APPLIED WATER PIPING

DESIGN

1
 DESIGN CHECK LIST
ROOM FAN COIL SYSTEMS:

SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION: All water.

SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS: No ductwork, self-contained controls,

minimum space requirements, low first cost.

4 pipe simultaneous heating and cooling available in adjacent rooms, separate hot and
cold circuits avoid hydraulic problems, good control of room conditions.

2 pipe changeover either heating or cooling provided to entire building.

SYSTEM APPLICATION: Areas requiring individual control and having reversing

transmission loads.

PRECAUTIONS: Maintenance required in occupied spaces, wet coil in room.

2 pipe changeover either hot or cold water available, not both results in
unsatisfactory room conditions under certain conditions in intermediate
seasons.

2
Remedy add electric heating element to terminal unit
 DESIGN CHECK LIST

DESIGN STEP DESIGN REMINDERS

1.Select Module or Room Based on exposure,
partition depth
And column spacing

2. Outdoor Peak Design Typical time 40N

N module 3:00 PM July
E module 9:00 AM July
S module 2:00 PM Sept-Oct
W module 5:00 PM July
Building block 4:00 PM Aug

3.Calculate Cooling Loads A. Peak for each module or room

B. Peak block load for building add terminal fan HT gain

4.Calculate Heating Loads A. For module or room

B. For building include tempering loads of outdoor air

5.Select Terminals A. Select type of room fan coil unit

B. Select for ERSH
C. Select for sound levels required
D. Select for external static pressure required
E. Provide floor level return for heating

6. Ventilation A. Decide on method of room ventilation

b. Locate & select ventilation air handler (if it is chosen method)
c. Layout & size any required Ventilation Duct System

3
 DESIGN CHECK LIST
DESIGN STEP
7. Terminal Control
8. Make Piping Layout
9. Lay Out Condensate Drain
10. Select Refrigeration Machine
11. Select Auxiliary Equipment
4
DESIGN REMINDERS
A. Standard factory package most economical
B. Water flow control advantageous for temperature control
1. Both wall and unit thermostats available
2. Fan must operate whenever chilled water is circulating
3. Two way valve-pump requires pressure regulating controls
4. Reset hot water temperature compensator
C. Fan cycling control
1. Less popular than water flow control
2. Use wall mounted thermostat
3. Provides best room humidity mitigation (automatic cycling)
A. Install shutoff valves at unit supply and return
connection
B. Install necessary vents and expansion tanks
C. Size in a conventional manner
D. Apply diversity to chilled water piping of the 4 pipe system
E. Do not use diversity on any piping system used for heating duty
A. Runout size to correspond to drain pan connection
B. System to be gravity flow and sized from charts for open piping
A. Fan coils require chilled water plant
B. Reciprocating, Screw, Scroll, Centrifugal or Absorption Units are
available
C. Control chiller leaving chilled water at desired terminal supply
water temperature
A. Pumps, valves, cooling towers, heating plant, associated piping
BASIC WATER SYSTEM CONCEPTS

APPLIED WATER PIPING DESIGN

5
 OBJECTIVES

List the Basic Water System classifications

List the three guiding principles of system design
List the typical materials used for pipe and fittings
Determine support needed for a length of piping
Choose types of valves for isolation, balancing, and
preventing back flow
Select a type of strainer for an application
Select and locate an expansion tank
Select and locate the appropriate piping accessories
needed to prove system performance.

6
WATER SYSTEM CLASSIFICATIONS

ONCE THROUGH:
Water flows from a source, through the system, and out to
waste.
Example: City water for condensing

RECIRCULATING - Closed:
Water is circulated through a closed piping circuit without
coming in contact with air.
Example: Chilled water circuit.

RECIRCULATING - Open:
Water is pumped from a reservoir through the system and back
to the reservoir. The water flows through the air at some point
in the circuit.
Example: Cooling Tower circuit for condensing

7
 ONCE THROUGH WATER SYSTEM

A source of water
Water flows through system
Piping designed to deliver the water (pump optional)
Water is sent to waste
Example: City water for condensing

8
 CLOSED WATER SYSTEM
(No Water Contact With Air)

A cooling or heating source

Coils that absorb cooling or heating loads
Two or three-way valves to control the load
Piping and pump to circulate water
An expansion tank (insignificant water contact with air)
9
 OPEN WATER SYSTEM
(Water Contacts Air)

A source of heat rejection (condenser)

A cooling tower to reject heat to atmosphere
3-way valve to control water temperature to condenser
Piping and pump to circulate water
Water comes in contact with air in the cooling tower

10
 Piping System Classifications
1,2,3,4-Pipe Distribution Systems

The 1-Pipe System

The 2-Pipe System
The 3-Pipe System
The 4-Pipe System

11
 1-Pipe

12
 1-Pipe Pros & Cons

Advantages Disadvantages
Pump head high - loops In series
Easy to design Inconsistent &deteriorating supply
Easy to install water temperature
Low installed cost Distant terminals must be oversized
Flexibility with loops in parallel. Terminal flow limited by flow fitting
loss
Terminal velocity must below for low
pressure drop - upsize terminals.

13
 2-Pipe

14
 2-Pipe Pros & Cons

Advantages
Branch circuit P can be higher
than 1-Pipe,because they are in
parallel, not series
Total pump head less than 1-Pipe
Easier to balance than 1-Pipe (with
zone balancing valves)
Same supply water temperature to
all terminals.
Disadvantages
Higher installed cost than 1-Pipe
Hot or cold, not both at one time
- does not accommodate
simultaneous heat/cool needs
Changeover takes time

15
 3-Pipe

16
 3-Pipe Pros & Cons

Advantages
Provides heating and cooling
simultaneously
Handles simultaneous heating
and cooling loads
No system changeover
Disadvantages
Most complex design
3-Pipe valves proprietary 2-Pipe water
system (+40%)
Higher operating expense (+15-30%)
Seldom practiced by designers

17
 4-Pipe

18
 4-Pipe Pros & Cons

Advantages Disadvantages
Easy design (two, 2-Pipe Higher installed cost than 2-Pipe or 3-
systems in parallel Pipe
Easier to commission, Higher cost for zone terminal units
test, adjust & balance than 3-Pipe than 1,2, or 3-Pipe (2 separate circuits -
Heat/cool available everywhere hot/cold)
simultaneously 4 pipes run throughout the building
No zone piping
Separate hot/cold circuits - no
mixing
Lower opcost than 3- Pipe
Standard valves & controls

19
 Another Piping System Classification
DIRECT RETURN

Water enters Unit-1 from supply

Water leaves Unit-1 and directly returns to source
The first unit supplied is the first returned
Unequal circuit pressure drops result
Circuit pressure drop through Unit-1 < Unit-2 < Unit-3< Unit-4 < Unit-5
Balancing valves must be added

20
 REVERSE RETURN

Return header flow is same direction as supply

header flow
Water leaves Unit-1 and goes all the way around in
returning to source
The first unit supplied is the last returned
Circuit pressure drop through Unit-1 = Unit-2 = Unit-3
= Unit-4 = Unit-5.
Balancing valves not required

21
 REVERSE RETURN

Horizontal layout
No extra pipe required
Return follows supply

22
 DIRECT OR REVERSE RETURN
RISERS
Direct return at each set of units
Reverse return at each set of units
Supply & return headers at bottom

23
 DIRECT OR REVERSE RETURN
RISERS
Reverse return at each set of units
Supply header at bottom
Reverse return header at top
Single vertical return to bottom

24
GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Make system as direct & uncomplicated as possible:

Minimize offsets, bends, elevation changes
Minimize use of fittings to lower first cost & operating cost
Systems must be serviceable:
Condenser & chiller tubes must be cleaned periodically
Coils & valves will need repair and service
All these operations require draining water out of equipment
Isolation valves needed for each piece of equipment
- This prevents draining and refilling the entire system
Pipe unions and flanges to be located strategically
- Easily dismantle piping for removal of coils, valves, etc.
Balance serviceability against first cost

25
 TYPICAL PIPING MATERIALS

For pipe sizes up to 1 1/2 inches:

Hard copper pipe (DWV grade)
Fittings: wrought copper or brass (soldered or brazed)

For pipe sizes of 2 inches or greater:

Black steel pipe
Fittings: welded

Galvanized steel pipe used only for drainage

lines
26
 SUPPORT SPACING: TABLES 7, 8

Metal half sleeves used with hangers for

chilled water pipe
Prevents crushing of insulation

27
 VERTICAL RISER SUPPORT

28
 VALVES
STARTING & STOPPING FLOW

29
 REGULATING & THROTTLING
FLOW

30
 REGULATING & THROTTLING
FLOW

31
 PREVENTING BACK FLOW

32
 CONTROL VALVES

33
 TWO-WAY MODULATING VALVE

34
 TWO-WAY ON-OFF VALVE

35
 THREE-WAY VALVE
(ON-OFF OR MODULATING)

36
 FAN COIL VALVE DEFINITIONS

37
 TYPICAL FAN COIL PIPING LAYOUT
(Cooling Shown - Duplicate For Heating)

38
 TYPICAL AHU PIPING

39
 AUTHORITY EXAMPLE

40
 STRAINERS

41
 EXPANSION TANK

42
 AIR ELIMINATION

43
 PROVING PERFORMANCE

44
 WATER PIPE SIZING

45
 PIPE SIZING

46
 ANALYSIS OF PIPE LOSS

47
 PUMPING HEAD

48
49
50
51
 TABLE 10 AND 12

52
 TABLE 11

53
 PIPE JUNCTIONS & SECTIONS

54
 PIPE SIZING EXAMPLE

55
 SIZE PIPE: CHART 4

56
 FITTING LOSSES: TABLES 11, 12

57
 PIPE SIZING EXAMPLE

58
 WATER PUMPS

59
 PUMP TERMS

60
 DETERMINING PUMP HEAD
(With suction reservoir below pump centerline)

61
 DETERMINING PUMP HEAD
(With suction reservoir above pump centerline)

62
 DETERMINING DISCHARGE HEAD
(Possible discharges into a reservoir)

63
 NET POSITIVE SUCTION
HEAD (NPSH)

64
FLAT VERSUS STEEP PUMP CURVE

65
 SYSTEM CURVE
(Closed System)

66
 SYSTEM CURVE
(Open System)

67
 PUMP HORSEPOWER

68
 AFFINITY LAWS

69
 PUMP SELECTION PROCESS
Determine cooling or heating loads
to be pumped
From equipment selections find
load GPMs
Find total pumping GPM
Establish most resistant pumping
path in loop
Calculate resistance
Select pump from manufacturers
data
70
Flat curved pumps for
closed systems with
control valves
Steep curved pumps for
open systems
Find final operating
point
Check for start-up
conditions
Select motor accordingly
 END

71