Asbestos-

Are easily inhaled and carried into the lower regions of the lung
where they can cause fibrotic lung disease ((Asbestosis)- is a
chronic lung disease in which there is scar-like tissue formed in
the lungs (pulmonary fibrosis). This fibrosis decreases the
elasticity of the lungs, making breathing more difficult. Shortness
of breath is the most common symptom. In most cases, a
common physical sign is "crackles" - sounds that can be heard
through a stethoscope. Also known as "rales", they are usually
detected near the end of a full inspiration.) and changes in the
lining of the chest cavity (pleura).
These diseases can lead to reduced respiratory function and
death. Long-term inhalation of asbestos fibres also increases the
risk of lung cancer and ((mesothelioma)- mesothelioma is an
aggressive, usually fatal cancer arising from the mesothelial cells
that form the lining of the pleural (lung), peritoneal (abdominal)
and pericardial (heart) cavities. For mesothelioma, the latency is
generally 30-40 years, with the longer periods seen where there
had been lower levels of asbestos exposure. Workers with a
heavy exposure probably swallow asbestos fibres (when fibres
are cleared from the airways in mucous and then swallowed),
which may contribute to the development of mesothelioma of the
lining of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum)).
Enlargement of the heart can also occur as an indirect effect
from the increased resistance of blood flow through the lungs.

Other Health Effects of Asbestos

Pleural Effects
Inhalation of asbestos fibres can also lead to four types of non-
cancerous abnormalities in the lining of the chest cavity (pleura).
These are:

localized deposits of collagen (pleural plaques);

fluid in the pleural space (pleural effusion);

diffuse thickening and fibrosis of the pleura; and

folded lung or rounded atelectasis (a condition which occurs

when an area of pleural fibrosis rolls into the lung making a
portion of the lung airless).

These pleural abnormalities are found in 10-60% of asbestos

workers. Pleural abnormalities are also common in family members of
asbestos workers, presumably from exposure to asbestos carried
home on work clothes.

In many cases, the development of pleural plaques is not seen for 20

to 30 years after exposure. Pleural effusions (excess fluid between
the two membranes that envelop the lungs) usually occur within 10
years after exposure.

Occupations that could be exposed to

Asbestos

Mining of asbestos occurring from natural mineral deposits

 Processing of asbestos minerals (millers)

Manufacture of asbestos-containing products

Construction industry - disturbing asbestos-containing materials

during building renovations or demolitions

Mechanics - vehicle brake and clutch repairs

Marinas - renovating or demolishing ships constructed with

asbestos-containing materials

Insulation workers and heating trades

Sheet metal workers, plumbers and pipe fitters

Workers responsible for disposing of asbestos waste, and waste

workers

Cement workers

Custodial workers - contact with deteriorating asbestos-

containing materials in buildings

Chrysotile
Chrysotile is an extremely hazardous material.
Clinical and epidemiologic studies have established incontrovertibly that
chrysotile causes cancer of the lung, malignant mesothelioma of the pleura
and peritoneum, cancer of the larynx and certain gastrointestinal cancers.
Chrysotile also causes asbestosis, a progressive fibrous disease of the lungs.
Risk of these diseases increases with cumulative lifetime exposure to
chrysotile and rises also with increasing time interval (latency) since first
exposure.
 Comparative analyses have established that chrysotile is 2 to 4 times less
potent than crocidolite asbestos in its ability to cause malignant
mesothelioma, but of equal potency of causation of lung cancer.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health
Organization has declared chrysotile asbestos a proven human carcinogen.
Sales of chrysotile asbestos have virtually ended in Western Europe and
North America, because of widespread recognition of its health hazards.
However, asbestos sales remain strong in Japan, across Asia and in
developing nations worldwide.
The claim has been made that chrysotile asbestos can be used "safely" under
"certain conditions" in those nations.
That claim is not accurate. The Collegium Ramazzini, an international learned
society in environmental and occupational medicine, has called for an
immediate worldwide ban on all sales and uses of all forms of asbestos,
including chrysotile.
The rationale for this ban is threefold: (1) that safer substitute materials are
readily available, (2) that "controlled" use of asbestos is not possible, and (3)
that the health risks of asbestos are not acceptable in either the industrialized
or the newly industrializing nations.
It is a soft, fibrous silicate mineral in the serpentine
subgroup of phyllosilicates; as such, it is distinct from other asbestiform
minerals in the amphibole group. Its idealized chemical
formula is Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4. The material has physical properties which
[4]

make it desirable for inclusion in building materials, but poses serious

health risks when dispersed into air and inhaled.

Pulp
Workers in the pulp and paper industry are exposed to different substances,
such as hydrogen sulfide and other reduced sulfur compounds, chlorine,
chlorine dioxide, sulfur dioxide, terpenes, and paper dust.
 The exposure level depends on the process, i.e., sulfite, sulfate, groundwood,
bleachery, or paper production. Hitherto, exposures have been poorly
described and more studies are certainly needed.
Workers with repeated exposure peaks to chlorine, e.g., bleachery workers,
seem to have an impaired lung function and an increased prevalence of
respiratory symptoms.
Exposure to high levels of paper dust, (> 5 mg/m3) causes impaired lung
function.
Therefore, exposure to respiratory irritants is an important, and probably
overlooked, occupational risk among certain groups of pulp and paper
workers.
Some studies indicate that sulfate workers with high exposure to reduced
sulfur compounds have an increased mortality due to ischemic heart disease.
However, before any definite conclusions can be drawn, the impact of
important confounders, such as shift-work and smoking habits have to be
further evaluated.
Pulp and paper mills stand as a salient example of chemical facilities that can
implement readily available safer alternatives to eliminate or reduce
unnecessary risks to workers and local communities in the event of an
accidental or deliberate chemical release.
Chlorine and chlorine dioxide are used as bleaching agents in many pulp and
paper-making processes. The dominant industry processes are the elemental
chlorine (EC) process, which relies on chlorine gas, or the elemental chlorine-
free (ECF) process, which uses chlorine dioxide, a gas with hazards similar to
chlorine.
In the event of an accidental or deliberate release, chlorine and chlorine
dioxide present serious hazards.
Chlorine, used as a chemical weapon, is highly toxic and corrosive. It irritates
the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, and lungs, and causes breathing
difficulties, violent coughing, acute tracheobronchitis, and chemical
pneumonia.
Exposure to relatively low levels of chlorine can be fatal. Similarly, chlorine
dioxide causes shortness of breath, bronchitis, and emphysema.
Acute exposure can cause potentially fatal pulmonary edema.
 Despite the safety and environmental benefits associated with chlorine-free
bleaching, most pulp and paper mills have not switched to these safer and more
secure technologies.

In order to adequately address the recognized safety and security threats created
by facilities using and storing dangerous chemicals, the United States needs a
comprehensive policy dedicated to making its pulp and paper millsand all
chemical plantssafer. This policy should:

Eliminate or reduce the use of highly toxic chemicals by switching to

safer technologies where feasible. Safer technologies are the most effective
way to secure facilities and to protect workers and communities in the event of a
deliberate or accidental chemical release. Pulp and paper mills can eliminate or
significantly reduce the use of chlorine and chlorine dioxide by implementing readily
available safer alternatives.
Maintain and expand public access to basic information about
chemical use and hazards at individual facilities. In order to evaluate,
understand, and respond to potential chemical threats, workers and communities
must have access to information about the use, storage, and release of hazardous
chemicals.
Preserve the ability of states and localities to address chemical
facility safety and security. Threats at chemical facilities vary by community and
state. Confronting these threats requires collaboration between local, state, and
federal officials. In order to promote effective collaboration, states and localities
must be allowed to establish safety and security programs that are more protective
than federal requirements. In the absence of a comprehensive and permanent
federal program, states including Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and North
Carolina already have adopted measures to improve chemical security and safety
within their borders.

By adopting safer technologies, chemical facilities can achieve a number of benefits.

For example:

Safety and security reliability. Hazard reduction makes chemical and

industrial processes inherently safer by reducing or eliminating the use of highly
toxic, volatile, or flammable chemicals or by limiting the quantity of these
substances used or stored on-site. From a security perspective, eliminating the
source of the threat can make facilities less attractive targets for terrorists.
Improved environmental performance. In addition to safety and security
benefits, safer technologies also can improve environmental performance at
chemical facilities. Using hazardous chemicals in production and manufacturing
processes often results in toxic byproducts or pollution. For example, chlorine-based
pulp and paper bleaching processes generate dioxins and furans. Chlorine-free
technologies eliminate these toxic pollutants by taking chlorine out of the equation.
Operating cost savings. Although switching to safer technologies may
require an initial capital investment, these technologies can offset recurring
operating costs. For example, pulp and paper mills that eliminate the use of
chlorine or chlorine dioxide can achieve significant cost savings associated with
pollution control, workplace safety requirements, emergency response, employee
training, security costs, and safety equipment. In the long-term, avoiding or
reducing these annually recurring costs can save facilities money.

Cement
Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical
combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and other
ingredients.
Cement can harm your health in a number of ways.
Cement is one of the most widely used construction
materials. Unless used safely, it can cause:

cement burns to the skin

irritant dermatitis

allergic dermatitis

serious chemical burns, irritation and inflammation to the

eyes

nose and throat irritation

difficulty in breathing

chronic chest trouble

musculoskeletal problems
Health effects
 Dermatitis Skin affected by dermatitis feels itchy and sore,
and looks red, scaly and cracked. Cement is capable of
causing dermatitis by two mechanisms - irritancy and allergy.
Irritant dermatitis is caused by the physical properties of
cement that irritate the skin mechanically. The fine particles
of cement, often mixed with sand or other aggregates to
make mortar or concrete, can abrade the skin and cause
irritation resulting in dermatitis. With treatment, irritant
dermatitis will usually clear up. But if exposure continues
over a longer period the condition will get worse and the
individual is then more susceptible to allergic dermatitis.
Allergic dermatitis is caused by sensitisation to the
hexavalent chromium (chromate) present in cement. The
way this works is quite distinct from that of irritancy.
Sensitisers penetrate the barrier layer of the skin and cause
an allergic reaction. Hexavalent chromium is known to be the
most common cause of allergic dermatitis in men. Research
has shown that between 5% and 10% of construction
workers may be sensitised to cement and that plasterers,
concreters and bricklayers are particularly at risk. Once
someone has become sensitised to hexavalent chromium,
any future exposure may trigger dermatitis. Some skilled
tradesmen have been forced to change their trade because
of this. The longer the duration of skin contact with a
sensitiser, the more it will penetrate the skin, and the
greater the risk of sensitisation will become. Therefore, if
cement is left on the skin throughout the working day, rather
than being washed off at intervals, the risk of contact
sensitisation to hexavalent chromium will be increased. Both
irritant and allergic dermatitis can affect a person at the
same time. Cement burns Wet cement can cause burns. The
principal cause is thought to be the alkalinity of the wet
cement. If wet cement becomes trapped against the skin, for
example by kneeling in it or if cement falls into a boot or
glove, a serious burn or ulcer can rapidly develop. These
often take months to heal, and in extreme cases will need
skin grafts or can even lead to amputation. Serious chemical
burns to the eyes can also be caused following a splash of
cement. Inhalation of dust High levels of dust can be
produced when cement is handled, for example when
emptying or disposing of bags. In the short term, exposure to
high levels of cement dust irritates the nose and throat.
Scabbling or concrete cutting can also produce high levels of
dust which may contain silica.

What to do when working with

cement
Anyone using cement, or who is responsible for managing or
supervising its use, must first consider whether they can
prevent or substitute contact with cement, otherwise control
measures should be implemented:
* Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE),
such as waterproof overalls with
long sleeves, waterproof footwear, appropriate eye
protection and waterproof knee pads if kneeling.
*Alkali-resistant gloves may help but they may not always be
suitable for the nature of the work.
*Ensure clothing is worn so as to avoid cement traps; for
example, wear sleeves over gloves, trouser legs over boots
Control dust exposure by purchasing ready mixed concrete
and wear respiratory protection when dusty conditions
cannot be avoided.
* Buy cement in bulk supply or 25kg bags. Where manual
handling is unavoidable, the risks
should be assessed and appropriate control measures
adopted
* Maintain good hygiene by washing hands and face with
soap and warm water before eating,
 drinking, smoking or going to the toilet and at the end of the
day
*Simple health surveillance in the form of regular skin
inspections by a competent person
First Aid: immediately remove contaminated clothing then
wash contaminated skin with
running, cold, clean water. Seek medical attention if
discomfort persists.
* Eye contamination should be washed with cold tap water
for at least 15 minutes before taking the person to hospital.

Fibrela Pulp Mixer

The Fibrela Pulp Mixer is intended for the dissolving of all kinds of
pulp, paper, broke (also wet strength) waste paper and wallboard
broke.
For the dissolving of unsorted waste paper and pulp the FIBRELA
tank is furnished with a scrap pocket enabling removal of impurities
from the stock.

Wet pan mill (KOLLERGANG MACHINE)

- is widely used for selecting ferrous metals, nonferrous metals and
nonmetals, as well as precious metals like gold and silver.
*It mainly consists of driving device, frame, water basin, grinding
wheels and grinding base, etc.
*It grinds ores by wheel driving force: firstly, the power is transferred
from the motor to the reducer, then to the horizontal shaft, and finally
to the grinding wheel; the wheels then rotate anticlockwise.
*The wheels can revolve around the vertical shaft of the pan mill, at
the same time,
*it can revolve on its own axis, while the grinding base will remain
still.

*The ores are then pressed, rubbed and grinded repeatedly.

*The pan mill (DKW) is one of the most effective preparation machines for
plastic ceramic bodies.
*Combined with the high weight of edge rolls, different relative movements
under the edge rolls and due to the slow operating mode the body is
effectively crushed, sheared and mixed.
* Moreover water can be added and the body can be plasticized further.

Wet Pan Mill machine (KOLLERGANG MACHINE) safety operation:

1. operator should be trained qualified by manufacturers, fully understand the

device structure and performance, then can take up his quarters to operate the
machine. The operator should comply with the relevant safety, shift system.
2. before working, in strict accordance with the provisions add oil and maintain
the proper fuel, oil line is smooth, oiling mouth is clean.
3. Check the circuit, electrical parts, wiring connectors, whether switch is
securely intact. If damaged, must repair and replacement.
4. Check that whether the various parts of the machine is intact, whether the
runner wheel is flexible, drive belt's degree of tightness, whether transmission
parts are securely connected; after checking, boot idling for 3-5 minutes to
ensure every part normal, then add ore and should be in strict accordance with
specified amount, it is strictly prohibited to work overload.
5. when feeding, materials should be sieved to prevent iron ore and other hard
metal debris into the mill and damage the machine.
6. when shut down for any reason, first remove the materials in the grinding pan,
then restart, strictly prohibit to forced start.
7. when the device is operating, operators shall not leave, should make an
inspection tour for every part working condition. If the device send out abnormal
sound, runner wheel large amplitude vibration, reducer oil temperature is too
high, motor's enclosure is overheating, drive belt skid, should immediately stop
and dispose.
8. in shutdown process, when the grinding wheel is s not completely stopped,
forbid arms and other devices into the grinding basin, prevent to hurt people,
damage to the machine.
9. pelple wnter into the grinding basin to repair, in addition to disconnect power
switch, put up warning sign with "someone overhaul, not allow switch on", and
set the specialist care to avoid touching.
10. after maintenance, should examine, sweep the device, remove sundries, and
every switch set neutral position, then open power switch.
11. during usage, should comply with maintenance principle of regular
maintenance every day, seven days little maintenance, monthly maintenance, to
make the machine safety and efficient production.
 SCREW CONVEYOR
A screw conveyor or auger conveyor is a mechanism that uses a rotating
helical screw blade, called a "flighting", usually within a tube, to move liquid or
granular materials. They are used in many bulk handling industries. Screw
conveyors in modern industry are often used horizontally or at a slight incline as
an efficient way to move semi-solid materials, including food waste, wood chips,
aggregates, cereal grains, animal feed, boiler ash, meat and bone
meal, municipal solid waste, and many others. The first type of screw conveyor
was the Archimedes' screw, used since ancient times to pump irrigation water.

They usually consist of a trough or tube containing either a spiral blade coiled
around a shaft, driven at one end and held at the other, or a "shaftless spiral",
driven at one end and free at the other. The rate of volume transfer is
proportional to the rotation rate of the shaft. In industrial control applications the
device is often used as a variable rate feeder by varying the rotation rate of the
shaft to deliver a measured rate or quantity of material into a process.

Screw conveyors can be operated with the flow of material inclined upward.
When space allows, this is a very economical method of elevating and
conveying. As the angle of inclination increases, the capacity of a given unit
rapidly decreases.

The rotating part of the conveyor is sometimes called simply an auger.