USEFUL CHARGES

CHEMISTRY UNIT 3 REVISION

Ag+ MNO4- CO32-
Zn 2+
HCO3 -
SO42-
FLAME TESTS HYDROGEN - burning splint; squeaky pop Al 3+
NO3 -
SO32-
(1) Add HCl to solid sample; this forms a OXYGEN - burnt splint; relights NH4+ OH- CR2O72-
salt CO2 - pass thru limewater; goes milky white O 2-
S 2-
PO43-
(2) Dip nichrome wire into sample with HCl NITROGEN DIOXIDE - brown gas evolved; blue litmus > red HALOGENOALKANE - AQ ALKALI
(3) Hold wire/salt into bunsen flame SULPHATE - add HCl and BaCl2; forms white ppt. of BaSO4 - react w/ aqueous alkali (e.g.
SULPHITE - add HCL/H2SO4 - sulphur dioxide produced
NaOH)
SULPHUR DIOXIDE - add K2Cr2O7; goes orange -> green
PRECIPITATION REACTIONS AMMONIA - turns blue litmus red (remember; its toxic - use fume - halogen substituted by OH
(1) Add nitric acid; remove impurities/neut. cup) - forms alcohol
OH AMMONIUM (NH4+) - add NaOh; turns blue litmus red (forms NH3)
(2) Add AgNO3; makes silver halide (AgX) - called hydrolysis/nucleophilic sub.
HCl - steamy fumes produced; ammonia on glass rod - white smoke
(3) Add NH3 (Ammonia) Solution CHLORINE - bleaches litmus; KBr red > brown (Br2 made) - fluoro least reactive; high bond
(4) Sunlight + 2AgX; darkens to make 2Ag & BROMINE - add to KI; goes from colourless > red/brown (I2) H
IODINE - starch indicator; turns dark blue (if iodine present) HALOGENOALKANE - AMMONIA
WATER - copper cobalt paper blue > pink - reacts w ammonia to make amine
HALIDE SALTS & SULPHURIC ACID C=C BOND - bromine water; turns brown > colourless
- in all reactions; forms HX (hydrogen halide) - amine is -NH2/-NH/-N-group
NITRATE - add NaOH and Devardas Alloy; makes NH3 (red lit >
- observation: steamy fumes (NH3:white blue)
- is example of nucleophilic sub.
smoke CARBONATE - add HCl; releases CO2 // or heat; decomp; HALOGENOALKANE -
KF + H2SO4 > KHSO4 + HF SAFETY and PRECAUTIONS
ALCOHOLIC
oxide/CO2
KCl + H2SO4 > KHSO4 + HCl REFLUX: organic compounds vapor condense back to reaction Toxic - use gloves & fume cupboard
vessel Flammable - use water bath, no
F/Cl n/a 4 > KHSO4 + steamy
KBr + H2SO HBr fumes (HCl) - r.o.r for organic compounds slow; reflux heats without losing flame
2HBr + H2SO4 > SO2 + Br2 +2H2O product Harmful gases - use fume cupboard
Br reduces to SO2 steamy fumes (HBr) +
- round bottom flask; reflux condenser with open tap; H20 in at Corrosive
brown gas (Br2) MELTING -POINT
wear googles and
bottom
DETERMINATION
I reduces to S and purple vapour (I2) + - use electric heater as ethanol/vapour can be flammable
- ensure H2O is in at bottom; ensure full condenser w/ no air bubbles - sharp bp. over small range - pure
YIELDS NEVER 100%
DISTILLATION - used to separate desired product from mixture
- transfer losses [loss during
- round bottomed flask, still head w thermometer (head at opposite -
purifc.]
end of condenser), reflux condenser and heater (electric)
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS - vapour that is 2 from b.p. is condensed + collected in beaker - competing reactions
- more reactive halogen displaces less - cool flask in H2O; so flammable liquid doesn't escape + vig. carbon dioxide dissolves
-MAKE in H2O
UP 100CM3 OF SOLUTION
reaction
reactive halide ion from their compound
- NaHCO3; used to neutralize acid; shake in a separating funnel - discard rinsings; make up to mark
- Cl>Br>I - in separating funnel; open tap and run off bottom/top layers after - shake/mix/invert
FEHLINGS/BENEDICTS
- changes clear w/ organic solvent (2 layers - magnesium sulfate/calcium chloride are drying agents; remove SOLUTION
Cl2 + KBr (solution) = orange solution (Br2) H2O
+H (bond breaking) vs -H (bond making) - blue -> red w/ aldehyde (blue,
TITRATIONS - use to fnd the conc. of unknown solution; one known ket.)
- rinse pipette with solution and discard rinsings; use fller to fll to
CARBONATE/NITRATE THERMAL
mark - deep blue Cu2+ complex, reduced
STABILITY
- discharge pipette into conical flask; touch end of pipette onto to red Cu2O
- thermal stability increases down a group; surface TOLLENTS REAGENT
MAKING SALT SOLUTION
group 2 is less thermally stable than group - rinse burette w/ other solution & discard rinsings; funnel to fll
HALOGENOALKANES - add NaOH (aq), nitric acid and AgNO3 - add salt to water until it doesn't
1
1o ALCOHOL - distillation to ALDEHYDE +[O], reflux to CARB. ACID dissolve
- larger cations (more shielding/shells) 2o ALCOHOL - same as above, forms KETONES TYPES OF REAGENTS
- add salt in excess
- therefore, less polarising effect/distortion 3o ALCOHOL - cannot be oxidized therefore remains same Nucleophiles
!!!! 3o HALOGENOALKANES react fastest; due to SN1 vs SN2 - heat and allow to cool afterwards
- therefore more stable - electron pair donators
[g1 nitrate] - attack +ve ion or + with lone pair
decomp. to nitrite
ENTHALPY CHANCENO2)CALCULATIONS
& oxygen (O2) Electrophile
[g2 q=mc
(1) nitrate]
t (kJ) (2) fnd n (mol) (3) H=q/n - species (+) that accepts
decomp.
- be suretotooxide, nitrite
include sign&and
oxygen (incl. g1
unit (kJmol -1 Li)
) electrons
[g1 carbonate]
Common Errors - attracted to electron rich area
- heat loss due to apparatus; no lid/insulation TYPES OF REACTIONS aldehyde - cho (c=c)
- incomplete combustion (soot); less energy Addition - join two or more molecules to form one single
carb. acid large
- cooh Free Radicals
(100AE) ketone - =o
- beaker absorbs heat/alcohol evap; less nrg - highly reactive single atoms (-)
Polymerisation - join many simple monomer units to make polymer
with and unpaired electron.
- assumption of density/s.h.c of water Elimination - when a small group of atoms breaks from larger
Improvements BOND FISSION
molecule
Heterolytic
- add lid to beaker or cup Substitution - when one species replaced by another
Hydrolysis - split molecule into 2 new molecules (add H+ and OH-) - bond breaks unevenly;