Technical Writing HPV

Technical Writing
DEMOGRAPHICS OF HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)
Sex is considered as a form of expression of love. In todays generation,

most of the teenagers are engage in premarital sex. Doing the act of sexual
affection without matrimony and lack of knowledge of what will be the risk.
In our country today, occurrence of premarital sex is continuously increasing.
According to ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cancer, in the Philippines,
as early as 15 years old, teenagers are now sexually active. 1 And one of the
todays health concerns is the increasing number of sexually transmitted
diseases.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted

infection.2 There are a lot of different types of HPV that can infect human. Of
these, there are oncogenic or high risk types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45,
51, 52 and 58) that are associated with cervical, vulvar, vaginal and anal
cancers, and non-oncogenic or low-risk types (6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44 and 54)
that are associated with genital warts.3 HPV can affect both men and women.
There are certain risk factors that have a greater chance of developing HPV
1. ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cancer, authors. Philippines Human Papillomavirus and Related Cancers Fact Sheet 2016;
December 15, 2016.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, authors. Genital HPV Infection Fact Sheet. Rockville, MD: CDC National Prevention
Information Network; 2004.
3. Muoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjos S, et al. Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical
cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:518527.
4. Winer RL, Lee S-K, Hughes JP, et al. Genital human papillomavirus infection: incidence and risk factors in a cohort of female
university students. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157:218226.
5.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, authors. Genital HPV Infection Fact Sheet. Rockville, MD: CDC National Prevention
6. Parkin D. M., Pisani P., Ferlay J. Estimates of the worldwide incidence of eighteen major cancers in 1985.Int. J. Cancer, 54: 594-
606, 1993.
7. Chao A., Becker T. M., Jordan S. W., Darling R., Gilliland F. D., Key C. R. Decreasing rates of cervical cancer among American
Indians and Hispanics in New Mexico (United States). Cancer Causes Control, 7:205-213, 1996.
8. Arizona Cancer Registry, Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, AZ, 1995.
9. CDC surveillance summary. Trends in cancer screeningUnited States, 19871992. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 45: 57-91, 1995.
10. Kurman R. J., Henson D. E., Herbst A. L., Noller K. L., Schiffman M. H. Interim guidelines for management of abnormal cervical
cytology. The 1992 National Cancer Institute Workshop. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 272: 1866-1869, 1994.
infection. These are smoking, multiple sexual partners, and early age of first
having sex (sexual intercourse).
The HPV virus is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact. Although

infection is most often spread through penetrative vaginal or anal
intercourse, other types of sexual contact can transmit HPV, and infection has
been reported in self-reported virgins. 4 Most HPV infections are acquired
within the first years of sexual activity, as demonstrated by a study of 603
college students, in which it was found that approximately 40% of HPV
infections are acquired within 2 years of the first sexual experience. 4 The risk
of infection is proportionately related to number of sexual partners, which
has been demonstrated in several studies. 4 Condoms can decrease the risk
of transmission of HPV; however, the extent of this protection has not been
fully elucidated.5 It should be noted that women having sexual contact with
men who use condoms are still at risk of acquiring an infection, as condoms
are not 100% protective. Given that a large proportion of infections are
without noticeable symptoms, most individuals are unaware that they have
HPV, and can unknowingly transmit the virus to others.
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women

worldwide, accounting for 11.7% of the total cancer burden. 6 In Latin
America, the rate of invasive cervical cancer is 4-fold higher than in the
December 15, 2016.
606, 1993.
United States and North America. Among Hispanics in the United States, the
rate of cervical cancer has decreased significantly in some states7,
presumably due to the implementation of aggressive Pap smear screening
programs. In the other states, such as Arizona, Hispanic women experience a
higher rate of cervical cancer compared with non-Hispanic white women
(10.4 versus 7.5/100,000; ref. 8). In addition, minority women in the United
States experience a disproportionately high burden 8 of the >2 million yearly
cases of the precursor SILs.10 Although amenable to treatment, low- and
high-grade SILs add a significant economic burden to the health care system
due to the need for diagnostic follow-up and treatment of these lesions.
Among and within nations of the Asian Pacific, substantial variations of

cervical cancer incidence and mortality exist (Garland, et al., 2008). Three of
every four women diagnosed with cervical cancer in the Philippines are
diagnosed at a late stage (Philippine Cancer Society, 2005). With these
information, the rate of cancer-related mortality rate increases. Awareness
and prevention of cervical cancer should be implemented. Information
dissemination through leaflets, tv commercial and public health education are
the example of action to be taken. One of the most effective ways of
preventing the occurrence having HPV is the vaccination.
December 15, 2016.
606, 1993.
There are two vaccinations against cervical cancer, the Cervarix and Gardasil.
The Cervarix (GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, PA) is an L1 VLP vaccine
against HPV 16 and 18, which is also given as a series of three injections (0,
1 and 6 months). While, Gardasil (Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station,
NJ) is a prophylactic quadrivalent vaccine against HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18
made from noninfectious virus like particles (VLPs) and it is given as a series
of 3 injections over a 6-month period (at 0, 2 and 6 months).
April M. Young, et al. conducted a research on HPV vaccine acceptability

among women in the Philippines. The total number of population of
respondents in their research was four hundred thirty five (435). The purpose
of their study was to examine attitudes toward and acceptability of HPV
vaccination among a community-based sample of women in the Philippines.
They used self-administered surveys to the adult women age ranges from 18
52 years old. The theory-grounded survey assessed attitudinal correlates,
as well as sociodemographic, behavioral and health-related characteristics.
They presented 5 tables for the following: Demographic, Behavioral and
Healthcare-related Characteristics of the Sample; Affirmation Endorsement of
Health Beliefs Regarding HPV and HPV Vaccination; Influential Factors and
People in Respondents Decision about HPV Vaccination; Significant (p<0.05)
Bivariate Correlates to Vaccine Acceptance at Three Price Increments; and
Significant Multivariate Correlates to HPV Vaccine Acceptance at Three
Vaccine Price Increments.
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606, 1993.
In the results of the study, over half of the sample (54%) was accepting of
HPV vaccination at the low price, but only 30% and 31% were accepting at
the moderate and high price, respectively. Negative intent to receive the
vaccine was significantly associated with womens indication that their
mothers or partners were influential in their vaccination decisions. Percieved
social support, access to transportation, perceived benefits of vaccination,
perceived susceptibility to HPV, history of pap testing and having been
exposed to vaccine-promoting media were among factors independently
associated with positive intent to receive the vaccine.
December 15, 2016.
606, 1993.
The researchers concluded that Filipina women accepted HPV vaccination if
the price is affordable. They also added that to achieve successful vaccine
initiative in the region, it must minimize the structural barriers, foster familial
and social support for vaccination, incorporate HPV education and work
within cultural norms.
December 15, 2016.
606, 1993.
REFERENCES:
April M. Young et al. (2010). HPV vaccine acceptability among women in the
Philippines.
Garland SM, Brotherton JML, Skinner SR, et at (2008). Human papillomavirus

and cervical cancer in Australia and Oceania: risk factors, epidemiology and
prevention.
Philippine Cancer Society Manila Cancer Registry and the Department of

Health Rizal Cancer Registry (2005). Philippine Cancer Facts and Estimates.
Philippine Cancer Sociaty Inc.
December 15, 2016.
606, 1993.

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Technical Writing

DEMOGRAPHICS OF HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)

Sex is considered as a form of expression of love. In todays generation,

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted

The HPV virus is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact. Although

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women

Among and within nations of the Asian Pacific, substantial variations of

April M. Young, et al. conducted a research on HPV vaccine acceptability

Garland SM, Brotherton JML, Skinner SR, et at (2008). Human papillomavirus

Philippine Cancer Society Manila Cancer Registry and the Department of

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