DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

I. CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS, THEOREMS AND FORMULAS (4)

A. THE DERIVATIVE
b.3. , a composite function, then
a.1. Definition: Let y = f(x). If x is any increment given to the
independent variable x and
y is the corresponding increment in the dependent variable y,
then the derivative (5)
of the function, y = f(x), with respect to x is the limit of the ratio
of y to x as x
approaches zero, or

(1)
C. SOME IMPORTANT FORMULAS ON DIFFERENTIATION
a.2. Higher Derivatives
1. where k is any constant
Eqn. (1) represents the first derivative of y relative to x. The
derivatives higher than
the first are defined as follows:
2.

(a) second derivative:

3. where u, v, are functions of x

(b) third derivative :

4.
General Formula to get the nth derivative

(2) 5.

B. RELATIONS AMONG THE DERIVATIVES 6.

b.1. (3) C.1. DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1.
b.2. which is known as a parametric equation
with t as the
parameter, then 2.

3.
 C.4. DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
4.

1.
5.

2.
6.
C.5. DERIVATIVES OF VARIABLE WITH VARIABLE EXPONENTS
C.2. DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1.

1.
C.6. DERIVATIVES OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

2. 1.

2.
3.

3.
4.
D. SLOPE OF A CURVE: TANGENT AND NORMAL LINES

5. 1. The derivative of the function y = f(x) geometrically represents

C.2. DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS the slope of the
tangent line at any point on the curve defined by y = f(x), or

6. (6)

C.3. DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 2. The equation of the tangent line on y = f(x) at the point P1(x1, y1),
by the point-slope
form, is
1.
3. The equation of the line normal to the curve at the point P1(x1, y1) is

2.

3.
 1. The maximum/minimum value of the function y = f(x), is the value
of the function
which Is larger/smaller than the values of the function in its
immediate vicinity or
neighborhood.

2. Test for a Maximum at the point x = x1:

f(x1) = 0 and f(x1) < 0.

3. Test for a Minimum at the point x = x1:

f(x1) = 0 and f(x1) > 0.

NOTE: Maximum and minimum values of a function are values for

which the

E. DERIVATIVE OF ARC LENGTH, RADIUS OF CURVATURE derivative of the function, Either value (maximum or
minimum)
1. If s represent the arc length measured along the curve y = f(x),
is called the critical value of the function.
then
G. POINT OF INFLECTION

(7)

(b) (8)

(c) (9)

2. Radius of Curvature, : the radius of the circle that is tangent to the

curve y= f(x) at
any point and with center on the concave side of this curve.

(10)

3. Curvature, K: the reciprocal of the radius of curvature

(11)

F. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF A FUNCTION