exchanger as shown in the figure below.

(a) (b)
Figure 1 Temperature profiles in concentric tube heat exchangers
The temperature difference between the hot fluid and cold fluid is vary along the length of the
heat exchanger is due to the fact that the cold fluid temperature rise as the hot fluid
temperature transfers the heat to the cold fluid and the hot fluid temperature would be
decreasing. The heat transfer rate is maximum at the inlet and at the minimum rate at the
outlet of the heat exchanger.

In the Figure 1(b) the counter flow arrangement, the difference of the temperature between
hot fluid and the cold fluid and also the heat transfer rate at any points is usually maximum at
the inlet of the hot fluid. The temperature difference is decreasing less dramatically than the

3
parallel flow arrangement the Figure 1(a) as we move towards the hot fluid at the outlet. The
temperature difference (T) is not constant and always changes along the length of the heat
exchanger for both of the arrangement of the fluid. The heat transfer coefficients (hi and ho)
may vary along the length of the heat exchanger as the result of the changes of the fluid
temperature. The overall heat transfer rate in a heat transfer rate in the heat exchanger simply
calculated by using Newtons of Cooling equation:

Q=hA T

The overall heat transfer rate can also be expressed in terms of overall heat transfer coefficient
and a mean temperature

Q=U OV AOV T m

The mean temperature calculated by using the Log Mean Temperature Difference formula.

t 1T 2

t 2T 1
()

LMTD=

For the parallel flow which also known as the co-current flow arrangement in the Figure 1(a),
the hot fluid and the cold fluid is flow in the same directions and also leave at the same
directions and if the specific heat capacity of fluids is constant:

dQ
=UA T
dt

Where,

dQ
dt = Rate of heat transfer between two fluids

U = Overall heat transfer coefficient

A = Area of the tube

T = Logarithmic mean temperature difference defined by:

4
 T 2 T 1 T 1 T 2
T LMTD= =
ln ( T 2 T 1 ) ln ( TI T 2 )

Where for,

Parallel: T1 Th,1 Tc,1 = Th,I Tc,I

T2 Th,2 Tc,2 = Th,o Tc,o

Counter-Current: T1 Th,1 Tc,1 = Th,I Tc,o

T2 Th,2 Tc,2 = Th,o Tc,I

In this experiment also we have to determine the heat loss and the heat transfer for the process
in the heat exchanger which can be calculated by using:

Hot water flow rate (HW)

QH =F H CpH ( t 1t 2 )

Hot water flow rate (CW)

QC =F c CpC ( T 2T 1 )

Where,

QH = Heat load for hot water flow rate

QC = Heat load for cold water flow rate

FH = Hot water mass flow rate

FC = Cold water mass flow rate

t1 = Hot water inlet temperature

t2 = Cold water inlet temperature

T1 = Hot water outlet temperature

T2 = Cold water outlet temperature

In order to find the heat transfer coefficient which is equivalent to U is by using the equation
below:

5
 Q
U=
A LMTD FT

Where,

Q = Heat rate with respect to the flow rate of water QH or QC

FT = Correction factor

Apparatus

Procedure

General Start-up Procedures

1. A quick inspection was perform to ensure the equipment in a proper working

condition.
2. All the valves are ensure to be initially closed except V1 and V2.
3. The hot water tank is fill with water supply connected to valve V27 and when tank is
full the valve closed.
4. The cold water tank was also filled by opening the valve V28 and the valve was closed
until the tank was filled with the water supply.
5. The drain hose was connected to the cold water drain point.
6. The main power was switch on and the temperature controller was set up to 50C.
7. The water temperature in the hot tank was allowed to reach the set point which is
50C

Experimental Procedure

6
 1. The general start-up procedures was performed.
2. The valves was switch to the counter-current shell and tube heat exchanger
arrangement
3. The pumps P1 and P2 was switched on and the valves V3 and V14 was adjusted and
opened to obtained the desired flowrates for the hot and the cold water streams.
4. The systems was allowed to reach steady-state for about 10 minutes and the
FT1,FT2,TT1,TT2,TT3 and TT4 was recorded in table.
5. The pressure drop measurements for the shell-side and tube-side for pressure was also
recorded.
6. Step 3 to step 5 was repeated for different combinations of flowrate FT1 and FT2
7. The P1 and P2 was switched off after the completion of experiment
8. The experiment was proceeded with the shut-down procedures

General Shut-down procedures

1. The heater is switched off and we waited for the hot temperatures to drops below
40C
2. The P1 and P2 is switched off
3. The main power of the heat exchanger was switched off
4. The water in the process lines were drained off and the water was retained in the hot
and cold water tanks for the next laboratory session.
5. All the valves was closed.

Results

Hot water:

FT1 FT2 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 DPT1 DPT2

(LPM) (LPM) (C) (C) (C) (C) (mmH2O) (mmH2O)
10 2 44.9 29.3 48.8 50.1 58 5
10 4 37.8 28.3 46.6 49.9 58 5
10 6 35.8 28.9 45.5 48.7 58 5
10 8 33.9 29.1 44.5 48.7 57 5
10 10 33.1 29.2 44.3 48.4 58 5

FT1 FT2 QH QC Q LMTD U

(LPM) (LPM) (KJ/s) (KJ/s) (KJ/s) (C)
10 2 0.90 2.15 1.53 10.82 0.048
10 4 2.27 1.31 1.79 14.99 0.041
10 6 2.21 0.95 1.58 14.67 0.036
10 8 2.89 0.66 1.78 15.10 0.040
10 10 2.83 0.54 1.69 15.20 0.038

Cold water:

7
 FT1 FT2 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 DPT1 DPT2
(LPM) (LPM) (C) (C) (C) (C) (mmH2O) (mmH2O)
2 10 30.5 29.1 34.1 49.3 5 225
4 10 31.3 29.2 42.0 48.0 5 219
6 10 32.0 29.3 43.0 48.0 3 206
8 10 32.7 29.3 44.2 49.6 21 219
10 10 33.4 29.3 45.1 50.0 67 219

FT1 FT2 QH QC Q LMTD U

(LPM) (LPM) (KJ/s) (KJ/s) (KJ/s) (C)
2 10 10.47 0.19 5.33 10.42 0.175
4 10 4.14 0.29 2.22 14.66 0.052
6 10 3.45 0.37 1.91 14.82 0.044
8 10 3.72 0.47 2.10 15.88 0.045
10 10 3.38 0.57 1.98 16.20 0.042

Sample of calculation
By taking data:
FT1 FT2 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 DPT1 DPT2
(LPM) (LPM) (C) (C) (C) (C) (mmH2O) (mmH2O)
10 2 44.9 29.3 48.8 50.1 58 5

Heat transfer rate in hot water

kG kJ kJ
QH =mH x C pH x T 0.1647 x 4.185 x ( 50.148.8 )=0.90
s kG . s

kG kJ kJ
Qc =mc x C pc x T 0.033 x 4.185 x (50.148.8 )=2.15
s kG . s

Heat transfer, Q

Q C +QH 2.15+0.90
Q= =1.52(KJ /s )
2 2

LMTD

( ( TT 2TT 3 )( TT 1TT 4 ) ) ( ( 29.348.8 )( 44.950.1 ) )

LMTD= =
( TT 1TT 4 ) 44.950.1 ) 10.82
(
(TT 2TT 3 ) ) ( (( 29.348.8 ) )
Heat transfer coefficient, U

8
 Q 1.52
U= = =0.048
A+ LMTD 2.93+10.82

Discussion
This experiment is conduct to evaluate the heat transfer and the heat loss for the energy
balance for this process and also to identify the log mean temperature difference (LMTD).
The other why this experiment was conducted is to determine the heat transfer coefficient for
the process in the shell and tube heat exchanger. In the heat exchanger process, the hot and
cold fluid is exchange heat and separated by the solid wall of the exchanger. The rate of the
heat exchanger which is denoted by Q is influence by the fluid properties, exchanger
geometry and also the flow rates of the fluids. In shell and tube heat exchanger, the shell and
tube exchanger with only one shell pass and with two tubes pass was used. The experiment
was conducted by using hot water that was heated to 70C and the experiment was run for 10
minutes for every data for both heated water, HW and also the cooled water, CW.

In this experiment, the value of heat load for both shell (QC) and tube (QH) for each data was
calculated. The best convergence of QC and QH which is the nearest to 1.0 was selected as
the ideal value of the heat load. The value for every data is not constant because the heat is
loss from the system to the surrounding of the exchanger while conducting the experiment.
The overall heat transfer coefficient, U was calculated by using the heat load, Q and also the
corrected LMTD values that have been calculated before. The overall heat transfer coefficient
was decreasing as the LMTD is increasing and the Q is decreasing for both the cooled water,
CW and the heated water, HW. There was error while taking data that make the data that we
took were not really accurate. During conducting this experiment the pressure was fluctuated
that causing us to take the data.

Conclusion

All the objectives for this experiment was successfully determined and achieved. We have
demonstrate the heat transfer process for the shell and heat tube exchanger. We also have
evaluated the heat load, Q and the log mean temperature difference (LMTD) and also the
overall heat transfer coefficient, U for both cooled water, CW and heated water, HW. The
value of the overall heat transfer coefficient was decreasing respectively as the flow rate of

9
the fluid is reduces. The flow pattern of the fluid is turbulent for the tube side and laminar for
the shell side and this is because the different of the flow rate and also the velocity of the fluid
influenced the pattern of the fluid flow.

Recommendation

There are some recommendations to improve the result and the data of this experiment.
Firstly, it is better to clean up the shell and tube wall because it may have fouling that can
affect the heat transfer and because the heat transfer is easily influence by many of the
parameters such as the flow rate of the fluid. Next, make sure the reading of the flow rate of
the fluid and also the pressure is constant in order to obtain the ideal temperature and we also
have also to make sure the reading of hot water is between 70C to 50C. The devices
material are also important in this experiment since it is related to the heat transfer and in
order to get a more accurate of the heat transfer, the material must a good thermal
conductivity and not corrosive when it exposed to both liquid and air.

References

1. W. McCabe, J. Smith, and P. Harriot, (2005). Unit Operation of Chemical Engineering, 7 th

edition McGraw-Hill
2. http://www-unix.ecs.umass.edu/~rlaurenc/Courses/che333/Reference/exchanger.pdf < 02
April 2017>
3. http://opencourseware.kfupm.edu.sa/colleges/ces/che/che309/files/2-
Experiments_Heat_Transfer_in_Shell_Tube_HE.pdf <02 April 2017>

10
11