History X1

Preparation of Support Material
for Class-XI (History)

2011-12
Team Leader : Mr. Krishan Gopal

Vice Principal
G.B.S.S., Begumpur, Delhi-110086
Members : Ms. Ruchi Anand

20025032-P.G.T. (History)
School R.P.V.V. Yamuna Vihar, Delhi
: Mrs. Anita Jayanti

School R.P.V.V., Surajmal Vihar, Delhi-92
: Mrs. Pamila Sharma

School R.P.V.V., Sec.-XI, Rohini, Delhi
: Mrs. Nisha Rani Jain

School G.G.S.S.V., Vivek Vihar, Delhi-92
: Mr. Bhakti Singh Behotra

School G.B.S.S. Hastsal, Delhi
1 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
Website : www.chse.nic.in Phone: 23220155
Email-id: sugandh.cbse@live.com
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

(An Autonomous Organization under the Union Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India)
"Shiksha Sadan", 17, Rouse Avenue, New Delhi-110 002
ACAD/EO(COM)/(CBSE/2011/ Circular No. 55/11

2nd August, 2011
All the Heads of the
CBSE affiliated schools
Subject: Change in the Question paper Design in History, Class XII effective
for the Board Examination, 2012.
Dear Principal,
The following changes have been made in the design of the Question Paper in
History for Class XII:
(i) Marks for each question in the tong answer section have been increased
from 8 to 10 marks. The suggested word limit of answer to each long answer
question has been enhanced to 500 words,, (earlier word limit 250 words)
(ii) The number of very short answer questions of 2 marks has been reduced
from 5 to 3 questions.
The following is the updated weightage of marks to form of questions:
Weightage to form of questions
Form of question No. of Marks for Total
marks questions each question
Long answer (LA) 2 10 20
Short answer (SA) 8 5 40
Very short answers 3 2 6
Passage based questions* 3 8 24
Sill (Map work) 2 5 10
Total 18 100
Note: Each Passage based question will have 3-4 questions with marks ranging from 1 to 4.
The Sample Question Paper in History for Class XII based on the changed design
has been given as annexure. This may kindly be brought to the notice of concerned
teachers and students.
Yours faithfully,
Ms. Sugandh Sharma
Education Officer (Commerce)
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Annexure:
Sample Question paper in History for Class XII effective for the Board
Examination, 2012,
Copy with a request to respective Heads of Directorates/KVS/NVS/CTSA as
indicated below to also disseminate the information to all concerned schools
under their jurisdiction:-
1. The Commissioner, Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, 18-Institutional Area,
Shaheed Jeet Singh Marg, New Delhi-110 016.
2. The Commissioner, Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, A-28, Kailash Colony, New
Delhi.
3. The Director of Education, Directorate of Education, Govt. of NCT of Delhi,
Old Secretariat, Delhi-110 054.
4. The Director of Public Instructions (Schools), Union Territory Secretariat,
Sector 9, Chandigarh-160 017.
5. The Director of Education, Govt. of Sikkim, Gangtok, Sikkim -737 101.
6. The Director of School Education, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh, Itanagar-
791 111.
7. The Director of Education, Govt. of A&N Islands, Port Blair-744 101.
8. The Secretary, Central Tibetan School Administration, ESSESS Plaza,
Community Centre, Sector 3, Rohini, Delhi-110 085.
9. AH .the Regional Officers of CBSE with the request to send this circular to
all the Heads of the affiliated schools of the Board in their respective regions.
10. The Education Officers/AEOs of the Academic Branch, CBSE.
11. The Joint Secretary (IT) with the request to put this circular on the CBSE
website.
12. Joint Secretary(ACAD).
13. The Library and Information Officer, CBSE
14. EO to Chairman, CBSEs
15. PA to CE, CBSE
16. PA to Secretary, CBSE
17 PAtoHOD(AIEEE)
18. PA to HOD (Edusat)
19. The PRO, CBSE
Education Officer
(Commerce)
3 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
21. History (Code No. 027)
Rationale
Through a focus on a series of critical historical issues and debates (class XI) or on
a range of important historical sources (class XII), the students would be introduced
to a set of important historical events and processes. A discussion of these themes,
it is hoped, would allow students not only to know about these events and processes,
but also to discover the excitement of doing history.
Objectives
Effort in these senior secondary classes would be to emphasize to students
that history is a critical discipline, a process of enquiry, a way of knowing
about the past, rather' than just a collection of facts. The syllabus would help
them understand the process through which historians write history, by
choosing and assembling different types of evidence, and by reading their
sources critically. They will appreciate how historians follow the trails that
lead to the past, and how historical knowledge develops
The syllabus would also enable students,to relate/compare developments in
different situations, analyze connection between similar processes located
in different time periods, and discover the relationship between different
methods of social enquiry within different social sciences.
The syllabus in class XI is organized around some major themes in world
history. The themes have been selected so as to (i) focus on some important
developments in different spheres - political, social, cultural and economic,
(ii) study not only the grand narratives of development - urbanization,
industrialization and modernization but also to know about the processes of
displacements and marginal ization. Through the study of these themes
students will acquire a sense of the wider historical processes as well as an
idea of the specific debates around them.
The treatment of each theme in class XI would include (a) a road picture of
the theme under discussion, (b) a more detailed Jocus on one region of study,
(c) an introduction to a critical debate associated with the issue.
In class XII the focus will shift to a detailed study of some themes in Ancient,
Medieval and Modern Indian history. The object would be to study a set of
these themes in some detail and depth rather than survey the entire
chronological span of Indian .history. In this sense the course will built on
the knowledge that the students have acquired in the earlier classes.
Each theme in class XII will also introduce the student to one type-of source
for the study of history. Through such a study students would begin to see
what different types of sources can reveal and what they cannot tell. They
4 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
would come to know how historians analyze these sources, the problems
and difficulties of interpreting each type of source, 'and the way a larger
picture of an event, a historical process, or a historical figure, is built by
looking at different types of sources.
Each theme for class XII will be organized around four .subheads: (a) a
detailed overview of the events, issues and processes under discussion, (b) a
summary of the present state of research on the theme, (c) an account of
how knowledge about the theme has been acquired, (d) an excerpt from a
primary source related to the theme, explaining how it has been used by
historians.
While the themes in both these classes (XI and XII) are arranged in a broad
chronological sequence, there are overlaps between them. This is intended
to convey a sense that chronological divides and periodization do not always
operate in a neat fashion.
In the textbooks each theme would be located in a specific time and place.
But these discussions would be situated within a wider context by (a) plotting
the specific event within time-lines, (b) discussing the particular event or
process in.relation to developments in other places and other times.
Class XI
Paper One Time: 3 hours 100 Marks
Units Periods Marks

1. Introduction to World History 8. -
Section A: Early Societies 32 15
2. Introduction 6
3. From the beginning of time 14
4. Early Cities 12
Section B: Empires 40 25
5. Introduction 6
6. An empire across three continents 12
7. Central Islamic lands 12
8. Nomadic Empires 10
Section C: Changing Traditions 44 25
9. Introduction 6
10. Three orders 12
5 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
11. Changing cultural traditions 14
12. Confrontation of cultures 12
Section D: Paths to Modernization 46 25
13. Introduction 8
14. The Industrial Revolution 12
15. Displacing indigenous People 12
16. Paths to modernization 14
Map work (units 1-16) 10 10
Class-XI: Themes in World History

Themes Periods Objectives
1. Introduction to World History (8)
SECTION A: EARLY SOCIETIES
2. Introduction (6)
3. From the Begining of Time (14)
Focus: Africa, Europe till 15000 BC Familiarize the learner with ways of
(a) Views on the origin of human beings, reconstructing human evolution. Discuss
(b) Early societies. whether the experience of present-day
(c) Historians' views on present-day hunting-gathering people can be used to
hunting-gathering societies. understand early societies.
4. Early Cities (12)

Focus: Iraq, 3rd millennium BC Familiarize the learner with the nature of
(a) Growth of towns, (b) Nature of early early urban centres.
urban societies, Discuss whether writing is significant as a
(c) Historians' Debate on uses of writing. marker of civilization.
SECTION B: EMPIRES
5. Introduction (6)
6. An Empire across Three Continents(12)
Focus: Roman Empire, 27 B.C to A.D 600. Familiarize the learner with the history of a
(a) Political evolution major world empire
(b) Economic expansion Discuss whether slavery was a significant
(c) Religion (d) Late Antiquity. element in the economy.
(e) Historians views on the institution of
Slavery.
7. Central Islamic Lands: (12)
Focus: 7th to 12th centuries Familiarize the learner with the rise of
(a) Polity (b) Economy (c) Culture, Islamic empires in the Afro-Asian territories
(d) Historians viewpoints on the nature and its implications for economy and
of the crusades. society.
6 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
Understand what the crusades meant in.
these regions and how they were
experienced.
8. Nomadic Empires: (10)

Focus: the Mongol, 13th to 14th century Familiarize the learner with the varieties of
(a) The nature of nomadism, nomadic society and their institutions.
(b) Formation of empires, Discuss whether state formation is possible
(c) Conquests and relations with oilier in nomadic societies.
states,
(d) Historians' views on nomadic societies
and state formation.
SECTION C: CHANGING TRADITIONS

9. Introduction (6)
10. Three Orders (12)
Focus: Western Europe, 13th-16th century Familiarize the learner with the nature of
(a) Feudal society and economy: the economy and society of this period and
(b) Formation of states, the changes within them.
(c) Church and Society. Show how the debate on the decline of
(d) Historian's views on decline of feudalism helps in-understanding
feudalism processes of transition.
11. Changing cultural traditions (14)

Focus on Europe, 14th to 17th century'. Explore the intellectual trends in the period.
(a) New ideas, and new trends in literature Familiarize students with the paintings and
and arts, buildings of the period
(b) Relationship with earlier ideas Introduce the debate around the idea of
(c) The contribution of West Asia. Renaissance'.
(d) Historian's view points on the validity
of the notion 'European Renaissance'.
12. Confrontation of Cultures (12)

Focus on the America 15th to 18th tentury. Discuss changes in European economy that
(a) European voyages of exploration, led to the voyages.
(b) Search for gold; enslavement, raids, Discuss the implications of the conquests
extermination, for the indigenous people.
(c) Indigenous people and cultures - the Explore the debate on the nature of the slave
Arawaks, the Aztecs, the Incas. trade and see what this debate tells us about
(c) The history of displacements. the meaning of these "discoveries".
(d) Historian's view points on the slave
trade,
7 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
SECTION D:
PATHS TO MODERNIZATION
13. Introduction (8)
14. The Industrial Revolution. (12)
Focus on England, 18th and 19th century. Understand the nature of growth in the
(a) Innovations and technological period and its limits.
change Initiate students to the debate on the idea
(b) Patterns of growth, of industrial revolution
(c) Emergence of a working class.
(d) Historians' viewpoints Debate, 'Was
there an Industrial Revolution?
15. Bisplacing indigenous People. (12)

Focus on North America and Australia, Sensitize students to the processes of
18th-20th century, displacements that accompanied the
(a) European colonists in North America development of America and Australia.
and Australia, Understand the implications of such
(b) Formation of white settler societies, processes for the displaced populations.
(c) Displacement and repression of
local people,
(d) Historians view points on the impact
of European settlement on indigenous
population.
16.Paths to Modernization. (14)

Focus on East Asia. Late 19th and 20th Make students aware that. transformation
century. in the modern world takes many different
(a) Militarization and economic growth forms.
in Japan, Show how notions like 'modernization' need
(b) China and the Communist to be critically assessed.'
alternative.
(d) Historians' Debate on meaning of
modernization
17. Map Work on Units 1-15 (10)
8 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
DESIGN OF QUESTION PAPER
HISTORY CLASS XI
I. Weightage to form of question
Form of Question No. of Marks for Total

Question each question marks
Long answer(LA) 2 10 20
Short Answer(SA) 8 5 40
Very Short Answer 3 1 6
Passage based questions 3 8 24
Skill (Map work) 2 5 10
Total 18 100
Note : Each Passage based question will have 3-4 questions with marks from 1 to
4
II. Weightage to content Marks
Section A : Early Societies 15
Introduction
From the beginning of time
Early Cities
Section B : Empires 25
Introduction
An empire across three continents
Central Islamic lands
Nomadic empires
Section C : Changing traditions 25
Introduction
Three orders
Changing cultural traditions
Confrontation of Cultures
Section D : Paths to Modernization 25
Introduction
The industrial Revolution
Displacing indigenous People
Paths to Modernization
Map work (Unit 1-16) 10
9 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
III Weightage to Difficulty Level
Essential difficulty Level Percentage
A. Easy 30%
B. Average 50%
C. Difficult 20%
IV. Division of Question Paper
The question paper will be divided into A, B, C, D and E.
Part A will carry 3 questions of 2 marks each
Part B will carry 8 questions of 5 marks each
Part C will carry three source-based question. The number of questions
will very from 3 to 4 . The marks will range from 1 to 4. The sources
will be taken from the textbooks as directed therein.
PartD will carry 2 question of 10 marks each
Part E will carry 2 maps questions of 5 marks each
V. Scheme of Option
Part A will have no choice
Part B will be divided into 3 section. Section I will have 4 question out of which the
student will attempt any 3. Section 2 will have 3 questions out of which the student
will attempt any 2. Section 3 will have 4 questions out of which the student will
attempt any 3 question.
Part C will be source - based questions. There will be six sources, two from each
section followed by questions. The student will attempt one sources from each
section.
Part D, the questions will be from section 2 and section 3, there will be an internal
choice in each question.
In part E, there will be two map question-one for identification (no choice)and one
for location and labeling (will have a choice)
VI Weightage of marks Section-wise Marks
Section A : 10 + 5 . = 15
Section B : 8+5+5+5+2 = 25
Section C : 8+5+5+5+2 = 25
Section D : 10 + 8 + 5 + 2 = 25
Map (Section A to D) = 10
Total = 100
10 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
LIST OF MAPS
Name of Maps Page No.

(Books)
1. Africa 14
2. Mesopotamia-Mountains, Steppi, Desert, Southern

Irrigated Area 31
3. Europe and North Africa 9
4. Islamic Area 2
5. The Mongol Empire 06
6. The Mongol Invasion 17
7. States of Itely 53
8. Central America and the Caribbean, Islands 169
9. South America 172
10. Africa - Slave related Areas 183
11. Britain - Iron Product Areas 199
12. Britain - Cotton Textile Manufacturing Areas 201
13. The Expansion of the USA 219
14. Australia 227
15. East Asia-Japan 233
16. China-The Long March 250
11 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k; lwph
vuqHkkx ,d & izkjafHkd lekt

Hkwfedk
dkye ,d& (6 yk[k o"kZ iwoZ ls 1 bZ-iw-)
fo"k; & 1 le; dh 'kq#vkr ls
fo"k; & 2 ys[ku dyk vkSj 'kgjh thou
vuqHkkx nks & lkezkT;

Hkwfedk
dkye & nks (yxHkx 100 bZ-iw- ls 1300 bZloh)
fo"k; & 3 rhu egk}hiksa esa iSQyk lkezkT;
fo"k; & 4 bLyke dk mn; vkSj foLrkj yxHkx 570&1200 bZ
fo"k; & ;k;koj lkezkT;
vuqHkkx rhu & cnyrh ijaijk,

Hkwfedk
dkye rhu& (yxHkx 1300&1700)
fo"k; & 6 rhu oxZ
fo"k; & 7 cnyrh gqbZ lkaLd`frd ijaijk,
fo"k; & 8 laLd`fr;ksa dk Vdjko
vuqHkkx pkj & vk/qfudhdj.k dh vksj

Hkwfedk
dkye pkj& (yxHkx 1700&2000)
fo"k; & 9 vkS|ksfxd kafr
fo"k; & 10 ewy fuokfl;ksa dk foLFkkiu
fo"k; & 11 vk/qfudhdj.k ds jkLrs
vuqPNsn & lEcfU/r dk;Z

ekufp=k & lEcfU/r dk;Z
iz'ui=k uewuk & 1& gy lfgr
2& gy lfgr
12 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&1
le; dh 'kq#vkr ls
fo'o bfrgkl ds dqN fo"k;
fo"k;& le; dh 'kq#vkr ls
Lej.kh; rF;&
1- ekuo& 56 yk[k o"kZ igys i`Foh ij iSnk gqvkA
2- thok'e& iqjkus ikS/s] tkuoj] ekuo ds mu vo'ks"kksa ds fy, iz;Dq r fd;k tkrk gS tks iRFkj
ds :i esa cnydj fdlh pV~Vku esa lek tkrs gSaA
3- iztkfr& thoksa dk ,d ,slk lewg gksrk gS ftlds uj&eknk feydj cPps iSnk dj
ldrs gSaA
4- vkWu fn vksfjftu vkWiQ Lih'kht& pkYlZ MkfoZu }kjk fyf[kr iqLrdA
5- izkbesV& Lruik;h izkf.k;ksa ds ,d vf/d cM+s lewg dk milewg gSA blesa okuj] yaxwj vkSj
ekuo 'kkfey gSaA
6- vkLVsyksfifFkdl& ;g 'kCn ySfVu Hkk"kk ds 'kCn vkLVy vFkkZr~ ^nf{k.kh* vkSj ;wukuh Hkk"kk
ds 'kCn fifFkdl vFkkZr~ okuj ls feydj cuk gSA
7- ^thul*& blds fy, fgUnh esa ôa'k* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
8- gksfeukWbM& ;g cUnjksa ls dbZ rjg ls fHkUu gksrs gSa] budk 'kjhj cUnjksa ls cM+k gksrk gS vkSj
budh iwN a ugha gksrhA
9- gkseks& ;g ySfVu Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ gS vkneh] blesa L=kh&iq#"k nksuksa
'kkfey gSaA
10- viektZu& bldk vFkZ gS R;kxh gqbZ oLrqvksa dh liQkbZ djukA
13 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
11- jln[kksjh& bldk vFkZ gS ekuo }kjk cuk;h x;h oLrq, tSl&s vkStkj] fp=kdkfj;ka] ewfrZ;kaA
13- ekuo foKku& ;g ,d ,slk fo"k; gS ftlesa ekuo laLd`fr vkSj ekuo tho foKku ds dbZ
igyqvksa dk v;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
14- gkntk tu lewg& ;g f'kdkfj;ksa rFkk laxzkgdksa dk ,d NksVk lewg gSA
15- vksYMqobZ xkst&Z bldh [kkst 17 tqykbZ 1959 dks gqbZA ;g LFkku vhdk ds ratkfu;ka ns'k
esa gSA
16- vkYVkehjk& ;g xqiQk&LFky Lisu esa gSA bl xqiQk dh Nr esa taxyh cSy dk jaxhu fp=k
gSA
17- iqjkrRofon~& izkphu dky dh bfrgkl dh tkudkjh j[kus@izkIr djus okys bfrgkldkjA
18- vk/qfud ekuo ds mn~Hko ds nks flkar&
1- {ks=kh; fujarjrk ekWMy flkar& vusd {ks=kksa esa vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij ekuo dh
mRifk gqbZA
2- izfrLFkkiu dk flkar& ekuo dk mn~Hko vhdk esa gqvkA
19- f'kdkjh & laxzkgd lekt& f'kdkjh laxzkgd lekt&f'kdkj&laxzg.k djus ds lkFk&lkFk
taxyksa esa ik;h tkus okyh NksVh&NksVh phtksa dk O;kikj djrk gSA
20- latkfr o`k& blesa ledkyhu u`tkrh; lewgksa dk fo'ys"k.kkRed v;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
blds vykok muds jgu&lgu] [kku&iku] vkthfodk ds lk/uksa izkS|ksfxdh] jhfr&fjoktksa]
jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa rFkk lkekftd :f<;ksa dk v;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
21- lapkj o Hkk"kk& vkjaHk esa gksfefuM Hkk"kk esa gko&Hkko ;k gkFkksa dk fgyuk] xkus ;k xquxqukus
tSlk ekSf[kd lapkj dk iz;ksx euq"; dh ok.kh dk izkjaHk cqykus dh izf;k ls gqvk] vkjaHk
esa ekuo us cgqr ofu;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k] /hjs&/hjs ;s ofu;ka gh vkxs pydj Hkk"kk ds
:i esa fodflr gks x;hA
22- vkStkjksa dk fuekZ.k& vkfn ekuo us vkStkjksa dk izFke ckj fuekZ.k djds vius laxBukRed
dkS'ky rFkk Lej.k 'kfDr dk ifjp; fn;kA
14 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
vuqHkkx&,d
fo"k;&1 le; dh 'kq#vkr ls
vfr y?kq iz'u (2 vad okys)
1- gksfefuM dk mn~Hko dgka vkSj dc gqvk Fkk\
2- vkfndkyhu ekuo dks fdl vk/kj ij fHkUu&fHkUu iztkfr;ksa esa ckaVk x;k gS\ Li"V dhft,A
3- gkseks dh fdruh iztkfr;ka gSa\ Li"V dhft,\ (dksbZ nks)
4- kal esa fLFkr ^ystjsV* xqiQk esa Hkkstu ds D;k&D;k lcwr feys gSa\ o.kZu dhft,A
(dksbZ nks)
5- gkseks dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A
6- f'kdkjh&laxzkgd lekt fdl izdkj viuk Hkkstu tqVkrk gS orZeku lUnHkZ dks ;ku esa j[kdj
nks fcanq nhft,A
7- vkfn ekuo vius Hkkstu esa dkSu&dkSu ls [kk|&inkFkZ bLrseky djrk Fkk\ o.kZu dhft,A
8- vkfn ekuo ds jgu&lgu dh tkap bfrgkldkj dSls djrs gSa\ Li"V dhft,A
9- ,sls nks ns'kksa ds uke crkb,] tgka lcls igys iRFkj ds vkStkj cuk;s o bLrseky fd;s x,\
10- vkx dh [kkst us ekuo dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor fd;k\ rdZ nsdj Li"V dhft,A
y?kq iz'u (5 vad okys)

11- ^îzkbesV** ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ budh fdUgha ikap fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
12- gksfefuM lewg dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
13- lh/s [kM+s gksus ls vkfn ekuo dks D;k&D;k ykHk gq,\ Li"V dhft,A
14- i`Foh ij fge ;qx dc vkjaHk gqvk rFkk bldh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A (dksbZ ikap)
15- vkfn ekuo viuk Hkkstu fdl izdkj izkIr djrk Fkk\ o.kZu dhft,A
16- vkfn ekuo us tkuojksa dk f'kdkj djus ds fy, dkSu&dkSu ls rjhds viuk;s\ o.kZu dhft,A
17- vkfn ekuo ds thou esa Hkk"kk dk fodkl fdl izdkj gqvk ec rjhds ls Li"V dhft,A
15 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
nh?kZ iz'u (10 vad okys)
18- vkfn ekuo fdu&fdu rjhdksa }kjk viuk Hkkstu izkIr djrk Fkk vkSj Hkkstu esa dkSu&dkSu
ls [kk| inkFkZ bLrseky djrk Fkk\ foLrkj ls le>kb,A
19- 13 gtkj o"kZ igys fge ;qx dk vUr gksus ij [ksrh rFkk i'kqikyu esa fdl izdkj fodkl
gqvk\ foLrkj ls o.kZu dhft,A
visf{kr mkj@ladsr ,oa ewy fcUnq

vfr y?kq iz'ukskj (2 vad okys)
1- gksfefuM dk tUe vhdk esa gqvk
gksfefuM dk tUe 56 yk[k o"kZ igys gqvk FkkA
2- [kksiM+h dk vkdkj vyx gSA
tcM+s o nkar Hkh vyx gSaA
3- gkseks gSfcfyl& vkStkj cukus okys gkseks ,jsDVl& lh/s [kM+s gksdj iSjksa ds cy pyus
okysA
gkseks lSfi;al& fpUru'khy ekuoA
4- bl xqiQk esa nks pwYgksa ds lk{; feys gSaA
bl xqiQk esa [kk| ksr iQyks] ouLifr;ks]a chtksa dk"BiQyks]a if{k;ksa ds vaMs vkSj ehBs
ty dh eNfy;ksa ds lk{; feys gSaA
blds ikl ,d iwjk LFky nf{k.kh kal ds leq rV ij fLFkr ^Vsjk vekVk* esa ?kkl&iwQl
vkSj ydM+h dh Nr okyh dPph >ksiM+h feyh gSA
5- gkseks ^'kCn* dk vFkZ vkneh gSA
blesa L=kh&iq#"k nksuksa gh ekus tkrs gSaA
6- vkt Hkh vf/drj fL=k;ka gh [kkus&ihus dh lkexzh tqVkus dk dke djrh gSaA
ysfdu ,sls Hkh dbZ lekt gSa tgka L=kh&iq#"k nksuks gh f'kdkj&laxg.k rFkk vkStkj cukus
dk dke djrs gSaA
,sls lektksa esa fL=k;ka Hkh Hkkstu tqVkus esa viuk egRoiw.kZ ;ksx nsrh gSA
vkt ds f'kdkjh laxzkgd lektksa esa L=kh&iq#"k nksuksa gh ,d leku dke djrs gSaA
16 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
7- isM&+ ikS/ksa ls feyus okys [kk|&inkFkZ tSls cht] xqByh] csj] iQy ,oa danewy vkfnA
tkuojksa dk eakl&Lo;a f'kdj djds ;k ejs gq, tkuoj vkfnA
pwg]s NNwna j] if{k;ksa vkSj muds vaM]s ljhlìksa ;gka rd fd dhM+&s edksMs+ vkfnA
eNyhA
8- muds }kjk fufeZr f'kYid`fr;ksa ds iSQyko dh tkap djukA
dsU;k esa fdyksca s vkSj vksykstZl
s kbyh ds [kuu LFkkuksa ij gtkjksa dh la[;k esa 'kyd&midj.k
vkSj gLrdqBkj feys gSaA tks 7 yk[k ls 5 yk[k lky iqjkus gSa
bfFk;ksfi;kA
dsU;kA
10- Hkkstu Hkwu dj [kkuk 'kq: dj fn;kA
[krjukd tkuojksa dks Hkxkus yxkA
xqiQkvksa essa jks'kuh gksus yxhA
y?kq iz'ukskj (5 vad okys)

11- Lruik;h@Lru/kjh izkf.k;ksa ds ,d cgqr cM+s lewg dk milewg gSA
izkbesV mi lewg esa okuj] yaxwj vkSj ekuo 'kkfey gSaA
buds 'kjhj ij cky gksrs gSaA
ekrkvksa dk xHkZdky yEck gksrk gSA
ekrkvksa esa cPps dks nw/ fiykus ds fy, xzfa Fk;ka gksrh gSaA
12- efLr"d dk vkdkj cM+k gksrk gSA
iSjksa ds cy lh/s [kM+s gksus dh {kerkA
nks iSjksa ds cy pyukA
gkFk ls vkStkj cukukA
gkFkksa dk bLrseky vU; dk;ks esa djukA
13- lh/s [kM+s gksus ls nks gkFk Lora=k gks x;sA
nwj rd ns[kus dh {kerk c<+ x;hA
17 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
gkFkksa dk bLrseky vU; dk;ks esa gksus yxkA
nks iSjksa ds cy [kM+s gksdj pyus yxsA
nks iSjksa ds cy pyus ls 'kkjhfjd tkZ dh [kir Hkh de gks x;hA
14- i`Foh ij fge ;qx 25 yk[k o"kZ igys vkjaHk gqvkA
i`Foh ciQZ ls <d x;hA
tyok;q o ouLifr esa ifjorZuA
rkieku o o"kkZ esa dehA
taxy de gks x;s] ?kkl ds {ks=kiQy c<+ x;sA
vkLVy
s ksfifFkdl iztkfr /hjs&/hjs yqIr gks x;hA
15- laxzg.k & Hkkstu ,df=kr djukA
f'kdkj & i'kqvksa dk f'kdj djukA
viektZu & ejs gq, tkuojksa ls ekal [kqjpukA
eNyh idM+uk & lkxj ls eNyh idM+ukA
jln[kksjh & Hkkstu dh ryk'k esa ?kweukA
16- Hkkys vkSj rhj dekuksa dk fodklA
ekal ls gM~Mh fudky dj [kkukA
ekal dks lq[kkdj lqjf{kr j[kukA
lewjnkj tkuojksa dk f'kdkj djuk vkSj mudh jks;asnkj [kky dk diM+s dh rjg iz;ksx
djukA
lqjf{kr j[ks Hkkstu dks ckn esa [kkukA
L=kh&iq#"k nksuksa gh Hkkstu izkIr djus ds fy, vkStkj cukrsA
17- vkjaHk esa gko&Hkko ;k gkFkksa dk pyukA
xkus ;k xquxqukus tSlh ekSf[kd lapkj O;oLFkkA
cqykus dh izf;k ls euq"; dh ok.kh dk vkjaHkA
ofu;ksa dk iz;ksx vkjaHkA
ofu;ksa dk Hkk"kk ds :i esa fodklA
18 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
nh?kZ iz'ukskj (10 vad okys)
18- laxzg.k] f'kdkj] viektZu rFkk eNyh idM+ukA
isM&+ ikS/ksa ls feyus okys [kk|&inkFkks dks bdV~bk djukA
tys gq, ikS/kksa ls izkIr ikS/ksa ds vo'ks"kA
viektZu ;k jln[kksjhA
iwoZ gksfefuMksa }kjk NksVs Lruik;h tkuojksa dk Hk{k.kA
;kstukc rjhds ls Lruik;h tkuojksa dk f'kdkjA
eNyh idM+ukA
dqN LFkyksa dks lksp&le>dj f'kdkj ds fy, pquukA
LFkku cnyus okys tkuojksa dk cM+s iSekus ij f'kdkjA
tkuojksa dh vkoktkgh rFkk cM+h la[;k esa ekjus ds rjhdsA
19- vafre fge ;qx ds var ds ckn vis{kkd`r vf/d xeZ rFkk ue ekSle dk izkjaHk gksukA
taxyh tkS vkSj xsgw ds fy, vuqdwy gkykrA
[kqys taxyksa rFkk ?kkl ds eSnkuksa dk foLrkjA
taxyh ?kkl vkSj tkuojksa ds bykdksa esa tu&leqnk;A
tyok;q ifjorZu rFkk tula[;k dk nckoA
[ksrh rFkk i'kqpkj.k dh 'kq#vkrA
[ksrh ds izkjaHk ls ,d LFkku ij vf/d le; ds fy, #dukA
LFkk;h rkSj ij ?kjksa dk fuekZ.kA
feV~Vh ds crZuksa dks cukukA
u, fdLe ds vkStkjksa dk iz;ksxA
19 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&2
ys[ku dyk vkSj 'kgjh thou

Lej.kh; rF;&
1- eslksiksVkfe;k& nt+yk vkSj i+Qjkr ufn;ksa ds chp fLFkr ;g izns'k vktdy bjkd x.kjkT;
dk fgLlk gSA
2- 'kgjh thou dh 'kq#vkr blh lH;rk esa gksrh gSA
3- Hkk"kk& bl lH;rk esa lcls igys ^lqesjh* Hkk"kk] mlds blds ckn ^vDdnh* Hkk"kk vkSj ckn
esa ^vjkekbd* iQyrh&iwQyrh jghA
4- eslksiksVkfe;k ds ,sfrgkfld ksr& bekjrs]a ewfrZ;ka] dczas] vkHkw"k.k] vkStkj] eqk,a] feV~Vh
dh ifV~Vdk vkSj fyf[kr nLrkost gSaA
5- bl lH;rk esa uxj dk fuekZ.k 3]000 bZ-iw- esa vkjEHk gks x;k FkkA
6- D;wuhiQkeZ (dhykdkj) fyfi& bl lH;rk esa ys[ku iz.kkyh esa bLrseky gksus okyh fyfiA
7- ;g lH;rk viuh laiUurk] 'kgjh thou] fo'kky ,oa le` lkfgR;] xf.kr rFkk [kxksy fo|k
ds fy, izfl gSA
8- ,dy ifjokj& bl ifjokj esa ifr&iRuh vkSj muds cPps 'kkfey gksrs FksA
9- bl lH;rk esa ^mj* o êkjh* izfl uxj FksA
10- bl lH;rk ds yksx efUnjksa esa nsoh] nsorkvksa dh iwtk esa vUu] ngh vkSj eNyh dk iz;ksx
djrs FksA
11- bl lH;rk esa ^Je&foHkktu* 'kgjh thou dh fo'ks"krk FkhA
12- bl lH;rk esa ydM+h] rkack] pkanh] lksuk] lhih vkSj iRFkj vkfn lkeku rqdhZ o bZjku ls
vk;kr djrs FksA
20 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
13- dkuwuh nLrkost& lcls igys blh lH;rk esa fodkl fd;k x;kA
14- bl lH;rk ds yksx xq.kk] Hkkx] oxZewy] po`f C;kt vkfn ls ifjfpr FksA
15- eslksiksVkfe;k lH;rk esa ys[ku dyk dk fodkl gksus ls ys[kk&tks[kk j[kuk vkjEHk gks x;k
FkkA
16- bl lH;rk esa ,d o"kZ esa 12 eghus] ,d fnu esa 24 ?kaVs] ,d ?kaVs esa 60 feuV vkfn dk
fodkl gks x;k FkkA
17- LVsy& iRFkj ds ,sls f'kykiV~V gksrs gSa ftu ij vfHkys[k mRdh.kZ fd;s tkrs gSaA
18- lu~ 1850 esa dhykdkj fyfi ds v{kjksa dks igpku dj i<+k x;kA
19- bl lH;rk esa ikfjokfjd dkuwu Hkh fufeZr FksA
20- lk{kjrk& bl lH;rk esa cgqr gh de yksx i<+&s fy[ks FksA
21- ^mj* uxj dh xfy;ka ladjh rFkk Vs<+h&es<h+ FkhaA
22- ekjh uxj cgqr lEiUu rFkk [kq'kgky FkkA
23- ofu;ksa ds mPpkj.k ls gh Hkk"kk dk fodkl gqvkA
24- lw;Z o pU xzg.k dk fglkc j[kk tkrk FkkA
21 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
vuqHkkx&,d
fo"k;&2 ys[ku dyk vkSj 'kgjh thou
1- Je&foHkktu 'kgjh thou dh fo'ks"krk gSA nks fcanq nhft,A
2- eslksiksVkfe;k esa lkeku ds vk;kr&fu;kZr fdl izdkj gksrk Fkk\
3- eslksiksVkfe;k esa Hkk"kk ds bLrseky dk o.kZu dhft,A
4- eqf[k;k vius vkl&ikl yksxksa dks D;ksa clkrk Fkk\ rdZ nhft,A
5- ekslksiksVkfe;k esa cgqr de yksx i<+&fy[k ikrs Fks\ rdZ nsdj Li"V dhft,A
6- ekjh uxj ds jktegy dh fdUgha nks fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
7- eslksiksVkfe;k 'kCn dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A

8- eslksiksVkfe;k dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dk o.kZu dhft,A
9- eslksiksVkfe;k dh d`f"k&O;oLFkk dk o.kZu dhft,A
10- eslksiksVkfe;k esa 'kgjhdj.k dk D;k egRo Fkk\ foospuk dhft,A
11- eslksiksVkfe;k esa ifjogu&O;oLFkk dSlh Fkh\
12- ys[ku dyk ds ec fodkl dk o.kZu dhft,A
13- nf{k.kh eslksiksVkfe;k ds bykds esa xzkeh.k yksxksa ds e; >xM+s D;ksa gksrs FksA Li"V dhft,A
14- eslksiksVkfe;k esa ifjokj o 'kkgh ds fy, dSlk dkuwu Fkk\ Li"V dhft,A
15- ^mj* 'kgj dh uxj&;kstuk dk o.kZu dhft,A
16- eslksiksVkfe;k ds êkjh* uxj ds i'kqpkjdksa rFkk fdlkuksa dk o.kZu dhft, rFkk ;g Hkh rdZ
nhft, fd bu nksuksa ds chp >xM+s D;ksa gksrs Fks\
17- ekjh uxj ,d izfl O;kikfjd uxj Fkk rdZ nsdj Li"V dhft,A
18- eslksiksVkfe;k lH;rk esa ys[ku dyk dh D;k nsu gS\ Li"V dhft,A
22 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
19- eslksiksVkfe;k dh izeq[k miyfC/;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
20- ^mj* uxj dh uxj&;kstu dks foLrkj ls le>kb,A
1- uxj ds lc yksx ,d&nwljs ij fuHkZj gSaA
,d iRFkj dh eqnzk rjk'kus okys dks dkals ds vkStkjksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS D;ksfa d
mldh fo'ks"krk rks iRFkj mdsjus (uDdk'kh) rd gh lhfer gSA
dkals ds vkStkj cukus okys dks Hkh rkack] jkaxk (fVu) vkSj lkFk gh ydM+h ds dks;ys
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
2- eslksiksVkfe;k esa [kfut&lalk/uksa dk vHkko Fkk] blfy, os ydM+h] rkack] jkaxk] pkanh]
lksuk] lhih vkSj vU; dherh iRFkjksa dk rqdhZ o bZjku ls vk;kr djrs FksA
os viuk diM+k] d`f"k&mRikn dkiQh ek=kk esa fu;kZr djrs FksA
3- Hkk"kk dk bLrseky fglkc&fdrkc j[kus esAa
'kCndks'k cukus esAa
Hkwfe gLrkarj.k dks dkuwuh ekU;rk iznku djus ds fy,A
dkuwuksa esa ifjorZu djus ds fy,A
jktkvksa ds dk;ks dk o.kZu djus rFkk vkns'k tkjh djus esAa
4- vko';drk iM+us ij lsuk rS;kj feysA
vkl&ikl clus ls vius vkidks lqjf{kr eglwl dj ldsAa
5- eslksiksVkfe;k ds cgqr de yksx i<+&fy[k ldrs FksA
izrhdksa ;k fpUgksa dh la[;k lSdM+kas esa Fkh rFkk os vf/d isphnk Hkh FksA
6- ekjh uxj dk fo'kky jktegy ogka ds 'kkgh ifjokj dk fuokl&LFkku FkkA
;g jktegy iz'kklu rFkk dherh /krqvksa ds fuekZ.k dk eq[; dsUnz FkkA
jktk ds Hkkstu dh est ij gj jkst Hkkjh ek=kk esa [kk| inkFkZ& vkVk] jksVh] ekal] eNyh]
iQy] efnjk o ch;j vkfn j[ks tkrs FksA
bl fo'kky egy esa 260 d{k FksA
23 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
7- eslksiksVkfe;k uke ;wukuh Hkk"kk ds nks 'kCnksa êslksl* vFkkZr~ ê;* vkSj îksVSeksl* vFkkZr
ûnh* ls feydj cuk gSA
blfy, eslksiksVkfe;k 'kCn ntyk o iQjkr ufn;ksa ds chp dh mitk /jrh dks ekuk
tkrk gSA
;g ,sfrgkfld Hkwfe vktdy bjkd x.kjkT; dk fgLlk gSA

8- bjkd HkkSxksfyd fofo/rk dk ns'k gSA
blds iwoksZ kj Hkkx esa gjs&Hkjs eSnku gSa ftuesa Nk;knkj isM+ o ioZr J`[a kyk,a gSaA
;gka i;kZIr o"kkZ gksus ls vPNh iQly gks tkrh gSA
HksM+&cdfj;ka ;gka mxus okyh NksVh&NksVh >kfM+;ksa vkSj ?kkl ls viuk isV Hkj ysrh gSaA
iwoZ esa ntyk dh lgk;d ufn;ka bZjku ds igkM+h izn'kksa esa tkus ds fy, ifjogu dk
vPNk lk/u gSaA
ntyk o iQjkr ufn;ksa us bl eSnku dks lqUnj] je.kh;] gjk&Hkjk rFkk mitk
cuk;k gSA
9- ;gka 7]000 ls 6]000 bZ-iw- ds chp [ksrh vkjaHk gks x;h FkhA
;gka dh eq[; iQlysa xsg]wa tkS] eVj] elwj gSaA xfeZ;ksa esa [ktwj ds isM+ vR;f/d iQy
nsrs FksA
ledkyhu lH;rkvksa esa lcls vPNh [ksrh ;gha ij gksrh FkhA
apkbZ okys bykdksa es]a Hkkjh ek=kk esa ekal] nw/] mQu vkfn oLrq, fey tkrh gSaA
LVsih&?kkl ds eSnkuksa esa i'kqikyu Hkh vkthfodk dk vPNk lk/u gSA
ntyk o iQjkr dbZ /kjkvksa esa caVdj ugjksa ds :i esa [ksrksa dh flapkbZ djrh gSA
vPNh [ksrh gh 'kgjh thou dk vk/kj gSA
10- [kk| mRiknu ds lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ka fodflr gksus yxrh gSa
tula[;k dk ?kuRo c<+us ls dLcs clus yxrs gSaA
/hjs&/hjs dkjksckj c<+us ls O;kikj ds dsUnz cu tkrs gSaA
'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk dks viuk fglkc&fdrkc fyf[kr :i esa j[kuk gksrk gSA
Je&foHkktu dk Hkh 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA
dq'ky ifjogu O;oLFkk dk Hkh bl lH;rk esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA
24 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
11- Hkkjokgh i'kqvksa dh ihB ij j[kdj lkeku igqapkukA
cSyxkfM+;ksa esa j[kdj lkeku igqapkukA
i'kqvksa ds fy, pkjs dh O;oLFkk djuh gksrh FkhA
tyekxZ lLrk iM+rk FkkA
lkeku ls ynh uko gok ds osx ls pyrh FkhA
iQjkr unh O;kikj ds fy, ^fo'o&ekxZ* ds :i esa egRoiw.kZ FkhA
12- eslksiksVkfe;k ds yksx feV~Vh dh ifV~Vdkvksa ij fy[kk djrs FksA
fpduh feV~Vh dk vkdkj nsdj lq[kk;k tkrk FkkA
fy[kus okyh lrg fpduh cuk;h tkrh FkhA
ljdaMs dh rhyh dh uksd ls iV~Vh ij fy[kk tkrk FkkA
iV~Vh /wi esa lw[kdj iDdh gks tkrh FkhA
;gka ij [kqnkbZ ls lSdM+kas ifV~Vdk,a feyh gSaA
13- xzkeh.kksa esa ikuh o tehu ds fy, >xM+s ckj&ckj gksrs FksA
ufn;ksa ds jkLrk cnyus ls yksx iqu% LFkkfir gksrs jgrs FksA
unh dh ty /kjkvksa ds mQij jgus okys yksx lkjk ikuh vius [ksrksa esa bLrseky dj
ysrs FksA
dHkh&dHkh unh esa xkn teus ls unh dk cgko #d tkrk FkkA
blfy, uhps okys yksxksa dks ikuh ugha feyrk Fkk vkSj muds [ksr lw[ks jg tkrs FksA
14- lekt esa ,dy ifjokj gh vkn'kZ ekuk tkrk FkkA
firk ifjokj dk eqf[k;k gksrk FkkA
'kknh dh 'kq#vkr esa o/w ds ekrk&firk viuh lgefr nsrs FksA
fookg dh jLe iwjh gksus ij nksuksa i{k migkjksa dk vknku&iznku djrs FksA
,d lkFk cSBdj Hkkstu djrs FksA
efUnj esa iwtk djus ds ckn] lkl uoo/w dks ysus vkrh FkhA
'kknh ds ckn iq=k ekrk&firk ds ikl gh jgrk FkkA
firk dk ?kj] i'kq /u] [ksr vkfn mlds iq=kksa dks gh feyrk FkkA
25 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
15- ^mj* uxj esa xfy;ka ladjh] Vs<+h&es<h+ FkhA
vukt ds cksjs] b/u ds xV~Bs x/s ij ykn dj ?kj ij yk, tkrs FksA
xfy;ka cgqr ?kqekonkj o iryh FkhaA
ty fudklh ds fy, ukfy;k] lM+dksa ds fdukjs u gksdj ?kjksa ds Hkhrj ik;h
x;h gSaA
yksx o"kkZ ds ty ds fy, ?kj esa gkSt cukrs Fks ftlls ckgj xyh esa dhpM+ u gks
tk;A
16- ekjh uxj esa fdlku rFkk i'kqpkjd nksuksa gh jgrs FksA
i'kqpkjdksa dks tc vukt] /krq ds vkStkjksa vkfn dh vko';drk gksrh Fkh rc os vius
i'kqvksa rFkk muds iuhj] peM+k] o ekal vkfn ds cnys ;s phtsa izkIr djrs FksA
xkscj dh [kkn Hkh fdlkuksa ds fy, cgqr mi;ksxh FkhA
xM+fj;s dbZ ckj viuh HksM&+ cdfj;ksa dks ikuh fiykus ds fy, cks, gq, [ksrksa ls xqtj
dj tkrs FksA
xM+fj;s ([kkukcnks'k) dbZ ckj fdlkuksa dh cLrh ij geyk cksy nsrs FksA
fdlku Hkh dbZ ckj unh&ugj rd tkus ls xM+fj;ksa dks jksd nsrs FksA
blfy, nksuksa ds chp >xM+s gksrs jgrs FksA
17- ekjh uxj ,d egRoiw.kZ O;kikfjd LFky ij fLFkr FkkA ;gka ls ydM+h] rkack] jkaxk] rsy]
efnjk vkfn eky iQjkr unh ls rqdhZ] lhfj;k] yscuku vkfn ds lkFk O;kikj gksrk FkkA
nf{k.kh uxjksa dks tkus okys iksr tks iRFkj] pDdh] ydM+h] 'kjkc o rsy ds ihiksa ls
yns gksrs Fks ekjh esa #drs FksA
yns eky ij 10 dj olwy fd;k tkrk FkkA
;g uxj mu fnuksa rkacs o fVu ds O;kikj ds fy, izfl FkkA
dkalk vkStkj cukus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA
ekjh uxj O;kikj ds fy, lEiUu o le` uxj FkkA
18- dqN fdLls dgkfu;ksa dks rks ekSf[kd :i ls ;kn j[krs gSaA
ijUrq foKku] xf.kr dks thfor j[kus ds fy, nLrkostks]a fdrkcksa dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA
dkyx.kuk dk ys[kk&tks[kk Hkh fyf[kr :i esa feyk gSA
lw;Z] pU xzg.k dk fglkc j[kk tkrk FkkA
26 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo|kFkhZx.k iqjkuh ifV~Vdkvksa dks i<+rs FksA
dqN Nk=kksa dks bruk lEiUu cuk;k tkrk Fkk fd ckSfd miyfC/;ksa dks laokj dj
vxyh ih<+h dks iznku djsAa
;g lc ys[ku dyk dh gh nsu gS ftlls ge eslksiksVkfe;k dh miyfC/;ka tku
ik;s gSaA

19- ys[ku dyk lokZf/d egRoiw.kZ nsuA
xf.kr dh x.kukvksa dk fodklA
fo|ky; tSlh laLFkk,A
eslksiksVkfe;k ds 'kgjh yksxksa dk vk/qfud rkSj&rjhdksa ls ifjfpr gksukA
'kgjh thou rFkk lkekftd O;oLFkkA
fookg] mkjkf/dkj ds ekeyksa esa dkuwuh nLrkostksa dk gksukA
eksgj % ,d 'kgjh f'kYi&d`frA
5000 bZ-iw- cfLr;ksa dk fodklA
ys[ku&iz.kkyhA
'kgjhdj.k dk egRo
20- mj uxj dh lcls igys [kqnkbZA
iryh o ?kqekonkj xfy;kA
uxj&fu;kstu dh ifr dk vHkkoA
ty&fudklh dh O;oLFkk u gksukA
?kjksa ds ckjs esa va/fo'oklksa dk izpyuA
dejksa esa f[kM+fd;ksa dk vHkkoA
'kdqu&vi'kdqu laca/h ckrsAa
uxjokfl;ksa ds fy, dfczLrkuA
vkxu esa gkSt+kas dk gksukA
lkeku dk ykuk ys tkukA
27 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&3
rhu egk}hiksa esa iSQyk gqvk lkezkT;

fo'o bfrgkl ds dqN fo"k;
Lej.kh; rF;&
1- bZLoh lu~ ds izkjaHk ls lkroha 'krkCnh ds iwokZ/Z rd nks egku lkezkT;ks&a jkse vkSj bZjku us
vf/dka'k ;wjksi] if'peh ,f'k;k vkSj mkjh vizQhdk dk cgqr cM+k fgLlk vkil esa ckaV j[kk
FkkA
2- jkse ds bfrgkl dks tkuus ds fy, gekjs ikl fuEufyf[kr ksr gSa%
(1) ikB~; lkexzh (2) izys[k (3) HkkSfrd vo'ks"k
3- jkse lkezkT; dh mkjh lhek jkbu vkSj MSU;wc ufn;k fu/kZfjr djrh Fkha] nf{k.kh lhek lgkjk
jsfxLrku ls curh FkhA ;wjksi vkSj vhdk ds egk}hiksa ds chp Hkwe; lkxj Fkk tks if'pe
esa Lisu vkSj iwoZ esa lhfj;k rd iSQyk FkkA
4- jkse lkezkT; esa x.kra=k 'kklu O;oLFkk 509 bZ-iw- ls 27 bZ-iw- rd pyhA 27 bZ-iw- esa vkWxLV~l
x.kra=k dk r[rk iyVdj lezkV cu x;kA vkWxLV~l ds jkT; dks fizfa lisV dgk tkrk FkkA
f[kykM+h Fks% lezkV] vfHktkr oxZ vkSj lsukA
6- jkse dh lsuk O;olkf;d lsuk Fkh ftlesa lSfudksa dks osru fn;k tkrk FkkA jkse dh fo'kky
lsuk esa 6]00]000 lSfud FksA izR;sd lSfud dks 25 o"kZ rd lsuk esa lsok djuh iM+rh FkhA
7- izFke vkSj f}rh; 'krkfCn;k 'kkafr] le`f vkSj vkfFkZd foLrkj dk dky FkhaA ijUrq rhljh
'krkCnh esa ruko mHkjk tc bZjku ds llkuh oa'k ds ckj&ckj vke.k gq,A blh chp teZu
ewy dh tutkfr;ksa (izasQd] ,yeUukbZ vkSj xksFk) us jkseu lkezkT; ds fofHkUu izns'kksa ij dCtk
dj fy;k ftlls lkezkT; esa vfLFkjrk vkbZ vkSj 47 o"kks esa 25 lezkV flagkluk:<+ gq,A bls
rhljh 'krkCnh dk ladV dgk tkrk gSA
28 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
8- jkseu lekt esa ,dy ifjokj dk pyu FkkA efgykvksa dk fLFkfr vPNh Fkh vkSj mUgsa laifk
esa LokfeRo o lapkyu esa dkuwuh vf/dkjh izkIr FkkA
9- jkse esa dke pykmQ lk{kjrk O;kid :i ls fo|eku FkhA
10- lkezkT; esa lkaLd`frd fofo/rk ikbZ tkrh Fkh% vusd nsoh&nsork] vusd Hkk"kk,] os'kHkw"kk dh
fofo/ 'kSfy;k vkSj rjg rjg ds HkkstuA
11- jkse dk vkfFkZd vk/kjHkwr <kapk dkiQh etcwr FkkA ;gka cUnjxkgks]a [kkus&a [knkus]a bV HkV~V]s
tSrwu ds rsy dh iSQDVfj;k cgqrk;r esa FkhaA xsg]w vaxwjh 'kjkc vkSj tSrwu ds rsy dk O;kikj
O;kid :i ls gksrk FkkA
12- rjy inkFkks dh <qykbZ ftu dUVsujksa esa dh tkrh Fkh mUgsa ,EiQksjk dgk tkrk FkkA Lisu esa
mRikfnr tSrwu dk rsy ^Mls y&20* uked dUVsujksa esa ys tk;k tkrk FkkA
13- jkse esa nklrk dh tM+s etcwr FkhaA bVyh esa 75 yk[k dh vkcknh esa ls 30 yk[k nkl FksA
nklksa dks iwt
a h fuos'k ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk Fkk] muds lkFk wjrkiw.kZ O;ogkj fd;k tkrk
FkkA
14- izkjafHkd lezkT; esa fuEufyf[kr Jsf.k;ka ikbZ tkrh Fkha% lSuVs j] v'okjksgh] vfHktkr oxZ] iwQgM+
fuEurj oxZ] vkSj nklA
ijorhZdky es&a vfHktkr oxZ] e;e oxZ vkSj fuEurj oxZA
15- jkseoklh cgqnsooknh FksA yksx twfiVj] twuks]a feuokZ rFkk ekWlZ tSls nsoh&nsorkvksa dh iwtk djrs
FksA ;gwnh /eZ jkse lkezkT; dk ,d vU; cM+k /eZ FkkA lu~ 312 esa lezkV dkWULVWuVkbu us
bZlkbZ /eZ dks jkt/eZ cukus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA
16- lkezkT; ds if'peh Hkkx esa mkj ls vkus okys lewgks&a xksFk] oSaMy rFkk yksEckMZ vkfn us cM+s
izkra ksa ij dCtk djds jksekskj jkT; LFkkfir dj fy,A lkroha 'krkCnh ds izkjafHkd n'kdksa rd
vkrs vkrs jkse vkSj bZjku ds chp yM+kbZ fNM+ xbZA
17- iSxEcj eqgEen dh e`R;q ds 10 lky ckn iwohZ jkseu vkSj llkuh jkT;ksa ds cM+&s cM+s Hkkx
'kks"k.k ;q ds ckn vjcksa ds dCts esa vk x, vkSj bLyke dk foLrkj gqvk& ;g izkphu
fo'o bfrgkl dh lcls cM+h jktuhfrd kafr FkhA
29 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&3 rhu egk}hiksa esa iSQyk gqvk lkezkT;
1- jkse lkezkT; ds bfrgkl ds ksrksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
2- jkse ds lezkV vkWxLV~l dks îzeq[k ukxfjd D;ksa ekuk tkrk Fkk\ nks fcUnqvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
3- mu nks Hkk"kkvksa dk uke fyf[k, ftudk iz;ksx jkse lkezkT; ds iz'kklu ds fy, fd;k tkrk
FkkA
4- jkse lkezkt; ds lanHkZ esa ^fizfa lisV* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ la{ksi esa mkj nhft,A
5- jkseu lkezkT; ds jktuhfrd bfrgkl esa rhu izeq[k f[kykM+h dkSu Fks\
6- jkse lkezkT; dh lsuk dh fdUgha nks fof'k"Vrkvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
7- jkseu lkezkT; esa lk{kjrk dh fLFkfr dk la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A
8- lezkV dkaLVSuVkbu dks lksus ds flDds tkjh djus iM+As D;ks\a dkj.k fyf[k,A u, flDdksa dks
D;k uke fn;k x;k\

9- ^rhljh 'krkCnh esa jkse lkezkT; dks cgqr vf/d ruko dk lkeuk djuk iM+k* mnkgj.k nsdj
Li"V dhft,A
10- ^^jkse esa flagklu ikfjokfjd oa'ke ij vk/kfjr FkkA** mnkgj.k lfgr foospuk dhft,A
11- ^jkse lkezkT; lkaLd`frd fofHkUurk dk vuqie feJ.k FkkA* bl dFku dh foospuk dhft,A
12- Hkwe; lkxj rFkk fudVorhZ iwoZ esa nklrk :ih laLFkk dh xgjh tM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
13- jkse lkezkT; ds iru ds D;k dkj.k Fks\ laf{kIr fooj.k nhft,A

14- jkseu lkezkT; dh lkekftd Jsf.k;ksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu dhft,A
15- jkseu lekt vkSj jkse dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks vk/qfud n'kkZus okys vfHky{k.k dkSu ls Fks\ O;k[;k
dhft,A
30 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
1- ikB~; lkexzhA
izys[k vFkok nLrkostA
HkkSfrd vo'ks"kA
2- ;g n'kkZus ds fy, fd og fujadq'k 'kkld ugha gSA
lSuV dks lEeku iznku djus ds fy,A
3- (1) ySfVu (2) ;wukuh
4- og jkT; tks vkWxLV~l us 27 bZ-iw- LFkkfir fd;k FkkA
5- (1) lezkV (2) vfHktkr oxZ (lSfuV) (3) lsukA
6- jkse dh lsuk O;olkf;d Fkh ftlesa izR;sd lSfud dks osru fn;k tkrk FkkA
izR;sd lSfud dks de ls de 25 o"kZ rd lsok djuh iM+rh FkhA
7- dke pykmQ lk{kjrk O;kid rkSj ij fo|ekuA
iksEiksbZ esa xfy;ksa dh nhokjksa ij vafdr foKkiuA
fe esa lSdM+kas iSikbjl izkIr gq, gSa ftu ij lafonk&i=k fy[ks gSaA
8- Lisu dh [kkuksa esa pkanh lekIr gksus ds dkj.k lezkV dks lksus ds flDds tkjh djus
iM+As
bu flDdksa dks lksfyMl dgk x;kA

9- 225 bZ- esa llkuh oa'k ds 'kkiqj izFke esa 60]000 jkseu lsuk dk liQk;k dj fn;kA
jkse dh iwohZ jkt/kuh ,sVa hvksd ij vf/dkjh teZu ewy dh dbZ tutkfr;ksa us MSU;wc
unh dh lhekvksa ij vke.kA
fons'kh ccZjksa ds yxkrkj vke.kA
47 o"kks esa 25 lezkV Lkkklhu gq,A
31 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
10- firk dk jkT; iq=k dks feyrk Fkk pkgs iq=k uSlfxZd gks ;k nkdA
lsuk Hkh bl flkUr dks ekurh FkhA
vkWxLV~l twfy;l lhtj dk xksn fy;k iq=k FkkA
fVcsfj;l Hkh vkxLV~l dk viuk iq=k ugha FkkA
lkk dk lgt ifjorZu lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vkWxLV~l us fVcsfj;l dks xksn fy;k
FkkA
11- /kfeZd laiznk;ksa rFkk LFkkuh; nsoh&nsorkvksa esa Hkjiwj fofo/rkA
cksypky dh vusd Hkk"kk,A
os'kHkw"kk dh fofHkUu 'kSfy;kA
rjg rjg ds HkkstuA
lkekftd laxBuksa ds fHkUu&fHkUu :iA
cfLr;ksa ds vusd :iA
12- jkse lkezkT; esa nklrk dh tM+sa xgjh FkhaA bZlkbZ /eZ ds jkT; /eZ cuus ds i'pkr~ Hkh
xqykeh dh izFkk dks dksbZ xaHkhj pqukSrh ughaA
ysfdu bldk rkRi;Z ;g ugha fd vf/dka'k Je nklksa }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA
bVyh esa 75 yk[k dh tula[;k esa 30 yk[k nklA
nklksa dks iwt
a h fuos'k ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk FkkA
vkfFkZd vk/kj dks ;ku esa j[krs gq, d`f"k dk;ks esa nklksa dk bLrseky u djus dh
lykg nh xbZ FkhA
13- jkse lkezkT; ds iru dh izf;k esa ckgjh vke.kksa dk ;ksxnku jgkA
mkj esa teZu ewy ds lewgksa }kjk vke.kA
lHkh cM+s izkra ksa ij vf/dkj vkSj vius jkT; LFkkfir&Lisu esa foflxksFk] xkWy esa izasQd
rFkk bVyh esa yksEckMks dk jkT;A
bZjku ds llkuh oa'k ds 'kkldksa }kjk iwohZ izkra ksa ij vke.kA
Hkh"k.k ;q ds i'pkr~ iwohZ jkse vjcksa ds vf/dkj esAa
32 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
14- bfrgkldkj VSflVl }kjk izkjafHkd lkezkT; ds izeq[k lkekftd lewgksa dk o.kZuA
rhljh 'krkCnh ds izkjaHk esa lSusV lnL; la[;k yxHkx ,d gtkj FkhA
pkSFkh lnh ds 'kq: esa dkWULVSuVkbu izFke dk 'kklu dkyA
vR;kf/d /uoku vfHktkr oxZA
e;e oxZ dk mn;A
;wfefyvksfjl ;k fuEurj oxZA
izoklh dkexkjA
jkseu lkezkT; dk ijorhZ dkyA
jkseu jkT; rkuk'kkgh ijA
Lo&fu;ksftr f'kYidkjA
15- Hkwe; lkxj ds ut+nhd ikuh dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksxA
ty'kfDr ds dkj.k izkS|ksfxdh dk iz;ksxA
Lisu dh lksus vkSj pknh dh [kkuksa esa ty&'kfDr ls [kqnkbZA
O;kid iSekus ij [kkuksa ls [kfut fudkyukA
mRikndrk dk pk LrjA
cSfa dax&O;oLFkkA
/u dk cM+s Lrj ij iz;ksxA
uxj vkS|ksfxd rFkk O;kikfjd xfrfof/;ksa ds dsUnzA
lqxfBr okf.kfT;d O;oLFkkA
csgrj ifjogu {kerkA
33 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&4
bLyke dk mn; vkSj foLrkj&

yxHkx 500&1200 bZ-
Lej.kh; rF;&
1- lalkj esa eqlyekuksa dh la[;k ,d vjc ls vf/d gSA os fHkUu jk"Vksa ds ukxfjd gSa] vyx
vyx Hkk"kk, cksyrs gSa vkSj mudk igukok Hkh vyx&vyx gSA bLykeh lH;rk dk ewy {ks=k
feJ ls viQxkfuLrku rd dk fo'kky {ks=k gSA
2- bLykeh {ks=kksa ds bfrgkl ds ksr gSa& bfro`k vFkok rokjh[k] thou&pfjr] iSxEcj ds dFku
vkSj dk;ks ds vfHkys[k] dqjku ds ckjs esa Vhdk,a] izR;n'khZ o`rkUr (tSls v[kckj)] ,sfrgkfld
vkSj v/Z ,sfrgklfd jpuk,] nLrkosth izek.k] izkphu bekjrsa vkfnA
3- vjc yksx dchyksa esa cVs FksA izR;sd dchys ds vius nsoh&nsork gksrs FksA vjc dchys
[kkukcnks'k gksrs FksA eDdk esa fLFkr dkck ogk dk eq[; /eZLFky Fkk vkSj lHkh eqlyeku
bls ifo=k ekurs FksA
4- 612 bZ- esa iSxEcj eqgEen us vius vkidks [kqnk dk lans'kokgd ?kksf"kr fd;kA iSxEcj eqgEen
vkSj buds vuq;kf;;ksa dks eDdk ds le` yksxksa ds fojks/ ds dkj.k eDdk NksMd + j enhuk
tkuk iM+kA bl ;k=kk dks fgtjk dgk x;k vkSj blh o"kZ ls eqfLye dSysMa j ;kfu fgtjh lu~
dh 'kq:vkr gqbZ
5- iSxEcj eqgEdn us enhuk esa ,d jktuSfrd O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk dhA vc enhuk bLykeh
jkT; dh iz'kklfud jkt/kuh rFkk eDdk /kfeZd dsUnz cu x;kA FkksMs+ gh le; esa vjc izns'k
dk cM+k Hkw&Hkkx buds v/hu gks x;kA
6- lu~ 632 esa iSxEcj eqgEen dk nsgkUr gks x;k vkSj vxys iSxEcj dh oS/rk ds vHkko esa
jktuhfrd lkk mEek dks varfjr dj nh xbZA bl izdkj f[kykiQr laLFkk dk vkjaHk gqvkA
leqnk; dk usrk iSxEcj dk izfrfuf/ vFkkZr~ [kyhiQk cu x;kA
34 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
7- igys pkj [kyhiQkvksa us vfHk;kuksa }kjk fonzksgksa dk neu fd;k] jkT; dk foLrkj fd;k vkSj
dchyksa dh 'kfDr dks ,dtqV fd;kA
8- pkSFks [kyhiQk vyh dh gR;k ds ckn eqvkfo;k us vius vkidks vxyk [kyhiQk ?kksf"kr fd;k
vkSj me;n oa'k dh LFkkiuk dhA eqvkfo;k us oa'kxr mkjkf/dkjh dh ijaijk 'kq: dhA vjch
Hkk"kk dks iz'kklu dh Hkk"kk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA nfe'd dks jkt/kuh cuk;k x;k vkSj bLykeh
flDds tkjh fd, x;sA
9- nok uked ,d lqfu;ksftr vkanksyu ds me;n oa'k dks 750 bZ- esa m[kkM+ isQa dk vkSj vCcklh
oa'k dh uhao j[khA bUgksua s cxnkn dks jkt/kuh cuk;k] lsuk vkSj ukSdj'kkgh dk iquxZBu fd;k]
bLykeh laLFkkvksa vkSj fo}kuksa dks laj{k.k iznku fd;kA
10- vCcklh jkT; ukSoha 'krkCnh esa detksj gks x;kA jkT; esa x`g;q] xqVcUnh vkSj rqdhZ&xqyke
vf/dkfj;ksa dh 'kfDr esa o`f gqbZA nloha vkSj X;kjgoha 'krkfCn;ksa esa rqdhZ lYrur dk mn;
gqvk ftldh LFkkiuk vYifrfxu }kjk dh xbZA
11- bZlkbZ txr vkSj bLykeh txr ds chp 'k=kqrk c<+us yxhA] ftldk dkj.k vkfFkZd laxBuksa
esa ifjorZu FkkA 1095 esa iq.; Hkwfe dks eqDr djkus ds fy, bZ'oj ds uke ij tks ;q yM+s
x;s mUgsa /eZ; q dgk x;kA ;g ;q 1095 ls 1291 ds chp yM+s x,A
12- e;dkyhu bLykeh nqfu;k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dkiQh lqn`<+ FkhA] d`f"k dks izkRs lkgu] flapkbZ ds
fy, ugjsa] cka/ksa dk fuekZ.kA m|ksx /a/ksa dk fodkl] O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; dks izkRs lkgu] lk[ki=k
vkSj gqafM;ksa dk iz;ksxA d`f"k vkSj m|ksxksa ds fodkl us 'kgjhdj.k dh izf;k dks rhoz fd;kA
13- vkBoha&ukSoa h 'krkCnh esa dkuwu dh pkj 'kk[kk, (etgc) cu xbZA 'kkld rFkk vf/dkfj;ksa
}kjk lqj{kk ds ekeys fuiVkukA
14- lwfiQ;ksa dk mn;A n'kZu'kkL=k vkSj foKku esa #fp esa o`fA vjch dfork dk iqu% vkfo"dkj
gqvkA iQkjlh Hkk"kk dk fodkl gqvkA xt+uh iQkjlh lkfgR; dk dsUnz cu x;kA fiQjnkSlh }kjk
'kkgukek fy[kk tkukA /kfeZd bekjrs&a bLykeh nqfu;k dh igpkuA bu bekjrksa esa efLtns]a
bcknrxkg vkSj edcjs 'kkfey FksA efLtnsa] bcknrxkg vkSj edcjs 'kkfey FksA efLtnksa dk
,d fof'k"V okLrqf'kYih; :i Fkk& xqEcn] feukj] egjkc] [kqyk izkxa .k vkSj [kaHkksa ds lgkjs
NrA
35 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&4
bLyke dk mn; vkSj foLrkj yxHkx 570&1200 bZ-
1- 600 ls 1200 bZ- rd bLykeh {ks=kksa ds bfrgkl dh tkudkjh gesa fdu ksrksa ls feyrh gS\
2- iSxEcj eqgEen dks eDdk D;ksa NksMu+ k iM+k\ bl ?kVuk dk bLyke ds bfrgkl esa D;k egRo
gS\
3- f[kykiQr laLFkk dk fuekZ.k D;ksa fd;k x;k\ bl laLFkk ds D;k mn~ns'; Fks\ la{ksi esa fyf[k,A
4- me;n oa'k ds vCn&vy&efyd us vjc&bLykeh igpku ds fodkl ds fy, dkSu&dkSu
ls dk;Z fd,\ fdUgha nks dk;ks dk mYys[k dhft,A
5- /eZ&;qksa dk bZlkbZ&eqfLye laca/ksa ij D;k izHkko iM+k\ la{ksi esa fooj.k nhft,A

6- iSxEcj eqgEen us fdl izdkj vjc izns'k ds cM+s Hkkx dks vius /eZ] leqnk; vkSj jkT;
esa ykus esa liQyrk izkIr dh\ fooj.k nhft,A
7- vCcklh jkT; ds ukSoa h 'krkCnh esa detksj gksus ds dkj.kksa rFkk ifj.kkeksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
8- bLykeh jkT; esa d`f"k O;oLFkk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk, D;k Fkha\ O;k[;k dhft,A bu fo'ks"krkvksa
ls iM+us okys izHkkoksa dh foospuk djksA
9- e;dkyhu bLykeh lekt ij ;wukuh n'kZu vkSj foKku ds izHkko dk mYys[k dhft,A
10- e;dkyhu eqfLye lkezkT; ds O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; dh tkudkjh nsrs gq, ;g crkb, fd
bldk eqnzk ds izlkj ij D;k izHkko iM+k\

11- e;dkyhu bLykeh txr esa 'kgjhdj.k dh eq[; fo'ks"krk, D;k Fkha\ foospuk dhft,A
12- bLykeh okLrqdyk vkSj jkseu okLrqdyk dk rqyukRed o.kZu dhft,A
36 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
1- bfro`k vFkok rokjh[k
v/Z ,sfrgkfld d`fr;k tSls thou pfjr] iSxEcj ds dFku vkSj d`R;ksa ds vfHkys[k]
dqjku dh Vhdk,A
dkuwuh iqLrds]a Hkwxksy] ;k=kk o`kkarA
lkfgfR;d jpuk,a tSls dgkfu;ka vkSj dfork,aA
2- eDdk NksMu+ s dk dkj.k ogka ds le` yksxksa dk fojks/ FkkA
mUgsa nsoh&nsorkvksa dk Bqdjk;k tkuk vPNk ugha yxkA
622 bZ- esa iSxEcj }kjk eDdk ls enhuk dh ;k=kk dks fgtjk dgk tkrk gSA
bl o"kZ ls eqfLye dSysMa j ;kuh fgtjh lu~ dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA
3- iSxEcj eqgEen ds nsgkar ds ckn oS/ iSxEcj dk vHkkoA
eqlyekuksa esa xgjs erHksn gksus ls f[kykiQr laLFkk dk fuekZ.kA
leqnk; ds usrk dks iSxEcj dk izfrfuf/ ;kuh [kyhiQk ekuk x;kA
f[kykiQr ds mn~ns';%
dchyksa ij fu;a=k.k dk;e djukA
jkT; ds fy, lalk/u tqVkukA
4- bLykeh flDds pyk, ftu ij vjch Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;kA
ts:lye esa ^Mkse vkWiQ jkWd* cuok;kA
5- eqfLye jkT;ksa us bZlkbZ iztk ds izfr dBksj uhfr viukuh 'kq: dj nhA
iwoZ rFkk if'pe ds chp gksus okys O;kikj esa bVyh dk izHkko c<+ x;kA
y?kq iz'ukskj
6- enhuk esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk djds vuq;kf;;ksa dks lqj{kk iznku dhA
vkarfjd yM+kbZ dk lek/ku fd;kA
mEek dks ,d cM+s leqnk; esa cnykA
37 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
miokl tSls deZdk.Mksa vkSj uSfrd flkarksa dks c<+kdj vkSj ifj"d`r djds /eZ dks
lqn`<+ fd;kA
vk; ds ksr d`f"k] O;kikj vkSj tdkr ([kSjkr dj) FksA iSxEcj eqgEen ds iz;klksa
ds dkj.k enhuk mHkjrs bLykeh jkT; dh iz'kklfud jkt/kuh vkSj eDdk /kfeZd dsUnz
cu x;kA
7- dkj.k%&
lsuk vkSj ukSdj'kkgh esa vjc leFkZd vkSj bjku&leFkZd xqVksa esa >xM+kA
810 bZ- esa [kyhiQk gk#u vy&j'khn ds iq=kks&a vehu vkSj ekequ ds leFkZdksa ds chp
xqg;qA
rqdhZ xqyke vf/dkfj;ksa (;keyqd) }kjk ,d u, 'kfDr xqV dk fuekZ.kA
ifj.kke%&
dbZ u, NksV&s NksVs jktoa'k mRiUu gks x, tSl&s rkfgjh] lekuh] rqyquhA
cqokgh uked f'k;koa'k esa 945 bZ- esa cxnkn ij vf/dkj dj fy;kA
8- d`f"k O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,%&
yksxksa dk eq[; O;olk; d`f"kA
tehu ds Lokeh NksV&s cM+s fdlku rFkk jkT; FksA
dj jkT; dh vksj ls ,d=k fd;k tkrk FkkA
xSj eqlyeku mit dk vk/k ls ysdj ikaposa fgLls ds cjkcj dj nsrs FksA
jkT; }kjk flapkbZ iz.kkfy;ks]a cka/ksa vkSj ugjksa ds fuekZ.k rFkk dqvksa dh [kqnkbZ ds fy,
lgk;rkA
igyh ckj [ksrh djus ij dj esa fj;k;rA
izHkko %&
[ksrh ;ksX; Hkwfe esa o`f gqbZA
mRikndrk esa o`f gqbZaA
dbZ dbZ iQlyksa tSl&s dikl] larjk] dsyk] rjcwt] ikyd vkSj cSaxu dh [ksrh 'kw:
gqbZ vkSj ;wjksi dks budk fu;kZr fd;k x;kA
38 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
9- me;n vkSj vCcklh [kyhiQkvksa us bZlkbZ fo}kuksa ls ;wukuh vkSj lhfj;kd Hkk"kk dh
iqLrdksa dk vuqokn djok;kA
bZ'oj vkSj fo'o dh ,d oSdfYid dYiuk dk fodkl fd;kA
fldanfj;k] lhfj;k vkSj eslksiksVkfe;k esa ;wukuh n'kZu] xf.kr vkSj fpfdRlk dh f'k{kk
nh tkrh FkhA
vy&ekewu ds 'kklu dky esa cxnkn esa iqLrdky; o foKku laLFkku dks lgk;rk nh
xbZA
vjLrw dh iqLrdsa ;wfDyM dh ,yhesVa ~l vkSj Vksyseh dh iqLrd ,YekxsLV dh vksj
fo}kuksa dk ;ku vkdf"kZrA
[kxksy foKku] xf.kr vkSj fpfdRlk ds fo"k; esa Hkkjrh; iqLrdksa dk vjch vuqokn
fd;k x;kA
10- O;kikj nks eq[; ekxks yky lkxj rFkk iQkjl dh [kkM+h ls gksrk FkkA
elkyks]a diM+]s phuh&feV~Vh dh oLrq, rFkk ck:n dks Hkkjr vkSj phu ls yky lkxj
rFkk iQkjl dh [kkM+h rd tgktksa }kjk yk;k tkrk FkkA
Hkwe; lkxj ds fljs ij fldanfj;k ds iRru ls ;wjksi dks fd;k tkus okyk fu;kZr
;gwnh O;kikfj;ksa ds gkFk esa FkkA
pkSFkh 'krkCnh esa dkfgjk ds mHkjus ls rFkk bVyh esa iwohZ eky dh c<+rh ekax ds dkj.k
yky lkxj dk egRo c<+ x;kA
bZjkuh O;kikjh phuh oLrq, ykus cxnkn ls cq[kkjk rFkk lejdan gksrs gq, js'ke ekxZ ls
phu tkrs FksA
eqnkz dk izlkj%
jktdks"kh; iz.kkyh vkSj cktkj ds ysu&nsu ls eqnzk dk izlkj c<+ x;kA
lksus] pkanh vkSj rkacs ds flDds cM+h la[;k esa cuk;s tkus yxsA
cgqewY; /krq,a vkSj flDds] iwohZ O;kikj dh oLrqvksa ds cnys ;wjksi ls vkrs FksA
/u dh c<+rh ekax ds dkj.k lafpr HkaMkjksa vkSj csdkj laifk dk mi;ksx gksus yxkA
m/kj dk dkjksckj Hkh eqnzkvksa ds lkFk tqM+ x;kA
39 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
11- [ksrh dh [kq'kgkyh rFkk jktuhfrd fLFkjrkA
'kgjksa dh rknkn esa o`fA
'kgjksa esa tula[;k esa o`fA
'kgjksa esa vkfFkZd rFkk lkaLd`frd 'kfDr dk izlkjA
'kgjksa ds uD'kksa esa lekurk dk vHkkoA
fofue; ds nk;js dk foLrkjA
Hkkjr vkSj ;wjksi ds leqnzh O;kikj ij ,dkf/dkjA
jktdks"kh; iz.kkyhA
vnk;xh vkSj O;kikj O;oLFkk ds csgrj rjhdsA
okf.kfT;d i=kksa dk O;kid mi;ksxA
12- /kfeZd bekjrsa nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h izrhdA
Lisu ls e; ,f'k;k rd iSQyh efLtnsa] bcknrxkg rFkk edcjsA
bekjrsa eqlyekuksa dh vk;kfRed rFkk O;kogkfjd vko';drkvksa dks vfHkO;Dr djrh
FkhaA
bLyke dh igy 'krkCnh esa efLtn us ,d fof'k"V okLrqf'kYih; Lo:i izkIr dj fy;kA
u[kfyLrkuksa esa e#LFkyh egyA
egyksa dk fuekZ.k jkseu rFkk llkuh okLrqf'kYi ds rtZ ijA
vCckfl;ksa }kjk lejk ikuh ds chp ,d u, 'kkgh 'kgj dk fuekZ.kA
ehukj u, /eZ ds vfLrRo ds :i esAa
lkoZtfud Luku&x`g jkse ds 'kgjh thou dh fo'ks"krkA
jkse ds bathfu;jksa }kjk rhu egk}hiksa ds ikj ikuh ys tkus ds fy, fo'kky ty lsrqvksa
dk fuekZ.kA
40 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&5
;k;koj lkezkT;
Lej.kh; rF;&
1- ;k;koj lkezkT; dh vo/kj.kk fojks/kRed izrhr gksrh gS D;ksfa d ;k;koj yksx ewyr% ?kqeDdM+
gksrs gSaA e; ,f'k;k ds eaxksyksa us ikj egk}hih; lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj ,d Hk;kud
lSfud ra=k vkSj 'kklu lapkyu dh izHkkoh ifr;ksa dk lw=kikr fd;kA
2- ;k;koj lektksa ds ,sfrgkfld ksr gSa%& bfro`r] ;k=kk o`rkar] uxjh; lkfgR;dkjksa ds nLrkostA
dqN fu.kkZ;d ksr gesa phuh] eaxksyh] iQkjlh vkSj vjch Hkk"kk esa Hkh miyC/ gSaA
3- e;&,f'k;k ds LVsih izns'k es]a rsjgoha 'krkCnh ds izkjafHkd n'kdksa esa paxst [kku us eaxksyksa
dks laxfBr fd;kA eaxksy fofo/ tu&leqnk; dk ,d fudk; Fks ftuesa rkrkj] f[krku] eapw
yksx] rqdhZ dchys 'kkfey FksA ;s yksx i'kqikyd] f'kdkjh laxzkgd Fks vkSj d`f"k dk;Z ugha
djrs FksA u`tkrh; vkSj Hkk"kk;h laca/ksa us eaxksyksa dks ijLij tksM+ j[kk FkkA
4- LVsih{ks=k esa lalk/uksa dh deh ds dkj.k eaxksyksa rFkk e;&,f'k;k ds ;k;kojksa dks O;kikj
,oa oLrq&fofue; ds fy, iM+kl s esa fLFkr phu esa tkuk iM+rk FkkA phuh yksxksa dks ;g f'kdkj
fd, x, i'kq] ?kksMs+ rFkk iQj nsdj cnys esa d`f"k mRikn rFkk yksgs ds midj.k ykrs FksA
5- ;k;koj dchys phu ij ckj&ckj vke.k djrs Fks vkSj uxjksa dks ywV ysrs FksA muds vke.kksa
ls phu dh lqj{kk ds fy, phuh 'kkldksa us êgku nhokj* cukbZa
6- paxst [kku] ftldk izkjafHkd uke rseqftu Fkk] 1206 rd mlus vius 'k=kqvksa dks fu.kkZ;d
:i ls ijkftr dj fn;k Fkk vkSj LVsih {ks=k dk lcls izHkko'khyh O;fDr cu x;kA blhfy,
1206 esa dqfjyrkbZ dh ,d lHkk esa mls paxst [kku ^leqh [kku* ;k ^lkoZHkkSe 'kkld*
dh mikf/ ds lkFk eaxksyksa dk egkuk;d ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA
7- paxst [kku dh lSfud miyfC/;ka fofLer dj nsus okyh Fkha& dq'ky ?kqM+lokjh us mldh
lsuk dks xfr iznku dh] ?kksMs+ ij lokj gksdj rhjatknh dk dkS'ky vn~Hkqr Fkk] ?ksjkcanh ;a=k
vkSj us+Fkk ceckjh vkSj vfHk;kuksa ds nkSjku gYds] py&miLdjksa dk mi;ksxA paxst [kku us
eaxksyksa dks ,d l'kDr vuq'kkflr lSU; 'kfDr ds :i esa iquxZfBr fd;k ftlls mlds lSU;
vfHk;kuksa dh liQyrk r; gks xbZA
8- LVsih {ks=k esa dbZ eaxksy dchys jgrs FksA budh viuh vyx&vyx igpku FkhA paxst [kku
us budh vyx&vyx igpku dks lekIr fd;kA
41 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
9- paxst [kku us uofoftr izns'kksa dk 'kklu vius pkj iq=kksa dks lkSia fn;kA bl izdkj pkj myql
dk xBu gqvkA paxst [kku us ,d iqQrhZyh gjdkjk ifr vkjaHk dhA blds fy;s eaxksy ;k;koj
?kksMk+ sa vFkok vU; i'kqvksa dk nloka Hkkx iznku djrs FksA bls dqcdqj dj dgrs FksA
10- rsjgoha 'krkCnh ds e; rd eaxksyksa dk ,d ,dhd`r tulewg cu x;k Fkk ftUgksua s ,d fo'kky
lkezkT; dk fuekZ.k fd;kA mUgksaus vR;ar tfVy 'kgjh lektksa ij 'kklu fd;k ftuds vius
vius bfrgkl] laLd`fr;ka vkSj fu;e FksA vius lkezkT; ij jktuhfrd izHkqRo gksus ds ckotwn
la[;kRed :i ls eaxksy vYila[;d jgsA viuh igpku vkSj fof'k"Vrk dh j{kk ds fy,
mUgksaus ^;kl* fof/ lafgrk dks viuk;kA
11- ^;kl* dks izkjafHkd Lo:i esa ;lkd fy[kk tkrk FkkA bls paxst] [kku us 1206 esa dqfjyrkbZ
esa ykxw fd;k FkkA bldk vFkZ Fkk fof/] vkKfIr o vkns'kA blesa iz'kklfud fofu;e gSa tSls
vk[ksV] lSU; vkSj Mkd iz.kkyh dk laxBuA
12- LVsih ds [kkukcnks'kksa us paxst [kku ds v/hu uxjksa dks ywVk vkSj mUgsa oLr fd;kA mUgksaus]
vusd uxjokfl;ksa dh fueeZ gR;k, Hkh dh FkhaA blfy, phu] bZjku vkSj iwohZ ;wjksi ds uxjoklh
bu fxjksgksa dks Hk; vkSj ?k`.kk dh n`f"V ls ns[krs FksA
ij eaxksyksa ds fy, paxst [kku ,d egku 'kkld Fkk& mlus eaxksyksa dks laxfBr fd;k] dchykbZ
yM+kb;ksa vkSj phfu;ksa }kjk 'kks"k.k ls eqfDr fnykbZ] ikjegk}hih; lkezkT; cuk;k] O;kikj ds
jkLrs rFkk cktkjksa dks iquLFkkZfir fd;kA budk 'kklu cgq&tkrh;] cgq&Hkk"kh] cgq&/kfeZd FkkA
vc eaxksfy;k ,d Lora=k jk"V gS vksj paxst [kku ,d egku jk"Vuk;d ds :i esa rFkk vkjk;
O;fDr ds :i esa ekU; gSA
42 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&5 ;k;koj lkezkT;
1- ;k;koj lkezkt; ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\
2- paxst [kku dks ^leqh [kku* dh mikf/ D;ksa nh xbZ\
3- foftr izns'kksa ds yksxksa dks ;k;koj 'kkldksa ls yxko ugha FkkA D;ks\a dkj.k crkb,A
4- xtu [kku }kjk d`"kdksa dk i{k ysus ds D;k dkj.k Fks\
5- LVsih fuokfl;ksa ds bfrgkl ds fo"k; esa gesa fdu ksrksa ls tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS\
6- eaxksyksa ds fy, O;kikj D;ksa egRoiw.kZ Fkk\

7- eaxksyksa ds bfrgkl ij fo'okl u djus ds D;k dkj.k gSa\
8- eaxksyksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr dk mYys[k dhft,A
9- eaxksyksa ds lSfud izc/
a u dk o.kZu dhft,A
10- paxst [kku vkSj eaxksyksa dk fo'o bfrkl esa D;k LFkku gS\ ewY;kadu dhft,A

11- paxst [kku dh lSfud miyfC/;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A mldh liQyrk ds D;k dkj.k Fks\
12- ^;kl* D;k Fkk\ blds vFkZ esa ifjorZu vkus ds D;k dkj.k Fks\ ;kl ds egRo dh foospuk
dhft,A
1- ;k;koj yksx ewyr% ?kqeDdM+ gksrs gSaA
^lkezkT;* HkkSfrd fLFkfr dk |ksrdA
2- paxst [kku us tewdk vkSj useu yksxksa dks fu.kkZ;d :i ls ijkftr fd;kA
og LVsih {ks=k dh jktuhfr esa lcls izHkko'kkyh O;fDr ds :i esa vHkjkA
43 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
3- yksxksa dks ;k;koj 'kkldksa ls yxko u gksus ds dkj.k%
;qksa esa uxjksa dks u"V djukA
d`f"k Hkwfe dks gkfu igqapkukA
O;kikj dk u"V gksukA
O;kid Lrj ij ujlagkjA
4- xtu [kku ds fopkj ls&
d`"kdksa ls cSy] vkukt Nhuus ls] iQlysa u"V dj nsus ls Hkfo"; esa vukt ugha feysxkA
,d vkKkdkjh d`"kd oxZ csgrj gS fonzksgh d`"kd oxZ lsA
d`"kdksa dks lrkus dh ctk; mudh j{kk ij tksj fn;kA
5- bfro`kA
;k=kk o`rkarA
uxjh; lkfgR;dkjksa ds nLrkostA
dqN fu.kkZ;d ksr phuh] eaxksyh] iQkjlh vkSj vjch Hkk"kk esa miyC/ gSA
6- LVsih izns'k esa lalk/uksa dk vHkkoA
pkj.k {ks=k esa lhfer vof/ esa d`f"k djuk vlaHkoA
phu ls oLrq&fofue; esa i'kq] ?kksMs+ rFkk iQj ds cnys d`f"k mRikn rFkk yksgs ds midj.k
izkIr djrs FksA

7- blds fuEufyf[kr dkj.k gS%&
eaxksyksa dk Lo;a jfpr bfrgkl ugha gSA
tkudkjh ds ksr eq[;r% bfro`r] ;k=kk o`rkar vkSj uxjh; lkfgR;dkjksa ds nLrkostA
ys[kdksa dh ;k;kojh thou dh tkudkjh i{kikriw.kZA
vusd ys[kd eaxksy vkJ; ij fuHkZj blfy, o.kZu lgkuqHkwfr iw.kZ jgkA
vU; us mUgsa yqVjs k vkSj ujlagkj djus okyk dgkA
8- eaxksyksa ds fofo/ lkekftd leqnk; FksA
44 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
og i'kqikyd vkSj f'kdkjh laxzkgd FksA
og ?kksMk+ s]a HksMk+ s]a mQVksa dks ikyrs FksA
i'kqikyd e; ,f'k;k dh ?kkl ds eSnkuksa esa jgrs FksA ;gka NksV&s NksVs f'kdkj miyC/
FksA
f'kdkjh laxzkgd lkbZcsfj;kbZ ouksa esa jgrs Fks rFkk i'kqikydksa dh rqyuk esa xjhc gksrs
FksA
pj.k {ks=k esa lky dh dqN vof/ esa d`f"k djuk laHko] ijarq eaxksyksa us d`f"k dks ugha
viuk;kA
og vkRej{kk vkSj vke.k ds fy, ifjokjksa rFkk dqyksa ds ifjla?k cuk ysrs FksA
og i'kq/u ds fy, ywVekj djrs FksA
9- izR;sd LoLFk] O;Ld lnL; gfFk;kjcan gksrk FkkA
lsuk esa fHkUu&fHkUu tkfr;ksa ds lnL; laxfBr FksA
lsuk esa rqdhZ ewy ds vkSj dsjkbV Hkh 'kkfey FksA
lsuk LVsih {ks=k dh iqjkuh n'keyo iz.kkyh ds vuqlkj xfBr dh xbZA
tutkrh; lewgksa dks foHkkftr djds uohu lSfud bdkb;ksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;kA
lcls cM+h bdkbZ yxHkx 10]000 lSfudksa dh FkhA
10- ;|fi paxst [kku dks ,d fotsrk] uxjksa dks oLr djus okyk] gtkjksa yksxksa dh e`R;q
ds fy, mkjnk;h ekuk tkrk gSA ;g lc mldh Nfo /wfey djrh gSA
ij eaxksyksa ds fy, og lcls egku 'kkld FkkA mldh liQyrk,%&
eaxksyksa dks laxfBr djukA
dchykbZ yM+kb;ka lekIr djukA
phfu;ksa }kjk 'kks"k.k ls eqfDr fnykukA
,d ikjegk}hih; lkezkT; dh LFkkiukA
O;kikj vkSj cktkjksa dks iqu% LFkkfir djukA
eaxksy 'kklu cgqtkrh;] cgqHkk"kh vkSj cgq&/kfeZd FkkA
45 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&6
rhu oxZ
Lej.kh; rF;&
lkeUrokn 'kCn teZu 'kCn ;wM ls cuk gSA ;wM dk vFkZ gS& Hkwfe dk VqdM+kA
e;dky ls lkekftd <kaps dk dsUnz fcUnq & Hkwfe ij fu;U=k.kA
ekdZ CykWd ds }kjk Hkwxksy ds egRo ij vk/kfjr ekuo bfrgkl dks x<+us ij tksj ftlls
fd yksxksa ds O;ogkj vkSj #[k dks le>k tk ldsA
kalhlh lekt eq[; :i ls rhu oxks esa foHkkftr& iknjh] vfHktkr ,oa d`"kd oxZA
iknfj;ksa }kjk bZlkbZ lekt dk ekxZn'kZu & ppZ esa /eksiZ ns'k] vR;f/d /kfeZd O;fDr tks
ppZ ds ckgj /kfeZd leqnk;ksa esa jgrs Fks fHk{kq dgykrs Fks] fo'ks"krk,& eBksa esa jguk] fuf'pr
fu;eksa dk ikyu rFkk vke vkckfn;ksa ls cgqr nwjA
vfHktkr oxZ dh fo'ks"krk,& viuh laink ij LFkk;h fu;a=k.k] viuh lSU; {kerk] Lo;a
U;k;ky; yxkus dk vf/dkj rFkk viuh eqnzk dk izpyu dj ldukA
dq'ky v'olsuk dh vko';drk ds dkj.k ukbV oxZ dk mn;@ykMZ }kjk ukbV dks fn;k tkus
okyk Hkwfe dk VqdM+k&iQhiQ dgyk;kA
d`"kd oxZ& dk'rdkj nks izdkj ds gksrs Fks& Lora=k fdlku vkSj liZQ vFkkZr~ d`f"knklA
Lora=k fdlku viuh Hkwfe dks ykWMZ ds dk'rdkj ds :i esa ns[krs Fks rFkk d`f"knkl ftu
Hkw[kaMksa ij dke djrs Fks os ykWMZ ds usr`Ro esa FksA
x;kjgoh 'krkCnh rd ;wjksi esa fofHkUu d`f"k izkS|ksfxdh esa cnyko& ubZ rduhdh& gyksa esa
lq/kj] ty 'kfDr dk mi;ksx] i;kZoj.k iQly p esa cnykoA ifj.kkeLo:i d`f"k mRiknu
esa c<+ks kjh gqbZA
d`f"k foLrkj ds ifj.kkeLo:i tula[;k] O;kikj vkSj uxjksa dk foLrkj gqvkA vkSj pkSFkk oxZ
uxjoklh dk mn~Hko gqvkA
46 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
uxjksa dh LorU=k gok] oSrfud dk;Z vkSj ykWMZ ds fu;U=k.k ls eqfDr dkj.k lkeUrh laca/
detksj iM+us yxsA
blh ds lkFk vkfFkZd laLFkk dk vk/kj Js.kh gks x;kA
pkSngoha 'krkCnh dk ladV& pkSngoha 'krkCnh ds vkjaHk esa ;wjksi ds vkfFkZd&foLrkj dk /hek
iM+uk & dkj.k (1) ekSle esa ifjorZu (2) vkfLV;k lfcZ;k esa pkanh dh [kkuksa ds mRiknu
esa deh (3) xgu tqrkbZ vkSj tula[;k o`f (4) egkekfj;kA
jktuhfrd ifjorZu& u, 'kfDr'kkyh jkT;ksa dk mn;& laxfBr LFkk;h lsuk] ,d LFkk;h
ukSdj'kkgh vkSj jk"Vh; dj iz.kkyh LFkkfir djus dh izf;k vkjaHkA
ubZ 'kklu O;oLFkk iqjkuh O;oLFkk ls fHkUu&'kkld vc fijkfeM ds f'k[kj ij u gksdj] O;kid
njckjh lekt vkSj vkJ;nkrk vuq;k;h ra=k dk dsUnz fcUnq FkkA
47 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&6 rhu oxZ
1- lkeUrokn ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\
2- kalhlh lekt esa eq[; :i ls rhu oxZ dkSu ls Fks\
3- esuj D;k Fkk\
4- ^VhFk* rFkk îQhiQ* 'kCnksa dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A
5- kal ds dSFkhMy uxjksa ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\
6- e;dky esa d`f"k ls tqM+h nks leL;kvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
7- ^k;j* fdUgsa dgk tkrk Fkk\

1- vki fdl vk/kj ij dg ldrs gSa fd kalhlh lekt esa vfHktkr oxZ dh ,d fo'ks"k gSfl;r
FkhA
2- fHk{kq] fHk{kqf.k;ksa ds thou ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k;s
3- ukbV oxZ dk mn; D;ksa gqvk\ ykWMZ rFkk ukbV ds vkilh laca/ksa dh laf{kIr tkudkjh nhft,A
4- lkearokn ds vUrxZr ;wjksi esa fdlkuksa dh D;k fLFkfr Fkh\
5- vkjafHkd ;wjksi esa d`f"k laca/h leL;k,a D;k FkhaA bUgksua s ykWMZ rFkk d`"kd ds laca/ksa dks dSls
izHkkfor fd;kA

1- pkSngoha lnh dh 'kq#vkr rd ;wjksi dk vkfFkZd foLrkj /hek iM+ x;kA ,slk fdu dkj.kksa
ls gqvk\
2- ^'kkld vc fijkfeM ds f'k[kj ij ugha Fkk tgka jktHkfDr vkilh fuHkZjrk ij fVdh Fkh
vfirq og vc O;kid njckjh lekt vkSj vkJ;nkrk vuq;k;h ra=k dk dsUnz fcUnq Fkk* ;wjksi
dh ubZ 'kklu O;oLFkk ds lanHkZ esa bl dFku dh O;k[;k dhft,A
3- X;kjgoha 'krkCnh esa ;wjksi gksus okys fofHkUu izkS|ksfxdh cnykoksa dh foospuk djrs gq, pkSFks
oxZ ds mn; ij izdk'k Mkfy;sA
48 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
1- lkearokn teZu 'kCn ;wM ls cuk] ;wM dk vFkZ&Hkwfe dk VqdM+k Hkwfe ds cnys esa lsok izkIr
djukA
2- iknjh oxZ] vfHktkr oxZ] d`"kd oxZA
3- ykWMZ dh Hkwfe&esujA esuj ds e; esa ykWMZ dk egyA
4- iQhiQ& ykWMZ }kjk ukbV dks fn;k tkus okyk Hkwfe dk VqdM+k
VhFk& ppZ }kjk ,d o"kZ ds varjky esa ml d`"kd ls mldh mit dk nloka Hkkx fy;k tkukA
5- cM+&s cM+s ppks ds pkjksa vksj fodflr gksus okys uxj dSihMy uxj dgyk,A
6- (1) ydM+h ds gy (2) izHkkoghu iQly pA
7- fHk{kqvksa ds mu lewgksa dks] ftUgksaus eBksa esa u jgus dk fu'p; fd;k] k;j dgk x;kA os ?kwe
?kwe dj mins'k nsrs Fks vkSj nku ls viuh thfodk pykrs FksA
y?kq iz'ukskj
1- laink ij LFkk;h rkSj ij iw.kZ fu;a=k.k lSU; {kerk c<+k ikuk] Lo;a dk U;k;ky; yxk ikuk rFkk
viuh eqk izpfyr dj ldukA
2- eBksa esa fuokl] izkFkZuk] v;;u vkSj d`f"k tSls 'kkjhfjd Je dk ozr] [kkuiku rFkk oL=k
lEcU/h fuf'pr fu;eksa dk ikyuA
3- ukSoa h lnh esa ;wjksi esa ;qksa ds izk;% gksus ds dkj.k dq'ky v'olsuk dh vko';drk ds dkj.k
ukbV oxZ dk mn; gqvkA ukbV ykWMZ ls mlh izdkj ls lac a ] ftl izdkj ykWMZ jktk ls] (foLr`r
fooj.k) iQhiQ& foLr`r fooj.k
4- nks izdkj ds dk'rdkj& Lora=k fdlku] d`f"knklA
Lora=k fdlku& Hkwfe dks ykWMZ ds dk'rdkj ds :i esa ns[kuk] Je vf/'ks"k] VSyh uked dj
d`f"k nkl& ykWMZ ds LokfeRo okyh Hkwfe ij d`f"k] dksbZ etnwjh ugha] ykWMZ dh vkKk fcuk
tkxhj u NksM+ ikuk] fookg lEcU/ ij Hkh ykWMZ dk fu;a=k.k
5- leL;k,a& ydM+h dk gy] izHkkoghu iQly p feV~Vh dh moZjrk esa deh] vdkyksa dk
iM+uk bu lcus xjhcksa dk thou nq"dj cuk fn;kA
laca/& leL;kvksa ds ckotwn ykMks dh vk; c<+kus dh bPNk] fdlkuksa }kjk vR;kpkj u lguk]
fuf"; izfrjks/ dk lgkjkA
49 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&7
cnyrh gqbZ lkaLd`frd ijEijk,a

Lej.kh; rF;&
pkSngoha 'krkCnh ls l=kgoha 'krkCnh ds vUr rd ;wjksi ds vusd ns'kksa esa uxjksa dh la[;k
dk c<+uk rFkk ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh uxjh; laLd`fr dk fodklA
ckbtsVa kbu lkezkT; vkSj bLykeh ns'k rFkk ckjgoha 'krkCnh esa eaxksyksa vkSj phu ds chp O;kikj
c<+us ls bVyh ds uxjksa dk eq[; :i ls iqu#RFkkuA
;wjksi esa lcls igys fo'ofo|ky; bVyh esa LFkkfirA uxjksa ds izeq[k f;kdyki O;kikj vkSj
okf.kT; lEcU/h gksus ds dkj.k fo'ofo|ky; fof/'kkL=k ds v;;u ds dsUnzA
bVyh esa loZizFke ekuorkoknh fo"k;ksa & bfrgkl] uhfrn'kZu] O;kdj.k] vyadkj 'kkL=k vkfn
fo"k;ksa dk v;;u vkjEHkA
pkSngoha 'krkCnh esa dqN fo}kuksa }kjk ;wukuh xzFa kksa ds vjch vuqokn ds dkj.k ;wukuh rFkk
jkse ds lkfgR; vkSj mlesa vUrfuZfgr Kku dks izkRs lkgu feyk vkSj mldk izpkj Hkh gqvkA
lkFk gh ;wukuh fo}kuksa }kjk vjch vkSj iQkjlh fo}kuksa dh d`fr;ksa dk ;wjksih; yksxksa ds chp
izlkj ds fy, vuqokn fd;k x;kA
ekuorkoknh fopkjksa dk izlkj dsoy vkSipkfjd f'k{kk }kjk gh ugha vfirq dyk] okLrqdyk
vkSj xzFa kksa }kjk Hkh fd;k x;kA HkkSfrd vo'ks"kksa dh Hkh izkphu xzFa kksa dh Hkkafr [kkst dh xbZA
;FkkFkZ fp=k cukus dh pkg us 'kjhj foKku] js[kkxf.kr] HkkSfrdh vkSj lkSna ;Z dh mRd`"V Hkkouk
dks mtkxj fd;kA bu lcus brkyoh dyk dks u;k :i fn;k ftls ckn esa ;FkkFkZokn dgk
x;kA
okLrqdyk dh ubZ 'kSyh & 'kkL=kh; 'kSyh ls ifjfpr f'kYidkjksa us Hkouksa dks ysifp=kks]a ewfrZ;ksa
ls lqlfTtr fd;k vkSj jkse dks iquthZfor dj fn;kA
ekuorkoknh laLd`fr us ekuo thou ij /eZ dk fu;U=k.k detksj fd;k rFkk HkkSfrd lEifk]
'kfDr vkSj xkSjo dh vksj vkd"kZ.k c<+k;kA
50 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
lksygoha 'krkCnh esa eq.k esa kafr ds dkj.k lkfgR; dk rsth ls izpkj o izlkj gqvkA vr%
fopkj] er vkSj tkudkjh dk rsth ls izpkj gqvkA
efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh & ikfjokfjd iSQlyksa rFkk lkoZtfud thou esa lhfer Fkh] fdUrq
dqN viokn Hkh Fks tSl&s osful fuoklh isQnsys&ysf[kdk] eaVv
q k dh ekfpZlk bZlkcsyk&fn
bLrsA
blkbZ /eZ ds vUrxZr erHksn& iki LohdkjksfDr nLrkost dh vkykspuk] ppZ }kjk yxk, x,
u, djksa dk fojks/A
teZu ;qok fHk{kq ekfVZu ywFkj fdax }kjk dSFkksfyd ppZ dk fojks/] izkVs sLVsaV lq/kjokn vkUnksyu
dk vkjEHkA
dksijfudlh; ?kks"k.kk& i`Foh lesr lkjs xzg lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ifjek djrs gSaA fdUrq
ijaijkoknh bZlkbZ /ekZf/dkfj;ksa dh ?kksj izfrf;k ds Mj ls dksijfudl us ;g ?kks"k.kk izdkf'kr
ugha dhA
dSIyj rFkk xSyhfy;ks us dksijfudl ds lw;Z dsfa nzr lkSjeaMyh; flkar dks yksdfiz; cuk;kA
iqutkZxj.k dh vo/kj.kk ij iqufoZpkj& ;g dguk fd iqutkZxj.k xfr'khyrk vkSj dykRed
l`tu'khyrk dk dky Fkk vkSj blds foijhr e;dky va/dkje; (ftlesa fdlh izdkj dk
fodkl u gks) dky] iw.kZ :i ls mfpr ugha gSA
futh vkSj lkoZtfud {ks=kksa dk mn~HkoA

1- bVyh ds rVorhZ canjxkgksa ds iquthZfor gksus ds nks eq[; dkj.k crkb;sA
2- ^jsuslk O;fDr* 'kCn dh O;k[;k dhft,A
3- osful vkSj tsusok ;wjksi ds vU; {ks=kksa ls fdl izdkj fHkUu Fks\
4- ^fn ikbVk* uked fp=k ds fp=kdkj dkSu gSa\ blesa D;k n'kkZ;k x;k gS\
5- ;FkkZFkokn ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\
6- 15oha 'krkCnh esa fdu yksxksa dks ekuorkoknh dgk x;k\
7- iki LohdkjksfDr uked nLrkost D;k Fkk\
8- lw;Z dsfa nzr lkSjeaMyh; flkar D;k Fkk\
9- ekfVZu ywFkj fdax dkSu Fks\
51 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
1- foKku vkSj n'kZu ds {ks=k esa vjfc;ksa ds ;ksxnku dh O;k[;k dhft,A
2- iSVk dZ ds fopkjksa ds ifjiz{s ; esa ekuorkoknh fo"k;ksa ds v;;u ds egRo dks Li"V dhft,A
3- eq.k us fdl izdkj ekuorkoknh laLd`fr ds izlkj esa lgk;rk dh\
4- e;dkyhu ;wjksih; lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr Li"V dhft,A
5- dkWUlVsUVkbu ds vuqokn uked nLrkost D;k Fkk\ ekuorkoknh fo}kuksa dh blds izfr izfrf;k
ls ppZ ds fojks/h jktkvksa dks [kq'kh D;ksa gqbZ\
6- czk.M ds izfr dksijfudl ds lw;Z&dsfa nzr lkSjeaMyh; flkar rFkk bZlkb;ksa ds fo'okl esa
vUrj Li"V dhft,A
7- bZlkbZ ekuorkoknh baXySMa ds VkWel eksj vkSj gkySaM ds bjsLel dh ppZ ds izfr D;k vo/kj.kk
Fkh\

1- pkSngoha 'krkCnh dks îqutkZxj.k* dky dguk dgk rd mfpr gS\
2- bZlkbZ /eZ ds vUrxZr erHksn vkSj okn&fookn dk foLr`r fooj.k nhft,A
3- ;wjksi ds loZizFke fo'ofo|ky; bVyh esa D;ksa LFkkfir gq,\ mUgksaus ekuorkoknh fopkj/kjk
ds izlkj esa D;k ;ksxnku fd;k\

1- ckbtsVa kbu lkezkT; vkSj bLykeh ns'kksa ds chp O;kikj eaxksyksa dk phu ds lkFk O;kikj
2- og euq"; ftldh vusd #fp;k gks vusd gquj esa mls egkjr izkIr gksA
3- /ekZf/dkjh vkSj lkeUr jktuhfrd n`f"V ls 'kfDr'kkyh ugha uxj ds /uh O;kikfj;ksa vkSj
egktu dk 'kklu esa lf; HkkxA
4- ekbdy ,sfa tyks] esjh dks bZlk dk 'kjhj /kj.k djrs gq,A
5- ;FkkFkZ fp=k cukus dh dksf'k'k
'kjhj foKku] js[kkxf.kr] HkkSfrdh rFkk lkSna ;Z dh mRd`"V Hkkouk us brkyoh dyk dks u;k
:i fn;k ftls ckn esa ;FkkFkZokn dgk x;kA
52 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
ôs tks HkkSfrd lEifk xkSjo vkSj 'kfDr ls vkd`"V
os ftudh vPNs O;ogkjksa ds izfr fnypLih FkhA
7- ppZ }kjk tkjh nLrkost tks O;fdr dks mlds lHkh ikiksa ls eqfDr fnyk ldsAa
8- lw;Z fLFkj gS vkSj i`Foh lesr lkjs x`g lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ifjek djrs gSaA
9- teZu ;qok fHk{kq ftUgksaus ppZ dSFkksfyd ppZ ds fo# vfHk;ku NsM+kA

1- vrhr dh ik.Mqfyfi;ksa dk laj{k.k rFkk vuqokn bCu fluk rFkk bCu #'n dk ;ksxnkuA
2- iSVk dZ ds fopkjksa ds vuqlkj iqjkdky ,d fof'k"V lH;rk ftls izkphu ;wukfu;ksa vkSj jkseuksa
ds okLrfod 'kCnksa ds ek;e ls gh vPNh rjg le>k tk ldrk FkkA
vr% izkphu ys[kdksa dh jpukvksa ds v;;u dh vko';drkA
3- eqnz.k ds dkj.k tks dqN Hkh bVyh esa fy[kk x;k] fons'kksa rd igqapkA fopkj] er vkSj Kku
dk rsth ls izlkj.k gqvkA eqnz.k ls igys dqN gh gLrfyf[kr izfr;kaA
4- ikfjokfjd fu.kZ;ksa esa rFkk lkoZtfud thou esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ughaA
dkjksckj pykus esa efgykvksa dh dksbZ jk; ugha ;|fi ngst dks dkjksckj esa yxk;k tkrk FkkA
O;kikjh efgykvksa dh fLFkfr fHkUuA
dqN viokn HkhA
5- laHkor% izFke bZlkbZ jkseu lezkV dkULVSua Vkbu }kjk tkjh U;kf;d vkSj fokh; 'kfDr;ksa ij
iknfj;ksa dk nkok ekuorkoknh fo}ku ;g n'kkZus esa liQy jgs fd ;g nLrkost vlyh ugha
vfirq ijorhZ dky esa tkylkth }kjk rS;kj& ;g jktkvksa dh [kq'kh dk dkj.kA
6- dksijfudl dk flkar& lw;Z fLFkj gS] i`Foh lesr lkjs xzg lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj pDdj dkVrs
gSAa
bZlkb;ksa dk fo'okl& i`Foh ikiksa ls Hkjh gS vkSj ikiksa dh vf/drk ds dkj.k og fLFkj gSA
i`Foh czk.M ds chp esa fLFkj gSA ftlds pkjksa vksj [kxksyh; xzg ?kwe jgs gSaA
7- ppZ ykyph vkSj ywV [klksV okyh laLFkkA
iki LohdkjksfDr nLrkost /u Bxus dk rjhdkA
dkULVSuVkbu ds vuqokn uked nLrkost tkylkth }kjk rS;kj fdlkuksa ij yxk, x, dj vf/d
vkSj vuqfprA
53 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&8
laLd`fr;ksa dk Vdjko
Lej.kh; rF;&
;wjksiokfl;ksa }kjk vKkr egklkxjksa esa lkgliw.kZ vfHk;ku tgk ls os elkys ,oa pknh izkIr
dj ldrs FksA
;g dk;Z loZizFke Lisu vkSj iqrZxky fuokfl;ksa }kjk fd;k x;kA bUgksua s iksi ls mu izns'kksa ij
'kklu djus dk vuU; vf/dkj Hkh izkIr dj fy;kA
dSjhfc;u lkxj esa fLFkr NksV&s NksVs lSdM+kas }hi&lewgksa vkSj c`gkj ,sfa Vyht esa vjkokdh
leqnk; ds yksx jgrs FksA
vjkokdh yksx >xM+k djuk ilUn ugha djrs Fks] mudh laLd`fr dk ewyk/kj Fkk& lc ,d
lkFk feydj [kk| mRiknu djsa vkSj leqnk; ds izR;sd lnL; dks Hkkstu izkIr gksA
vjkokfd;ksa dk O;ogkj mnkjrkiw.kZ bruk fd os lksus dh ryk'k esa Lisuh yksxksa dk lkFk nsus
dks rS;kjA
rqfiukack& nf{k.kh vejhdk ds iwohZ leqnz rV ij czkthy uked isMk+ sa ds taxyksa esa cls gq,
xkaoksa esa jgus okys yksxA
e; vejhdk esa dqN vR;Ur lqxfBr jkT;& ,tVsd] ek;k vkSj badkA bu lH;rkvksa dk
vkfFkZd vk/kj & eDds dh vf/d mitA
,tVsd lH;rk&fuokl LFkku& eSfDldks dh e;orhZ ?kkVh] Js.khc lekt] Hkwfe dh deh&
fpukEik }kjk iwjk djuk] xzkeh.k vk/kj] cPpksa dh f'k{kk dk iwjk ;kuA
ek;k lH;rk& eDds dh [ksrh& lH;rk dk eq[; vk/kj] mUur vkSj dq'kyrkiw.kZ [ksrh ds
rjhds] mUur laLd`fr dk fodkl& okLrqdyk] [kxksy foKku vkSj xf.kr tSls fo"k;ksa dh
vfHkO;fDrA
badk yksx& lkezkT; vR;Ur dsanhz d`r] lkezkT; dk <kapk&fijkfeMuqek] mPpdksfV ds Hkou&fuekZrk]
lH;rk dk vk/kj&d`f"kA
54 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fofHkUu oSKkfud vkfo"dkjksa us ;wjksiokfl;ksa dks lkglh [kkst ;k=kkvksa ds fy, izfs jr fd;kA
;wjksi dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa fxjkoV rFkk bZlkbZ /eZ dh bPNk us Hkh bu ;k=kkvksa dks izfs jr fd;kA
loZizFke Lisuh ukfod dksyEcl dSfjfc;u lkxj esa fLFkr ^cgkek* igqapk] ;|fi lkezkT;
dk foLrkj ?kksMk+ sa vkSj ck:n ij vk/kfjr lSU; 'kfDr ds vk/kj ij gqvkA Lisuh yksxksa }kjk
neu rFkk egkekfj;ksa us Hkh ewy fuokfl;ksa dks fouk'k dh vksj /dsykA
dksVsl
Z us nks o"kks ds Hkhrj eSfDldks ij fot; izkIr dhA
fitkjks us lqu j[kk Fkk fd badk jkT; lksus vkSj pkanh dk ns'k gsA Lisu ds jktk ds leFkZu
ls fitkjks us badk jkT; dks thrus dh ;kstuk cukbZ vkSj liQyrk izkIr dhA
iqrZxkyoklh dSczky us fVEcj ds ykyp esa czkthy ij izHkqRo LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;kA
vesfjdk dh [kkst ls lksus o pkanh dh ck<+ lh vk xbZA bl vf/drk us vUrjkZ"Vh; O;kikj
vkSj vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dk fodkl fd;kA
,tVsd vkSj badk lH;rk dk var&iwt
a hokn dk izknqHkkZoA
ubZ vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa dk vkjEHk& taxyksa dk liQk;k&Hkwfe ij i'kqikyu] lksus dh [kkst
ls [kkuksa dk dke vkjaHkA bu lcds fy, lLrs Je dh ekax&nkl izFkkA
vfr y?kq mkjh; iz'u (2 vad okys)

1- ^fpukEik* fdUgsa dgk tkrk Fkk\
2- ,tVsd] ek;k vkSj badk lH;rk dk eq[; vkfFkZd vk/kj D;k Fkk\
3- ^fDoiq* ls vki D;k le>rs gS\
4- rqfiukack yksx d`f"k dh vksj vkdf"kZr D;ksa ugha gks lds\
5- ,tVsd yksxksa us Hkwfe dh deh dks iwjk djus dk D;k rjhdk fudkyk\
6- vjkokdh laLd`fr dh nks eq[; fo'ks"krk, crkb;sA
7- czkthy ns'k dk uke czkthy D;ksa iM+k\
8- fitkjks dkSu Fkk\ og e; vesfjdk dh fdl laLd`fr ls izHkkfor Fkk\
9- iqrZdkyokfl;ksa dh czkthy esa fdl dkj.k ls #fp Fkh\
55 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
y?kq mkjh; iz'u (5 vad okys)
1- vjkokdksa vkSj Lisuokfl;ksa ds chp ik, tkus okys varjksa dks Li"V dhft,A buesa ls dkSu
ls varjksa dks vki lcls egRoiw.kZ le>rs gSa\
2- ,tVsd lH;rk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk, crkb;sA
3- ek;k laLd`fr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk, crkb;sA
4- ^badk lkezkT; vR;Ur dsUnzhd`r Fkk* bl dFku dh foospuk dhft,A
5- Lisuh vkSj iqrZxkyh gh fo'ks"k :i ls leqnzh [kkst dh vkSj ykyf;r D;ksa gq,\
6- vesfjdh ewy lH;rk, dkSu&lh gSa\ budh vkfFkZd O;oLFkkvksa ds fo"k; esa foLrkj ls fy[kksA
7- dksVsl
Z us ,tVsd ij fdl izdkj viuk izHkqRo LFkkfir fd;k\
nh?kZ mkjh; iz'u (10 vad okys)

1- HkkSxksfyd [kkstksa ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ buds D;k dkj.k Fks\
2- [kkst ;k=kkvksa ds D;k ifj.kke fudys\ mifuos'khdj.k vkSj nkl O;kikj ds lanHkZ esa vius
fopkj fyf[k;sA
3- vjkokdh leqnk; dh eq[; fo'ks"krk, crkb;sA Lisuokfl;ksa dh wjrkiw.kZ uhfr us mudh
thou'kSyh dk fdl izdkj fouk'k fd;k\
4- dSczky fdl izdkj la;ksxo'k czkthy igqapkA mlus czkthy ds lalk/uksa dk fdl izdkj nksgu
fd;k\ blds izfr czkthyokfl;ksa dh D;k izfrf;k Fkh\

1- ljdaMs rFkk pVkb;ksa ls iks <ddj cuk, x, d`f=ke VkiwA
2- eDds dh vf/d mitA
3- Mksfj;ksa ij xkaBs yxkdj xf.krh; bdkb;ksa dk fglkc j[kukA
4- yksgs dk gy u gksus ds dkj.k] iQy lfCt;ksa vkSj eNfy;ksa dk cgqrk;r ls feyukA
5- d`f=ke Vkiw (fpukEik) cukukA
6- mnkjrkiw.kZ O;ogkj] vkilh lg;ksx (ijLij esy ls [kk| mRiknu) ls jgukA
7- czkthyoqM o`{k ds uke ij
56 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
8- lSfud Fkk] badk jkT; ds lksus vkSj pkanh ls izHkkfor
9- czkthyoqM o`{k dh ydM+hA
1- vjkokdh& mnkjrkiw.kZ O;ogkj] lkFk feydj [kk| mRiknu]
ljyrk & lksus dks vf/d egRo u nsuk]
cqukbZ dyk esa izoh.k
Lisuh& wjrk iw.kZ O;ogkj] ykyph] LokFkhZ & lksus ds ykyp esa vjkokdh thou 'kSyh
dks gkfu igqapkuk
2- Js.khc lekt] O;kikfj;ksa dks fo'ks"kkf/dkj izkIr] Hkwfe dh deh dks fpukEik }kjk
iwjk djuk] ;q ds nsorkvksa vkSj lw;Z dks lefiZr efUnj] lkezkT; dk vk/kj & xzkeh.k]
f'k{kk dks egRoA
3- xzkeh.k lekt] vkfFkZd vk/kj & eDds dh [ksrh]
[ksrh ds mUur rjhds & vf/d iSnkokj]
lkaLd`frd fodkl& okLrqdyk] [kxksy foKku vkSj xf.kr tSls fo"k;ksa dks c<+kokA
4- jktk esa laiw.kZ 'kfDr fufgr] iztktu dks iz'kklu dh Hkk"kk Dospv
q k cksyuk vfuok;Z]
thrs x, dchyksa dks iw.kZ :i ls Hkhrj feykuk LFkkuh; 'kkldksa dks lSfud lg;ksx
ds fy, iqjLd`r djuk] bdkb;ksa ds fu;U=k.k okyk la?kA
5- lkglh ukfod] lksu]s pkanh dh izkfIr dk ykyp] ckgjh nqfu;k ds yksxksa dks blkbZ cukus
dk ykyp rFkk /eZ vkSj O;kikj ds lkFk&lkFk jktuhfrd fu;U=k.k c<+kus dh Hkh bPNkA
6- ewy lH;rk, & ,tVsd] ek;k] badk
,tVsd & eq[; :i ls /krq deZ] lekt dk xzkeh.k vk/kj] eDdk] vkyw vkfn dh
[ksrhA
ek;k & d`f"k vk/kfjr] eDdk dk mRiknu] gLrf'kYiA
badk & vkfFkZd O;oLFkk & lksus pkanh ij vk/kfjr O;kikj&fofue;A
7- eSfDldks dh wjrkiw.kZ thr] VkWVkuSd ls nksLrh] Lisuh lSfudksa }kjk V~ySDldykuks dks
gjkuk] fiQj VSuksfa DVVySu dh vksj c<+uk vkSj 8 uoEcj 1519 dks ogka igqapukA
57 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&9
vkS|ksfxd kafr
vk/qfudhdj.k dh vksj dkye pkj
(yxHkx 1700&2000 bZ-)
Lej.kh; rF;&
1- izFke vkS|ksfxd kafr & fczVsu esa 1780 ds n'kd vkSj 1850 ds n'kd ds chp m|ksx vkSj
vFkZO;oLFkk dk tks :ikrja.k gqvk mls bl uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA
2- vkS|ksfxd kafr ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k& bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx ;wjksih; fo}kuksa tSls tkWftZl fe'kys
(kal) vkSj kWbfMd ,atsYl (teZuh) }kjk fd;k x;kA vaxzsth esa bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx&
loZizFke nk'kZfud ,oa vFkZ'kkL=kh vkjukWYM VkW;uch }kjk mu ifjorZuksa dk o.kZu djus ds fy,
fd;k x;k tks fczVsu ds vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa 1760 vkSj 1820 ds chp gq, FksA
3- vkfFkZd izxfr & 1780 ds n'kd ls 1820 ds nkSjku dikl vkSj ykSg m|ksxks]a dks;yk [kuu
lM+dksa vkSj ugjksa ds fuekZ.k vkSj fons'kh O;kikj esa izxfr gqbZ ubZ&ubZ e'khuksa o rduhdksa ds
vkfo"dkjksa us igys Fkh gLrf'kYi vkSj gFkdj?kk m|ksxksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjh iSekus ij eky
ds mRiknu dks laHko cuk;kA
4- Hkki dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx (egRo) & fczVsu ds m|ksxksa esa 'kfDr ds ,d u;s ksr ds :i
esa Hkki dk O;kid :i ls iz;ksx gksus yxk& ftlesa tgktksa vkSj jsyxkfM+;ksa }kjk ifjogu dh
xfr dkiQh rst gks xbZ Cypj & 1814 esa ,d jsyos bathfu;j tkWtZ LVhisQulu }kjk fd;k
x;k ,d jsy batuA ;g 30 Vu Hkkj pkj ehy izfr ?kaVs dh jrkj ls ,d igkM+h ij ys
tk;k tk ldrk FkkA Hkki dh 'kfDr dk bLrseky lcls igys [kuu m|ksxksa esa fd;k x;kA
5- fczVsu igyk ns'k Fkk ftlus loZizFke vk/qfud vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dk vuqHko fd;k FkkA
6- fczVsu dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk& blds rhuksa fgLlks&a baXyS.M] osYl vkSj LdkWVySMa ij ,d
gh jktra=k ;kuh lezkV dk 'kklu jgk Fkk& bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd lEiw.kZ jkT; esa ,d
gh dkuwu O;oLFkk ,d gh flDdk (eqnzk iz.kkyh) vkSj ,d cktkj O;oLFkk FkhA
58 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
7- eqnzk dk iz;ksx& fofue; ;kuh vknku&iznku ds ek;e ds :i esa O;kid :i ls gksus yxk
FkkA
8- d`f"k kafr& vBkjgoha 'krkCnh esa baxySMa ,d cM+s vkfFkZd ifjorZu ds nkSj ls xqtj jgk FkkA
;g kafr ,d ,slh izf;k Fkh ftlds }kjk cM+s tehnkjksa us viuh gh lEifk;ksa ds vkl&ikl
NksVs [ksr [kjhn fy, vkSj xkao dh lkoZtfud tehuksa dks ?ksj fy;kA mUgksaus viuh cM+h&cM+h
Hkw&lEink, cuk yh ftlls [kk| mRiknu dh o`f gqbZA
9- yanu dk egRo & ;g baXyS.M&vhdk vkSj osLVbaMht ds chp LFkkfir f=kdks.kh; O;kikj
dk dsUn cuk rFkk baXyS.M esa fofHkUu cktkjksa ds chp eky dh vkoktkgh izeq[k :i ls
unh ekxZ vkSj leqnzh rV dh lqjf{kr [kkfM+;ksa esa ikuh ds tgktksa ls gksrh FkhA
10- baXyS.M esa iz;kZIr lalk/u& e'khuhdj.k ds dke vkus okyh lkefxz;k dks;yk vksj yksgs v;Ld
vf/d ek=kk esa miyC/ Fkha rFkk m|ksxksa esa dke vkus okys vU; [kfut tSls& lhlk rkack
vkSj jkaxk (fVu) Hkh izpqj ek=kk esa FksA
11- f}rh; MchZ (1711&68) & us <yoka yksgs ls fiVoka yksgs dk fodkl fd;k tks de Hkaxqj
FkkA gsujh dksVZ (1740&1823) us vkyksMu HkV~Bh vkSj csyu fey (ftuls fi?kys yksgs esa
ls v'kqf dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk Fkk) dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA
12- ugjksa dk tky fcNk& baXyS.M esa igyh ugj ôlZyh dSuky* 1761 esa tsEl fczMa yh }kjk
cukbZ xbZA 1788&1796 bZ- vkB o"kZ dh vof/ dks ûgjksUekn* ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gS46
ugjksa ds fuekZ.k dh ubZ ifj;kstuk,a gkFk esa yh xbA
13- vkS|ksfxd kafr dk izHkko cPpksa o efgykvksa ij udkjkRed jgkA
14- cPpksa vkSj vkSjrksa dh fLFkfr dks lq/kjus ds fy, dqN dkuwu cuk;s x;sA tSls 1833] 1842
[kku vkSj dks;yk [kku vf/fu;e (nl o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPpksa vkSj fL=k;ksa ls [kkuksa
ls uhps dke ysus ij ikcanh yxk nhA 1847 dk vf/fu;e & iQhYMlZ iSQDVh vf/fu;e
(18 o"kZ ls de mez ds cPpksa vkSj fL=k;ksa ls 10 ?kaVs izfrfnu ls vf/d dke u fy;k
tk;A
15- vkS|ksfxd kafr ds fo"k; esa i{k o foi{k esa vusd rdZ jgs& D;ksfa d mUuhloha 'krkCnh 'kq:
gksus ds dkiQh le; ckn Hkh baXyS.M ds cM+s&cM+s {ks=kksa esa dksbZ iSQfDV;ka ;k [kkusa ugha Fkha
blfy, vkS|ksfxd kafr 'kCn vuqi;qDr le>k x;kA
16- vkS|ksfxd kafr ds i{k esa bfrgkl ,-bZ- eLlu }kjk ;g dgk& fd 1850&1914 rd vof/
dks ,slk dky ekuus ds fy, i;kZIr vk/kj gS ftlesa vkS|ksfxd kafr okLro esa vR;ar O;kid
iSekus ij gqbZ] ftlls lEiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj lekt dh dk;kiyV gks xbZA
59 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
vkS|ksfxd kafr
1- îzFke vkS|ksfxd kafr* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\
2- fdu nks ;wjksih; fo}kuksa ds }kjk vkS|ksfxd kafr 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
3- ^d`f"k kafr* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\
4- loZizFke Hkki dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx (bLrseky) fdl :i esa fd;k x;k\
5- ôlZyh dSuky* loZizFke dgka dc rFkk fdlds }kjk fufeZr dh xbZ\
6- tehnkjksa }kjk cukbZ xbZ ugjksa ds egRo dks Li"V dhft,A
7- îqQiQdkjus okyk nkuo* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
8- 1830 ds n'kd esa ugjksa ds jkLrs ifjogu esa dkSu&dkSu lh leL;k,a Fkha\ Li"V dhft,A
9- ^pdcanh* ;k cM+k ifr fdls dgrs gSaA
10- ûgjksUekn** ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

1- fczVsu esa loZizFke vkS|ksfxd kafr fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k izkjaHk gqbZ\ o.kZu dhft,A
2- fczVsu esa diM+k m|ksx esa kafr ykus okys vkfo"dkjksa dks Li"V dhft,\
3- fczVsu esa jsyos ds {ks=k esa gq, vkfo"dkjksa dk o.kZu dhft, rFkk vkS|ksfxd izf;k ij iM+s
izHkkoksa dks Li"V dhft,A
4- vkS|ksfxd kafr ds nkSjku vkSjrksa vkSj cPpksa ds dke djus dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dkuwu }kjk
fd, x, lq/kjksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
5- fczVsu vk/qfud vkS|ksfxdhdj.k vuqHko djus okyk izFke ns'k D;ksa ekuk x;k Fkk\ dkj.kksa
}kjk Li"V dhft,A
6- vkS|ksfxdhdj.k us d`f"k] ;krk;kr] lapkj vkSj O;kikj dh fdl izdkj izHkkfor fd;k rFkk
mlds dkj.k vf/d f'k{kk dh vko';drk D;ksa gqbZ\
60 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
1- fczVsu essa 1780 ds n'kd vkSj 1850 ds n'kd ds chp m|ksx vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dk tks :ikarj.k
gqvkA
2- kal es&a tkWftZl fe'ksy@teZuh es&a kWbfMd ,atsYlA
3- blds vUrxZr cM+s tehnkjksa us viuh gh laifk;ksa ds vklikl NksV&s NksVs [ksr (iQkeZ) [kjhn
fy, vkSj xkao dh lkoZtfud tehuksa dks ?ksj fy;k rFkk cM+h&cM+h Hkw&laink cuk yhA ftlls
[kk| mRiknu dh o`f gqbZA
4- bldk iz;ksx& [kuu m|ksxksa esa fd;k x;kA
5- baXyS.M esa 1761 & tSEl fczMy
a h }kjk cukbZ xbZA
6- ugjsa vkerkSj ij cM+s tehnkjksa }kjk viuh tehuksa ij fLFkr [kkuks]a [knkuksa dk taxyksa ds ewY;
dks c<+kus ds fy;s cukbZ tkrh FkhA
7- 1801 esa fjpMZ Vfs ofFkd us ,d batu dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftls îafiQx Msfoy* ;kuh iqQiQdkjus
okyk nkuo dgrs FksA
8- (1) ugjksa ds dqN fgLls esa tyiksrksa dh HkhM+HkkM+ ds dkj.k ifjogu dh jrkj /heh iM+
xbZA
(2) ikys] ck<+ ;k lw[ks ds dkj.k muds bLrseky dk le; Hkh lhfer gks x;kA
9- ftlds }kjk 1770 ds n'kd ls NksV&s NksVs lSdM+kas iQkeZ ([ksr) 'kfDr'kyh tehnkjksa ds cM+s
iQkeks esa feyk fy;s x;sA
10- 1760 ls 1790 bZ- ds chp ugjsa cukus dh 25 ifj;kstuk,a 'kq: dh xbA 1788&1796 bZ-
rd dh vof/ dks bl uke ls iqdkjk x;kA

1- dks;yksa o yksgs dh [kkuksa dh vf/drkA
d`f"k kafrA
lLrs JfedA
pkyd 'kfDr (Hkki) dk KkuA
/u dh vf/drkA
61 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
2- gjxzhCt us (1764) fLifuax tSuh dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA
tkWu ds us ykbax 'kVy dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA
vkdZjkbV us (1769) gjxzhCt ds pj[ks esa ifjorZu fd;kA
dkVZjkbV us (1785) îkoj ywe*
lSEiwvy keù us (1779) Ê;wy* e'khu cukbZ
3- Hkki dk jsyos batu
iqQiQdkjus okyk nkuo
Lypj uked batu cuk;k
izHkko%
(1) ;g ifjogu o"kZ Hkj pyrk Fkk
(2) eky o ;kf=k;ksa dks vf/d ek=kk esa yk;k ys tk;k tk ldrk FkkA
(3) ;g lLrk o rst ifjogu FkkA
4- 1819 dk dkuwu
1833 dk vf/fu;e
1847 dk vf/fu;e (nl ?kaVs dk;Z djus dk fu'p; gqvk)
1842 dk vf/fu;e
1847 dk vf/fu;e (iQhYMlZ iSQDVh vf/fu;e)
5- l=kgoha 'krkCnh ls jktuhfrd n`f"V ls lqn`<+ ,oa larqfyr ns'k Fkk
eqnzk dk fofue; ds fy, iz;ksx
udn osru o etnwjh
fczVsu ds rhuksa fgLls& baXyS.M] csYl vkSj LdkWVyS.M ,d gh jktra=k ds v/hu
lEiw.kZ jkT; esa ,d gh dkuwu O;oLFkk] ,d gh eqnzk iz.kkyh vkSj ,d gh cktkj O;oLFkk
FkhA
62 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&10
ewy fuokfl;ksa dk foLFkkiu

Lej.kh; rF;&
1- mifuosf'kd foLrkj& l=kgoha lnh ds ckn Lisu vkSj iqrZxky ds vejhdk dk foLrkj ugha
gqvk FkkA kal] gkyS.M vkSj baXyS.M tSls nwljs ns'kksa us viuh O;kikfjd xfrfof/;ksa dk foLrkj
djuk vkSj vejhdk] vhdk rFkk ,f'k;k esa vius mifuos'k clkuk 'kq: dj fn;kA
2- ^lsVyj* & (vkckndkj) & 'kCn nf{k.k vhdk esa Mp ds fy, vk;jyS.M] U;wthyS.M
vkSj vkLVsf y;k esa fczfV'k ds fy, vejhdk esa ;wjksih; yksxksa ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA
3- usfVo& ,slk O;fDr tks vius ekStnw k fuokl LFkku esa gh iSnk gqvk FkkA chloha lnh ds vkjafHkd
o"kks rd ;g in ;wjksih; yksxksa }kjk vius mifuos'kksa ds ckf'kans ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk FkkA
4- HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr& mkjh vejhdk dk foLrkj mkj /zoq h; o`k ls ysdj ddZ js[kk vkSj iz'kkar
egklkxj ls vVykafVd egklkxj rd gSA dukMk dk 40 iQhlnh bykdk taxyksa ls <dk gS
ogka rsy] xSl vkSj [kfut lalk/u ik, tkrs gSaA
5- ewy fuokfl;ksa dk thou Lrj& vBkjgoha lnh esa if'peh ;wjksi ds yksx lH; euq"; dh
igpku lk{kjrk] laxfBr /eZ vkSj 'kgjhiu ds vk/kj ij djrs FksA
dukMk ds yksx& xsg]wa edbZ vkSj iQy cM+s iSekus ij mxkrs Fks vkSj eRL; m|ksx ,d egRoiw.kZ
m|ksx gSA
Hkk"kk,& mkjh vejhdk esa vusd Hkk"kk, cksyh tkrh Fkh ijarq og fy[kh ugha tkrh FkhaA
6- ewy fuokfl;ksa vkSj ;wjksih; yksxksa dh laLd`fr esa dkiQh fHkUurk FkhA
7- la;qDr jkT; ds jk"Vifr& ,afMm tSDlu] ftudh Nfo vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd i{kikr ds
f[kykiQ yM+us okys dh Fkh] yksdrkaf=kd vf/dkj vkSj lEifk dk vf/dkj fliZQ xksjs yksxksa
ds fy, FksA
8- xksYM j'k vkSj m|ksxksa dh o`f&1840 esa dSyhiQksfuZ;k esa lksus ds fpg~u feys rFkk xksYM jl dk
izkjaHk jsyos ykbuksa dk fuekZ.k] vkS|ksfxd uxjksa dk fodkl] dkj[kkuksa dh la[;k esa o`f gqbZA
63 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
9- ,sckWfjftuht& mkjh vkSj nf{k.kh vejhdk dh rjg gh vkfLV;k esa Hkh ekuo fuokl dk bfrgkl
jgk gSA 'kq#vkrh euq"; ;k vkfnekuo dks ;g uke feykA
10- vkLVsf y;k esa ewy fuokfl;ksa ds 350 ls 750 rd leqnk; Fks gj leqnk; dh viuh igpku
Fkh rFkk vkt Hkh ogka T;knkrj 'kgj leqnz rV ds lkFk&lkFk cls gSa D;ksfa d chp dk bykdk
'kq"d e#Hkwfe okyk gSA

1- ûsfVo* 'kCn dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A
2- ^lsVyj* 'kCn ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\
3- mkjh vejhdk dgka rd foLr`r Fkk\
4- mkjh vejhdk ds ewy fuokfl;ksa dh nks fo'ks"krk, fyf[k,A
5- if'peh ;wjksi ds yksxksa dks vesfjdk ds ewy fuoklh fdu dkj.kksa ls ^vlH;* izrhr gq,
Li"V dhft,A
6- mkjh vesfjdk ds lanHkZ esa ^fjtos'Z kUl** ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\
7- ^xksMy jl ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\
8- dukMk vkSj U;wthyS.M 'kCnksa dh mRifk fdl izdkj gqbZ la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A

1- mkjh vesfjdk ds ewy fuokfl;ksa dh fdUgha ikap egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
2- mkjh vesfjdk dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dk foLrkj ls o.kZu dhft,A
3- vkLVsfy;k esa ekuo fuokl ds bfrgkl dk o.kZu djrs gq, ogka ds ewy fuokfl;ksa dh fo'ks"krk,
fyf[k,A
4- mkjh vejhdk esa m|ksxksa ds fodflr gksus ds dkj.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
5- la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk }kjk viuh cfLr;ksa dk foLrkj djus ds fy, ewy okaf'knksa dks fdl
izdkj csn[ky fd;k x;k foospuk dhft,A
64 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
1- la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk vkSj dukMk ds HkkSxksfyd foLrkj dh foospuk dhft,A
2- ^xksYM j'k** ls D;k rkRi;Z gS rFkk xksYM j'k dh vesfjdk ds vkfFkZd foLrkj esa D;k Hkwfedk
Fkh\ O;k[;k dhft,A
3- vkLVfs y;k ds ewy&fuokfl;ksa dh fLFkfr dks lq/kjus ds fy, mBk;s x;s dneksa (dk;ks) dk
foLrkj ls o.kZu dhft,A
4- ;wjksih; cfLr;ksa ds rgr vkLVfs y;k dk vkfFkZd fodkl vesfjdk ftruk egRoiw.kZ ugha Fkk
D;ks\a mkj dh iqf"V dhft,A

1- ,slk O;fDr tks vius gh ekStnw k fuokl LFkku esa gh iSnk gqvk Fkk (ewy fuoklh)
2- nf{k.k vhdk esa Mp ds fy, vk;jyS.M] U;wthyS.M vkSj vkLVfs y;k esa fczfV'k ds
fy, vesfjdk esa ;wjksih; yksxksa ds fy, bLrseky gksrk gSA bu mifuos'kksa dh jktHkk"kk
vaxzsth FkhA
3- mkj/zoq h; o`k ls ysdj ddZ js[kk rd vkSj iz'kkar egklkxj ls vVykafVd egklkxj
rd iSQyk gSA
4- lewgksa esa unh ds vklikl jgrs FksA
eNyh vkSj ekal [kkrs Fks vkSj lfCt;ka rFkk edbZ mxkrs FksA
5- lH; dh igpku & lk{kjrk] laxfBr /eZ] vkSj 'kgjhiu ds vk/kj ij djrs FksA
6- ewy fuoklh NksVs bykdksa esa dSn dj fy, x, FksA ;g izk;% ,slh tehu gksrh Fkh ftlds
lkFk mudk igys ls dksbZ fj'rk ugha gksrk FkkA bUgha tehuksa dks ;g uke fn;k x;kA
7- 1840 esa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds dSfyiQksfuZ;k esa lksus ds dqN fpg~u feysA (vesfjdk
esa /jrh ds uhps lksuk) blds ckn vesfjdk esa vR;f/d vkS|ksfxd fodkl gqvkA
8- dukVk ls fudyk 'kCn & 1535 esa [kksth tkd dkfVZ;j dks feyh tkudkjh ds
eqrkfcd& g~;jw ks & bjkSD;wbl dh Hkk"kk esa dukVk dk eryc Fkk& xkaoA U;wthyS.M&gkyS.M
ds rkleku }kjk fn;k x;k uke ftlus lcls igys 1642 esa bu Vkiqvksa dks ns[kkA
65 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
1- mkjh vesfjdk ds lcls igys ckf'kans 30]000 lky igys csfjax&LVVs ~l ds vkjikj iSQys
Hkwfe&lsrq ds jkLrs ,f'k;k ls vk,A
unh ?kkVh ds lkFk&lkFk cus xkaoksa esa lewg cuk dj jgrs FksA
eNyh vkSj ekal [kkrs Fks vkSj lfCt;k rFkk edbZ mxkrs FksA
vusd Hkk"kk, cksyh tkrh Fkh ijUrq fy[kh ugha tkrh FkhA
vkS|ksfxd laca/ vkSj nksfLr;k dk;e djuk rFkk migkjksa dk vknku iznku djrs FksA
2- mkj /zoq h; o`k ls ysdj ddZ js[kk rd vkSj iz'kkar egklkxj ls vVykafVd egklkxj
rd iSQyk gSA
iFkjhys igkM+kas dh Ja[` kyk gSA
iwjc esa xsVz eSnkuh Hkkx
xzVs >hysa & felhflih vksfg;ks
vIikykfp;k ioZrksa dh ?kkfV;k gSAa
3- ekuo fuokl dk bfrgkl dkiQh yack gS 'kq#vkrh euq"; ;k vkfnekuo ftUgs ^,sckfjftuht*
dgrs gSa ;g 40]000 lky igys vkus 'kq: gq, FksA vkLVfy;k ds lkFk ,d Hkw lsrq
ls tqM+s U;w fxuh ls vk, FksA ;g yksx ckgj ls ugha vk;s Fks vfirq izkjaHk ls gh ogha
jg jgs FksA
fo'ks"krk,& (1) ;gka ds ewy fuokfl;ksa dh 350 ls 750 rd viuh Hkk"kk Fkh (gj
leqnk; dh) (2) budk ,d fo'kky lewg mkj esa jgrk FkkA
4- jsyos ds dkj.k
;a=kksa ds }kjk d`f"k dks vklku cukukA
vkS|ksfxd uxjksa dk fodklA
dkj[kkuksa dh la[;k esa o`fA
cM+s iSekus ij vkfFkZd mUufr
5- tehu dh de dhers nh xbA
tehu T;knk yh iSlk de fn;kA
mUgsa vkylh dgk tkrk FkkA
mUgsa NksVs bykdksa esa dSn dj fn;kA
mUgsa vlH; dgk tkrk FkkA
66 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&11
vk/qfudhdj.k ds jkLrs
Lej.kh; rF;&
1- phu esa lkE;oknh ljdkj dh LFkkiuk 1949 esa gqbZA
2- phu vkSj tkiku dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr esa varj& phu fo'kkydk; egk}hih; ns'k] tyok;q
esa fofo/rk] dbZ jk"Vh;rk,a] Hkk"kk,] [kkuksa esa {ks=kh; fofo/rkA tkiku& ,d }hi J`[a kyk okyk
ns'k] pkj eq[; }hi] lf; HkwdEi okyk {ks=kA
3- Hkk"kk,& phu dh izeq[k Hkk"kk phuhA ysfdu dbZ vkSj jk"Vh;rk, gSa tSls fd mb?kqj] gqbZ] ekapw
vkSj frCcrh dSVuht dSVu dh cksyh m, vkSj 'ka?kkbZuht tSlh cksfy;ksa ds vykok dbZ
vYila[;d Hkk"kk, Hkh cksyh tkrh gSaA
4- tkiku dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk& tkiku ij D;ksrks esa jgus okys lezkV dk 'kklu gqvk djrk
Fkk] ysfdu ckjgoha lnh vkrs&vkrs vlyh lkk 'kksxquksa ds gkFk esa vk xbZA tks lSkafrd :i
ls jktk ds uke ls 'kklu djrs FksA
5- tkiku le` ns'k& bls vehj ns'k le>k tkrk Fkk] D;ksfa d og phu ls js'ke vkSj Hkkjr ls
diM+k tSlh foyklh oLrq, vk;kr djrk FkkA
6- tkiku ,d }hi J`[a kyk& blesa pkj cM+s }hi gSaA tSls& gks'a kw] D;w'kw] f'kdksdw rFkk gksdkbnks
vkSj gks'a kwA
7- esth iquLFkkZiuk& bldk vFkZ gS tkiku esa izc
q ljdkj dk xBu 1868 esa ,d vkanksyu
ftuds }kjk 'kksxqu dh tcjnLrh lkk ls gVk fn;k x;k vkSj lezkV esth dks ,nks (jkt/kuh)
ys vk;k x;kA
8- tkiku esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk& 1870 ds n'kd ls u;h fo|ky;&O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k 'kq: gqvkA
yM+ds vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds fy;s Ldwy tkuk vfuok;Z gks x;kA rFkk i<+kbZ dh iQhl cgqr de
Fkh vkSj 1910 rd f'k{kk ls dksbZ oafpr u jgkA
9- tkiku esa vFkZO;oLFkk dk vk/qfudhdj.k& d`f"k ij dj yxkdj /u bdV~Bk fd;k] jsy ykbuksa
67 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
dk fodkl] oL=k m|ksx esa e'khuksa dk iz;ksx] etnwjksa dks izf'k{k.k fn;k x;kA vk/qfud cSfa dax
lLFkkvksa dk izkjaHk gksukA
10- esth lafo/ku & lhfer erkf/dkj ij vk/kfjr Fkk mlus Mk;V cukbZA ftlds vf/kdj lhfer
FksA 'kkgh iqu% LFkkiuk djus okys usrk lkk esa cus jgs vkSj mUgksaus jktuhfrd ikfVZ;ksa dk xBu
fd;kA
11- iqQdqtkok ;wfdph& ;g esth dky ds izeq[k cqfthoh Fks& budk dguk Fkk fd tkiku dks
vius esa ls ,f'k;k dks fudky isQa duk pkfg, vkSj tkiku dks vius ,f'k;kbZ y{k.k NksM+ nsus
pkfg, vkSj if'pe dk fgLlk cu tkuk pkfg,A
12- f}rh; fo'o;q esa tkiku ds fgjksf'kek rFkk ukxklkdh uxjksa ij vesfjdk }kjk ce fxjk,
x,A ;g dgk x;k fd ;q dks tYnh lekIr djus ds fy, ,slk fd;k x;kA tkiku us vesfjdk
ds iyZ gkcZj ij geyk fd;kA
13- phu dk vk/qfud bfrgkl& laizHkqrk dh iquZizkfIr] fons'kh dCts ds vieku dk var vkSj
lekurk rFkk fodkl dks laHko cukus ij vk/kfjr FkkA
14- phu dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk& lao/ S kfud ljdkj FkhA LFkkiuk ds fy, LFkkuh; fo/kf;dkvksa
dk xBu fd;k x;k rFkk vk/qfud iz'kkldh; O;oLFkk] u;h lsuk vkSj f'k{kk O;oLFkk ds
fuekZ.k ds fy, uhfr;k cukbZA
15- igyk viQhe ;q (1839&1842) gqvkA blus lkk/kjh fDoax jktoa'k dks detksj fd;k vkSj
lq/kj rFkk cnyko dh ekaxksa dks etcwrh nhA
16- phu esa x.kra=k dh LFkkiuk 1911 esa ekapw lkezkT; lekIr dj fn;k x;k vkSj lu ;kr&lsu
ds usr`Ro esa x.kra=k dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA os fufoZokn :i ls vk/qfud phu ds laLFkkid
ekus tkrs gSaA
17- lu ;kr&lsu ds rhu flkar& jk"Vokn] x.kra=k] lektoknA
18- dqvksehurkax& (us'kyu ihiqYl ikVhZ) blds usrk lu ;kr&lsu FksA mudh e`R;q ds ckn fp;kax
dkbZ&'ksd usrk cus mUgksaus lSU; vfHk;ku ds tfj;s okjykMZl
~ dks (LFkkuh; usrk ftUgksaus lkk
Nhu yh Fkh) vius fu;a=k.k esa fd;k vkSj lkE;okfn;ksa dks [kRe fd;kA
19- phu dh lkE;oknh ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk 1921 esa :lh kafr ds dqN le; ckn gqbZ FkhA
20- dkSfeaVuZ ;k r`rh; varjkZ"Vh; dh LFkkiuk& 1918 esa ysfuu vkSj VkV~ldh usrkvksa }kjk dh
xbZA bldk mn~ns'; fo'o Lrjh; ljdkj cukbZ tk, tks 'kks"k.k dks [kRe dj ldsA
21- ihiqYl fjifCyd vkWiQ pkbuk dh ljkdj&1949 esa cuhA ;g û;s yksdra=k* ds flkarksa ij
vk/kfjr FkhA
68 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
22- vk/qfudhdj.k lq/kj& 1978 ls 'kq: gksus okys lq/kj foKku] m|ksx] d`f"k vkSj j{kk dk
fodklA
23- fp;kax dkbZ&'ksd dk rkboku esa izLFkku& phuh lkE;oknh ny }kjk ijkftr gksus ds ckn ;g
30 djksM+ ls vf/d vesfjdh Mkyj vkSj cs'kdherh dykd`fr;ka ysdj 1949 esa rkboku
Hkkx fudysA ogka bUgksua s phuh x.kra=k dh LFkkiuk dhA
24- ,f'k;k ds nks egRoiw.kZ ns'kksa esa tkiku vkSj phu dh vk/qfudhdj.k ds ekxZ esa fHkUurk FkhA

1- phu vkSj tkiku dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A
2- tkiku dks vehj ns'k D;ksa le>k tkrk Fkk\ Li"V dhft,A
3- esth dh iquLFkkZiuk ds nks egRoiw.kZ dkj.k fyf[k,A
4- iqQdqtkok ;wfdph* dkSu Fks\ muds mn~ns';ksa dks Li"V dhft,A
5- tkiku dk ^,d vk/qfud lekt* esa :ikarj.k fdl izdkj gqvk\ Li"V dhft,A
6- vesfjdk }kjk tkiku ds dkSu ls nks 'kgjksa ij ukfHkdh; ce fxjk;s x;s vkSj D;ks\a
7- ,d ;qkskj ^peRdkj* ls D;k rkRi;Z gSA
8- lu ;kr&lsu ds rhu flkar dkSu ls Fks\
9- tkiku esa u;h fo|ky; O;oLFkk D;k Fkh\ bldk D;k ifj.kke gqvk\
10- tkiku esa LFkkfir igyh laln dkSu lh Fkh rFkk ;g fdl ns'k dh lksp ls izHkkfor Fkh\

1- tkiku dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dk ikap fcUnqvksa esa o.kZu dhft,A
2- tkiku ij rksdqxkok ifjokj ds 'kksxquksa us dc ls dc rd 'kklu fd;k\ rFkk mudh 'kklu
O;oLFkk dk o.kZu dhft,A
3- mu dkj.kksa dk o.kZu dhft;s ftuds dkj.k tkiku le` ns'k ekuk tkrk FkkA
4- tkiku esa 1870 ds n'kd esa viukbZ xbZ u;h fo|ky; O;oLFkk dk mYys[k dhft,A
5- lu ;kr&lsu dkSu Fks\ muds rhu flkarksa dk foLrkj ls o.kZu dhft,A
6- phu dh ihiqYl fjifCyd vkWiQ pkbuk dh ljdkj dc dk;e gqbZ rFkk ;g fdl flkar
ij vk/kfjr Fkh\ bldh liQyrkvksa dk la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A
69 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
1- esth 'kklu ds vUrxZr tkiku esa vFkZO;oLFkk dk vk/qfudhdj.k fdl izdkj gqvk\ i;kZoj.k
ij m|ksxksa ds fodkl dk D;k izHkko iM+kA
2- dqvksehurkax ds usrk ds :i esa ^fp;kax dkbZ&'ksd* ds dk;ks dk mYys[k dhft,A rFkk
dqvksehurkax dh vliQyrk ds dkj.kksa dks of.kZr dhft,A
3- esth iquZLFkkiuk ls iwoZ tkiku dh jktuhfrd fLFkfr dk o.kZu dhft,A
4- rkboku dk ,d yksdra=k esa :ikarj.k ,d ukVdh; eksM+ Fkk\ Li"V dhft,A
5- vk/qfudrk ds nks ekxZ ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ rFkk phu vkSj tkiku esa ;s ekxZ fdl izdkj
fHkUu&fHkUu gS\ mYys[k dhft,A
1- phu& fo'kkydk; egk}hih; ns'k gSa] eq[; {ks=k esa rhu ufn;ka gSa] vf/d fgLlk igkM+h
gSA
tkiku& ,d }hi J`[a kyk okyk ns'k gS] pkj cM+s }hi gSa HkwdEi okyk {ks=k gSA
2- phu ls js'ke dk vk;krA
Hkkjr ls diM+k dk vk;kr djrk FkkA tkiku bldk ewY; lksus esa pqdkrk FkkA
3- ns'k esa rjg&rjg dk vlarks"k Fkk (jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd)
varjk"Vh; O;kikj o dwVuhfrd laca/ksa dh ekax dh tk jgh FkhA
4- ;g esth dky ds izeq[k cqfthfo;ksa esa ls FksA mn~ns';& tkiku dks vius esa ls ,f'k;k
dks fudky isQa duk pkfg,A
5- iSr`d ifjokj O;oLFkk Fkh& dbZ ihf<+;ka ifjokj ds eqf[k;k ds fu;a=k.k esa jgrh FkhA
ckn esa tSl&s tSls yksx le` gq,] ,dy ifjokj esa cny x;sA
6- fgjksf'kek vkSj ukxklkdh ;q dks (f}rh; fo'o;q) tYnh [kRe djus ds fy,A
7- ;q esa Hk;adj gkj ds ckotwn tkikuh vFkZO;oLFkk dk ftl rsth ls iqufuZekZ.k gqvk]
mls ;g uke fn;k x;kA
8- jk"Vokn] x.kra=k] rFkk lektoknA
70 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
9- 1870 ds n'kd esa tkiku esa yM+ds yM+fd;ksa ds fy, Ldwy tkuk vfuok;Z] i<+kbZ
dh iQhl cgqr de FkhA ifj.kke& 1910 rd dksbZ Hkh cPpk Ldwy tkus ls oafpr
ugha jgkA
10- Mk;V] teZu fopkj/kjk ijA

1- tkiku ,d }hi J`[a kyk gSA
50 izfr'kr ls vf/d tehu igkM+h gSA
HkwdEi okyk {ks=k
vksfdukok }hiksa dh J`[a kyk nf{k.k esa gSa
lcls cM+s pkj }hi& gks'a kw] D;w'kw] f'kdksdw rFkk gksdkbnksA
2- 1603 ls 1867
jktk ds uke ij ('kksxqu) 'kklu djrs FksA
ns'k 250 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr Fkk ftudk 'kklu nSE;ks pykrs FksA
'kksxqu nSE;ks ij fu;a=k.k j[krs FksA
'kksxqu izeq[k 'kgjksa vkSj [knkuksa ij Hkh fu;a=k.k j[krs FksA
3- phu ls js'ke vkSj Hkkjr ls diM+k tSlh foyklh oLrq, vk;kr djrk FkkA
vk;krksa ds fy;s lksus&pkanh ds :i esa dher vnk djuh iM+rh FkhA
dherh /krqvksa ds fu;kZr ij jksd yxk nha
vFkZra=k u;h fn'kkvksa esa fodflr gks jgk Fkk& eqk dk c<+rk bLrseky vkSj pkoy ds
'ks;j cktkj ds dkj.k
fuf'kftu dk js'ke nqfu;k Hkj esa csgrjhu js'ke ekuk tkus yxkA
4- 1870 ds n'kd& yM+ds vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds fy, Ldwy tkuk vfuok;Z gks x;kA
1910 Ldwy tkus ls dksbZ oafpr ugha jgkA
i<+kbZ dh iQhl cgqe de FkhA
f'k{kk ea=kky; ikB~;ppkZ ij fdrkcksa ds p;u vkSj f'k{kdksa ds izf'k{k.k ij fu;a=k.k
j[krk FkkA
71 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fdrkcksa esa ekrk firk ds izfr] jk"V ds izfr oiQknkjh vkSj vPNs ukxfjd cuus dh izjs .kk
nh tkrh FkhA
lu ;kr&lsu (1866&1925) vk/qfud phu ds lLFkkid ekus x;s gSaA (yksdra=k vkSj
bZlkbZ /eZ)
rhu flkar &
jk"Vokn& ekapw oa'k dks lkk ls gVkukA
x.kra=k & x.krkaf=kd ljdkj dh LFkkiukA
lektokn& iat
w h dk fu;eu djuk rFkk Hkw&LokfeRo esa cjkcjh ykukA
6- 1949 es]a ;g yksdra=k ds flkarksa ij vk/kfjr FkhA
liQyrk,&
yksdra=k (lHkh lkekftd oxks dk laxBu FkkA)
vFkZ O;oLFkk ds eq[; {ks=k ljdkj ds fu;a=k.k esa j[ks x;sA
futh dkj[kkuksa vkSj HkwLokfeRo dks /hjs&/hjs [kRe fd;k x;kA
72 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&1
vuqPNsn vk/kfjr iz'u

vkYVkehjk ds xqiQk fp=k
fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks i<+dj iz'uksa ds mkj nhft, %&
vkYVkehjk Lisu esa fLFkr ,d xqiQk&LFky gSA vkYVkehjk dh xqiQk dh Nr ij cuh fp=kdkfj;ksa
dh vksj ekflZyhuksa lSat fn lmrqvksyk dk ;ku mldh csVh ekfj;k }kjk uoacj 1879 esa fnyk;k
x;k FkkA ekflZyhuks ,d LFkkuh; HkwLokeh rFkk 'kkSdhu iqjkrRofon~ Fks vkSj mudh uUgh lh yM+dh
xqiQk esa b/j&m/j [ksy vkSj nkSM+ jgh FkhA tcfd mlds firk xqiQk ds iQ'kZ dh [kqnkbZ dj jgs
FksA vpkud ekfj;k dh utj Nr ij cuh fp=kdkfj;ksa ij iM+h og rqjUr fpYyk mBhA ^îkik ns[kks]
cSyA** ,d ckj rks mlds firk us csVh dh ckr dks galh esa mM+k fn;kA ij rqjar gh mUgsa ;g vglkl
gqvk fd Nr ij lpeqp dqN fp=kdkfj;ka cuh gqbZ gSaA ftuesa jax dh ctk; fdlh izdkj dh ysbZ
(isLV) dk bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA
iz'u
1- ^^vkYVkehjk** ds xqiQk fp=kksa ls fdl izdkj dh tkudkjh feyrh gS\ vkSj bls bl ikB esa
'kkfey D;ksa fd;k x;k gS\ 4
2- ekflZyhuks dh csVh dk D;k uke gS\ xqiQk ds vUnj csVh us ikik ls D;k dgk\ 2
3- vkYVkehjk xqiQk fdl ns'k esa gSa\ vkSj taxyh cSy dk fp=k xqiQk esa fdl LFkku ij gS\ 2
gkntk tulewg
^^gkntk f'kdkfj;ksa rFkk laxzkgdksa dk ,d NksVk lewg gS tks ^ysd b;klh* ,d [kkjs ikuh dh
foHkz'a k ?kkVh esa cuh >hy ds vklikl jgrs gSaA iwohZ gkntk dk bykdk lw[kk vkSj pV~Vkuh gSA tgka
?kkl (lokuk) dkaVsnkj >kfM+;ka vkSj ,dkfl;ksa ds isMk+ sa dh cgqrk;r gS] ysfdu ;gka taxyh [kk|
oLrq, Hkjiwj ek=kk esa feyrh gSaA chloha 'krkCnh ds 'kq: esa ;gka Hkkafr&Hkkafr ds tkuojksa dh cs'kqekj
73 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
la[;k FkhA ;gka ds cM+s tkuojksa esa gkFkh] xSMa s] HkSl
a ]s ftjkiQ] tsczk] okVjcd] fgj.k] fpadkjk] [kkxnkj
taxyh lqvj ccwu canj] 'ksj] rsna q, vkSj ydM+cX?ks ftrus vke gS mrus gh vke NksVs tkuojksa esa
lkgh eNyh] [kjxks'k] xhnM+] dNq, vkSj vusd izdkj ds tkuoj gSaA gkntk yksx gkFkh dks NksMd + j
ckdh lHkh fdLe ds tkuojksa dk f'kdkj djrs gSaA vkSj mudk ekal [kkrs gSaA ;gka f'kdkj ds Hkfo";
dks dksbZ [krjk iSnk fd, fcuk fu;fer :i ls ftruk ekal [kk;k tkrk gS] mruk nqfu;k ds fdlh
Hkh ,sls Hkkx esa ugha [kk;k tk ldrk] tgka ,sls f'kdkjh&laxzkgd jgrs gSa vFkok fudV Hkwrdky
esa jgrs FksA
iz'u
1- gkntk tu lewg ls D;k vfHkiz; gS\ 3
2- gkntk tu lewg ds yksx dgka jgrs gSa\ 1
3- ^ysd b;klh* dk D;k vFkZ gS\ Li"V dhft,A 2
4- bl lewg ds {ks=k esa dkSu&dkSu ls cM+s tkuoj ik;s tkrs gSa\ muds uke fyf[k,A 2
74 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&1

vuqPNsn & okdkZ 'kk"kZ
3000 bZ-iw- m#d uxj esa L=kh dk ;g flj ,d lisQn
laxejej dks rjk'kdj cuk;k x;k FkkA bldh vka[kksa vkSj HkkSga ksa
esa e'k% uhys yktonZ rFkk liQsn lhih vkSj dkys Mkej dh
tM+kbZ dh xbZ gksxhA flj ds mQij ,d [kkapk cuk gqvk tks
'kk;n xguk iguus ds fy, cuk;k x;k FkkA ;g ewfrZdyk dk
,d fo'o&izfl uewuk gS] blds eq[k] BksMh+ vkSj xkyksa dh
lqdksey&lqanj cukoV ds fy, bldh iz'kalk dh tkrh gSA ;g
,sls dBksj iRFkj esa rjk'kk x;k gS ftls dkiQh vf/d nwjh
ls ykuk iM+k gksxkA
iz'u
1- L=kh dk ;g flj fdrus o"kZ iqjkuk gS\ 2
2- vka[kksa o HkkSga ksa ij dkSu&dkSu lk ltkoV dk lkeku yxk;k gS\ 3
3- ;g ewfrZ dyk dk dSlk uewuk gS\ 2
4- mijksDr of.kZr 'kgj dk uke crkb,\ 1
,d iqjkdkyhu iqLrdky;
,d iqjkdkyhu iqLrdky;
ykSg;qx es]a mkjh izns'kksa ds vlhfj;kbZ yksxksa us ,d lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk dh tks 720 ls 610
bZ-iw- rd viuh mUufr ds f'k[kj ij jgkA ;g lkezkT; feJ rd iSQyk gqvk FkkA jkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk
mu fnuksa ywVekj dh gks xbZ Fkh D;ksfa d v/huLFk iztktuksa dks nckdj muls [kk|&lkexzh] i'kq]
/krq rFkk f'kYi dh oLrqvksa ds :i esa csxkj vkSj utjkuk tcjnLrh fy;k tkrk FkkA
cM+&s cM+s vlhfj;kbZ 'kkld tks ckgj ls vkdj cls Fks] nf{k.kh {ks=k cschyksfu;k dks mPp
laLd`fr dk dsna z ekurs FksA muesa ls vkf[kjh jktk vlqjcfuiky (668&627 bZ-iw-) us mkj esa fLFkr
75 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
viuh jkt/kuh fuuoS esa ,d iqLrdky; dh LFkkiuk dhA mlus bfrgkl] egkdkO;] 'kdqu lkfgR;]
T;ksfr"k fo|k] Lrqfr;ksa vkSj dforkvksa dh ifV~Vdkvksa dks bdV~Bk djus dk cgqr iz;Ru fd;k vkSj
mlesa liQy jgkA mlus vius fyfidksa dks nf{k.k esa iqjkuh ifV~Vdkvksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, HkstkA
D;ksfa d nf{k.k esa fyfidksa dks fo|ky;ksa esa i<+uk&fy[kuk fl[kk;k tkrk Fkk] tgka mUgsa ntZuksa dh
la[;k esa ifV~Vdkvksa dh udysa rS;kj djuh gksrh FkhaA cschyksfu;k esa ,sls Hkh uxj Fks tks ifV~Vdkvksa
ds fo'kky laxzg rS;kj fd, tkus vkSj izkIr djus ds fy, e'kgwj FksA gkykafd ykXkHkx 1800 bZ-
iw- ds ckn lqesfj;u Hkk"kk cksyh tkuh can gks xbZ Fkh] ysfdu fo|ky;ksa esa og 'kCnkofy;ks]a
ladsrks&a lwfp;ks]a f}Hkk"kh (lqesjh vkSj vDdnh) ifV~Vdkvksa vkfn ds ek;e ls vc Hkh i<+kbZ tkrh
FkhA blfy, 650 bZ-iw- esa Hkh 2000 bZ-iw- rd iqjkuh dhykdkj v{kjksa esa fy[kh ifV~Vdk,a i<+h vkSj
le>h tk ldrh Fkha& vkSj vlqjcfuiky ds vkneh ;g tkurs Fks fd iqjkuh ifV~Vdkvksa vkSj mudh
izfrd`fr;ksa dks dgka [kkstk vkSj izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
iz'u
1- mPp laLd`fr ds dsUnz dk uke crkb,A 2
2- iqLrdky; dh LFkkiuk fdl 'kgj esa gqbZ\ 1
3- iqLrdky; esa j[kus ds fy, dkSu&dkSu ls fo"k; dh iqLrd ,df=kr dh Fkh\ 3
4- cschyksfu;k ds uxj fdl ckr ds fy, e'kgwj Fks\ 2
76 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&3
vuqPNsn ij vk/kfjr iz'u

nklksa ds izfr O;ogkj
fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks if<+, vkSj vUr esa iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mkj nhft,%&
dqN gh le; ckn 'kgj ds 'kkld Y;wfl;l isMus f;l lsdaMl ~ dk mlds ,d nkl us dRy
dj fn;kA dRy ds i'pkr] iqjkus fjokt ds vuqlkj ;g vko';d Fkk fd ,d gh Nr ds uhps
jgus okys izR;sd nkl dks iQkalh ns nh tk,A ijarq cgqr ls funks"Z k yksxksa dks cpkus ds fy, HkhM+
,d=k gks xbZ vkSj naxs 'kq: gks x,A lSusV Hkou dks ?ksj fy;k x;kA gkykafd lSusV Hkou esa vR;f/d
dBksjrk dk fojks/ fd;k tk jgk FkkA ijarq vf/dka'k lnL;ksa us ifjorZu fd, tkus dk fojks/ fd;kA
tks lSusVj iQkalh nsus ds i{k esa Fks] mudh ckr ekuh xbZA ijarq iRFkj vkSj tyrh gqbZ e'kkysa fy,
Hkkjh HkhM+ us bl vkns'k dks dk;kZfUor fd, tkus ls jksdkA uhjks us vfHkys[k }kjk bu yksxksa dks
iQVdkj yxkbZ] mu lkjs ekxks ij lsuk yxk nh xbZ tgka lSfudksa ds lkFk nksf"k;ksa dks iQkalh ij p<+kus
ds fy, ys tk;k tk jgk FkkA
&VSflVl (55&117)] vkjafHkd lkezkT; dk bfrgkldkjA
iz'u
1- mi;qDZ r x|ka'k ds vk/kj ij jkseu lkezkT; esa nklksa dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu dhft,A 3
2- jkseu lkezkT; esa lSusV dh fLFkfr D;k Fkh\ 2
3- uhjks us bu yksxksa ds izfr D;k joS;k viuk;k\ 2
4- nkl }kjk fdldk dRy fd;k x;k\ 1
MkWDVj xSysu ds vuqlkj jkseu 'kgj dk xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ds

lkFk crkZo
dbZ izkra ksa esa yxkrkj dbZ o"kks ls iM+ jgs vdky us lk/kj.k ls lk/kj.k cqfokys vkneh dks
Hkh ;g crk fn;k fd yksxksa esa dqiks"k.k ds dkj.k chekfj;ka gks jgh gSaA 'kgj esa jgus okys yksxksa
dk iQly dVkbZ ds 'kh?kz ckn vxys iwjs o"kZ ds fy, i;kZIr ek=kk esa [kk|kUu vius HkaMkjksa esa Hkj
ysuk ,d fjokt FkkA lkjk xsg]wa tkS] lse rFkk elwj vkSj nkyksa dk dkiQh cM+k fgLlk 'kgfj;ksa }kjk
77 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
ys tkus ds ckn Hkh dbZ izdkj dh nkysa fdlkuksa ds fy, cph jg xb FkhaA lfnZ;ksa ds fy, tks
dqN Hkh cpk Fkk] mls [kk&ihdj [kRe dj nsus ds i'pkr nsgkrh yksxksa dks olar rq esa vLokLF;dj
[kk|ksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+k_ mUgksaus isMk+ sa dh Vgfu;ka] Nkys]a tM+]sa >kfM+;ka] v[kk| isM+ ikS/s vkSj
iks [kkdj fdlh rjg vius izk.kksa dks cpk, j[kkA
&xSysu] vkWu xqM ,.M cSM MkbV
iz'u
1- MkWDVj xSysu ds vuqlkj jkseu 'kgjksa dk xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ls O;ogkj fdl izdkj dk Fkk\ 3
2- xkaoksa dks 'kgj vkSj 'kgj dks xkao dk ntkZ fdl vk/kj ij fn;k tkrk Fkk\ 1
3- 'kgjksa esa jgus dk eq[; ykHk D;k Fkk\ 2
4- vLokLF;dj [kk|ksa ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ 2
jkseu vfHktkr oxZ dh vkenfu;ka ikapoha 'krkCnh ds

izkjafHkd n'kdksa esa
fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks i<+dj iz'uksa ds mkj nhft,%&
jkse ds mQaps ?kjkuksa es ls izR;sd ds ikl vius vki esa og lc dqN ekStnw Fkk tks ,d e;e
vkdkj ds 'kgj esa gks ldrk gSA ,d ?kqM+nkSM+ dk eSnku (fgIiksMk se)] vusd eap&eafnj] iQOokjs
vkSj fofHkUu izkdj ds Lukukxkj---- cgqr ls jkseu ifjokjksa dks viuh laifk ls izfro"kZ 4]000 ikmaM
lksus dh vk; izkIr gskrh Fkh] ftlesa vukt] 'kjkc vkSj vU; mit 'kkfey ugha Fkha bu mitksa dks
cspus ij lksus esa izkIr vk; ds ,d frgkbZ ds cjkcj vkenuh gks ldrh FkhA jkse esa f}rh; Js.kh
ds ifjokjksa dh vk; 1000 vFkok 1500 ikmaM lksuk FkhA
FksCl dk vksfyfivksMksjl
iz'u
1- jkse ds mQps ?kjkuksa ds ikl D;k lalk/u Fks\ 2
2- fofHkUu jkseu ifjokjksa dh izfro"kZ vk; fdruh Fkh\ 2
3- izkjafHkd vkSj ijorhZ dky esa jkseu lkezkT; fdrus oxks esa foHkkftr Fkk\ 4
78 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&4

bLykeh dSyaM
s j
fgtjh lu~ dh LFkkiuk mej dh f[kykiQr ds le; dh xbZ Fkh] ftldk igyk o"kZ 622
bZ- esa iM+rk FkkA fgtjh lu~ dh rkjh[k dks tc vaxszth esa fy[kk tkrk gS rks o"kZ ds ckn ,-,p-
yxk;k tkrk gSA fgtjh o"kZ pUnz o"kZ gS] ftlesa 354 fnu] 29 vFkok 30 fnukad ds 12 eghus (eqgjZe
ls /qy fgTtk rd) gksrs gSaA izR;sd fnu lw;kZLr ds le; ls 'kq: gksrk gS vkSj izR;sd] eghuk v/Zpna z
ds fnu ls 'kq: gksrk gSA fgtjh o"kZ lkSj o"kZ ls 11 fnu de gksrk gSA vr% fgtjh dk dksbZ Hkh
/kfeZd R;ksgkj] ftuesa jetku ds jkst]s bZn vkSj gt 'kkfey gSa] ekSle ds vuq:i ugha gksrkA fgtjh
dSysMa j dh rkjh[kksa dks xzxS ksfj;u dSysMa j (ftldh LFkkiuk iksi xzxS jh 13osa }kjk 1582 bZ- esa dh
xbZ Fkh) dh rkjh[kksa ds lkFk feykus dk dksbZ ljy rjhdk ugha gSA bLykeh (,p) vkSj xSxz ksfj;u
ff'p;u (lh) o"kks ds chp eksVs :i ls lekurk dh x.kuk fuEufyf[kr iQkewy Z ksa ls dh tk ldrh
gS%
(,p x 32/33) + 622 = lh
(lh 622) x 33/32 = ,p
iz'u
1- iSxEcj eqgEen dk tUe dc gqvk vkSj mUgksaus bLyke /eZ dh LFkkiuk dc dh\ 2
2- fgtjh lu~ dh LFkkiuk dc o fdl o"kZ gqbZ\ 2
3- fgtjh lu~ fdl izdkj dk o"kZ gS rFkk blesa fdrus fnu gksrs gSA\ 2
4- fgtjh o"kZ esa dksbZ Hkh R;ksgkj ekSle ds vuq:i D;ksa ugha gksrk\ 2
dkxt xsfutk vfHkys[k vkSj bfrgkl

vkfo"dkj ds ckn bLykeh txr esa fyf[kr jpukvksa dk O;kid :i ls izlkj gksus yxkA dkxt
(fyuu ls fufeZr) phu ls vk;k Fkk] tgka dkxt cukus dh izf;k dks cgqr lko/kuh ls xqIr
j[kk x;k FkkA 751 es]a lejdan ds eqlyeku iz'kkld us 20]000 phuh vke.kdkfj;ksa dks canh
79 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
cuk fy;k] ftuesa ls dqN dkxt cukus esa cgqr fuiq.k Fks vxys lkS o"kks ds fy,] lejdan dk
dkxt fu;kZr dh ,d egRoiw.kZ oLrq cu x;kA pwafd bLyke ,dkf/dkj dk fu"ks/ djrk gS] blfy,
dkxt bLykeh nqfu;k ds ckdh fgLlksa esa cuk;k tkus yxkA nloha 'krkCnh ds e; Hkkx ij blus
vf/dka'kr% iSikbjl dk LFkku ys fy;k FkkA iSikbjl ,d ,slh ys[ku lkexzh Fkk] ftls ,d ,sls
ikS/ksa ds van:uh rus ls cuk;k tkrk Fkk] tks uhy ?kkVh esa cgqrk;r ls mxrk FkkA dkxt dh ekax
c<+ xbZ] vkSj vCn vy&yrhiQ] tks cxnkn ls vk;k gqvk ,d fpfdRld Fkk (vkn'kZ fo|kFkhZ dk
mldk fp=k.k nsf[k,) vkSj 1193 ls 1207 rd feJ dk fuoklh Fkk] fy[krk gS fd fe ds fdlkuksa
us efe;ksa ds mQij yisVs x, fyuu ls cus gq, vkoj.k izkIr djus ds fy, dczksa dks fdl rjg
ywVk Fkk] rkfd os bu fyuu dkxt ds dkj[kkuksa dks csp ldsAa
dkxt dh miyC/rk ds dkj.k lHkh izdkj ds okf.kfT;d vkSj futh nLrkostksa dks fy[kuk
Hkh lqfo/ktud gks x;k 1896 esa iQqLrkr (iqjkuk dkfgjk) esa csu ,tjk ds ;gwnh izkFkZuk&Hkou ds
,d lhycan dejs (xsfutk] ftldk mPpkj.k xfut+k ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS) esa csu ,tjk ds
;gwnh nLrkostksa dk ,d fo'kky laxzg feykA ;s nLrkost+ bl ;gwnh izFkk ds dkj.k laHkky dj j[ks
x, Fks fd ,slh fdlh Hkh fy[kkoV dks u"V ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlesa ijes'oj dk uke fy[kk
gqvk gksA xsfut+k esa yxHkx <kbZ yk[k ikaMfq yfi;ka vkSj muds VqdM+s Fks] ftuesa dbZ vkBoha 'krkCnh
ds e;dky ds Hkh FksA vf/dka'k lkexzh nloha ls rsjgoha 'krkCnh rd dh Fkh] vFkkZr~ iQkfreh]
v;wch] vkSj izkjafHkd ekeyqd dky dh FkhaA buesa O;kikfj;ks]a ifjokj ds lnL;ksa vkSj nksLrksa ds chp
fy[ks x, i=k] lafonk] ngst ls tqM+s okns] fch nLrkost] /qykbZ ds diM+kas dh lwfp;ka vkSj vU;
ekewyh phtsa 'kkfey FkhaA vf/drj nLrkost+ ;gwnh&vjch Hkk"kk esa fy[ks x, Fks] tks fgczw v{kjksa esa
fy[kh tkus okyh vjch Hkk"kk dk gh :i Fkk] ftldk mi;ksx lewps e;dkyhu Hkwe; lkxjh;
{ks=k esa ;gwnh leqnk;ksa }kjk vkerkSj ij fd;k tkrk FkkA xsfut+k nLrkost+ futh vkSj vkfFkZd vuqHkoksa
ls Hkjs gq, gSa vkSj os Hkwe;lkxjh; vkSj bLykeh laLd`fr dh van:uh tkudkjh izLrqr djrs gSaA bu
nLrkostk+ sa ls ;g Hkh irk pyrk gS fd e;dkyhu bLykeh txr ds O;kikfj;ksa ds O;kikfjd dkS'ky
vkSj okf.kfT;d rduhds muds ;wjksih; izfrif{k;ksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr vf/d mUur FkhaA xsfVu us
xsfut+k vfHkys[kksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, Hkwe;lkxj dk bfrgkl dbZ laxzgksa esa fy[kkA xsfut+k ds ,d
i=k ls izfs jr gksdj vferko ?kks"k us viuh iqLrd bu ,u ,aVhd ySMa esa ,d Hkkjrh; nkl dh dgkuh
izLrqr dh gSA
iz'u
1- dkxt dh miyC/rk ds D;k ykHk gq,\ 2
2- e;dky ds ;gwnh nLrkostk+ sa dk ,d fo'kky laxzg dc vkSj dgka ls feyk\ 2
3- ;gwfn;ksa dh fdl izFkk ds dkj.k fo'kky nLrkostk+ sa dks laHkky dj j[kk x;k Fkk\ 2
4- xsfut+k nLrkostk+ sa esa D;k fn;k x;k gS\ 2
80 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
vkn'kZ fo|kFkhZ
ckjgoha 'krkCnh ds cxnkn esa dkuwu vkSj fpfdRlk ds fo"k;ksa ds fo}ku&vCn vy&yrhiQ
(Abd alLatif)vius vkn'kZ fo|kFkhZ ls ckr dj jgs gSa%
^êsjk vuqjks/ gS fd vki fcuk fdlh dh lgk;rk ds] dsoy iqLrdksa ls gh] foKku u lh[ks]a
pkgs vkidks le>us dh viuh ;ksX;rk ij Hkjkslk gksA mUgsa izR;sd fo"k; ds fy, ftldk Kku vki
izkIr djuk pkgrsa gks]a v;kidksa dk lgkjk ys]a vkSj ;fn vkids v;kid dks Kku lhfer gks] rks
tks dqN og ns ldrk gS mls izkIr dj ys]a tc rd vkidks mlls ;ksX; v;kid u fey tk,A
vkidks vius v;kid dk vknj vkSj lEeku vo'; djuk pkfg,A tc vki dksbZ iqLrd i<+as] rks
mls daBLFk djus vkSj mlds vFkZ ij iw.kZ vf/dkj izkIr dj ysAa eku yks fd iqLrd [kks xbZ gS
vkSj vki mls NksM+ ldrs gSa rc iqLrd daBLFk gksus ij vkidk dqN ugha fcxM+xs kA O;fDr dks
bfrgkl dh iqLrdsa i<+uh pkfg,] thofu;ksa vkSj jk"Vksa ds vuqHkoksa dk v;;u djuk pkfg,A ,slk
djus ls ;g yxsxk fd i<+us okyk vius vYi thou&dky esa vrhr ds yksxksa ds lkFk jg jgk
gSA muds lkFk mlds ?kfu"B laca/ gSa vkSj muesa vPNksa vkSj cqjksa dks igpkurk gSA vkidks viuk
vkpj.k 'kq: ds eqlyekuksa ds vkpj.k ds vuq:i cukuk pkfg,A blfy,] iSxEcj dh thouh dks
i<+ks vkSj muds in&fpUgksa ij pyksA vkidks vius LoHkko ds ckjs esa vPNh jk; j[kus dh ctk;]
ml ij ckjackj vfo'okl djuk pkfg,] viuk ;ku fo}ku yksxksa vkSj mudh d`fr;ksa ij yxkuk
pkfg,] cgqr lko/kuh ls vkxs c<+uk pkfg, vkSj dHkh Hkh tYnckth ugha djuh pkfg,A ftl O;fDr
us v;;u dk ncko u >syk gks] og Kku ds vkuan dk etk ugha ys ldrkA tc vkius viuk
v;;u vkSj fparu euu iwjk dj fy;k gks] rks viuh thHk dks vYykg dk uke ysus ds dk;Z esa
O;Lr jf[k, vkSj vYykg dk xq.kxku dhft,A ;fn lalkj vkidh vksj ihB eksM+ ys] rks f'kdk;r
u djsAa ;g tku ysa fd Kku dHkh [kRe ugha gksrk] og ihNs viuh lqxa/ NksM+ tkrk gS] tks mlds
Lokeh dk irk crk nsrh gS Kku izdk'k vkSj kafr dh fdj.k Kkuh ij pedrh jgrh gS vkSj mldh
vksj ladsr djrh jgrh gSA**
&vgen bCu vy dkfle bCu vch ml;fc;k] m;wu vy vUck
iz'u
1- vCn vy&yrhiQ dkSu Fkk\ 2
2- vCn vy&yrhiQ us vius vkn'kZ fo|kFkhZ dks D;k lykg nh\ 2
3- O;fDr dks bfrgkl dh iqLrdsa D;ksa i<+uh pkfg,\ 2
4- Kku dk D;k egRo gS\ 2
81 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&5
;k;koj lkezkT;
eaxksyksa }kjk fd, x, fouk'k dk vkdyu
paxst [kku ds vfHk;kuksa ds fo"k; esa izkIr leLr fooj.k bl ij lger gSa fd ftu uxjksa
us mudk izHkqRo Lohdkj ugha fd;k mu ij vf/dkj tekus ds ckn ogka jgus okys cgqr ls yksxksa
dks mlus ekSr ds ?kkV mrkj fn;kA budh la[;k cgqr pkSd a k nsus okyh gSA 1220 bZ- esa fu'kkiqj ij
vkf/iR; djus esa 17]47]000] tcfd 1222 bZ- fgjkr ij vkf/iR; djus esa 16]00]000 vkSj 1258
esa cxnkn ij vkf/iR; djrs le; 8]00]000 yksxksa dk o/ fd;k x;kA NksVs uxjksa esa lkisf{kd
:i ls de ujlagkj gqvkA uklk esa 70]000] cSgkd ftys esa 70]000 vkSj dqfgLrku izkra ds rwu
uxj esa 12]000 yksxksa dks vius thou ls gkFk /ksuk iM+kA
e;dkyhu bfro`kdkjksa us e`rdksa dh la[;k dk vuqeku dSls yxk;k\
brj[kkuksa ds iQkjlh bfro`kdkj tqouS h us crk;k fd ekpZ esa 13]00]000 yksxksa dk o/ fd;k
x;kA mlus bl la[;k dk vuqeku bl izdkj yxk;k fd rsjg fnu rd 1]00]000 'ko izfrfnu fxus
tkrs FksA
iz'u
1- mi;qDZ r o`rkar ls D;k fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS\ 2
2- Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa ,sls vke.kdkjh dk uke crkb,A 1
3- e;dkyhu bfro`kdkjksa us e`rdksa dh la[;k dk vuqeku dSls yxk;k\ 2
4- orZeku eaxksfy;k esa paxst [kku dk D;k LFkku gS\ 3
cq[kkjk ij dCtk
rsjgoha 'krkCnh ds bZjku ds eaxksy 'kkldksa ds ,d iQkjlh bfro`kdkj tqouS h us 1220 bZ- esa
cq[kkjk dh fot; dk o`kkar fn;k gSA tqouS h ds dFkukuqlkj uxj fot; ds ckn paxst [kku mRlo
82 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
eSnku esa x;k tgka ij uxj ds /uh O;kikjh ,df=kr Fks mUgsa lacksf/r dj dgk] ^^vjs yksxks!a rqEgsa
;g Kkr gksuk pkfg, fd rqe yksxksa us vusd iki fd, gSa vkSj rqeesa ls tks vf/d lEiUu yksx
gSa mUgksaus lcls vf/d iki fd, gSA vxj rqe eq>ls iwNks fd bldk esjs ikl D;k izek.k gS rks
blds fy, eSa dgwaxk fd eSa bZ'oj dk naM gwaA ;fn rqeus iki u fd, gksrs rks bZ'oj us eq>s naM
gsrq rqEgkjs ikl u Hkstk gksrkA vc dksbZ O;fDr] cq[kkjk ij vf/dkj gksus ds ckn [kqjklku Hkkx x;k
FkkA mlls uxj ds HkkX; ds ckjs esa iwNus ij mkj fn;k] ôs (uxj) vk,] nhokjksa dks oLr dj
fn;k] tyk fn;k yksxksa dk o/ fd;k] ywVk vkSj py fn,A
iz'u
1- paxst [kku us cq[kkjk ij dc fot; izkIr dh\ 1
2- tqouS h dkSu Fkk\ 2
3- paxst [kku ds cq[kkjk ij vke.k djus ds D;k dkj.k Fks\ 2
4- bl x|ka'k ds vk/kj ij eaxksyksa dh ;q ifr D;k Fkh\ 3
;kl
1921 esa cq[kkjk ij fot; izkIr djus ds ckn paxst [kku us ogka ds vehj eqlyeku fuokfl;ksa
dks ^mRlo eSnku* esa ,df=kr dj mudh HkRlZuk dhA mlus mudks ikih dgk vkSj psrkouh nh fd
bu ikiksa ds izk;f'prLo:i mudks viuk fNik gqvk /u mls nsuk iM+xs kA ;g o.kZu djus ;ksX; ,d
ukVdh; ?kVuk Fkh ftldksa yksxksa us yacs le; rd ;kn j[kk vkSj ml ij fp=k cuk,A lksygoha
'krkCnh ds var esa paxst [kku ds lcls cM+s iq=k tksph dk ,d nwj dk oa'kt vCnqYykg [kku cq[kkjk
ds mlh mRlo eSnku esa x;kA paxst [kku ds foijhr vCnqYykg [kku ogka NqV~Vh dh uekt vnk
djus x;kA mlds bfrgkldkj giQht&,&rkuh'k us vius Lokeh dh bl eqfLye /eZ&ijk;.krk dk
fooj.k vius bfro`k esa fn;k vkSj lkFk esa ;g pkSd a k nsus okyh fVIi.kh Hkh dh% ^fd ;g paxst
[kku ds ;kl ds vuqlkj Fkk*A
iz'u
1- paxst [kku us dc rFkk fdu eqlyekuksa dks mRlo eSnku esa ,df=kr dj mudh
HkRlZuk dh\ 3
2- paxst [kku us eqlyekuksa dks ikih D;ksa dgk\ 1
3- giQht&,&rkuh'k us vCnqYykg [kku ds ckjs esa D;k fVIi.kh dh\ 2
4- ;kl ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ bldk izpyu vc vkSj fdlus fd;k\ 3
83 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
ckjgoha lnh es]a fcaxsu us vkcsl fgYMsxkMZ us fy[kk& dkSu pjokgk vius leLr i'kqvks]a xk;ks]a
x/ks]a HksMk+ s]a cdfj;ksa dk dksbZ varj fd, fcuk ,d vLrcy esa j[kus dh lkspsxk\ blfy, euq";ksa
esa varj LFkkfir djuk vko';d gS ftlls os ,d nwljs dks rckg u djs----- bZ'oj vius jsoM+ esa
varj j[krk gS pkgs LoxZ ij vFkok i`Foh ijA mlds }kjk lcdks I;kj feyrk gS ijarq muesa dksbZ
lekurk ugha gSA
iz'u
1- ys[kd bl ys[k }kjk fdl vo/kj.kk ij cy Mky jgk gS\ 3
2- rRdkyhu lekt eq[; :i ls dkSu&dkSu ls oxks esa caVk Fkk\ 2
3- ys[kd dk uke crkb;sA 1
4- euq";ksa esa varj j[kuk D;ksa vko';d Fkk\ 2
^^vxj esjs I;kjs ykWMZ dks dkV fn;k tkrk gS] mldh rdnhj dk eSa Hkkxhnkj cuwxa k] vxj
og yVdk fn;k tkrk gS rc eq>s Hkh mlds lkFk yVdk ns]a vxj mls vfXu naM fn;k tkrk gS
rks eSa Hkh mlds lkFk ty tkmQaxk_ vkSj vxj mls Mqck fn;k tk,A**
rsjgoha lnh esa xkbZ tkus okyh kalhlh dfork ^Mwu ns e;kUl* tks ukbVksa ds lkgl dh ;kn
fnykrh gSA
iz'u
1- mijksDr iafDr;ka fdl oxZ ls lacaf/r gSa\ 2
2- ;s iafDr;ksa mYysf[kr oxZ ds fdl xq.k ij izdk'k Mky jgh gSaA 2
3- bu iafDr;ksa ds vk/kj ij vki ykWMZ vkSj ukbV ds laca/ksa ds fo"k; esa D;k dg ldrs gSa\ 4
csusfMDVhu (Benedictine) eBksa esa fHk{kqvksa ds fy, ,d gLrfyf[kr iqLrd gksrh Fkh
ftlesa fu;eksa ds 73 v;k; FksA bldk ikyu fHk{kqvksa }kjk dbZ lfn;ksa rd fd;k tkrk jgkA bl
iqLrd ds dqN fu;e bl izdkj gSA&
v;k; 6 % fHk{kqvksa dks cksyus dh vkKk dHkh&dHkh gh nh tkuh pkfg,A
v;k; 7 % fouezrk dk vFkZ gS vkKk ikyuA
84 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
v;k; 33 % fdlh Hkh fHk{kq dks
futh laifk ugha j[kuh pkfg,A
v;k; 47 % vkyL; vkRek dk
'k=kq gS] blfy, fHk{kq vkSj fHk{kqf.k;ksa dks
fuf'pr le; esa 'kkjhfjd Je vkSj
fuf'pr ?kaVksa esa ifo=k ikB djuk pkfg,A
v;k; 48 % eB bl izdkj cukus
pkfg, fd vko';drk dh leLr oLrq,&
ty] pDdh] m|ku] dk;Z'kkyk lHkh
mldh lhek ds vanj gksAa
ikaMfq yfi ij dk;Z djrs gq, ,d csufs MDVhu fHk{kq dk dk"Bfp=k
iz'u
1- mijksDr fooj.k esa fu;eksa laca/h fdrus v;k;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS\ 1
2- v;k; 47 esa fHk{kq rFkk fHk{kqf.k;ksa ds fy, D;k vkns'k gS\ 2
3- fHk{kq rFkk fHk{kqf.k;ksa ds fy, fy[ks x, fdUgha pkj fu;eksa dk mYys[k dhft,A 4
4- futh lEifk laca/h fu;e fdl v;k; esa fn;k x;k gS\ 1
^^dyk izd`fr esa jph&clh gksrh gSA tks blds lkj dks idM+ ldrk gS ogh bls izkIr dj
ldrk gS---- blds vfrfjDr vki viuh dyk dks xf.kr }kjk fn[kk ldrs gSaA ftanxh dh viuh
vkd`fr ls vkidh d`fr ftruh tqM+h gksxh mruk gh lqanj vkidk
fp=k gksxkA dksbZ Hkh vkneh dsoy vkids dYiuk ek=k ls ,d
lqna j vkd`fr ugha cuk ldrk tc rd mlus vius vki dks thou
dh izfrNfo ls u Hkj fy;k gksA**
&vYoVZ M~;wVj (Albrecht Durer, 1571&1528)
M~;jw j }kjk cuk;k x;k ;g js[kkfp=k (izkFkZukjr gLr)
lksygoha 'krkCnh dh brkyoh laLd`fr dk vkHkkl djkrk gS tc
;gka ds yksx xgu :i ls /kfeZd FksA ijarq mUgsa euq"; dh ;ksX;rk
ij Hkjkslk Fkk fd og fudV iw.kZrk dks izkIr dj ldrk gS vkSj nqfu;k rd czk.M ds jgL;ksa dks
lqy>k ldrk gSA M~;jw j dk rwfydk fp=k 1508 & ^îzkFkZuk jr gLr**
85 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
iz'u
1- bl fp=k ds fp=kdkj dk uke crkb;sA 1
2- dyk ds laca/ esa M~;jw j ds fopkj Li"V dhft, 2
3- ;g fp=k fdl laLd`fr dk vkHkkl djkrk gS\ 2
4- bVyh ds yksxksa dks euq"; dh fdl ;ksX;rk ij fo'okl Fkk\ 3
fudksyks eSfD;kosyh (Niccolo Machiavelli) vius xzFa k fn fizl
a (1513) ds ianzgosa
v;k; esa euq"; ds LoHkko ds ckjs esa fy[krs gSa&
^^dkYifud ckrksa dks ;fn vyx dj nsa vkSj dsoy mUgha fo"k;ksa ds ckjs esa lkspsa tks okLro
esa gSa] eSa ;g dgrk gwa fd tc Hkh euq"; ds ckjs esa ppkZ gksrh gS (fo'ks"kdj jktdqekjksa ds ckjs
es]a tks turk dh utj esa jgrs gSa) rks buesa vusd xq.k ns[ks tkrs gSa ftuds dkj.k os iz'kalk ;k fuank
ds ;ksX; cus gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, dqN dks nkuh ekuk tkrk gS vkSj vU; dks datwlA dqN yksxksa
dks fgrS"kh ekuk tkrk gS rks vU; dks yksHkh dgk tkrk gS] dqN funZ;h vkSj dqN n;kyqA ,d O;fDr
vfo'oluh; vkSj nwljk fo'oluh;_ ,d O;fDr dkeqd] nwljk ifo=k] ,d fu"diV nwljk pkykd_
,d vfM+;y nwljk yphyk_ ,d xaHkhj nwljk fNNksjk_ ,d /kfeZd nwljk lansgh bR;kfnA
eSfD;kosyh ;g ekurs Fks fd ^lHkh euq"; cqjs gSa vkSj og vius nq"V LoHkko dks iznf'kZr djus
esa lnSo rRij jgrs gSa D;ksfa d dqN gn rd euq"; dh bPNk,a viw.kZ jg tkrh gSaA* eSfD;kosyh us
ns[kk fd blds ihNs] izeq[k dkj.k gSa fd euq"; vius leLr dk;ks esa viuk LokFkZ ns[krk gSA**
iz'u
1- euq"; vius fdu xq.kksa ds dkj.k fuank vFkok iz'kalk ds ;ksX; gksrs gSa\ 4
2- eSfD;kosyh us euq"; ds LoHkko ds fo"k; esa D;k fopkj izLrqr fd;s\ 3
3- mijksDr fooj.k fdl iqLrd ls fy;k x;k gS\ 1
1506 esa vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa ckbZcy dk vuqokn djus okys] ywFkjoknh vaxzst] fofy;e fVaMy
s
(William Tyndale 1494&1536) us izkVs SLVsVa okn dk bl rjg leFkZu fd;k%
^^bl ckr ls lc yksx lger gksxa s fd os vkidks /eZxzFa k ds Kku ls nwj j[kus ds fy, ;g
pkgrs Fks fd /eZxzaFk ds vuqokn vkidh ekr`Hkk"kk esa miyC/ u gks ldsAa ftlls nqfu;k va/dkj
esa gh jgs vkSj os (iqjksfgr oxZ) yksxksa ds var%dkj.k (conscience) esa cus jgsa ftlls muds
}kjk cuk, O;FkZ ds va/fo'okl vkSj >wBs /eZflkar pyrs jgsa_ ftlds jgrs mudh mQaph vkdka{kk,a
86 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
vkSj vrÌr yksyqirk iwjh gks ldsA bl rjg os jktk] lHkzkra oxZ vkSj ;gka rd fd vius dks bZ'oj
ls Hkh mQapk cuk lds--- ftl ckr us eq>s eq[; :i ls U;w VsLVkesVa dk vuqokn djus dh izjs .kk
nhA eq>s vius vuqHkoksa ls Kkr gqvk fd lkekU; yksxksa dks fdlh Hkh lPpkbZ dh rc rd tkudkjh
ugha gks ldrh tc rd muds ikl vius /eZxzFa k ds ekr`Hkk"kk esa vuqokn miyC/ u gksAa bu vuqoknksa
ls gh os /eZxzFa k dh ifjikVh] e vkSj vFkZ le> ldsxa sA
iz'u
1- /eZxzFa kksa dk ekr`Hkk"kk esa miyC/ gksuk D;ksa vko';d gS\ 2
2- iqjksfgr oxZ] yksxksa ds vUr%dj.k esa D;ksa cus jguk pkgrs Fks\ 2
3- fofy;e fVaMy
s us bl vuqPNsn ds }kjk bZlkbZ /eZ dh fdl fopkj/kjk dk leFkZu
fd;k gS\ 4
vkt Hkh vusd lSykuh badk yksxksa ds dyk&dkS'ky ds uewuksa dks ns[kdj nax jg tkrs gSa]
gkykafd fpyh ds dfo us#nk (Neruda) tSls Hkh dqN yksx gSa] ftUgksaus bl ckr ij izdk'k Mkyk
gS fd ,sls foijhr okrkoj.k esa [ksrh] f'kYi] LFkkiR;
vkfn ds {ks=k esa mYys[kuh; dk;Z djus ds fy,
gtkjksa yksxksa dks fdrus dBksj ifjJe ds fy, ck;
fd;k x;k gksxkA
^^,s [ksr tksrus okyks] cqudjks] mQaps [krjukd
epku ij p<+dj fpukbZ djus okys jktxhjks]a ,sMa ht
ds esgurd'k iugkjks] viuh dqpyh gqbZ maxfy;ksa
okys tkSgfj;ksa] vius yxk, ikS/ksa dh [kq'kgkyh ds fy, fparkrqj fdlkuksa] feV~Vh esa cjckn gq, dqEgkjks&
bl tehu dh xgjkb;ksa ls >kaddj esjh vksj rks ns[kks_ vius iqjkus nq%[k&nnks dks feV~Vh esa
niQukdj ftanxh dk u;k I;kyk Hkj ykvks_
rqeus bu [ksrks]a [kfygkuks]a [knkuksa esa tks [kwu cgk;k gS tjk mldk uewuk rks eq>s fn[kykvks_
tjk crkvksa fd % ;gka eq> ij pkcqd dh ekj iM+h Fkh D;ksfa d esjk rjk'kk x;k ,d ghjk
tjk /q/a yk jg x;k FkkA vFkok ;g /jrh vius vukt dk iRFkj dk fgLlk le; ij ugha ns ldh
FkhA**
&ikcyks us#M+k (1904&1973) gkbV~l vkWiQ ekpw&fiPpw] 1943 dh iafDr;ksa dk Lora=k
vuqoknA
87 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
iz'u
1- ;s iafDr;ka fdl iqLrd ls yh xbZ gSa\ 1
2- ;s iafDr;k badk yksxksa dh fdl fo'ks"krk ds lanHkZ esa gSa\ 1
3- dfo us#nk us badk dykdkjksa rFkk okLrqdkjksa dh esgur ds fo"k; esa D;k fopkj O;Dr
fd;s gSa\ 3
4- mijksDr vuqPNsn dh dkSu lh iafDr;ka dykdkjksa ij gq, vR;kpkjksa dk lokZf/d ekfeZd o.kZu
djrh gSa\ 3
1550 ds n'kd esa [kkuksa dk dke pkyw gks tkus ds ckn] laU;klh Mksfefuxks fM lSaVks VkWel
(Dominigo de Santo Tomas) us baMht dh ifj"kn esa dgk Fkk fd iksVkslh (Potosi)
ujd dk eq[k gS tks gj lky gtkjksa dh la[;k esa bafM;u yksxksa dks fuxy tkrk gS vkSj ogka ds
ykyph vkSj csjge [kku ekfyd muds lkFk ykokfjl tkuojksa tSlk crkZr djrs gSaA
iz'u
1- bu iafDr;ksa ds ys[kd dk uke fyf[k;sA 1
2- bu iafDr;ksa esa fdu yksxksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr dks n'kkZ;k x;k gS\ 1
3- [kku ekfyd nkl Jfedksa ds lkFk dSlk O;ogkj djrs Fks\ 3
4- fdu dkj.kksa ds iQyLo:i lksus dh [kkuksa esa dke rsth ls py iM+k\ 3
88 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&9
vkS|ksfxd kafr
fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsnksa ds var esa iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mkj nhft,%&
fczVsu ds fuca/dkj vkSj miU;kldkj Mh-,p- ykWjsUl (1885&1930)] fMdsUl ds lkj lky
ckn] dks;yk {ks=k esa fLFkr ,d xkao esa vk, ,sls ifjorZu dk bl izdkj o.kZu fd;k ftls mUgksua s
Lo;a vuqHko ugha fd;k Fkk] ysfdu ftlds ckjs esa mUgksaus vius cM+&s cqtxq ks ls lquk FkkA
^^bZLVoqM--- mUuhloha lnh dh 'kq#vkr esa vo'; gh ,d NksVk xkao jgk gksxk tgka NksVh&NksVh
>ksifM+;ka Fkha] [kku etnwjksa ds pkj dejksa okys NksV&s NksVs ?kjksa dh fNViqV drkjsa Fkha vkSj iqjkus [kku
ekfydksa ds vkokl Fks--- ysfdu 1820 ds vklikl fdlh le; daiuh us igyk cM+k 'kSV fn;k
gksxk---- vkSj vkS|ksfxd dks;yk [kku dh igyh okLrfod e'khujh yxkbZ--- etnwjksa ds jgus ds NksVs&NksVs
?kjksa dh drkjsa vf/drj fxjk nh xb vkSj fiQj ukfVa?ke jksM ds lkFk&lkFk NksVh&NksVh nqdkusa [kqyus
yxha vkSj uhps <yku esa daiuh us dqN bekjrsa cukb ftUgsa vkt Hkh û;h bekjrs*a dgk tkrk gS-
-- HkV~Bh] dkyh xyh esa [kqyus okyh NksV&s NksVs pkj dejksa okys ?kjksa dh drkjsa ftudh ihB pkSdksj
futZu LFky dh vksj Fkh] csjdksa ds ckM+s dh rjg can dj nh xbZ] cM+k vthc yxrk gS ;g lcA**
1- mi;qDZ r vuqPNsn ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\ rFkk blesa fdudk o.kZu fd;k gS\ 2
2- ys[kd ds xkao ds fo"k; esa D;k fopkj Fks\ 3
3- xkao esa dks;yk [kku dh e'khujh yxus ds ckn D;k ifjorZu vk;s\ 3
pkYlZ fMdUl (1812&70) vkS|ksfxdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i xjhcksa ds fy, tks Hk;adj fLFkfr
mRiUu gqbZ mldk laHkor% lcls dBksj ledkyhu vkykspd FksA mUgksaus vius miU;kl gkMZ VkbEl
esa ,d dkYifud vkS|ksfxd uxj ^dksdVkmu* dk cM+k lVhd o.kZu fd;k gSA** ;g ,d yky
bVksa ls cuk uxj Fkk] ysfdu mldh bVksa dk jax yky rHkh jg ldrk Fkk ;fn /q,a vkSj jk[k us
mls iksrdj cnjax u dj fn;k gksrk_ ysfdu gkyr ;g Fkh fd ;g dLck vthc yky vkSj dkys
jax ds feJ.k ls iqrk Fkk ekuks og fdlh [kwa[kkj vkneh dk psgjk gksA ;g e'khuksa vkSj mu yach
xxupaqch fpefu;ksa dk 'kgj ftuesa ls /q,a ds lkaiksa dh vVwV iafDr;ka dHkh dqMa fyr u gksdj] yxkrj
fudyrh jgrh FkhaA bu uxj esa ,d dkyh ugj Fkh vkSj ,d unh Hkh Fkh ftldk ikuh cncwnkj
jatd xanxh ls Hkjdj cSxa uh jax dk gks x;k FkkA ogka <sjksa bekjrsa Fkha tks muds Hkhrj pyus okyh
89 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
e'khuksa ds dkj.k gjne dkirh jgrh Fkha vkSj mudh f[kM+fd;k ges'kk gh [kM+drh jgrh Fkha vkSj
ogka Hkki ds batu dk fiLVu mdrkgV ds lkFk mQij&uhps gksrk jgrk Fkk] ekuks fdlh gkFkh dk
flj gks tks vius nq%[kHkjs ikxyiu esa vka[ks iQkM+s ,d gh vksj ns[k jgk gksA**
1- pkYlZ fMdUl }kjk fyf[kr miU;kl dk uke fyf[k,A 1
2- fMdUl }kjk vkS|ksfxd fLFkfr dk o.kZu fdl izdkj fd;k x;k gS\ 3
3- bl miU;kl esa mUgksaus fdl dkYifud vkS|ksfxd uxj dk o.kZu fd;k gS\ 2
4- ^^dkyh ugj** ls miU;kldkj dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\ 2
90 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&10
ewy fuokfl;ksa dk foLFkkiu

fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsnksa ds var esa iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mkj nhft,A
^^vejhdk dh iwoZla;k (;kuh tc ;wjksih; yksx vk, vkSj bl egk}hi dks mUgksaus vejhdk
uke fn;k) ls Bhd igys rd fofo/rk gj txg iljh gqbZ FkhA yksx lkS ls Hkh T;knk tckusa cksyrs
FksA os f'kdkj] eNyh idM+uk] laxzg.k] ckxokuh vkSj [ksrh esa tks&tks eqefdu gks] og lc vktekrs
gq, viuh thfodk dekrs FksA feV~Vh dh xq.kokk dSlh gS vkSj mlds bLrseky rFkk ns[k&Hkky ds
fy, fdrus iz;kl dh njdkj gS] blh ij thus ds rjhds dk mudk pquko fuHkZj djrk FkkA lkaLd`frd
vkSj lkekftd iwokZxzg ds vk/kj ij dqN nwljh phtsa r; gksrh FkhaA eNyh] vukt] ckx ds isM+&ikS/s]
ekal& buds vf/'ks"k gekjs ;gka rkdroj] Js.khc lektksa dh jpuk esa ennxkj cus] ysfdu ogka
ughaA dqN laLd`fr;ka lgkfCn;ksa rd dk;e jghaA----**
&fofy;e eSdfy'k] vejhdk ls igys dk fnu
1- mijksDr vuqPNsn ds ys[kd dk uke fyf[k,A 2
2- vejhdk dh ^îwoZ la;k** ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ 2
3- vejhdk dh iwoZ la;k ls igys bl egk}hi ds yksxksa dh fofo/rkvksa ds ckjs esa o.kZu
dhft,A 4
flMuh ds bykds dk ,d o.kZu] 1790
^^fczfV'kksa dh mifLFkfr us vkfnokfl;ksa ds mRiknu dks ukVdh; <ax ls vLr&O;Lr dj fn;kA
gtkjksa Hkw[ks eq[kksa ds vkus ls] ftuds ihNs&ihNs lSdM+kas vkSj vk,] LFkkuh; lalk/uksa ij vHkwriwoZ
ncko iM+kA
rks nk:d yksxksa us bu lcds ckjs esa lkspk gksxk\ muds fy, ifo=k LFkkuksa dk brus cM+s iSekus ij
fouk'k vkSj viuh tehu ds izfr fofp=k] fgald cjrko le> ls ijs FkkA ;s uokaxrqd fcuk otg isM+ksa
dks dkVrs tkrsA ;g fcuk otg blfy, tku iM+rk Fkk fd mUgsa u Mksxa h cukuh Fkha] u taxyh 'kgn
bdV~Bk djuk Fkk vkSj u gh tkuoj idM+us FksA iRFkjksa dks gVkdj mudk pV~Vk yxk fn;k x;k] feV~Vh
[kksn dj mls vkdkj nsdj idk fn;k x;k] tehu esa xM~<s cuk fn, x,] cgqr Hkkjh&Hkjde bekjrsa rS;kj
dj nh xbA igys&igy mUgksua s bl liQkbZ dh rqyuk fdlh ifo=k vkuq"Bkfud Hkwfe ds fuekZ.k ls dh
gksxh--- laHkor% mUgksaus lkspk fd ,d fo'kky deZdkaMh tylk gksus tk jgk gS vkSj ;g ,d [krjukd
/a/k gksxk] ftlls mUgsa iwjh rjg nwj jguk pkfg,A blesa dksbZ langs ugha fd blds ckn nk:d mu cfLr;ksa
ls cp dj jgus yxs] vkSj jktdh; vigj.k gh mUgsa okil ykus dk ,dek=k rjhdk FkkA**
&ih- fxze'kk] ,e-ysd] ,- eSDxzkFk] ,e-DokVZyh] f,fVax , us'ku)
91 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
1- mijksDr iafDr;ksa dk o.kZu fdl (vkLVsf y;kbZ) bykds dk gS rFkk dc fd;k x;k\ 2
2- bl bykds esa [kk|&lalk/uksa dh deh D;ksa mRiUu gqbZ\ 2
3- fczfV'kksa dh mifLFkfr us vkfnoklh ds thou dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor fd;k\ 4
1854 es]a la;qDr jkT; vejhdk ds jk"Vifr dks ewy fuokfl;ksa ds ,d usrk] fl,Vy ds iz/ku
dk [kr feykA jk"Vifr us iz/ku ls ,d le>kSrs ij nLr[kr djus ds fy, dgk FkkA le>kSrs ds
vuqlkj fl,Vy ds yksxksa dh fjgkb'kh tehu dk ,d cM+k fgLlk vejhdh ljdkj dks lkSia k tkuk
FkkA iz/ku us tokc fn;k%
^^vki vkdk'k dks] Hkwfe dh mQ"ek dks dSls [kjhn ;k csp ldrs gSa\ ;g [k;ky gh ge
yksxksa ds fy, cgqr vtwck gSA vxj vki gok dh rktxh vkSj ikuh dh ped ds Lokeh ugha] rks
vki mls [kjhn dSls ldrs gSa\ /jrh dk gj fgLlk esjh turk ds fy, iq.;&ikou gSA phM+ dh
pedrh gqbZ gj lqbZ] gj ckyqdk&rV] ?kus taxyksa esa iljk gj dqgjk] liQkbZ djus okyk vkSj xquxqukus
okyk gj dhM+k esjs yksxksa dh Le`fr vkSj vuqHkoksa esa ifo=k gSA isMk+ sa esa nkSMr+ k gqvk jl ^jsM eSu*
dh Le`fr;ksa dk okgd gSA------
blfy, okf'kaxVu esa cSBk egku eqf[k;k (xzVs phiQ) tc ;g lans'k Hkstrk gS fd og gekjh
tehu [kjhnuk pkgrk gS] rks og gels dqN T;knk gh mEehn djrk gSA egku eqf[k;k dk lans'k
gS fd og gekjs fy, dksbZ txg eqdjZj dj nsxa s] rkfd ge vkjke ls jg ldsxa sA og gekjs firk
gksxa s vkSj ge muds cPps gksxa sA blfy, ge bl tehu dks [kjhns tkus ds izLrko ij fopkj djsxa sA
ysfdu ;g vklku u gksxk D;ksfa d ;g tehu gekjs fy, ikou gSA /kjkvksa vkSj ufn;ksa esa cgrk gqvk
pedhyk ikuh fliQZ ikuh ugha gS] og gekjs iqj[kksa dk ygw gSA vxj ge vkidks tehu csp nsa rks
vkidks ;g ;kn j[kuk gksxk fd og ifo=k gS vkSj vius cPpksa dks fl[kkuk gksxk fd og ifo=k
gS vkSj mlds rkykcksa ds fuFkjs gq, ikuh esa fn[krk gj Hkwrgk izfrfcac esjh turk ds thou dh
?kVukvksa vkSj Le`fr;ksa dk c;ku djrk gSA ikuh dh dydy esjs firk ds firk dh vkokt gS---**
1- la;qDr jkT; vejhdk ds jk"Vifr dks dc o fdldk [kr feyk\ 2
2- dchyksa dh tehuksa ij vf/dkj djus dks fdl izdkj mfpr Bgjk;k tkrk Fkk\ Li"V
dhft,A 2
3- D;k bl le>kSrs ds fo# rdZ nsus ls vejhdk dk foLrkj #d x;k\ 2
4- D;k le>kSrs dk ikyu mfpr izdkj ls fd;k x;k\ rdZ nsdj mkj dh iqf"V
dhft,A 2
iqQdqtkok ;wfdph (1835&1901)
budk tUe ,d xjhc lkeqjkbZ ifjokj esa gqvkA budh f'k{kk ukxklkdh vkSj vkslkdk esa gqbZ
bUgksua s Mp vkSj if'peh foKku i<+k vkSj ckn esa vaxzsth HkhA 1860 esa os vejhdk esa igys tkikuh
92 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
nwrkokl esa vuqoknd ds :i esa x,A blls bUgsa if'pe ij fdrkc fy[kus ds fy, cgqr dqN feykA
mUgksaus vius fopkj Dykfldh ugha cfYd cksyus pkyus ds vankt esa fy[ksA ;g fdrkc cgqr gh
yksdfiz; gqbZA bUgksua s ,d f'k{kk laLFkku LFkkfir fd;k tks vkt dsvks fo'ofo|ky; ds uke ls tkuk
tkrk gSA os esjksdq'kk (meirokusha) laLFkk ds eq[; lnL;ksa esa ls FksA ;s laLFkk if'peh f'k{kk
dk izpkj djrh FkhA
viuh ,d fdrkc] Kku ds fy, izkRs lkgu (xkdquksu uks lqleq s] 1872&78) esa mUgksaus tkikuh
Kku dh dM+h vkykspuk dh% ^^tkiku ds ikl izkd`frd n`';ksa ds vykok xoZ djus ds fy, dqN
Hkh ugha gS**] mUgksaus vk/qfud dkj[kkuksa o laLFkkvksa ds vykok if'pe ds lkaLd`frd lkjrRo dks
Hkh c<+kok fn;k tks fd muds eqrkfcd lH;rk dh vkRek gSA mlds tfj;s ,d u;k ukxfjd cuk;k
tk ldsxkA budk flkar Fkk] ^^LoxZ us balku dks balku ds mQij ugha cuk;k] u gh balku dks balku
ds uhps**A
1- tkiku ds ,d cqfthoh dk uke fyf[k,A tkiku ds fo"k; esa mudk D;k er Fkk\ 3
2- ^^LoxZ us balku dks balku ds mQij ugha cuk;k gS** ;g dFku fdl iqLrd ls fy;k
x;k gSA 2
3- ys[kd us fdl pht dks c<+kok nsus dh ckr dgh gS\ 3
ijh{kk iz.kkyh
vfHktkr lkk/kjh oxZ esa izos'k (1850 rd yxHkx 11 yk[k) T;knkrj bfErgku ds tfj;s
gh gksrk FkkA blesa 8 Hkkx okyk fuca/ fu/kZfjr izi=k esa (ik&dw osu) 'kkL=kh; phuh esa fy[kuk
gksrk FkkA ;g ijh{kk fofHkUu Lrjksa ij gj 3 lky esa 2 ckj vk;ksftr dh tkrh FkhA igys Lrj dh
ijh{kk esa dsoy 1&2 izfr'kr yksx 24 lky dh mez rd ikl gks ikrs Fks vkSj os (lqanj izfrHkk)
cu tkrs FksA bl fMxzh ls mUgsa fupys dqyhu oxZ esa izos'k fey tkrk FkkA 1850 ls igys fdlh
Hkh le; 526]869 flfoy vkSj 212]330 lSU; izkra h; ('ksxa gqvku) fMxzh okys yksx iwjs ns'k esa
ekStnw FksA ns'k esa dsoy 27]000 jktdh; in Fks] blfy, dbZ fupys ntsZ ds fMxzh/kjdksa ds ikl
ukSdjh ugha gksrh FkhA ;g bfErgku foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh ds fodkl esa ck/d dk dke djrk Fkk]
D;ksfa d blesa fliZQ lkfgfR;d dkS'ky dh ekax gksrh FkhA pawfd ;g Dykfld phuh lh[kus ds gquj
ij gh vk/kfjr Fkk] ftldh vk/qfud fo'o esa dksbZ izklaxfxrk utj ugha vkrh Fkh] blfy, 1905
esa bl iz.kkyh dks [kRe dj fn;k x;kA
1- phu esa vfHktkr lkk/kjh oxZ esa izos'k ijh{kk dh iz.kkyh dh of.kZr dhft,A 2
2- 1850 ls iwoZ flfoy vkSj lSU; izkUrh; fMxzh okyksa dh la[;k fdruh Fkh\ 2
3- phu esa ;g iz.kkyh dc o D;ksa lekIr gqbZ\ 2
4- iqjkuh phuh ijh{kk&iz.kkyh dc rFkk fdl ;q ds ckn lekIr dh xbZ\ 2
93 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
dkj Dyc
eksxk% &vk/qfud yM+dh* ds fy, laf{kIr 'kCnA ;g 20oha 'krkCnh esa fyax cjkcjh] fo'otuhu
(dkWLeksikWfyVu) laLd`fr vkSj fodflr vFkZO;oLFkk ds fopkjksa ds ,d lkFk vkus dk lwpd gSA
u, e;e oxZ ifjokjksa us vkokxeu vkSj euksjatu ds u, rjhdksa dk yqRiQ mBk;kA 'kgjksa esa fctyh
dh Vkeksa ds lkFk ifjogu csgrj gqvkA 1878 ls turk ds fy, ckx cuk;s x, vkSj cM+h nqdkus
fMikVZeVsa LVksj cuus yxsA VksD;ksa esa fxUtk fxucqjk ds fy, ,d iSQ'kuscy
q bykdk cu x;kA fxucqjk
'kCn fxUtk vkSj cqjcqjk feyk dj cuk;k x;k gSA cqjcqjk dk vFkZ gS ^fcuk fdlh y{; ds ?kweuk*A
1925 esa igyk jsfM;ks&LVs'ku [kqykA vfHkus=kh ekRlqbZ] lqekdks] bClu ds ukVd ,d xqfM+;k dk ?kj
(A Doll's House) esa uksjk dk csgrjhu fdjnkj fuHkk dj jk"Vh; Lrj dh rkfjdk cu xbZA
1899 esa fiQYesa cuus yxha vkSj tYn gh ntZu Hkj daifu;ka lSdM+kas dh rknkn esa fiQYesa cukus yxhaA
;g nkSj vkst ls Hkjk gqvk Fkk vkSj bl nkSjku lkekftd jktuhfrd O;ogkj ds ikjaifjd ekudksa
ij loky mBk;s x,A
1- eksxk 'kCn ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ 2
2- 1978 esa turk ds fy, fd;s x;s fdUgha nks dkj.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A 2
3- ^fxucqjk* vkSj ^cqjcqjk* dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A 2
4- igyk jsfM;ks&LVs'ku dc [kqyk rFkk fiQYesa dc cuus yxha\ 2
tkikuh Hkk"kk ,d lkFk rhu fyfi;ksa dk iz;ksx djrh gSA buesa ls ,d dkath] tkikfu;ksa us
phfu;ksa ls NBh 'krkCnh esa yhA pwafd mudh Hkk"kk phuh Hkk"kk ls cgqr vyx gS] mUgksaus nks oU;kRed
o.kZekykvksa dk fodkl Hkh fd;k& ghjkxkuk vkSj drkdkukA ghjkxkuk ukjh lqyHk le>h tkrh gS
D;ksfa d gsvku dky esa cgqr lh ysf[kdk,a bldk bLrseky djrh Fkha& tSls fd eqjklkdhA ;g phuh
fp=kkRed fpg~uksa vkSj oU;kRed v{kjksa (ghjkxkuk vFkok drkdkuk) dks feykdj fy[kh tkrh gSA
'kCn dk izeq[k Hkkx dkath ds fpg~u ls fy[kk tkrk gS vkSj ckdh dk ghjkxkuk esAa
oU;kRed v{kjekyk dh ekStnw xh ds pyrs Kku dqyhu oxks ls O;kid lekt esa dkiQh rsth
ls iSQy ldkA 1880 ds n'kd esa ;g lq>ko fn;k x;k fd tkikuh ;k rks iwjh rjg ls o;kUred
fyfi dk fodkl djsa ;k dksbZ ;wjksih; Hkk"kk viuk ysAa nksuksa esa ls dqN Hkh ugha fd;k x;kA
1- tkikuh Hkk"kk esa ,d lkFk fdruh fyfi;ksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ,d dk uke fyf[k;s rFkk og
dgka ls yh xbZ\ 2
2- nks oU;kRed o.kZekykvksa ds uke fyf[k,A 2
3- 1880 ds n'kd esa D;k lq>ko fn;k x;k\ D;k og liQy gqvk\ 2
4- ghjkxkuk ukjh lqyHk le>h tkrh Fkh D;ks\a Li"V dhft,A 2
94 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&1
vH;kl ekufp=k (vhdk)
1- vhdk ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr dks vafdr dhft,A

1- eksjDdks] 2- pkM] 3- dsU;k] 4- lksekfy;k] 5- ekstkfEcd
95 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&1
;wjksi
fn, x,s ;wjksi ds ekufp=k esa 1&5 LFkku fn, x, gSa mUgsa igpku dj muds uke fyf[k,
96 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&2
if'pe ,f'k;k
fn, x, if'pe ,f'k;k ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr dks vafdr dhft,A

1- ntyk unh] 2- bZjku] 3- mj] 4- cschyksu] 5- lhfj;k
97 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&2
if'pe ,f'k;k
2
3
1
fn, x, if'pe ,f'k;k ds ekufp=k ij ikap LFkku 1&5 rd fn, x, gSa igpku dj muds uke
fyf[k,&
98 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&3
fn;s x;s ;wjksi o mkjh vhdk ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr dks vafdr dhft,\
1- jkse] fllyh] nfe'd] dqLrqra qfu;k] usiYl
99 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&3
fn;s x;s if'pe ,f'k;k ds ekufp=k ds 1&5 LFkku fn[kk;s x;s gSa mUgsa igpku dj muds uke fy[kksA
100 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&4
fn;s x;s ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr bLykfed {ks=kksa dks vafdr dhft,A
1- enhuk] eDdk] cxnkn] fu'kkiqj] xt+uh
101 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&4
fn;s x;s ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr bLykfed {ks=kksa ds ikap LFkku 1&5 rd fn[kk,s x, gSA mUgsa
igpkudj muds uke fyf[k,A
102 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&5
fn;s x;s ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr eaxksy lkezkT; ds ikap LFkku 1&5 rd fn[kk,s x, gSA mUgsa igpkudj
muds uke fyf[k,A
103 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&5
fn;s x;s ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr eaxksy lkezkT; ds fuEufyf[kr LFkkuksa dks vafdr dhft,A
dkjkdksje] rqi+QkZu] fgjkr] eoZ] rk'kdUn
104 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&6
fn;s x;s if'peh ;wjksi ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr LFkkuksa dks vafdr dhft,A
teZu jkT;] bVyh] bafXy'k pSuy] vkfLV;k] iqrZxky
105 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&6
fn;s x;s if'peh ;wjksi ds ekufp=k esa 1&5 LFkku fn, x;s gSaA mUgsa igpkudj muds uked fyf[k,A
106 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&7
fn;s x;s bVyh ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr jkT;ksa dks vafdr dhft,\
dksflZdk] lkMhZfu;k] tsusok] yksjl
sa ] iknqvk
107 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&7
3
2
fn;s x;s ekufp=k esa bVyh ds 1&5 jkT; fn[kk, x;s gSa mUgsa igpkudj muds uked fyf[k,A
108 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&8
fn;s x;s e; vesfjdk ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr dks vafdr dhft,&

,tVsd lkezkT;] ek;k laLd`fr] badk lkezkT;] dqtdks] eSfDldks dh [kkM+h
109 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&8
fn;s x;s vhdk ds ekufp=k esa 1&5 LFkku fn[kk, x, gSa tgka ls nkl idM+dj ys tk;s x;sA
mu LFkkuksa dks igpkudj muds uke fyf[k,A
110 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&9
fn;s x;s fczVsu ds ekufp=k esa ykSg] dks;yk m|ksx ds fuEufyf[kr {ks=kksa dks vafdr dhft,\
U;wdSly] yadk'kk;j] eSupsLVj] cfeZ?kae] yanu
111 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&9
fn;s x;s fczVsu ds ekufp=k esa oL=k mRiknu ds 1&5 LFkku fn;s x;s gSa mUgsa igpkudj muds uke
fyf[k,A
112 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&10
fn;s x;s la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr LFkkuksa dks fn[kkb,A
1- U;w;kWdZ] fef'kxu] tksftZ;k] vyckek] yksfjMk
113 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fo"k;&10
fn;s x;s vkLVfs y;k ds ekufp=k esa 1&5 LFkkuksa dks igpkudj muds uke fyf[k,A
114 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&11
fn;s x;s iwohZ ,f'k;k ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr LFkkuksa dks vafdr dhft,&
1- Vksfd;k] 2- D;ksrks] 3- fgjksf'kek] 4- 'ka?kkbZ] 5- ukxklkdh
115 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fo"k;&11
1
2
5 3
4
fn;s x;s iwohZ ,f'k;k ds ekufp=k esa 1&5 LFkkuksa dks igpkudj vafdr dhft,A
116 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

HISTORY SAMPLE PAPER
Solved
le; % 3 ?k.Vs vf/dre vad % 100
lkekU; funs'Z k %
1- lHkh iz'uksa ds mkj nhft,A izR;sd iz'u ds vad lkeus fy[ks gSaA
2- 2 vad okys iz'u ([k.M ^d*) dk mkj 30 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A
3- 5 vad okys iz'u ([k.M ^[k) dk mkj 100 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A
4- 10 vad okys iz'u ([k.M ^x*) dk mkj 500 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A
5- [k.M ^?k* esa ksr vk/kfjr iz'u fn;s x;s gSaA
6- ekufp=k mkj iqfLrdk ds lkFk layXu dhft,A
[k.M ^d*
1- jkse lkezkT; ds ifjiz{s ; esa ^x.kra=k* dk vFkZ le>kb,A
2- lkearoknh izFkk esa êsuj* fdls dgrs Fks\ fdUgha nks fcUnqvksa dh ppkZ dhft,A
3- ^vkS|ksfxd kafr fdls dgrs gSa O;k[;k dhft,A
[k.M ^[k* (vuqHkkx 1)
fdUgha rhu iz'uksa ds mkj nhft,A
4- ;g dguk dgka rd mfpr gS fd eslksiksVkfe;k HkkSxksfyd fofo/rk dk {ks=k gS\ blds i{k
esa mkj nhft,A
5- ^;k;kojksa dks O;kikj ds fy, phu ds ikl tkuk iM+rk FkkA* ;g O;oLFkk nksuksa i{kksa ds fy,
fdl izdkj ykHkdkjh FkhA fooj.k nhft,A
6- ^nkl izttu* dk vFkZ le>krs gq, fyf[k, fd nkl HkkM+s ds etnwjksa ds foijhr fdl izdkj
egaxs iM+rs Fks\
7 f[kykiQr dh LFkkiuk ds ihNs D;k mn~ns'; Fks\ igys pkj [kyhiQkvksa ds dky dk fooj.k
nhft,A
fdUgha nks iz'uksa ds mkj nhft,A
8- phu esa x.krU=k dh LFkkiuk ds fofHkUu pj.kksa dk lekykspukRed fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
9- xksYM j'k ls fdl izdkj la;qDr jkT; vejhdk esa m|ksxksa dh o`f gqbZ\ foLrkjiwoZd fyf[k,A
10- fczVsu esa dkuwuksa ds tfj;s vkSjrksa vkSj cPpksa ds dke dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa D;k cnyko ykus
dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ\ D;k ;s dkuwu bl dk;Z esa liQy gq,\ rdZ lfgr mkj nhft,A
117 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
11- ôS;fDrdrk vkSj ukxfjdrk ds u,] fopkjksa ls efgykvksa dks nwj j[kk x;k* bl dFku dh
leh{kk iqutkZxj.k ds ifjiz{s ; esa dhft,A
12- foKku vkSj n'kZu esa vjfc;ksa ds ;ksxnku dks fyf[k,A ;g iqutkZxj.k esa fdl gn rd dke
vk;k foLrkjiw.kZ mkj nhft,A
13- e;dkyhu ;wjksi esa uxjokfl;ksa dks pkSFkk oxZ dguk dgka rd mfpr gksxk\
14- dksVsl Z ds fo"k; esa la{ksi esa crkb,A mlus ,tVsd leqnk; dks fdl izdkj gjk;k\
[k.M ^x*
15- eslksiksVkfe;k ds 'kgjh thou dk foLr`r fooj.k nhft,A
vFkok
izkjafHkd ekuo dgk jgrs Fks vkSj os fdu rjhdksa ls viuk Hkkstu tqVkrs Fks\
16- esth iquLFkkZiuk ds ckn tkiku esa vk;h vk/qfudrk dk fooj.k nhft,A
vFkok
1960 ds n'kd ls vkLVfs y;kbZ ewy fuokfl;ksa ds izfr cnyko dh ygj dk fooj.k nhft,A
[k.M ^?k*
17- fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsnksa dks ;kuiwod Z if<+, vkSj muds var esa iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mkj nhft,%&
MkWDVj xSysu ds vuqlkj jkseu 'kgj dk xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ds lkFk crkZo
dbZ izkra ksa esa yxkrkj dbZ o"kks ls iM+ jgs vdky us lk/kj.k ls lk/kj.k cqfokys vkneh
dks Hkh ;g crk fn;k fd yksxksa esa dqiks"k.k ds dkj.k chekfj;k gks jgh gSaA 'kgj esa jgus okys
yksxksa dk iQly dVkbZ ds 'kh?kz ckn vxys iwjs o"kZ ds fy, i;kZIr ek=kk esa [kk|kUu vius
HkaMkjksa esa Hkj ysuk ,d fjokt FkkA lkjk xsg]wa tkS] lse rFkk elwj vkSj nkyksa dk dkiQh cM+k
fgLlk 'kgfj;ksa }kjk ys tkus ds ckn Hkh dbZ izdkj dh nkysa fdlkuksa ds fy, cph jg xb
FkhaA lfnZ;ksa ds fy, tks dqN Hkh cpk Fkk] mls [kk&ihdj [kRe dj nsus ds i'pkr nsgkrh
yksxksa dks olar rq esa vLokLF;dj [kk|ksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+k_ mUgksaus isMk+ sa dh Vgfu;k]
Nkys]a tM+]sa >kfM+;ka] v[kk| isM+ ikS/s vkSj iks [kkdj fdlh rjg vius izk.kksa dks cpk, j[kkA
&xSysu] vkWu xqM ,.M cSM MkbV
d) bl vuqPNsn ds ys[kd dk uke crkb,A (1)
[k) MkWDVj xSysu ds vuqlkj jkseu 'kgj ds yksx fdl rjg dk crkZo xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ds lkFk
djrs Fks\ (3)
x) jkse lkezkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ,EiQksjk dk D;k egRo Fkk\ fyf[k,A (4)
118 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

vFkok
vkn'kZ fo|kFkhZ
ckjgoha krkCnh ds cxnkn esa dkuwu vkSj fpfdRlk ds fo"k;ksa ds fo}ku&vCn vy&yrhiQ
(Abd alLatif)vius vkn'kZ fo|kFkhZ ls ckr dj jgs gSa%
^êsjk vuqjks/ gS fd vki fcuk fdlh dh lgk;rk ds] dsoy iqLrdksa ls gh] foKku u lh[ks]a
pkgs vkidks le>us dh viuh ;ksX;rk ij Hkjkslk gksA mUgsa izR;sd fo"k; ds fy, ftldk
Kku vki izkIr djuk pkgrsa gks]a v;kidksa dk lgkjk ys]a vkSj ;fn vkids v;kid dks Kku
lhfer gks] rks tks dqN og ns ldrk gS mls izkIr dj ys]a tc rd vkidks mlls ;ksX; v;kid
u fey tk,A vkidks vius v;kid dk vknj vkSj lEeku vo'; djuk pkfg,A tc vki
dksbZ iqLrd i<+as] rks mls daBLFk djus vkSj mlds vFkZ ij iw.kZ vf/dkj izkIr dj ysAa eku
yks fd iqLrd [kks xbZ gS vkSj vki mls NksM+ ldrs gSa rc iqLrd daBLFk gksus ij vkidk
dqN ugha fcxM+xs kA O;fDr dks bfrgkl dh iqLrd i<+uh pkfg,] thofu;k vkSj jk"Vksa ds vuqHkoksa
dk v;;u djuk pkfg,A ,slk djus ls ;g yxsxk fd i<+us okyk vius vYi thou&dky
esa vrhr ds yksxksa ds lkFk jg jgk gSA muds lkFk mlds ?kfu"B laca/ gSa vkSj muesa vPNksa
vkSj cqjksa dks igpkurk gSA vkidks viuk vkpj.k 'kq: ds eqlyekuksa ds vkpj.k ds vuq:i
cukuk pkfg,A blfy,] iSxEcj dh thouh dks i<+ks vkSj muds in&fpUgksa ij pyksA vkidks
vius LoHkko ds ckjs esa vPNh jk; j[kus dh ctk;] ml ij ckjackj vfo'okl djuk pkfg,]
viuk ;ku fo}ku yksxksa vkSj mudh d`fr;ksa ij yxkuk pkfg,] cgqr lko/kuh ls vkxs c<+uk
pkfg, vkSj dHkh Hkh tYnckth ugha djuh pkfg,A ftl O;fDr us v;;u dk ncko u >syk
gks] og Kku ds vkuan dk etk ugha ys ldrkA tc vkius viuk v;;u vkSj fparu euu
iwjk dj fy;k gks] rks viuh thHk dks vYykg dk uke ysus ds dk;Z esa O;Lr jf[k, vkSj
vYykg dk xq.kxku dhft,A ;fn lalkj vkidh vksj ihB eksM+ ys] rks f'kdk;r u djsAa ;g
tku ysa fd Kku dHkh [kRe ugha gksrk] og ihNs viuh lqxa/ NksM+ tkrk gS] tks mlds Lokeh
dk irk crk nsrh gS Kku izdk'k vkSj kafr dh fdj.k Kkuh ij pedrh jgrh gS vkSj mldh
vksj ladsr djrh jgrh gSA**
&vgen bCu vy dkfle bCu vch ml;fc;k] m;wu vy vUck
d) bl ksr ds ys[kd dk uke crkb,A (1)
[k) bl ksr esa fdu nks O;fDr;ksa ds chp ckr gks jgh gS\ (2)
x) vkn'kZ fo|kFkhZ dkSu gksrk gS bl ksr ds vk/kj ij fyf[k,A (2)
?k) KkuksiktZu ds fy, v;kid ds egRo ij vius fopkj O;Dr dhft,A (3)
18- csusfMDVhu (Benedictine) eBksa esa fHk{kqvksa ds fy, ,d gLrfyf[kr iqLrd gksrh Fkh
ftlesa fu;eksa ds 73 v;k; FksA bldk ikyu fHk{kqvksa }kjk dbZ lfn;ksa rd fd;k tkrk jgkA
bl iqLrd ds dqN fu;e bl izdkj gSA&
119 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
v;k; 6 % fHk{kqvksa dks cksyus dh vkKk dHkh&dHkh gh nh tkuh pkfg,A
v;k; 7 % fouezrk dk vFkZ gS vkKk ikyuA
v;k; 33 % fdlh Hkh fHk{kq dks futh laifk ugha j[kuh pkfg,A
v;k; 47 % vkyL; vkRek dk 'k=kq gS] blfy, fHk{kq vkSj fHk{kqf.k;ksa dks fuf'pr le;
esa 'kkjhfjd Je vkSj fuf'pr ?kaVksa esa ifo=k ikB djuk pkfg,A
v;k; 48 % eB bl izdkj cukus pkfg, fd vko';drk dh leLr oLrq,& ty] pDdh]
m|ku] dk;Z'kkyk lHkh mldh lhek ds vanj gksAa
d) eksuSLVh 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A (2)
[k) k;j fdUgsa dgrs gSa\ (2)
x) fHk{kqvksa ds fy, gLrfyf[kr iqLrd esa fn;s x;s fdUgha pkj fu;eksa dk o.kZu
dhft,A (4)
vFkok
^^fdrus cgknqj iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa us vius dqVaqcf;ksa ds lkFk uk'rk dj mlh jkf=k dks nwljh
nqfu;k esa vius iwoZtksa ds lkFk jkf=k Hkkstu fd;k gksxkA yksxksa dh gkyr n;uh; Fkh ftls
ns[kk ugha tk ldrk FkkA os gtkjksa dh la[;k esa izfrfnu chekj gksrs Fks vkSj fcuk fdlh enn
ds ej tkrs FksA vusd [kqyh xfy;ksa esa ejrs Fks vkSj ckdh vius ?kjksa esa ejrs Fks bldk irk
muds lM+s 'kjhj dh cncw ls pyrk Fkk pwafd ifo=k dfczLrku bruh vf/d la[;k esa 'kjhjksa
dks nckus ds fy, i;kZIr ugha Fks vr% mudks lSdM+ks dh la[;k esa cM+h&cM+h [kandksa esa
Mky fn;k tkrk Fkk] tSls fd iksr esa lkeku dks Hkjk tkrk gS] vkSj mQij FkksMh+ lh feV~Vh
Mky nh tkrh FkhA**
&ftvksokuh cksdkfp;ks (Giovanni Boccacio) (1313&75)] brkyoh ys[kd
d) bl ksr ds ys[kd dk uke fyf[k,A (1)
[k) 14oha lnh ;wjksi esa egkekjh ds dkj.k gksus okys fouk'k dk fooj.k nhft,A (3)
x) ;g =kklnh ;wjksi dh dkSu&lh voLFkk ls lacaf/r gS\ foLrkj iw.kZ fyf[k,A (4)
19- ^^vejhdk dh iwoZla;k (;kuh tc ;wjksih; yksx vk, vkSj bl egk}hi dks mUgksaus vejhdk
uke fn;k) ls Bhd igys rd fofo/rk gj txg iljh gqbZ FkhA yksx lkS ls Hkh T;knk tckusa
cksyrs FksA os f'kdkj] eNyh idM+uk] laxzg.k] ckxokuh vkSj [ksrh esa tks&tks eqefdu gks] og
lc vktekrs gq, viuh thfodk dekrs FksA feV~Vh dh xq.kokk dSlh gS vkSj mlds bLrseky
rFkk ns[k&Hkky ds fy, fdrus iz;kl dh njdkj gS] blh ij thus ds rjhds dk mudk pquko
120 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fuHkZj djrk FkkA lkaLd`frd vkSj lkekftd iwoZxzg ds vk/kj ij dqN nwljh phtsa r; gksrh
FkhaA eNyh] vukt] ckx ds isM&+ ikS/s] ekal& buds vf/'ks"k gekjs ;gka rkdroj] Js.khc
lektksa dh jpuk esa ennxkj cus] ysfdu ogka ughaA dqN laLd`fr;ka lgkfCn;ksa rd dk;e
jghaA----**
&fofy;e eSdfy'k] vejhdk ls igys dk fnu
d) bl ksr ds ys[kd dk uke crkb,A mudh d`fr dk uke fyf[k,A (2)
[k) ^vejhdk dh iwoZ la;k* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ (1)
x) ûsfVo* fdUgsa dgk tkrk Fkk\ (2)
?k) usfVo dk thou fdl izdkj fof/rk ls iw.kZ FkkA foLrkjiw.kZ fyf[k,A (3)
pkYlZ fMdUl (1812&70) vkS|ksfxdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i xjhcksa ds fy, tks Hk;adj fLFkfr
mRiUu gqbZ mldk laHkor% lcls dBksj ledkyhu vkykspd FksA mUgksaus vius miU;kl gkMZ
VkbEl esa ,d dkYifud vkS|ksfxd uxj ^dksdVkmu* dk cM+k lVhd o.kZu fd;k gSA** ;g
,d yky bVksa ls cuk uxj Fkk] ysfdu mldh bVksa dk jax ykyk rHkh jg ldrk Fkk ;fn
/q,a vkSj jk[k us mls iksrdj cnjax u dj fn;k gksrk_ ysfdu gkyr ;g Fkh fd ;g dLck
vthc yky vkSj dkys jax ds feJ.k ls iqrk Fkk ekuks og fdlh [kw[a kkj vkneh dk psgjk
gksA ;g e'khuksa vkSj mu yach xxupaqch fpefu;ksa dk 'kgj ftuesa ls /q,a ds lkaiksa dh vVwV
iafDr;ka dHkh dqMa fyr u gksdj] yxkrj fudyrh jgrh FkhaA bl uxj esa ,d dkyh ugj
Fkh vkSj ,d unh Hkh Fkh ftldk ikuh cncwnkj jatd xanxh ls Hkjdj cSxa uh jax dk gks x;k
FkkA ogka <sjksa bekjrsa Fkha tks muds Hkhrj pyus okyh e'khuksa ds dkj.k gjne dkairh jgrh
Fkha vkSj mudh f[kM+fd;ka ges'kk gh [kM+drh jgrh Fkha vkSj ogka Hkki ds batu dk fiLVu
mdrkgV ds lkFk mQij&uhps gksrk jgrk Fkk] ekuks fdlh gkFkh dk flj gks tks vius nq%[kHkjs
ikxyiu esa vka[ks iQkM+s ,d gh vksj ns[k jgk gksA**
d) bl ksr esa fn;s x;s ys[kd o mldh d`fr dk uke fyf[k,A (2)
[k) ys[kd ds dkYifud uxj dk uke fyf[k,A (1)
x) bl uxj dk o.kZu dhft,A (3)
?k) vkids fopkj ls ;g o.kZu dgka rd lVhd Fkk\ (2)
[k.M ^;*
20- fn;s x;s vhdk ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr LFky fn[kkbZ,A (5)
1- pkM] 2- bfFk;ksfi;k] 3- nj ,l lqYrku] 4- nh dsYMlZ] 5- ekstkfEcd
vFkok
121 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

fn;s x;s ,f'k;k ds ekufp=k esa eaxksy lkezkT; ds dksbZ ikap LFky fn[kkb,A
21- fn;s x;s vkLVfs y;k ds ekufp=k esa ikap LFkku&1&5 fn[kk, x, gSaA mUgsa igpku dj muds
uke fyf[k,A (5)
fuEufyf[kr iz'u dsoy n`f"Vghu ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ekufp=k iz'u (iz-la- 20 vkSj 21)
ds LFkku ij gSA
20- vkfnekuo ls tqM+s vhdk ds dksbZ ikap LFkyksa ds uke fyf[k,A
vFkok
eaxksy lkezkT; ls tqM+s dksbZ ikap LFky fyf[k,A (5)
21- vkLVfs y;k ds ikap izeq[k 'kgjksa ds uke fyf[k,A (5)
20 (d) vhdk
122 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

20 ([k)
123 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

21
124 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

Solved
1- ^x.kra=k* & 'kklu O;oLFkkA
lkk ^lSusV* ds gkFk esa FkhA (1$1)
2- vfHktkr oxZ & dk ?kj] futh [ksr] pjkxkgA
O;fDrxr Hkwfe d`"kdksa }kjk tksrh tkrh FkhA (1$1)
3- og ifjorZu tks fczVsu ds vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa 1760 vkSj 1820 ds chp gq,A
nwjxkeh izHkko fo'o ij iM+As (1$1)
4- iwoksZ kj Hkkx esa & gjs&Hkjs] eSnkuA
mkj esa & LVsih&?kkl ds eSnkuA
iwoZ esa & ntyk dh lgk;d ufn;kaA
nf{k.k Hkkx & jsfxLrkuA
jgu lgu] Hkk"kk ij vljA 1x5)
5- LVsih {ks=k & lalk/uksa dh dehA
& ;k;koj & [ksrh ds mRikn vkSj yksgs ds midj.k phu ls izkIr djrs FksA
& ?kksMs+] iQj] f'kdkj dk fofue; djrs FksA
& rukoiw.kZ fofue;A
& ywVikV dh fLFkfr Hkh gks tkrh FkhA (1x5)
6- nkl iztuu & xqykeksa dh la[;k c<+kus dh izFkk nkl nkfl;ksa dks vf/d cPps iSnk djus
ds fy, izkRs lkfgr fd;k tkrk FkkA
& nkl egaxs & j[k j[kko dk [kpkZ] vU; [kpsZ Hkh mBkus iM+rs FksA
& nkl (eqDr nkl Hkh) O;kikj&izca/dksa ds :i esa fu;qDr gksrs FksA
& dksywesYyk dh fliQkfj'kA (2$1$1$1)
7- mn~ns'; & dchyksa ij fu;a=k.k] mEek dk xBu jkT; ds fy, lalk/u tqVkuk
vcw cdj & fonzksgksa dk neuA
mej & mEek dh lkk dk foLrkjA
mFkeku & fu;a=k.k e; ,f'k;k rd c<+k;kA
vyh & eqlyekuksa esa njkj vkSj xgjh gks xbZA (2$1$1$1)
125 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
8- 1911 esa ekapw lkezkT; dks lekIr dj fn;kA
& lu ;kr&lsu dk usr`RoA
& lu ds rhu flkarA
& igys nks flkarksa ij dqvksehurkax dk tksjA
& rhljs flkar ij lkE;oknh ny dk tksjA
& phu esa x`g ;qA (1x5)
9- dSyhiQksfuZ;k esa lksus ds dqN fpg~u feys
& jsyos dk fuekZ.kA
& m|ksxksa dk fodklA
& [ksrh dk foLrkjA
& vejhdk dk ,d 'kfDr ds :i esa mn; (1x5)
10- 1819 ds dkuwu& 9 o"kZ ls de cPps iSQfDV;ksa esa dke ugha djsxa sA
& 9&16 lky ds cPpksa dh dke dh lhek 12 ?kaVs
& 1833 ds vf/fu;e & 9 o"kZ ls de vk;q okys cPps js'ke dh iSQfDV;ksa esa dke
dj ldsxa sA
& 10 ?kaVs dk fnuA
& ;s vf/fu;e diM+k m|ksxksa esa ykxw ughaA (1x5)
11- iq#"kksa dk izHkqRo&vfHktkr oxZ esAa
& yM+dksa dks f'k{kkA
& efgyk,a O;kikj esa n[ky ugha nsrh FkhaA
& ngst u feyus ij yM+fd;ksa dks eBksa esa Hkst nsrs FksA
& O;kikjh ifjokjksa esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr fHkUuA
& dqN efgyk,a ckSfd :i ls jpukRed FkhaA (1x5)
12- 14oha 'krkCnh esa vjc ds vuqokndksa dk egRo&viQykrwu vkSj vjLrw dh d`fr;ka
& VkWyseh dh d`fr dk vjch esa vuqoknA
& eqlyeku ys[kdks&a bCu&fluk] vy&jkthA
& vjch nk'kZfud bCu #'n dh ifrA
& blls ekuorkoknh fopkj/kjk dk izHkqRo c<+kA
13- ûxj dh gok Lora=k cukrh gS* ,d izfl dgkorA
& Lora=k gksus dh bPNk j[kus okys vusd d`f"knkl Hkkx dj uxj esa fNi tkrs FksA
126 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
& tula[;k] O;kikj vkSj uxjksa dk foLrkj gqvkA
& uxjksa us ykWMZ ds fu;a=k.k ls eqfDr dh vf/d laHkkouk,a iznku dhA
& Js.kh dk laxBuA
& uxj ,d vyx oxZ cu dj mHkjk] lkearokn ds iru esa ,d vge dkj.k cukA
14- dksVsl
Z dks fuokZflr nsork dk vorkj ekuk x;k tks cnyk ysus ds fy, izdV gqvk gSA
& og D;wck dk fuoklh Fkk] ftlus VkWVkuSd leqnk; ls nksLrh djhA
& dksVsl Z vkSj mlds lSfudksa us VySDldykuks ij geyk fd;kA
& ,tVsd yksxksa }kjk Lisfu;ksa dk LokxrA
& vkalHw kjh jkr dk gR;kdkaMA
& Mksuk eSjhuk&dksVZsl dh lgkf;dkA (1x5)
16- uxj ds yksx vkRefuHkZj ugha FksA
& Je&foHkktuA
& vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk lkekftd laxBu
& O;kikj (?kjsyw o fo'o Lrj dk)A
& ys[ku dykA
& lk{kjrkA
& eafnj dk egRoA
& ikfjokfjd thouA
& mj uxj dk voyksduA (1x8=8)
+ 2 marks for reflective thinking
vFkok
& ,d gh {ks=k esa gksfefuM vU; izkbesVksa vkSj ekalHkf{k;ksa ds lkFk fuokl djrs FksA
& 400]000 ls 125]000 igys xqiQkvksa rFkk [kqys fuokl {ks=k dk izpyu 'kq: gks x;kA
& nf{k.k kal esa fLFkr ystjsV xqiQkA
& Vsjk vekVk dk iqjkLFkyA
& Hkkstu tqVkus ds rjhds & laxzg.k] f'kdkj] viektZu vkSj eNyh idM+ukA
16- & iQqdksdq D;ksgs dk ukjkA
& lezkV&O;oLFkk dk iqufuZekZ.k] lw;Z nsoh dk oa'kt vkSj if'pehdj.k dk usrkA
& 1870 ds n'kd esa u;h fo|ky; O;oLFkkA
& jk"V ds ,dhdj.k ds fy, u;k iz'kklfud <kapk rS;kjA
127 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
& lsuk esa dke vfuok;Z] vk/qfud lSU; cyA
& yksdrkaf=kd lafo/kuA
& etcwr fons'k uhfrA
& vFkZ O;oLFkk dk vk/qfudhdj.kA (1x8=8)
+ 2 marks for reflective thinking
vFkok
& 1968 esa MCY;w bZ- ,p- LVSuj ds O;k[;ku ^fn xzVs vkWLVsf y;u lkbysal*] ls rsth
ls ifjorZuA
& 1970 ds n'kd ls mkjh vejhdk dh rjg ewy fuokfl;ksa dks u, :i esa le>us dh
pkgr tkx xbZA
& mUgsa fof'k"V laLd`fr;ksa okys leqnk;ksa ds :i esa ns[kk x;kA
& gsujh jsukWYM~l dh iqLrd Ôgkb ojaV oh VksYM*\ dk vljA
& ewy fuokfl;ksa dh laLd`fr;ksa dk v;;u djus ds fy, fo'ofo|ky;h foHkkxksa dh
LFkkiuk gqbZA
& ewy fuokfl;ksa us vius thou&bfrgklksa dks fy[kuk 'kq: fd;kA
& 1974 ls ^cgqlaLd`frokn* vkLVfs y;k dh jktdh; uhfr jgh gSA
& fefJr jDr okys yksxksa dk bfrgkl
& lkoZtfud :i ls ekiQh ekaxus dh xqtkfj'k (vejhdk ls rqyuk dj ldrs gSa)
(1x8$2=10)
17- d) MkWDVj xSysuA (1)
[k) i;kZIr ek=kk esa [kk|kUu Hkjus dk fjokt jln esa cM+k fgLlkA
x) de [kk|ksa ij nsgkfr;ksa dks fuHkZj NksMr+ s FksA (3)
?k) tSrwu ds rsy dk egRoA
& rjy inkFkks dh <qykbZ ds fy, eVds& ,EiQksjk dk cgqr la[;k esa ekStnw
& Msl y&20 dk mRiknA
& Lisu ls rsy dk O;kikjA (4)
vFkok
d) vgen bCn vy dkfle bCu vch ml;fc;kA (1)
[k) fo|kFkhZ rFkk fpfdRlk fo"k;ksa ds fo}ku vCn vy&yrhi+QA (2)
x) Kku iqLrdksa ls ijsA
128 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

Kku dgha ls Hkh izkIr djsAa
v;kidksa dk vknj vkfnA (2)
?k) v;kid dk lEeku o mlds izfr fu"BkA (3)
18- xzhd Hkk"kk dk 'kCn&eksuksl ls cukA vFkZ& O;fDr tks vdsyk jgrk gksA (1$1)
& tks fHk{kq eB esa ugha jgrs Fks (2)
& de cksyuk
& fouez jguk
& futh laifk u gksuk
& vkyl u djuk (1$1$1$1)
vFkok
1- ftvksokuh cksdkfp;ks (1)
2- (i) gkyr n;uh;] chekjh] xfy;ksa esa yk'ks]a dfczLrku Hkjk gqvkA (1$1$1$1)
(ii) 14oha lnh dk ladV& ekSle esa cnykoA
(iii) tula[;k o`fA
(iv) pkanh dh [kkuksa ds mRiknu esa dehA
3- vkfFkZd eanhA (1$1$1$1)
19- fofy;e eSdfy'k] vejhdk ls igys dk fnu (1$1)
& tc ;wjksih; yksx vk, vkSj bl egk}hi dks mUgksaus vejhdk uke fn;kA (1)
& ûsfVo* (ewy ckf'kank)] og O;fDr tks vius ekStnw k fuokl&LFkku esa gh iSnk gqvkA (2)
& vusd tckus cksyrs FksA
fofHkUu izdkj ls thfodk dekrs FksA
feV~Vh dh xq.kokk dh igpkuA (4)
vFkok
& pkYlZ fMdUl] gkMZ VkbElA (1$1)
& dksdVkmuA (1)
& /q,a@jk[k ls Hkjk uxjA
& e'khuksa dk 'kgj] fpefu;ksa ls /q,sa fudyrs jrs FkkA
& dkyh unhA (1$1$1)
& Nk=k ds fopkjA
129 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

20 (d)
nj ,l lqYrku
pkM
bfFk;ksfi;k
+ fEcd
ekstk
nh dsYMlZ
130 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

20 ([k)
djkdksje
rk'kdan
fu'kkiqj
131

fgjkr cY[k
bfrgkl d{kk&XI
22-
MkfoZu
132
iFkZ
flMuh
dsucsjk
esycksuZ
bfrgkl d{kk&XI
Un-Solved
lkekU; funs'Z k %
1- lHkh iz'uksa ds mkj nhft,A izR;sd iz'u ds vad lkeus fy[ks gSaA
2- 2 vad okys iz'u ([k.M ^d*) dk mkj 30 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A
3- 5 vad okys iz'u ([k.M ^[k) dk mkj 100 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A
4- 10 vad okys iz'u ([k.M ^x*) dk mkj 500 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A
5- [k.M ^?k* esa ksr vk/kfjr iz'u fn;s x;s gSaA
6- ekufp=k mkj iqfLrdk ds lkFk layXu dhft,A
[k.M ^d*
1- jkseu lkezkT; esa rhljh&'krkCnh dks ^ladV* dk dky D;ksa dgk x;k gS\
2- êksuSLVh* fdls dgrs gSa\ ;g fdl Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gS\
3- vkWjukWYM VkW;uch dh iqLrd ds fo"k; esa nks fcanq nhft,A
4- D;wuhiQkeZ (dhykdkj) ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ ;g eslksiksVkfe;k ds ys[ku dyk dk mRd`"V uewuk
fdl izdkj Fkk\ foospuk dhft,A
5- ^lwiQhokn dk }kj lcds fy, [kqyk Fkk* bl dFku dh leh{kk djrs gq, fyf[k,] fd lwiQh
yksxksa us fdl izdkj viuh yksdfiz;rk cuk, j[kh\
6- êaxksy fofo/ tu leqnk; dk ,d fudk; FkkA* eaxksyksa dh lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd i`"BHkwfe
ds lanHkZ esa bl dFku dh leh{kk dhft,A
7- jkse lkezkT; ds ifjiz{s ; esa ijorhZ iqjkdky dks le>kb,A
fdUgha nks iz'uksa ds mkj nhft,A
8- phu esa lkE;oknh ny dk mn~Hko] lu&;kr&lsu ds rhljs flkar ij vk/kfjr Fkk] O;k[;k
dhft,A
9- 20oha 'krkCnh esa vejhdk vkSj dukMk ds ewy fuokfl;ksa ds thou esa fdl vk/kj ij cnyko
vk;s\ Li"V dhft,A
10- îhVj yw* ujlagkj D;k Fkk\ bls vkS|ksfxd kafr ds fo# gq, fojks/ vkanksyu ds ifjiz{s ;
esa le>kb,A
133 bfrgkl d{kk&XI
fdUgha rhu iz'uksa ds mkj nhft,%&
11- 15oha vkSj 16oha 'krkfCn;ksa esa bZlkbZ /eZ ds varxZr okn&fookn dh ppkZ dhft,A
12- ^jsuslka* 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A bfrgkldkj tSdc cdZgkVZ ds bfrgkl ys[ku ds D;k
fopkj Fks] og ^vk/qfud* O;fDr fdls ekurs Fks\ fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
13- 15oha vkSj 16oha lfn;ksa esa ;wjksi esa vkbZ ubZ 'kklu O;oLFkk ij ppkZ dhft,A crkb, fd
;g O;oLFkk ('kkgh fujadq'krk) fdl izdkj lkearokn dk ifj"d`r :i Fkh\
14- fitkjks ds ckjs esa la{ksi esa fyf[k,A og badk jkT; dh rjiQ D;ksa vkdf"kZr gqvk\ badk lkezkT;
dh ckxMksj mlds gkFk esa fdl izdkj vkbZ\
[k.M ^x*
15- eslksiksVkfe;k dk HkkSxksfyd fooj.k nsrs gq, crkb, fd fdl izdkj i'kqpkjd] 'kgjh thou
ds fy, [krjk Fks\
vFkok
latkfr o`k fdls dgrs gSa\ D;k orZeku f'kdkjh laxzkgd lektksa ds ckjs esa izkIr tkudkjh
dk mi;ksx lqnwj vrhr ds ekuo ds thou dks iqufufeZr djus ds fy, tk ldrk gS\ vius
fopkj izdV dhft,A
16- phu vkSj tkiku ds lanHkZ esa ^vk/qfudrk ds nks ekxZ* dk Li"Vhdj.k dhft,A
vFkok
vesfjdk ds ewy fuokfl;ksa rFkk ;wjksih; O;kikfj;ksa ds chp oLrqvksa ds vknku&iznku o ^lH;*
^vlH;* ds n`f"Vdks.k esa D;k varj Fks\ fyf[k,A
17- lezkV =kktku dk LoIu&Hkkjr dh fot;\
^rRi'pkr~ Hk;adj Hkwd a i ls ihfM+r ,afVvkWd esa lfnZ;ksa ds ckn (115@16)] 116 esa =kktku
iQjkr unh ds jkLrs vkxs dh vksj c<+rk gqvk ikfFkZ;u dh jkt/kuh VslhiwQu rd pyk x;k
vkSj fiQj ogka iQkjl dh [kkM+h ds fljs ij igqap x;kA (bfrgkldkj) dSfl;e fM;ks
(Cassius Dio) ds vuqlkj ogka ij og Hkkjr dh vksj tkus okys fdlh okf.kfT;d iksr
dks ykykf;r utjksa ls ns[k jgk Fkk vkSj pkg jgk Fkk fd dk'k og fldanj tSlk toku gksrkA*
&ksr% iQjxl feYyj] fn jkseu uh;j bZLV
d) bl ksr dk ys[kd o 'kh"kZd dk uke fyf[k,A (2)
[k) iQjkr unh fdl {ks=k ls gksdj cgrh Fkh\ (1)
x) fldanj us fo'o bfrgkl ij D;k Nki NksMh+ \ Li"V dhft,A (3)
?k) lezkV =kktku dk LoIu&Hkkjr dh fot; dk D;ksa Fkk\ (2)
134 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

vFkok
xt+u [kku dk Hkk"k.k
xt+u [kku (1295&1304) igyk by&[kkuh 'kkld Fkk ftlus /eZ&ifjorZu dj bLyke xzg.k
fd;kA mlus vius eaxksy&rqdhZ ;k;koj lsukifr;ksa dks fuEu Hkk"k.k fn;k ftls laHkor% mlds
bjkuh ot+hj j'khnqn~nhu us fy[kk Fkk vkSj ftls ea=kh ds i=kksa esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA
^êSa i+Qkjl ds d`"kd oxZ ds i{k esa ugha gwaA ;fn mu lcdks ywVus dk dksbZ mn~ns'; gS
rks ,slk djus ds fy, esjs ls vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh vkSj dksbZ ugha gS] pyks ge lc
feydj mUgsa ywVrs gSaA ysfdu vxj vki fuf'pr :i ls Hkfo"; esa vius Hkkstu ds
fy, vukt vkSj HkksT;&lkexzh bdV~Bk djuk pkgrs gSa rks eq>s vkids lkFk dBksj gksuk
iM+xs kA vkidks rdZ vkSj cqf ls dke ysuk fl[kkuk iM+xs kA ;fn vki d`"kdksa dk vieku
djsxa s] muls muds cSy vkSj vukt ds chp Nhu ysxa s vkSj mudh iQlyksa dks dqpy
Mkysxa s] rks vki Hkfo"; esa D;k djsxa s\ ,d vkKkdkjh d`"kd oxZ vkSj ,d fonzksgh
d`"kd oxZ esa varj le>uk vko';d gSA----**
d) xt+u [kku dkSu Fkk rFkk mlus dkSu&lk /eZ viuk;k\ (2)
[k) ,d vkKkdkjh d`"kd oxZ vkSj ,d fonzksgh oxZ esa varj Li"V dhft,A (2)
x) xt+u [kku us Hkk"k.k fdl dks fn;k rFkk ;g fdlds }kjk fyf[kr Fkk\ (2)
?k) êSa i+Qkjl ds d`"kd oxZ ds i{k esa ugha gwa* bl dFku dk Li"Vhdj.k dhft,A (2)
18- ;g LofufeZr :ifp=k fy;ksukMksZ nk foUph (Leonardo da Vinci, 14521519) dk
gS ftudh vk'p;Ztud vfHk#fp ouLifr foKku vkSj 'kjhj jpuk foKku ls ysdj xf.kr
'kkL=k vkSj dyk rd foLr`r FkhA mUgksaus eksuk yhlk vksj n ykLV lij fp=kksa dh jpuk dhA
mudk ;g LoIu Fkk fd os vkdk'k esa mM+ ldsaAs os o"kks rd vkdk'k esa if{k;ksa ds mM+us
dk ijh{k.k djrs jgs vkSj mUgksaus ,d mM+u&e'khu (Flying machine) dk izfr:i
(Design) cuk;kA mUgksaus viuk uke ^fy;ksukMksZ nk foUph ijh{k.k dk vuq;k;h* j[kkA
d) fy;ksukMksZ nk foUph dkSu Fkk\ (2)
[k) muds fdUgha nks fp=kksa dk uke fyf[k,A (2)
x) vkids fopkj ls foUph dh d`fr;ka fdl izdkj ^;FkkFkZokn* ls tqM+h gqbZ Fkha\ (3)
vFkok
yksjsUl ds ekuorkoknh tksokUus fidks nsYyk) fejkanksyk (1463&94) us vkWu fn fMxfuVh
vkWiQ eSu (1486) uked iqLrd esa okn&fookn ds egRo ij fy[kk gS%&
^ÎysVks vkSj vjLrw** ds vuqlkj lR; dh [kkst djus vkSj bls izkIr djus ds fy, os ges'kk
tqVs jgrs Fks vkSj mudk dguk Fkk fd tgka rd gks lds fopkjxksf"B;ksa esa tkuk pkfg, vkSj
okn&fookn djuk pkfg,A ;g mlh rjg gS tSls 'kjhj dks etcwr cukus ds fy, dljr t:jh
135 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

gS] fnekx dh rkdr dks c<+kus ds fy, 'kCnksa ds naxy esa mrjuk t:jh gSA blls fnekxh
rkdr c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk og vkSj vf/d vkstLoh gksrh gSA**
d) bl ksr ds ys[kd o mudh iqLrd dk uke fyf[k,A (2)
[k) bl iqLrd esa fdldk egRo crk;k x;k gS\ (1)
x) bl ksr esa fdu nks nkf'kZfudksa dk uke fy;k x;k gS\ (1)
?k) vkids fopkj ls okn&fookn dk D;k egRo gS\ (4)
19- fczVsu ds fuca/dkj vkSj miU;kldkj Mh-,p- ykWjsUl (1885&1930)] fMdsUl ds lkj lky
ckn] dks;yk {ks=k esa fLFkr ,d xkao esa vk, ,sls ifjorZu dk bl izdkj o.kZu fd;k ftls
mUgksaus Lo;a vuqHko ugha fd;k Fkk] ysfdu ftlds ckjs esa mUgksaus vius cM+&s cqtxq ks ls lquk
FkkA
^^bZLVoqM--- mUuhloha lnh dh 'kq#vkr esa vo'; gh ,d NksVk xkao jgk gksxk tgka NksVh&NksVh
>ksifM+;ka Fkha] [kku etnwjksa ds pkj dejksa okys NksV&s NksVs ?kjksa dh fNViqV drkjsa Fkha vkSj iqjkus
[kku ekfydksa ds vkokl Fks--- ysfdu 1820 ds vklikl fdlh le; daiuh us igyk cM+k
'kSV fn;k gksxk---- vkSj vkS|ksfxd dks;yk [kku dh igyh okLrfod e'khujh yxkbZ--- etnwjksa
ds jgus ds NksVs&NksVs ?kjksa dh drkjsa vf/drj fxjk nh xb vkSj fiQj ukfVa?ke jksM ds lkFk&lkFk
NksVh&NksVh nqdkusa [kqyus yxha vkSj uhps <yku esa daiuh us dqN bekjrsa cukb ftUgsa vkt
Hkh û;h bekjrs*a dgk tkrk gS--- HkV~Bh] dkyh xyh esa [kqyus okyh NksV&s NksVs pkj dejksa
okys ?kjksa dh drkjsa ftudh ihB pkSdksj futZu LFky dh vksj Fkh] csjdksa ds ckM+s dh rjg
can dj nh xbZ] cM+k vthc yxrk gS ;g lcA**
d) Mh-,p ykWjsUl dkSu Fks\ (1)
[k) bl ksr esa fdl uxj dk o.kZu gS vkSj ykWjsUl dks bldh tkudkjh dgka ls izkIr gqbZ\ (2)
x) bl uxj dk fooj.k nhft,A (3)
?k) vkids fopkj ls ;g fooj.k fdl gn rd lgh gS\ (2)
^îzLrj dh iV~Vh ij ;g [kqnk Fkk fd gksih ;g ekurs Fks fd muds ikl okil vkus okys
igys HkkbZ vkSj cgu /jrh ds ikj ls dNqvksa ds :i esa vk,axsA os balku gksxa s] ij dNqvksa
ds :i esa vk,axsA blfy, tc le; vk;k] rks gksih yksx /jrh ds ml ikj ls vkus okys
mu dNqvksa dk Lokxr djus ds fy, ,d [kkl xkao esa bdV~Bk gq,A os lqcg&lqcg mB x,
vkSj mUgksaus lw;ksZn; ns[kkA mUgksaus e#Hkwfe ds ikj fuxkg nkSMk+ bZ vkSj mUgsa c[rjcan Lisuh
dkWfUDoLVkMksj fn[kykbZ iM+]s tks /jrh ds ml Nksj ls vkrs dNqvksa dh rjg yx jgs FksA
lks] mUgksaus le>k] ;s rks ogh gSa ftudk bartkj FkkA blfy, os Lisuh balku ds ikl x, vkSj
gkFk feykus dh mEehn esa viuk gkFk c<+k;k] ysfdu Lisuh us muds gkFk esa dksbZ lLrh&lh
pht+ idM+k nhA vkSj blls iwjs mkjh vejhdk esa ;g ckr iSQy xbZ fd cgqr dfBu le;
136 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

vkus okyk gS] fd 'kk;n dqN Hkkb;ksa vkSj cguksa us lHkh phtksa dh ifo=krk dks Hkqyk fn;k
gS vkSj bldh otg ls /jrh ij lHkh balku dkiQh d"V ikus okys gSaA**
&yh czkmu dh ,d okrkZ ls] 1986
d) ;g ksr dgka ls fy;k x;k gS\ (1)
[k) ^gksih* dkSu Fks] (1)
x) usfVo 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A (2)
?k) dkWfUDoLVkMksj dkSu Fks vkSj fdl vk/kj ij mudk Lokxr gqvk\ (4)
[k.M ^;*
20- fn;s x;s vhdk ds ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr LFky fn[kkbZ,&
1- eksjDdks] 2- lwMku] 3- dsU;k] 4- nh dsYMlZ (5)
vFkok
fn;s x;s ,f'k;k ds ekufp=k esa eaxksy lkezkT; ds dksbZ ikap LFky fn[kkb,A
21- fn;s x;s la;qDr jkT; vejhdk ds ekufp=k esa ikap LFkku 1&5 fn[kk, xls gSaA mugsa igpku
dj muds uke fyf[k,A
fuEufyf[kr iz'u dsoy n`f"Vguh ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ekufp=k iz'u (iz-la- 20 vkSj 21)
ds LFkku ij gSaA
20- vkfn ekuo ls tqM+s vhdk ds dksbZ ikap LFkyksa ds uke fyf[k,A (5)
vFkok
eaxksy lkezkT; ds fdUgha ikap LFkkuksa ds uke fyf[k,A
21- la;qDr jkT; vejhdk dh ikap cfLr;ksa ds uke fyf[k,A
137 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

21 (d)
138 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

21 ([k)
,f'k;k
139 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

22-
140 bfrgkl d{kk&XI

History X1

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History X1

Diunggah oleh

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Format Tersedia

Preparation of Support Material

for Class-XI (History)

Team Leader : Mr. Krishan Gopal

Members : Ms. Ruchi Anand

: Mrs. Anita Jayanti

: Mrs. Pamila Sharma

: Mrs. Nisha Rani Jain

: Mr. Bhakti Singh Behotra

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

ACAD/EO(COM)/(CBSE/2011/ Circular No. 55/11

Units Periods Marks

Class-XI: Themes in World History

4. Early Cities (12)

8. Nomadic Empires: (10)

SECTION C: CHANGING TRADITIONS

11. Changing cultural traditions (14)

12. Confrontation of Cultures (12)

15. Bisplacing indigenous People. (12)

16.Paths to Modernization. (14)

Form of Question No. of Marks for Total

Name of Maps Page No.

2. Mesopotamia-Mountains, Steppi, Desert, Southern

3. Europe and North Africa 9

5. The Mongol Empire 06

6. The Mongol Invasion 17

8. Central America and the Caribbean, Islands 169

9. South America 172

10. Africa - Slave related Areas 183

11. Britain - Iron Product Areas 199

12. Britain - Cotton Textile Manufacturing Areas 201

13. The Expansion of the USA 219

14. Australia 227

15. East Asia-Japan 233

16. China-The Long March 250

vuqHkkx ,d & izkjafHkd lekt

vuqHkkx nks & lkezkT;

vuqHkkx rhu & cnyrh ijaijk,

vuqHkkx pkj & vk/qfudhdj.k dh vksj

vuqPNsn & lEcfU/r dk;Z

y?kq iz'u (5 vad okys)

visf{kr mkj@ladsr ,oa ewy fcUnq

y?kq iz'ukskj (5 vad okys)

ys[ku dyk vkSj 'kgjh thou

y?kq iz'u (5 vad okys)

y?kq iz'u (5 vad okys)

nh?kZ iz'ukskj (10 vad okys)

rhu egk}hiksa esa iSQyk gqvk lkezkT;

y?kq iz'u (5 vad okys)

nh?kZ iz'u (10 vad okys)

y?kq iz'u (5 vad okys)

bLyke dk mn; vkSj foLrkj&

y?kq iz'u (5 vad okys)

nh?kZ iz'u (10 vad okys)

y?kq iz'u (5 vad okys)

nh?kZ iz'u (10 vad okys)

y?kq iz'u (5 vad okys)

y?kq iz'u (5 vad okys)

nh?kZ iz'u (10 vad okys)

cnyrh gqbZ lkaLd`frd ijEijk,a

vfr y?kq iz'u (2 vad okys)

nh?kZ iz'u (10 vad okys)

visf{kr mkj@ladsr ,oa ewy fcUnq

y?kq iz'u (5 vad okys)

vfr y?kq mkjh; iz'u (2 vad okys)