BUILDING ESTIMATIONS
By
Mohammed Haroon
B.E Civil, MS Australia
Director of
AL-Madina Institute of Quantity Survey
Malakpet, Hyderabad, A.P, India.
www.quantitysurveyindia.com
Recommended by
TO MY
MOTHER & FATHER
About Author: Mohammed Haroon
The Author has done Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering from K.B.N.C.E, Gulbarga University, Karnataka and Master Degree in
Environmental Engineering from University of Technology, Sydney, Australia, and he has 14 years of experience working in 5 countries
i.e. in Australia, Qatar, Saudi-Arabia, UAE and India as well.
Presently providing professional training for all Civil Engineers& Architects in preparing estimations of High-rise Buildings.
AL-Madina Institute of Quantity Survey
Malakpet, Hyderabad, A.P, India.
Website: www.quantitysurveyindia.com
CONTENTS
Introduction Page no.
SUB-STRUCTURE CALCULATIONS
38. Calculation for (a)Volume of Concrete (b) Shuttering Area (c)Bitumen Paint Area 153 - 154
(d) Polythene Sheet Area (e) Termite Control Area
39. Calculation & Solution for Footings 155 162
40. Calculation & Solution for P.C.C under Footings 163 164
41. Calculation & Solution for Neck Columns 165 174
42. Calculation & Solution for Tie Beams & Strap beams 175 178
43. Calculation & Solution for P.C.C under Tie Beams 179 181
44. Calculation & Solution for Plinth Beams 182 184
45. Calculation & Solution for P.C.C under Plinth Beams 185 186
46. Calculation & Solution for 20 cm thick Slab with steel mesh under floor tiles 187 189
47. Calculation & Solution for Retaining Wall 190 193
48. Calculation & Solution for Rectangular Sump 194 196
49. Calculation & Solution for Circular Sump 197 200
50. Calculation & Solution for Septic Tank 201 203
61. Calculation & Solution for Earth Work Excavation & Back fill with Pit-Wise Method 204 212
62. Abstract for the Quantities of Sub-Structure and its Solution 213 216
63. Bill of Quantities for Sub-Structure 217 217
SUPER-STRUCTURE CALCULATIONS
64. Calculation for (a)Volume of Concrete (b) Shuttering Area 218 218
65. Calculation & Solution for Floor Columns 219 228
66. Calculation & Solution for Drop Beams 229 232
67. Calculation & Solution for Roof Slab 233 239
68. Calculation & Solution for Dog-Leg Stair Case 240 242
69. Calculation & Solution for Brick work 243 247
70. Calculation & Solution for cement : mortar required for Brick work 248 248
71. Calculation & Solution for Plastering 249 280
72. Calculation & Solution for cement : mortar required for Plastering 281 282
73. Calculation & Solution for Paint (Emulsion & Enamel paint) 283 285
74. Calculation & Solution for Wall Putty 286 287
75. Calculation & Solution for False Ceiling 288 292
76. Calculation & Solution for Flooring, Wall Skirting & Wall Tiles 293 312
77. Calculation & Solution for cement : mortar required for Flooring 313 313
78. Calculation & Solution for cement required for Wall Skirting & Wall Tiles 314 314
79. Bill of Quantities for Doors & Window 315 316
80. Calculation for the Fitting of Doors & Windows 317 320
81. Bill of Quantities for Doors & Windows Fittings 321 321
82. Window Grill & Gate Calculations 322 322
81. Calculation & Solution for Miscellaneous item (Loft, Kitchen Plat-form, Lintel, Sun-shade etc. 323 338
82. Abstract for the Quantities of Super-Structure (Concrete & Shuttering) 339 339
83. Abstract for the Quantities of Super Structure 340 341
84. Bill of Quantities for Super-Structure 342 343
85. Bill of Quantities for Residential Villa 344 345
REINFORCEMENT CALCULATIONS
If any building is to be constructed, then finding out the quantities of all materials and cost required to construct it, is called as Quantity Surveying.
1. Volume of Concrete in m3
2. Area of Shuttering in m2
3. Area of Water-proof membrane with bitumen paint in m2
4. Area of Termite control in m2
5. Area of Polythene sheet or Vapour Barrier in m2
6. Reinforcement in Kgs or Tones
1. Floor columns
2. Floor beams
3. Floor slabs
4. Stair cases (Typical & Semi-Circular)
5. Ramp (inclined & Semi-Circular)
6. Parking platform
7. Brick work (No. of bricks required)
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8. Cement: Mortar required for brick work
9. Wall putty calculation
10. Paint calculations in Liters (Emulsion paint & Enamel paint)
11. False-Ceiling Calculations in m2
12. Flooring Calculations (Marble tiles, Vitrified tiles, Parking Tiles & Inter-lock Tiles)
13. Wall Skirting Calculations
14. Wall Tiles (Ceramic Tiles) calculations
15. Wood calculations for doors & windows
16. Doors & Windows Fittings (Tower bolt, Door handle etc)
17. Windows grill, Glass, and Iron Gate calculations
18. Over-Head Water tank Calculations
19. Expansion Joint Details
20. Weight of Concrete Calculations for Pre-cast Wall, Column, Slabs etc.
21. Calculation for the miscellaneous item (Lintel, Loft (Chajjas), Window Sunshade & Kitchen Platforms.
22. Abstract for the quantities of super structure
23. Bill of Quantities for Super structure.
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PROCESS OF EXECUTING WORK ON SITE
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Earth work excavation:
This is the process of digging earth on site where the foundation is to be laid.
Termite Control:
After excavation, compaction is done on the earths surface and then it is treated with termite control (Anti fungus spray). Generally Earth is treated to
control the attack of the insects to the structure and protecting the Sub-Structure item from future damage; Liquid spray is sprayed on the Surface of the
Earth and is kept open to the atmosphere for 24 hours to kill all types of insects which is likely to come in future time.
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Polythene sheet:
Polythene sheet is laid on the surface of ground after Termite Control Spray is spread. Generally they are 2mm to 6mm thick.
The purpose of laying sheet is to hold the water of concrete and not letting it to have seepage on ground.
Generally when plain Cement concrete is put on surface of the ground, the water from the concrete will come out and it will be absorbed by the earth,
then concrete will loose its workability and strength.
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Plain Cement Concrete bed: [P.C.C. Bed]
This is also called as blinding. It is just a mixture of cement, sand and aggregate without reinforcement. Generally the Grade of concrete for P.C.C is used
as M7.5 with ratio or proportion of concrete as 1:4:8. Where 1 = one bag of cement; 4 = four bags of Sand; 8 = eight bags of Aggregate. And 40 liters of
water / m3. The thickness of Blinding is 10cm or 100mm or 0.10m.
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Reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C):
This is a Concrete with cement, sand and aggregate with reinforcement. Generally the Grade of concrete is used as M15 with ratio 1:2:4, Where
1 = one bag of cement; 2 = two bags of Sand; 4 = four bags of Aggregate. And 30 liters of water / m3
Neck column:
The part of Column which comes between the top of footing to bottom of Ground beam is called as Neck column.
Its a black colour paint, painted to the structure wshich is under ground before back filling of Soil. The purpose of using the Bitumen paint is to
(i) Increase the life of the structure
(ii) Give strength to it
(iii) To acts as water-proofing agent
(iv) And to safe the structure from Corrosion.
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Types of Footings
1. Plain Footing
2. Step Footing
3. Isolated/Strip/Tapered Footing
4. Plain Combined Footing
5. Isolated Combined Footing
6. Strap footing or Neighbor footing or Shoe Footing
7. Raft Footing
8. Pile Footing
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1. Plain Footing:-
These footings are generally common in both India as well as Gulf countries. It is easy to construct and consume less time. It is constructed where the
soil bearing capacity is normal (Good). SBC = 24kn / m3
C=Column; F=Footing
2. Step footing:-
These types of footings were constructed in olden days, now they are out dated.
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3. Isolated Footing:-
These types of footings are constructed for single column and they may be in square or rectangular shape.
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4. Combined Footing:-
A footing which has more than one column is called as combined footing. They are constructed for two or more column and they may be in
rectangular or trapezoidal in shape. It is design in a place where the space is limited, where due to lack of space we cannot cast individual
footings, therefore footings are combined in to one footing.
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5. Strap or Neighbor or Shoe-footing:-
Shoe footing is the half footing cut-out from the original footing and which has shape of Shoe. It is provided on the corner of plot next to
Neighbors plot. Where there is no provision of setback area. They are constructed on property boundary.
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Note: All the Shoe-footings are constructed on the soil, where the soil bearing capacity (SBC) is normal. SBC = 24kn / m3
6. Raft Footing:- Its is one footing in on whole plot and it provided in a places like seashore area, coastal area or beach area where the water table is
very high and the soil bearing capacity is weak. Such as five star hotels and High-rise buildings near the beaches.
When number of column in more than one row, provided with a combined footing, the footing is called as Mat or Raft Footing.
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Process of executing Raft:
There are two steps involved in executing the Raft Footing, Namely
(i) De-watering and
(ii) Shoring
i) De-watering:
It is the process of taking off water from excavated area and discharging it to any other place.
ii) Shoring: It is nothing but Shuttering for the wall of excavated pit, to avoid the sliding of soil.
Note: Raft footing does not have Neck column, they start directly from the ground surface but reinforcement of neck column starts from Raft.
7. Pile Footing:- They are constructed where excessive settlement is to be eliminated and where the load is to be transferred through soft soil
stratum, where the Soil bearing capacity is sufficient.
Piles are nothing but round columns, they may be pre-cast or cast- in- situ [cast on site]
These types of footings are provided when the Soil bearing capacity of soil is very weak and the Ground water table (level) is high,
The main objective of providing piles under the footing is to prevent structure from settlement.
If we dont provide pile under the footing, then the building will have settlement.
Piles are hammered in to the ground till hard strata (in compressible) layer of earth is found.
These types of footings are generally designed on sea shore areas.
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Types of Columns
They are generally used in construction of buildings, which are common in practice; these types of column are provided only if the shape of room
is rectangular or square.
Circular column:
They are special designed columns; they are generally used in piling and in the elevation of buildings.
L type column:
T type column:
They are used depending on design requirements and also in over bridges, etc.
V type column:
Depending upon the structure, they are also constructed in buildings, if the shape of the room is trapezoidal.
Y type column:
These types of columns are generally used in the construction of bridges, fly-overs, etc.
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Y type column with arch:
It is similar to Y column, but to give a good look to the column, arch shape is provided.
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Types of Floors:
Basement Floor
Podium Floor
Ground Floor
Mezzanine Floor
First Floor
Typical Floor
Helipad
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Basement Floor:
The floor which is constructed below ground level for store rooms or mechanical room or parking is called as Basement Floor.
Podium Floor:
The floor which is constructed either below ground level or above ground level, especially for car parking is called as Podium floor.
Ground Floor:
The floor which is constructed on ground level is called as Ground floor.
Mezzanine Floor:
The floor which is constructed between Ground and First Floor is called as Mezzanine floor. This type of floor is constructed for Services of building,
shops & offices, to provide facilities for the occupants who are living in High-rise buildings. For proper ventilation the ceiling height of floor is increase
1metre more than the normal ceiling height.
First Floor:
The floor which is constructed above ground floor or above mezzanine floor is called as first floor.
The plan which is design for Ground floor and want to have the same plan for other floors, then these floors are called as Typical floor-1 or typical floor-
2, etc.
Helipad:
The floor which is constructed above Roof Floor and which is used for Landing of Helicopter or Taking off of Helicopter is called as Helipad.
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Types of load
1. Point load
2. Uniformly Distributed Load [UDL]
3. Wind load
4. Concentric load
5. Rolling load or Moving load
6. Dead load
7. Live load
8. Self load
9. Seismic load
10. Eccentric load
Honey comb
Honey comb is nothing but voids or gaps in the concrete structure after removing the wooden or iron Shutter. Honey comb appears in concrete structure
mainly due to heavy reinforcement inside structure. (For example more no. of stirrups in columns or beams etc.)
To prevent concrete from honey comb, Vibrator should run in concrete in proper manner during filling of concrete. The vibrator should run with specific
time. The duration of running vibrator should not exceed more than 30 seconds; otherwise it will start separating water from concrete, which will let the
concrete to lose its workability and strength.
In some cases even after running the vibrator honey comb will appear and in such cases add the admixture to cement: mortar and paste it in voids and
concrete will regain its strength.
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Types of Beams
1. Tie beam:
The beam which ties two footings from one face of footing to the other face of footing with linear (straight) length is called as Tie beam.
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2. STRAP beam:
The beam which ties two footings from one face of footing to another face of footing with inclined length or with an angle is called as Strap beam.
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3. Plinth beam or Ground beam:
The beam which ties two columns from one face of column to another face of the Column is called as plinth beam.
Plinth beams are casted above natural ground level (N.G.L) and below building ground level (B.G.L).
5. Concealed beam:
The beam which supports the slab within the thickness of the slab is called as concealed beam.
6. Cantilever beam:
The beam supported on one end and free on other end is called as Cantilever beam.
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Types of Slab
1. Conventional Slab
(i)one-way slab
(ii)Two ways slab
2. Hardy or Hordy slab
3. Waffle slab
4. Dome slab
5. Pitch roof
6. Projected slab or portico slab
7. Pre-stressed slab
8. Cable suspension slab
9. Slab with arches
10. Grade slab
11. Hollow-core ribbed slab
12. Sunken-slab or Depressed slab
13. Low roof / Loft or Chajja
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1. Flat slabs: The slab which is supported on Columns head or Column caps without beams is called as Flat slab.
(ii) Two way slab: Reinforcement for bending moment will be in two directions.
Hardy slab or Hordy slab is a type of slab which is most commonly used in overseas, the process of execution is as follows:-
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Step 1 Form work is arranged and then shutters are fixed on the form work
.
Step 2 Hardy blocks are placed on the shutter with one brick gap on the entire shutter
Step 3 The gaps between the blocks are called as rib. Reinforcement is provided in a form of beam within the gap such as rib.
Step 4 After placing the rib, the Plane steel mesh is placed on the entire slab area resting on ribs.
Note the thickness of slab = 27cm; the thickness of Hardy block = 20cm.
3. Waffle slab:
This is a type of slab where we find hollow hole in the slab when the form work is removed. This is generally constructed in the hotels,
universities and restaurants, etc.
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4. Dome slab:
These types of slabs are generally constructed in temples, mosques, palaces, etc.
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5. Pitch roof:
Pitch roof is an inclined slab, generally constructed on resorts for a natural look.
They are also constructed near gardens, re-creation centers, etc
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6. Projected slab:
The slab which has one side fixed and the other side is free is called as Projected slab. These types of slabs are generally constructed in
hotels, universities functions, halls, etc. to use that area for dropping or picking up zone and for loading and unloading area.
If the span of slab is very long, then we go for cable suspension slab which is supported on cable, such as Howrah Bridge and London
Bridge, etc.
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10. Slab with arches:
This is a type of slab which is generally adopted in construction of bridges.
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11. Hollow core ribbed slab:
This is a type pre-cast slab used to reduce the weight of slab. This slab is directly placed on floor beam with the help of cranes and pasted
with screed.
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12. Sunken slab or Depressed slab:
This kind of slab is provided only for toilets & kitchens, so that the drainage pipe can be laid in to it.
13. Low Roof and Loft: low roof is provided on lintel-level of doors and loft is provided in kitchens for storage of house material.
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Types of walls
The wall which is constructed with bricks is called as brick wall. The thickness of brick wall could be 10cm or 20cm.
10cm wall is called as Single brick wall or partition wall.
20cm wall is called as Double brick wall or outer wall of house or boundary wall.
The density of Brick = 2.42 kgs/cm3
With fine clay = 1.92 kgs/cm3
Note: the length of the Brick wall in single stretch should not exceed more than 4m. If it exceeds a column must and should be constructed with
bricks or R.C.C.
4. Retaining wall: A wall designed to maintain unequal level of ground on its two faces is called as retaining wall.
The wall which is constructed all around the plot below ground level to retain the soil and land sliding after the earth work
excavation on site is called as retaining wall. Retaining wall can be made up of R.C.C or C.R.S
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5. Shear wall:
The wall which is constructed around the water Sump, lift pit or stair case to retain the soil is called as Shear wall. It will share two
pressures i.e, water pressure & soil pressure or water pressure & wind pressure.
6. Curtain wall:
The wall which is constructed with glass and aluminum or steel frame in a long hall to make individual cabins is called as Curtain
wall.
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7. Pre-cast wall:
The readymade wall which is made up of R.C.C and which is directly installed on site is called as Pre-cast wall.
8. Parapet wall:
The wall is constructed on the top roof of the building to prevent the falling in anything from the roof. The height of wall = 3 ft.
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11. Partition wall:
The wall which divides one room to two rooms is called as Partition wall.
This wall is constructed from foundation and it is used as columns in buildings and which will rise up to the height of the building.
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Types of Stair-case:
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Unit Conversion
Two-dimensional calculation:
Two-dimensional calculation is carried out in two directions, i.e. X and Y axes, so it is also called as area calculation or two dimensional
calculations.
Three-dimensional calculation:
Three-dimensional calculation is carried out in three directions, i.e. X,Y&Z axes and it is called as volume calculation or three dimensional
calculation.
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Types of unit conversion:
M.K.S unit (Meter-Kilogram/Second): Meters, Centimeters, millimeters. These units are called as Engineering units.
F.P.S unit (Foot-Pound/Second): Feet, inches & yards. These units are called as Architectural units.
2
CM x CM x CM = CM3 or CUCM or Cubic
2 Centimeter CM CM CM x CM = CM or SCM or Square centimeter
centimeter
MM x MM = MM2 or SMM or Square MM x MM x MM = MM3 or CUMM or
3 Millimeter MM MM
Millimeter Cubic millimeter
2
4 Feet FT FT FT x FT = FT or SFT or Square feet FT x FT x FT = FT3 or CFT or Cubic feet
INCH x INCH = INCH2 or SINCH or Square INCH x INCH x INCH = INCH3 or CINCH
5 Inch INCH INCH
inch or Cubic inch
2
YD x YD x YD = YD3 or CYD or Cubic
6 Yard YD YD YD x YD = YD or SYD or Square yard
yard
Scales:
1 meter = 1000 mm 1 = 2.54 cm
1 meter = 100 cm 1 = 25.4 mm
1 cm = 10 mm 1 yard = 36
1 meter = 1.0936 yd 1 yard = 3 feet
1 meter = 3.28 ft 1yd2 = 9 square feet
1 meter = 39.37 1 acre = 4840 yd2
1 feet = 12 1 hectare = 2.47 acre
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Problems on unit conversion with solutions
One dimensional problem conversion Two dimensional problem conversion Three dimensional problem conversion
S.no
(length conversion) (Area conversion) (Volume conversion)
15m3 = ? fts3
15m = ? fts 15m2 = ? fts2
Since 1m = 3.28 ft
1 Since 1m = 3.28 ft Since 1m = 3.28 ft
Therefore 15 x 3.283 = 529.72 ft3
Therefore 15 x 3.28 = 49.212 ft Therefore 15 x 3.282 = 161.458 ft2
22 m3 = ? inches3
22 m = ? inches 22 m2 = ? inches2
Since 1m = 39.37
2 Since 1m = 39.37 Since 1m = 39.37
Therefore 22 x 39.373 = 1342522.373
Therefore 22 x 39.37 = 866.141 Therefore 22 x 39.372 = 34100.062
2.5 m3 = ? mm3
2.5 m = ? mm 2.5 m2 = ? mm2
Since 1m = 1000mm
3 Since 1m = 1000mm Since 1m = 1000mm
Therefore 2.5 x 10003 = 2500000000 mm3
Therefore 2.5 x 1000 = 2500 mm Therefore 2.5 x 10002 = 2500000 mm2
2.0 m3 = ? cm3
2.0 m = ? cm 2.0 m2 = ? cm2
Since 1m = 100 cm
4 Since 1m = 100 cm Since 1m = 100 cm
Therefore 2.0 x 1003 = 2000000 cm3
Therefore 2.0 x 100 = 200 cm Therefore 2.0 x 1002 = 20000 cm2
14m3 = ? yd3
14m = ? yd 14m2 = ? yd2
Since 1m = 1.093 yd
5 Since 1m = 1.093 yd Since 1m = 1.093 yd
Therefore 14 x 1.0933 = 18.31 yd3
Therefore 14 x 1.093 = 15.302 yd Therefore 14 x 1.0932 = 16.74 yd2
66 = ? ft
Since 1 ft = 12
31 - -
6 / 12 = 0.5 ft
Therefore 6 + 0.5 = 6.5 ft
93= ? m
32 - -
Since 1 ft = 12
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3 / 12 = 0.25 ft
Therefore 9 + 0.25 = 9.25 ft
Since 1m = 3.28 ft
Therefore 9.25/3.28 = 2.82 m
83/4 = ? inch
Since 1 ft = 12
33 - -
8 x 12 = 96
96 +3/4 = 96 + 0.75 = 96.75
44 = ? cm
Since 1 ft = 12
Therefore 4 x 12 = 48
34 - -
48 + 4 = 52
Since 1 = 2.54 cm
Therefore 52 x 2.54 = 132.08 cm
124 = ? mm
Since 1 ft = 12
Therefore 12 x 12 = 144
35 - -
144 + 4 = 148
Since 1 = 25.4mm
Therefore 148 x 25.4 = 3759.2 mm
1812 = ? yd
Since 1 ft = 12
Therefore 12 / 12 = 1 ft
36 - -
18 + 1 = 19 ft
Since 1yd = 3 ft
Therefore 19/3 = 6.33 yd
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Rate Conversion
Solution:
Method-1:
Since 1 m = 3.28 ft
= 12 x 3.28
= 39.36 or approximately equal to 40 rupees / m
Method-2:
1ft = ? m
Since 1m 3.28 ft
= 1/3.28
= 0.304 m
Since 1ft = 0.304 m
= 0.304 m = 12 rupees
=1m=?
= (1/0.304) x 12
= 39.47 or approximately equal to 40 rupees / m
Problem-2 :
Rate/Sft = 25 rupees
Rate/m2 = ?
Solution :
Method-1:
Since 1 m = 3.28 ft
= 25 x 3.282
= 268.96 or approximately equal to 269.0 rupees / m2
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Method-2:
1ft2 = ? m2
Since 1m 3.28 ft
= 1/3.282
= 0.0929 m2
Since 1ft2 = 0.0929 m2
= 0.0929 m2 = 25 rupees
= 1 m2 = ?
= (1/0.0929) x 25
= 269.0 rupees / m2
Problem-3 :
Rate/Cft = 55 rupees
Rate/m3 = ?
Solution
Method-1:
Since 1 m = 3.28 ft
= 55 x 3.283
= 1940.81 or approximately equal to 1941.0 rupees / m3
Method-2:
1ft3 = ? m3
Since 1m 3.28 ft
= 1/3.283
= 0.02833 m3
Since 1ft3 = 0.02833 m3
= 0.02833 m3 = 55 rupees
= 1 m3 = ?
= (1/0.02833) x 55
= 1941.40 rupees / m3
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LengthandAreaCalculations
Formulas:
1.SquareorRectangle
(i)Area=A=LxB
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=(L+B)x2
2.Pythagorastheorem
thistheoremisusedtofindoutanyinclinedlength
c2=a2+b2
c=(a2+b2)
3.Triangle
(i)Area=A=1/2xBxH
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=B+H+C
4.IrregularTriangle
(i)Area=A=(s(sa)(sb)(sc))
wheres=(a+b+c)/2
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=a+b+c
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5.EquilateralTriangle
(i)Area=A=(a 2/4)x3
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=a+a+a=3a
6.IsoscelesTriangle
(i)Area=A=(a/4)x 4b2a2
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=a+b+b=a+2b
7.Trapezoidal
(i)Area=A=1/2(a+b)xh
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=a+b+c+c
8.Hexagon
(i)Area=A=(0.5xrx0.5xrxTan60)x6
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=6r
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9.Circle
(i)Area=A= /4xd2
whered=diameterofcircle; =3.14
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=2x xr
wherer=radiusofcircle
10.SemiCircle
(i)Area=A= /4xd2x0.50
whered=diameterofcircle; =3.14
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=2x xrx0.50
wherer=radiusofcircle
11.QuarterCircle
(i)Area=A= /4xd2x0.25
whered=diameterofcircle; =3.14
(ii)PeripheralLength=L=2x xrx0.25
wherer=radiusofcircle
12.SegmentalArc
(i)Area=A=(2/3xDxH)+(H 3/2D)
whered=diameterofcircle
H=heightofarc
(ii)ArcLength=L=(8b2r)/3
wherer=radiusofcircle
b=(r2+h2)
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WoodenorIronShutteringAreaCalculations
Problem1: findshutteringareaforthegivencolumn
Solution: Shutteringarea=Peripherallengthxdepth
.=2.80x3.0
.=8.4m 2
peripherallength=L=(L+B)x2
L=(0.80+0.60)x2
L=2.80m
Problem2: findshutteringareaforthegivencolumn
Solution: Shutteringarea=Peripherallengthxdepth
.=1.57x3.0
.=4.71m 2
peripherallength=L=2x xr
L=2xx0.25
L=1.57m
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VolumeofConcreteCalculations
Problem1: findVolumeofconcreteforthegivenRectangularcolumn
Solution: volumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=0.48x3.0
.=1.44m 3
thereforeareaofcolumn=LxB
A=0.80x0.60
A=0.48m 2
Problem2: findVolumeofconcreteforthegivencolumn
Solution: volumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=0.196x3.0
.=0.588m3
thereforeareaofcolumn= /4xd2
A=/4x0.52
A=0.196m2
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ProblemsonFootings
Problem1: ForagivenPlainfootingfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
3.AreaofBitumenpaint
Solution:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=LxBxD
.=0.80x0.80x0.50
.=0.32m 3
2.ShutteringArea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(0.80+0.80)x2x0.50 F=0.80mx0.80mx0.50m
.=1.6m 2 C=0.35mx0.35m
3.BitumenpaintArea=peripherallengthxDepth+topareaColumnArea
.=(L+B)x2xD+LxBlxb(ColumnDimension)
.=(0.80+0.80)x2x0.50+0.80x0.800.35x0.35
2
.=2.117m
Problem2: ForagivenPlainCombinedfootingfind
1.volumeofconcrete F=3.50mx1.20mx0.60m
2.AreaofShuttering C1=0.40mx0.40m
3.AreaofBitumenpaint C2==0.50;
Solution:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=LxBxD
.=3.5x1.20x0.60
.=2.52m 3
2.ShutteringArea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(3.5+1.2)x2x0.60
.=5.64m 2
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3.BitumenpaintArea=peripherallengthxDepth+topareaColumnArea
.=(L+B)x2xD+LxBlxb(ColumnDimensions)
.=(3.5+1.2)x2x0.60+3.5x1.20.40x0.40 /4x0.52
.=9.483m2
Solution:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=LxBxD
.=0.6x0.50x0.55
.=0.165m3
2.ShutteringArea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(0.60+0.50)x2x0.55
.=1.21m 2
3.BitumenpaintArea=peripherallengthxDepth+topareaColumnArea
.=(L+B)x2xD+LxBlxb(ColumnDimension)
.=(0.60+0.50)x2x0.55+0.60x0.500.25x0.25
.=1.447m2
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Problem4: ForagivenRaftfootingfind F=12.5mx10.6mx1.40m
1.volumeofconcrete C1=0.40mx0.40m
2.AreaofShuttering C2=0.40mx0.50m
3.AreaofBitumenpaint C3=0.50mx0.50m
Solution:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=LxBxD
.=12.5x10.6x1.4
.=185.50m3
2.ShutteringArea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(12.5+10.6)x2x1.40
.=64.68m2
thereforecolumnarea=LxBxno.ofcolumns
2
C1=0.40x0.40x3=0.48m
C2=0.40x0.50x3=0.60m 2
C3=0.50x0.50x3=0.75m 2
TotalColumnarea=0.48+0.60+0.75=1.83m 2
3.BitumenpaintArea=peripherallengthxDepth+topareaColumnArea
.=(L+B)x2xD+LxBlxb(ColumnArea)
.=(12.5+10.6)x2x1.40+12.5x10.61.83
.=195.35m2
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Problem5: ForagivenStepfootingfind F=step1:0.80mx0.80mx0.25m
1.volumeofconcrete F=step2:0.70mx0.70mx0.25m
2.AreaofShuttering F=step3:0.60mx0.60mx0.25m
3.AreaofBitumenpaint C=0.30mx0.30m
Solution:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=LxBxD
step1 .=0.80x0.80x0.25 .=0.16m 3
step2 .=0.70x0.70x0.25 .=0.122m3
step3 .=0.60x0.60x0.25 .=0.09m 3
TotalVolume .=0.372m3
2.ShutteringArea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
step1 .=(0.80+0.80)x2x0.25 .=0.80m 2
step2 .=(0.70+0.70)x2x0.25 .=0.70m 2
step3 .=(0.60+0.60)x2x0.25 .=0.60m 2
TotalArea .=2.10m 2
3.BitumenpaintArea=peripherallengthxDepth+topareatopsteparea
2
step1 .=(0.80+0.80)x2x0.25+0.80x0.800.7x0.70 .=0.95m
step2 .=(0.70+0.70)x2x0.25+0.70x0.700.60x0.60 .=0.83m 2
step3 .=(0.60+0.60)x2x0.25+0.60x0.600.30x0.30 .=0.87m 2
2
TotalArea .=2.65m
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Problem6: ForagivenPileunderfooting(pilecap)find
1.volumeofconcrete PileDimension:
2.AreaofShuttering =0.50m;height=3.5m
3.AreaofBitumenpaint
Solution:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=/4xd2xD
2
.=/4x0.5 x3.5
3
.=0.687m
2.ShutteringArea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=2xxrxD
.=2xx0.25x3.50
.=5.49m 2
3.BitumenpaintArea=peripherallengthxDepth+bottomarea
2
.=2xxrxD+/4xd
.=2xx0.25x3.50+/4x0.52
.=5.68m 2
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Problem7: ForagivenIsolatedfootingfind footingdimension:
1.volumeofconcrete Bottomdimension:L 1=0.85m;B 1=0.85m
2.AreaofShuttering Topdimension:L 2=0.50m;B 2=0.50
3.AreaofBitumenpaint DepthofFooting=0.91m
Solution: C=0.35x0.35
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
Part1: .=LxBxD
.=0.675x0.675x0.58
.=0.264m3
ThereforeAverageBreadth"B"=(B 1+B2)/2
.=(0.85+0.50)/2
.=0.675m
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
Part2: .=LxBxD
.=0.85x0.85x0.33
.=0.238m3
Totalvolumeofconcreteforthefooting=vol.ofpart1+vol.ofpart2
.=0.264+0.238
.=0.502m3
2.ShutteringArea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
Part1: .=(L+B)x2xD
.=(0.675+0.675)x2x0.58
.=1.566m2
Part2: .=(L+B)x2xD
.=(0.85+0.85)x2x0.33
.=1.122m2
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Totalshutteringareaforthefooting=area.ofpart1+areaofpart2
.=1.566+1.122
.=2.688m2
3.BitumenpaintArea=peripherallengthxDepth+topareaColumnArea
Part1: .=(L+B)x2xD+LxBLxB(Columnarea)
.=(0.675+0.675)x2x0.58+0.50x0.500.35x0.35
.=1.693m2
BitumenpaintArea=peripherallengthxDepth
Part2: .=(L+B)x2xD
.=(0.85+0.85)x2x0.33
.=1.122m2
TotalBitumenpaintareaforthefooting=area.ofpart1+areaofpart2
.=1.693+1.122
.=2.815m2
Problem8: ForagivenCombinedIsolatedfootingfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
3.AreaofBitumenpaint
footingdimension:
Bottomdimension:L 1=0.85m;B 1=0.85m
Topdimension:L 2=0.50m;B 2=0.50
DepthofFooting=0.91m
C1=0.35x0.35
C2=0.40x0.40
Solution:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
Part1: .=LxBxD
.=2.40x1.0x0.45
.=1.08m 3
ThereforeAveragelength"L"=(L 1+L 2)/2
.=(2.80+2.0)/2
.=2.40m
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ThereforeAverageBreadth"B"=(B 1+B2)/2
.=(1.20+0.80)/2
.=1.0m
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
Part2: .=LxBxD
.=2.80x1.20x0.25
.=0.84m 3
Totalvolumeofconcreteforthefooting=vol.ofpart1+vol.ofpart2
.=1.08+0.84
.=1.92m3
2.ShutteringArea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
Part1: .=(L+B)x2xD
.=(2.40+1.0)x2x0.45
.=3.06m 2
Part2: .=(L+B)x2xD
.=(2.80+1.20)x2x0.25
.=2.0m 2
Totalshutteringareaforthefooting=area.ofpart1+areaofpart2
.=3.06+2.0
.=5.06m 2
3.BitumenpaintArea=peripherallengthxDepth+topareaColumnArea
Part1: .=(L+B)x2xD+LxBLxB(Columnarea)
.=(2.40+1.0)x2x0.45+2.0x0.80(0.35x0.35+0.40x0.40)
2
.=4.3775m
BitumenpaintArea=peripherallengthxDepth
Part2: .=(L+B)x2xD
.=(2.80+1.20)x2x0.25
.=2.0m 2
TotalBitumenpaintareaforthefooting=area.ofpart1+areaofpart2
.=4.3775+2.0
.=6.3775m2
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ProblemsonColumns
Problem1: ForagivenSquareColumnfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
3.AreaofBitumenpaint
Solution:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=LxBxD
.=0.45x0.45x3.0
.=0.607m3
2.AreaofShuttering=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(0.45+0.45)x2x3.0
.=5.40m 2
3.AreaofBitumenpaint=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(0.45+0.45)x2x3.0
.=5.40m 2
Problem2: ForagivenCircularColumnfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
3.AreaofBitumenpaint
Solution:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=/4xd2xD
2
.=/4x0.6 x3.0
3
.=0.848m
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2.AreaofShuttering=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=2xxrxD
.=2xx0.30x3.0
.=5.654m2
3.AreaofBitumenpaint=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=2xxrxD
.=2xx0.30x3.0
.=5.654m2
Problem3: ForagivenLtypeColumnfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
3.AreaofBitumenpaint
Solution:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=0.18x3.0
.=0.54m 3
Tofindtheareaofcolumndivideareaintotwoparts
thereforearea1=0.55x0.20= 0.11
area2=0.20x0.35= 0.07
totalarea 0.18m2
2.ShutteringArea=PeripherallengthxDepth
.=2.20x3.0
.=6.60m 2
thereforePeripherallength=0.55+0.55+0.20+0.35+0.35+0.20
.=2.20m
3.AreaofBitumenpaint=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=2.20x3.0
.=6.60m 2
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2.AreaofShuttering=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=2xxrxD
.=2xx0.30x3.0
.=5.654m2
3.AreaofBitumenpaint=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=2xxrxD
.=2xx0.30x3.0
.=5.654m2
Problem4: ForagivenTtypeColumnfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
3.AreaofBitumenpaint
Solution:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=0.23x3.0
.=0.69m 3
Tofindtheareaofcolumndivideareaintotwoparts
thereforearea1=0.60x0.25= 0.15
area2=0.20x0.40= 0.08
totalarea 0.23m2
2.ShutteringArea=PeripherallengthxDepth
.=2.50x3.0
.=7.50m 2
thereforePeripherallength=0.60+0.25+0.20+0.40+0.20+0.40+0.20+0.25
.=2.50m
3.AreaofBitumenpaint=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=2.50x3.0
.=7.50m 2
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Problem5: ForagivenarctypeColumnfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
3.AreaofBitumenpaint
Solution:
firstfindthearclengthandtofindthis,use
segmentalarclengthformula
arclength=(8B2r)/3
whereB=H2+r2
thereforewithcentrelinemethod
Heightofarc'H'=0.50m
Radiusofarc'r'=0.60m
B=0.502+0.602
B=0.781
arclength=(8B2r)/3
.=(8x0.7812x0.60)/3
.=1.682m
thereforeLengthofcolumn=1.682m;Breadthofcolumn=0.40mandDepthofcolumn=3.0m
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=LxBxD
.=1.682x0.40x3.0
3
.=2.018m
2.ShutteringArea=PeripherallengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(1.682+0.40)x2x3.0
.=12.492m2
3.AreaofBitumenpaint=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(1.682+0.40)x2x3.0
.=12.492m2
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Problem6: Foragiven'V'typeColumnfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
3.AreaofBitumenpaint
Solution:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=0.285x3.0
.=0.855m3
Tofindtheareaofcolumndivideareaintotwoparts
2.ShutteringArea=PeripherallengthxDepth
.=2.50x3.0
.=7.50m 2
thereforePeripherallength=0.55+0.55+0.30+0.40+0.40+0.30
.=2.50m
3.AreaofBitumenpaint=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=2.50x3.0
.=7.50m 2
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Problem7: ForagivenHexagontypeColumnfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
3.AreaofBitumenpaint
Solution:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=0.233x3.0
.=0.699m3
FormulatofindoutareaofHexagon=(0.50xrx0.50xrxTan60)x6
.=(0.50x0.30x0.50x0.30x1.732)x6
.=0.233m2
2.ShutteringArea=PeripherallengthxDepth
.=6xrxD
.=6x0.30x3.0
.=5.40m 2
thereforePeripherallength=6r
3.AreaofBitumenpaint=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=6xrxD
.=6x0.30x3.0
.=5.40m 2
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Problem8: Foragiven'Y'typeColumnfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
3.Areaofpaint
Solution:
1.VolumeofConcrete=frontareaofColumnxthicknessofColumn
.=0.96x0.30
.=0.288m3
TofindoutfrontareaofColumn,dividefrontareaofcolumnintothreeparts
Areaofpart1(triangleshape) .=1/2xbxh
.=0.50x0.35x0.60
.=0.105m2
Areaofpart2(triangleshape) .=1/2xbxh
.=0.50x0.35x0.60
.=0.105m2
Areaofpart3(rectangleshape) .=LxB
.=0.30x2.50
.=0.75m 2
TotalFrontareaofColumn=0.105+0.105+0.75
2
.=0.96m
2.ShutteringArea=frontareaofcolumn+backareaofcolumn+sideareaofcolumn+sideareaofcolumn
.=0.96+0.96+0.778+0.778
.=3.476m2
thereforesideareacanbefindoutbydividingthesideareaintotwoparts:
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part1:
sideareaforpart1=LxB
.=0.30x1.90
.=0.57m 2
part2:
sideareaforpart2=LxB
.=0.30x0.694
.=0.208m2
accordingtoPythagorastheorem:
2 2
inclinedlength=c= (a +b )
2 2
.=(0.35 +0.60 )
.=0.694m
Hencetotalsidearea=A 1+A2
.=0.57+0.208
2
.=0.778m
3.Areaofpaint=AreaofShuttering
2
.=3.476m
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Problem9: Foragiven'Y'typeColumnwitharchfind
1.volumeofconcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
3.Areaofpaint
Solution:
1.VolumeofConcrete=FrontAreaxthicknessofColumn
.=1.069x0.40
.=0.4276m3
TofindoutfrontareaofColumn,dividefrontareaofcolumnintothreeparts
2
1.areaofSquare=LxB=0.80x0.80 2.areaofCircle=/4xd
.=0.64m 2 .=/4x0.8 2
.=0.502m2
Deductionofcircleareafromsquarearea .=0.640.502
2
Areaforfourpanels .=0.138m
Areaofeachpanel .=0.138/4
.=0.0345m2
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Frontareaofcolumn:
2
1.Part1=0.0345m
2.Part2=0.0345m 2
3.Part3=LxB=0.40x2.50=1.0m 2
totalarea=0.0345+0.0345+1.0=1.069m 2
2.ShutteringArea=frontareaofcolumn+backareaofcolumn+sideareaofcolumn+sideareaofcolumn
.=1.069+1.069+1.091+1.091
.=4.32m 2
thereforesideareacanbefindoutbydividingthesideareaintotwoparts:
part1:
sideareaforpart1=LxB
.=0.40x2.10
.=0.84m 2
part2:
sideareaforpart2=LxB
.=0.40x0.628
.=0.251m2
Formulatofindoutarclengthforquartercircle:
arclength=2xxrx1/4
.=2xx0.40x0.25
.=0.628m
Hencetotalsidearea=A 1+A2
.=0.84+0.251
2
.=1.091m
3.Areaofpaint=AreaofShuttering
.=4.322m2
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Problem10: ForagivenRoofframefindvolumeofconcrete&areaofshutteringfor
1.Columns
2.DropBeams
3.RoofSlabs
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(i)SolutionforColumns:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepthxno.ofColumns
.=LxBxDxno.s
Column1 .=0.40x0.40x3.15x2=1.008m 3
Column2 .=0.50x0.45x3.15x2=1.417m 3
3
Column3 .=0.45x0.60x3.15x2=1.701m
TotalvolumeofconcreterequiredforFloorcolumns=4.126m 3
2.ShutteringArea=PeripherallengthxDepthxno.ofColumns
.=(L+B)x2xDxno.s
Column1 .=(0.40+0.40)x2x3.0x2=9.60m 2
Column2 .=(0.50+0.45)x2x3.0x2=11.40m 2
Column3 .=(0.45+0.60)x2x3.0x2=12.60m 2
TotalshutteringarearequiredforFloorColumns=33.60m 3
Note:whilecalculatingshutteringareaforColumns,HeightofcolumnshouldbetakenuptoCeilingHeight,excluding
Slabthickness.
(ii)SolutionforDropBeams:
1.VolumeofConcreteforDropbeam=AreaxLengthxno.ofbeams
.=LxBxD
a. DropbeamonaxisAbetweenaxis1andaxis2 .=4.50x0.40x0.50=0.90m 3
b. DropbeamonaxisAbetweenaxis2andaxis3 .=4.00x0.45x0.50=0.90m 3
c. DropbeamonaxisBbetweenaxis1andaxis2 .=4.50x0.50x0.50=1.125m 3
d. DropbeamonaxisBbetweenaxis2andaxis3 .=4.00x0.55x0.60=1.32m 3
e. Dropbeamonaxis1betweenaxisAandaxisB .=4.10x0.40x0.50=0.82m 3
f. Dropbeamonaxis2betweenaxisAandaxisB .=4.10x0.50x0.50=1.025m 3
g. Dropbeamonaxis3betweenaxisAandaxisB .=4.05x0.60x0.65=1.579m 3
TotalvolumeofConcreteforDropbeams=7.669m 3
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2.ShutteringAreaforDropbeams=Frontarea+backarea+bottomarea
.=LxD+LxD+LxB
Note:
(i)forfindingoutshutteringareaforDropbeam,forinternalbeams,slabthicknessistobededucted
frombothsideofbeams,i.e.externalandinternalface.
Calculations:
a. DropbeamonaxisAbetweenaxis1andaxis2 .=4.50x0.50+4.50x0.35+4.5x0.40=5.625m 2
Note:forexternalDropbeamsSlabthicknesshastobedeductedfromdepthofbeamfrominternalfaceofbeams
2
b. DropbeamonaxisAbetweenaxis2andaxis3 .=4.0x0.50+4.0x0.35+4.0x0.45=5.20m
2
c. DropbeamonaxisBbetweenaxis1andaxis2 .=4.50x0.5+4.50x0.35+4.50x0.50=6.075m
d. DropbeamonaxisBbetweenaxis2andaxis3 .=4.00x0.60+4.0x0.45+4.0x0.55=6.40m 2
e. Dropbeamonaxis1betweenaxisAandaxisB .=4.10x0.50+4.10x0.35+4.10x0.40=5.125m 2
f. Dropbeamonaxis2betweenaxisAandaxisB .=4.10x0.35+4.10x0.35+4.10x0.50=4.92m 2
Note:forinternalDropbeamsSlabthicknesshastobedeductedfromdepthofbeamfrombothsideofbeams
g. Dropbeamonaxis3betweenaxisAandaxisB .=4.05x0.65+4.05x0.50+4.05x0.60=7.0875m 2
TotalShutteringareaforDropbeams=40.432m 2
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(ii)SolutionforRoofSlab:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=LxBxD
Slab1(S1) .=4.50x4.10x0.15=2.76m 3
Slab2(S2) .=4.0x4.05x0.15=2.43m 3
3
TotalVolume=5.19m
2.ShutteringArea=BottomareaofSlab
.=LxB
Slab1(S1) .=4.50x4.10=18.45m 2
Slab2(S2) .=4.00x4.05=16.20m 2
DOMESLABCALCULATION
Problem11: ForagivenRoofframefindvolumeofconcrete&areaofshutteringfor
1.RoofSlab
2.DomeSlabs
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(A)SolutionforRoofSlab: ConeDetails
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepthxno.ofSlabs
.=LxBxDxno.s
.=12.50x10.80x0.20x1=27.0m 3
DeductionofDomearea (iii)Dome3=AreaxDepth
2
(i)Dome1=AreaxDepth .=/4xd xD
2
.=/4xd xD .=/4x1.602x0.20
2
.=/4x2.80 x0.20 .=0.402m3
3
.=1.231m
(ii)Dome2=AreaxDepth
2
.=/4xd xD
2
.=/4x1.80 x0.20 Cylinderdetails
3
.=0.508m
Totalvolumeofconcreterequired=27.01.2310.5080.402
.=24.859m3
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2.Shutteringarea=(Bottomareaoffloorslab+peripherallengthofDome1xDepth+peripherallengthofDome2x
Depth+peripherallengthofDome3xDepth)
.=LxB+2xxr 1xD+2xxr 2xD+2xxr 3xD
.=12.50x10.80+2xx1.40x0.20+2xx0.90x0.20+2xx0.80x0.20
2
.=138.89m
DeductionofDomearea
(i)Dome1=BottomAreaofDome1 (iii)Dome3=BottomAreaofDome3
.=/4xd2 .=/4xd
2
.=/4x2.802 .=/4x1.602
.=6.157m2 .=2.01m 2
(ii)Dome2=BottomAreaofDome2 Totalshutteringarearequired=138.896.1572.5442.01
2
.=/4xd .=128.176m2
.=/4x1.802
.=2.544m2
(B)SolutionforDomeSlabs:
Dome1:
semicirclelength=2 rx1/2
.=2xx1.40x0.5
.=4.398m
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth 2.Shutteringarea=bottomareaofdome
.=/4xd2xD .=/4xd
2
2 2
.=/4x4.398 x0.15 .=/4x4.398
3 2
.=2.278m .=15.191m
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Dome2:
semicirclelength=2 rx1/2
.=2xx0.90x0.5
.=2.827m
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth 2.Shutteringarea=bottomareaofdome
.=/4xd2xD .=/4xd2
.=/4x2.8272x0.15 .=/4x2.8272
.=0.941m3 .=6.276m2
Dome3:
Segmentalarclength=(8B2R)/3 whereB=R2+H2
thereforeD=1.60m;R=0.80m;H=0.60m
2 2
B=R +H
B=0.802+0.602
B=1.0
Arclength'L'=(8x1.02x0.80)/3
.=2.133m
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1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth 2.Shutteringarea=bottomareaofdome
2
.=/4xd xD .=/4xd2
.=/4x2.1332x0.15 .=/4x2.1332
.=0.535m3 .=3.573m2
(B)SolutionforMinaret:
Cylinder:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
2
.=/4xd xD
2
.=/4x0.50 x3.50
3
.=0.687m
2.ShutteringArea=Peripherallengthxdepth
.=2xxrxD
.=2xx0.25x3.5
.=5.497m2
Cone:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepthx1/3
2
.=/4xd xDx1/3
2
.=/4x0.70 x1.20x1/3
3
.=0.153m
2.ShutteringArea=Peripherallengthxdepthx1/3
.=2xxrxDx1/3
.=2xx0.35x1.20x1/3
.=0.879m2
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CalculationfortheQuantitiesofRoofSlabwithDomeSlab
S.no Description item no.s length breadth depth Volumeof areaof Remarks
in in in Concrete shutter
metre metre metre inm3 inm2
Deductionofarea
Dome1 DM1 1 = 2.800 0.200 1.232 6.158
Dome2 DM2 1 = 1.800 0.200 0.509 2.545
Dome3 DM3 1 = 1.600 0.200 0.402 2.011
3 Minaret
Cylinder cyl 1 = 0.500 3.500 0.687 5.498
Cone cne 1 = 0.700 1.200 0.154 0.880
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HARDYSLABCALCULATION
Problem12: ForagivendrawingofHardySlabfind
1.VolumeofConcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
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(A)SolutionforHardySlab:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=LxBxD
.=4.90x5.0x0.27=6.615m 3
DeductionfortheHardyBricks:
VolumeofHardyBrick=LxBxDxno.ofBricks
.=0.40x0.20x0.20x28
.=0.448m3
TotalVolumeofConcreterequired=6.6150.448
3
` .=6.167m
2.ShutteringArea=BottomareaofSlab
.=LxB
.=4.90x5.0
.=24.50m2
PICTURESHOWINGDETAILSOFHARDYSLAB&HARDYBRICKSPLACEDONSHUTTERING
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WAFFLESLABCALCULATION
Problem13: ForagivendrawingofWaffleSlabfind
1.VolumeofConcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
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(A)SolutionforWaffleSlab:
1.VolumeofConcrete=AreaxDepth
.=LxBxD
.=5.20x5.80x0.27=8.143m 3
DeductionfortheWaffleCone: L1=0.20;B1=0.20
L2=0.40:B2=0.40
VolumeofWaffleCone=LxBxDxno.ofCones AverageLength=(L1+L2)/2
.=0.30x0.30x0.20x25 .=(0.20+0.40)/2
.=0.45m 3 .=0.30m
TotalVolumeofConcreterequired=8.14320.45 AverageBreadth=(B1+B2)/2
` .=7.6932m3 .=(0.20+0.40)/2
.=0.30m
2.ShutteringArea=BottomareaofSlab
.=LxB
.=5.20x5.80
.=30.16m2
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PITCHROOFCALCULATION
Problem14: ForagivendrawingofPitchRooffind
1.VolumeofConcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
c=(3.02+1.02)
c=3.162m(inclinedlength)
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(A)SolutionforPitchRoof:
1.VolumeofConcreteforeachpanel=Areaxthicknessofslab
.=(a/4)x(4b2a2)xt
2 2
.=(3/4)x(4x3.162 3.0 )x0.15
.=4.175x0.15
.=0.626m3
no.ofpanels=6
totalVolumeofConcreterequired=0.626x6=3.756m 3
2.ShutteringArea=Peripherallengthxthicknessofslab+BottomareaofSlab
.=6Rxt+slabarea
.=6x3.0x0.15+25.05
.=27.75m2
areaofeachpanel=(a/4)x (4b2a2)
2 2
.=(3/4)x(4x3.162 3.0 )
2
.=4.175m
no.ofpanels=6
2
totalarea=6x4.175=25.05m
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SEMIROUNDSTAIRCASECALCULATION
Problem15: ForagivendrawingofSemiroundStaircasefind
1.VolumeofConcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
Heightofriser=0.15m
Tread=
RadiusofwaistSlab=3.50m
HeightofCeiling=HeightofRiserxNo.ofRiser
.=0.15x24
.=3.60m
WaistSlabthickness=0.15m
WidthofWaistSlab=1.30m
no.ofStep=24
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(A)Solutionforstaircase:
Tofindoutsemicirclelengththeformula=2x xrx0.50
thereforeradiusofwaistslab'r'=3.50m
.=2xx3.5x0.50
.=10.99m(linearlength)
Inclinedlength= (10.992+3.602)
C .=11.56m
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1.WaistSlab:
(a)VolumeofConcreteforwaistslab .=Areaxthickness
.=LxBxD
.=11.56x1.30x0.15
.=2.254m3
(b)ShutteringAreaforwaistslab .=LxDx2+BxD+LxB
.=11.56x0.15x2+1.30x0.15+11.56x1.30
.=18.691m2
2.Steps:
lengthofstep=1.30m
widthoftread=0.30mononesideand0.40monotherside
Averagewidthofriser=(0.30+0.40)/2
B .=0.35m
HeightofRiser=0.15m
(a)VolumeofConcreteforStep .=Areaxlengthofstepxno.ofsteps
.=1/2xbxhxLxno.ofsteps
.=0.50x0.35x0.15x1.3x24
.=0.819m3
(b)ShutteringareaforStep .=(1/2xBxHx2+LxD)xno.s
.=(0.50x0.35x0.15x2+1.30x0.15)x24
.=5.94m 2
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3.HandRail:
therefore L=11.56m
B=0.10m
D=0.80m
no.s=2
(a)VolumeofConcreteforHandRail .=areaxdepthxno.ofHandrails
.=LxBxDxno.s
.=11.56x0.10xx0.80x2
.=1.849m3
(b)ShutteringareaforHandRail .=(L+B)x2xDxno.s
.=(11.56+0.10)x2x0.80x2
.=37.312m2
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LIFTPITCALCULATION
Problem15: ForagivendrawingofLiftPitfind
1.VolumeofConcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
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(A)SolutionforLiftPit:
1.PlainCementConcreteBed:
L=2.30m;B=2.0m;T=0.10m
(a)VolumeofConcreteforp.c.cbed .=areaxthicknessofp.c.cbed
.=LxBxD
.=2.30x2.0x0.10
.=0.46m 3
(b)Shutteringareaforp.c.cbed .=(L+B)x2xD
.=(2.30+2.0)x2x0.10
.=0.86m 2
2.Bottomslab:
L=2.10m;B=1.80m;T=0.20m
(a)VolumeofConcreteforBottomslab .=areaxthicknessofbottomslab
.=LxBxD
.=2.10x1.80x0.20
.=0.756m3
(b)ShutteringareaforBottomslab .=(L+B)x2xD
.=(2.10+1.80)x2x0.20
.=1.56m 2
3.ShearwallalongHorizontalplane:
L=2.10m;B=0.20m;H=1.20m
(a)VolumeofConcreteforShearwall .=areaxdepthxno.ofwalls
.=LxBxDxno.s
.=2.10x0.20x1.20x2
.=1.008m3
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(b)ShutteringareaforShearwall .=LxDx2xno.s
.=2.10x1.20x2x2
.=10.08m2
4.Shearwallalongverticalplane:
L=1.40m;B=0.20m;H=1.20m
(a)VolumeofConcreteforShearwall .=areaxdepthxno.ofwalls
.=LxBxDxno.s
.=1.40x0.20x1.20x2
.=0.672m3
(b)ShutteringareaforShearwall .=LxDx2xno.s
.=1.40x1.20x2x2
.=6.72m2
5.Platforms:
L=0.40m;B=0.40m;H=0.50m
(a)VolumeofConcreteforPlatform .=areaxdepthxno.ofplatforms
.=LxBxDxno.s
.=0.40x0.40x0.50x2
.=0.16m 3
(b)ShutteringareaforPlatform .=(L+B)x2xDxno.s
.=(0.40+0.40)x20.50x2
.=1.60m 2
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RAMPCALCULATION
Problem15: ForagivendrawingofRampfind
1.VolumeofConcrete
2.AreaofShuttering
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(A)SolutionforRamp:
1.Rampatentrance:
L=10.547m;B=4.0m;T=0.20m
c=(a2+b2)
2 2
c=(9.80 +3.90 )
c=10.547m
(a)VolumeofConcreteforRamp .=areaxthicknessofRamp
.=LxBxD
.=10.547x4.0x0.20
.=8.437m3
(b)Shutteringareaforp.c.cbed .=(L+B)x2xD
.=(10.547+4.0)x2x0.20
.=5.81m 2
2.Rampatexit:
L=10.547m;B=4.20m;T=0.20m
c=(a2+b2)
2 2
c=(9.80 +3.90 )
c=10.547m
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(a)VolumeofConcreteforRamp .=areaxthicknessofRamp
.=LxBxD
.=10.547x4.20x0.20
.=8.859m3
(b)Shutteringareaforp.c.cbed .=(L+B)x2xD
.=(10.547+4.20)x2x0.20
.=5.89m 2
(i) TotalConcreteforbothRamps=8.437+8.859=17.296m 3
(ii) TotalShutteringareaforbothRamps=5.81+5.89=11.70m 3
STANDARDDATAINMETRICSYSTEM
1 Cement:MortarRequiredforBrickwork/m 3
2 Cement:MortarRequiredforPlastering/m 3
3 ConcreteMixDesignwithdifferentproportion&ratios/m 3
For1m3ofC:MSand=0.20m 3Constantforallproportion
3
For1m ofC:MCementinkgs=(0.20x1440)/lastdigitofratioorproportion
.=0.20x1440/3
.=96.0kgs
thereforeeachbagofcement=50kgs
CementinBags .=96.0/50
.=1.92bags
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StandardWeight&Density
1 WeightofCementinkgs/m 3 .=1440kgs
2 WeightofeachCementBag .=50kgs
3
3 No.ofCementbags/m .=1440/50
.=28.80orapproximatelyequalto29bags
3
4 WeightofSand/m .=1600kgsto1750kgs.Sandweightvariesdependingonconditioni.e.DryorMoisturizing
3
5 WeightofAggregate/m .=2400kgs
3
6 WeightofWater/m .=1000kgs
7 WeightofWater/litre .=1kg
8 DensityofConcrete/m 3 .=2400kgs
3
9 DensityofSteel/m .=7850kgs
3 3
10 DensityofBrick .=1.92grms/cm (Normalclay)or2.42grms/cm (FineClay)
3
11 WeightofConcrete/m .=2500kgsto2800kgs(R.C.C)
12 M15=1:2:4
WhereM15=GradeofConcrete 1ton=1000kgs
M=MixDesign 1quintal=100kgs
15=CompressiveStrengthofConcrete 1kg=1000grms
1=1bagofCement
2=2bagsofSand
4=4bagsofAggregate
(b) Cement:MortarrequiredforPlastering(for1m 3ofC:MforPlastering)
S.no Proportionorratio Sandin Cement Cement Cement Cementinm3: 1440kgs=1m3
inm3 inKgs inBags inm3 600.0kgs=?m3
1 .1:3 1.25 600.00 12.0 0.417 600.0/1440
3
2 .1:4 1.25 450.00 9.0 0.313 .=0.4166m
3 .1:5 1.25 360.00 7.2 0.250
4 .1:6 1.25 300.00 6.0 0.208
5 .1:7 1.25 257.14 5.143 0.179
6 .1:8 1.25 225.00 4.5 0.156
For1m3ofC:MSand=1.25m 3Constantforallproportion
3
For1m ofC:MCementinkgs=(1.25x1440)/lastdigitofratioorproportion
.=1.25x1440/3
.=600.0kgs
thereforeeachbagofcement=50kgs
CementinBags .=600/50 .=12bags
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GeneralPractice:
Plasteringisdoneintwocoatsi.e.1 stcoat&2 ndcoat
st
1 coatiscalledasRoughCoatwithCement:Mortarratio1:6
nd
2 CoatiscalledasFinishCoatwithCement:Mortarratio1:3
TotalthicknessofPlastershouldbeconsideras20mmor2cmor0.02m
thicknessfor1stcoatofplaster .=12mm
nd
thicknessfor2 coatofplaster .=8mm
totalthickness .=20mm
(c) Cement,Sand&AggregaterequiredfordifferentGradesofConcrete/m 3
S.no Gradeof Ratioof Sandin Aggregate Cement Cement Cement Cementinm3: 1440kgs=1m
3
3 3 3 3
Concrete Concrete inm inm inKgs inBags inm 165.60kgs=?m
1 M7.5 .1:4:8 0.46 0.92 165.6 3.312 0.115 165.60/1440
2 M10 .1:3:6 0.46 0.92 220.8 4.416 0.153
3 M15 .1:2:4 0.46 0.92 331.2 6.624 0.230 .=0.115m3
4 M20 .1:1.5:3 0.46 0.92 441.6 8.832 0.307
5 M25 .1:1:2 0.46 0.92 662.4 13.248 0.460
6 M30 .1:0.75:1.5 0.46 0.92 883.2 17.664 0.613
7 M35 .1:0.5:1 0.46 0.92 1324.8 26.496 0.920
8 M40 .1:0.25:0.5 0.46 0.92 2649.6 52.992 1.840
3 3
For1m ofConcreteSand=0.46m Constantforallproportion
3 3
For1m ofConcreteAggregate=0.92m Constantforallproportion
3
For1m ofConcreteCementinkgs=(0.92x1440)/lastdigitofratioorproportion
.=0.92x1440/8
.=165.60kgs
Eachbagofcement=50kgs
ThereforeCementinBags .=165.60/50
.=3.312bags
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BrickWorkCalculations&problems
A. IndianRedBrick
SizeofBrick .=9"x4"x3"
.=0.2286mx0.10mx0.0762m
VolumeofeachBrick=0.001741m 3
3
no.ofbricks/m .=totalVolumeofbrickwork
VolumeofeachBrick
.=1/0.001741
.=574.38orapproximatelyequalto575bricks
B. OverseasBricks
SizeofeachBrick .=0.40mx0.20mx0.20m
VolumeofeachBrick=0.016m 3
no.ofbricks/m 3 .=totalVolumeofbrickwork
VolumeofeachBrick
.=1/0.016
.=62.50orapproximatelyequalto63bricks
Problem1:
Foranareaof160m 2withwallthickness10cmfind
(i)No.ofbricks
(ii)C:MrequiredforBrickworkwithratio1:6
Solution
1.volumeofbrickwork=Areaxthickness
.=160x0.10
.=16m 3
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2.No.ofbricks=t otalvolumeofbrickwork
Volumeofeachbrick
.=16/0.001741
.=9190.12orapproximatelyequalto9191bricks
3.C:MrequiredforBrickwork:
(i)Sand=1m 3=0.20m 3
3 3
16m =?m
.=16x0.20
3
.=3.20m
Problem2:
Foranareaof1800ft 2withwallthickness20cmfind
(i)No.ofbricks
(ii)C:MrequiredforBrickworkwithratio1:5
Solution
1.volumeofbrickwork=Areaxthickness 1800ft2=?m 2
.=167.311x0.20 therefore1m=3.28ft
3
.=33.462m .=1800/3.282
.=167.311m2
2.No.ofbricks=t otalvolumeofbrickwork
Volumeofeachbrick
.=33.462/0.001741
.=19219.98orapproximatelyequalto19220bricks
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3.C:MrequiredforBrickwork:
3 3
(i)Sand=1m =0.20m
33.462m =?m 3
3
.=33.462x0.20
3
.=6.692m
Problem3:
Foragivenplanfind
(i)No.ofbricks
(ii)C:MrequiredforBrickworkwithratio1:5
D=1.0X2.10
HeightofCeiling=3.0m
Solution
Lengthofwall='L'=5.40x2+4.0x2=18.80m
L=18.80m
B=0.20m
D=3.0m
1 volumeofbrickwork=Areaxthickness
.=18.80x0.20x3.0
.=11.28m3
DeductionofDoor=LxBxD=1.0x2.10x0.20=0.42m 3
DeductionofDoorLintel=LxBxD=1.20x0.10x0.20=0.024m 3
Note:
BreadthofLintel=thicknessofwall=0.20m
forLintelDimension10cmbearingshouldbeaddedoneachsideoflengthofDoorandHeightoflintel=0.10m
TotalVolumeofbrickworkafterdeductions=11.280.420.024=10.836m 3
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2 No.ofbricks=t otalvolumeofbrickwork
Volumeofeachbrick
.=10.836/0.001741
.=6224.009orapproximatelyequalto6225bricks
3 C:MrequiredforBrickwork:
(i)Sand=1m 3=0.20m 3
3 3
10.836m =?m
.=10.836x0.20
3
.=2.167m
Problem4:
Foragivenplanfind
(i)No.ofbricks
(ii)C:MrequiredforBrickworkwithratio1:6
D=1.0X2.10
HeightofCeiling=3.0m
Solution:
(i) forExternalwallor20cmwall
Lengthofwall='L'=10.40x2+4.0x2=28.80m
L=28.80m B=0.20m D=3.0m
volumeofbrickworkfor20cmwall=Areaxthickness
.=LxBxD
.=28.80x0.20x3.0
3
.=17.28m
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(ii) forinternalwallor10cmwall
Lengthofwall='L'=4.0m
L=4.0m B=0.10m D=3.0m
volumeofbrickworkfor10cmwall=Areaxthickness
.=LxBxD
.=4.0x0.10x3.0
.=1.20m 3
3
(iii) TotalVolumeofBrickwork .=17.28+1.20=18.48m
DeductionofDoor=LxBxDxno.s=1.0x2.10x0.20x1=0.42m 3
DeductionofDoor=LxBxDxno.s=1.0x2.10x0.10x1=0.21m 3
DeductionofDoorLintel=LxBxDxno.s=1.20x0.10x0.20x1=0.024m 3
3
DeductionofDoorLintel=LxBxDxno.s=1.20x0.10x0.10x1=0.012m
Note:
BreadthofLintel=thicknessofwall=0.20m
forLintelDimension10cmbearingshouldbeaddedoneachsideoflengthofDoorandHeightoflintel=0.10m
TotalVolumeofbrickworkafterdeductions=18.480.420.210.0240.012=17.814m 3
(v) C:MrequiredforBrickwork:
(i)Sand=1m 3=0.20m 3
17.814m 3=?m 3
.=17.814x0.20
3
.=3.562m
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PlasteringCalculations&problems
Problem1:
Foranareaof120m 2findC:Mrequiredforplastering
(i)1stcoatwithc:mratio1:6
(ii)2ndcoatwithc:mration1:3
Solution
(i) 1stcoatofplaster: thicknessofplaster=12mmor0.012m C:M=1:6
volumeofC:MforPlastering=Areaofplasterxthicknessofplaster
.=120x0.012
.=1.44m 3
Cement:Mortarrequiredforplastering:
a.Sand: b.Cement:
1m3=1.25m 3 1m3=(1.25x1440)/6
3 3
1.44m =?m 1m3=300kgs
3
.=1.44x1.25 1.44m =?Kgs
3
.=1.80m .=1.44x300
.=432.0kgs
no.ofcementbags=432/50=8.64or9bags
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Problem2:
Foranareaof2400SftfindC:Mrequiredforplastering
(i)1stcoatwithc:mratio1:5
(ii)2ndcoatwithc:mration1:3
Solution
(i) 1stcoatofplaster: thicknessofplaster=12mmor0.012m C:M=1:5
2 2
volumeofC:MforPlastering=Areaofplasterxthicknessofplaster 2400ft =?m
.=223.08x0.012 1m=3.28ft
3 2
.=2.676m .=2400/3.28
.=223.08m2
Cement:Mortarrequiredforplastering:
a.Sand: b.Cement:
1m3=1.25m 3 1m3=(1.25x1440)/5
3 3
2.676m =?m 1m3=360kgs
3
.=2.676x1.25 2.676m =?Kgs
3
.=3.345m .=2.676x360
.=963.36kgs
no.ofcementbags=963.36/50=19.267or20bags
Cement:Mortarrequiredforplastering:
a.Sand: b.Cement:
1m3=1.25m 3 1m3=(1.25x1440)/3
3 3
1.784m =?m 1m3=600kgs
3
.=1.784x1.25 1.784m =?Kgs
3
.=2.23m .=1.784x600
.=1070.40kgs
no.ofcementbags=1070.40/50=21.40or22bags
totalSandrequired=3.345+2.23=5.575m 3
TotalCementrequired=20+22=42bags
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Problem3:
Foragivenplanfind
a Areaofplasteringexcludingceilingarea
b C:Mrequiredforplastering
(i)1stcoatwithc:mratio1:5
(ii)2ndcoatwithc:mration1:3
(iii)Ceilingheight=3.0m
(iv)Slabthickness=0.15m
(v)Door'D'=1.0x2.10
Solution
a. Areaofplastering:
(i) InternalPlasterarea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(5.0+4.0)x2x3.0
.=54.0m 2
Deductionofdoorarea=LxD=1.0x2.10=2.10
2
totalinternalplasterarea=54.02.10=51.90m
(ii) ExternalPlasterarea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD Note:whilefindingexternalplasterarea,Slabthicknesshas
.=(5.4+4.4)x2x3.15 tobeaddedwithCeilingheight
.=61.74m2
Deductionofdoorarea=LxD=1.0x2.10=2.10
2
totalexternalplasterarea=61.742.10=59.64m
(iii) TotalPlasterarea=51.90+59.64=111.54m 2
b. C:Mrequiredforplastering:
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Cement:Mortarrequiredforplastering:
a.Sand: b.Cement:
1m3=1.25m 3 1m3=(1.25x1440)/5
3 3
1.338m =?m 1m3=360kgs
3
.=1.338x1.25 1.338m =?Kgs
3
.=1.672m .=1.338x360
.=481.68kgs
no.ofcementbags=481.68/50=9.633or10bags
Cement:Mortarrequiredforplastering:
a.Sand: b.Cement:
1m3=1.25m 3 1m3=(1.25x1440)/3
3 3
0.892m =?m 1m3=600kgs
3
.=0.892x1.25 0.892m =?Kgs
3
.=1.115m .=0.892x600
.=535.20kgs
no.ofcementbags=535.20/50=10.704or11bags
totalSandrequired=1.672+1.115=2.787m 3
TotalCementrequired=10+11=21bags
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Problem4:
Foragivenplanfind
a Areaofplasteringexcludingceilingarea
b C:Mrequiredforplastering
(i)1stcoatwithc:mratio1:5
(ii)2ndcoatwithc:mration1:3
(iii)Ceilingheight=3.0m
(iv)Slabthickness=0.15m
(v)Door'D'=1.0x2.10
Solution
a. Areaofplastering:
(i) InternalPlasterarea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
Room1 .=(L+B)x2xD
.=(5.0+4.0)x2x3.0
.=54.0m 2
Room2 .=(L+B)x2xD
.=(4.90+4.0)x2x3.0
.=53.40m2
totalplasterarea=54.0+53.40+93.248.40=192.24m 2
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b. C:Mrequiredforplastering:
(i) 1stcoatofplaster: thicknessofplaster=12mmor0.012m C:M=1:5
volumeofC:MforPlastering=Areaofplasterxthicknessofplaster
.=192.24x0.012
.=2.306m3
Cement:Mortarrequiredforplastering:
a.Sand: b.Cement:
3 3 3
1m =1.25m 1m =(1.25x1440)/5
3 3
2.306m =?m 1m3=360kgs
3
.=2.306x1.25 2.306m =?Kgs
3
.=2.88m .=2.306x360
.=830.16kgs
no.ofcementbags=830.16/50=16.60or17bags
Cement:Mortarrequiredforplastering:
a.Sand: b.Cement:
1m3=1.25m 3 1m3=(1.25x1440)/3
3 3
1.537m =?m 1m3=600kgs
3
.=1.537x1.25 1.537m =?Kgs
3
.=1.921m .=1.537x600
.=922.20kgs
no.ofcementbags=922.20/50=18.44or19bags
totalSandrequired=2.88+1.921=4.801m 3
TotalCementrequired=17+19=36bags
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EmulsionPaintorWaterBondPaintforwalls(Calculations&problems)
Problem1:
Foragivenplanfind
a AreaofPaint
b EmulsionPaintrequiredinlitres
(i)Ceilingheight=3.0m
(ii)Slabthickness=0.15m
(iii)Door'D'=1.0x2.10
Solution
a. AreaofEmulsionPaint:
(i) InternalPaintarea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(5.0+4.0)x2x3.0
.=54.0m 2
Deductionofdoorarea=LxD=1.0x2.10=2.10
2
totalinternalpaintarea=54.02.10=51.90m
(ii) ExternalPaintarea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD Note:whilefindingexternalpaintarea,Slabthicknesshas
.=(5.4+4.4)x2x3.15 tobeaddedwithCeilingheight
.=61.74m2
Deductionofdoorarea=LxD=1.0x2.10=2.10
2
totalexternalpaintarea=61.742.10=59.64m
(iii) TotalPaintarea=51.90+59.64=111.54m 2
StandardsforDoubleCoatofEmulsionPaint:
(a) 1Litreofpaintwillcover4.2m 2areaor
(b) 1litreofpaintwillcover45Sftarea
2
(iv) Emulsionpaintrequiredinlitres: 4.2m =1Litre
2
111.54m =?Litre
.=111.54/4.2
.=26.557orapproximatelyequalto27Litres
ALMadinaInstituteofQuantitySurvey
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WallPuttyCalculations&problems
Problem1:
Foragivenplanfindno.ofbagsrequiredforwallputty
(onlyforinternalareaofwalls)
(i)Ceilingheight=3.0m
(ii)Slabthickness=0.15m
(iii)Door'D'=1.0x2.10
Solution
a. AreaofWallputty:
(i) Internalarea=PeripheralLengthxDepth
.=(L+B)x2xD
.=(5.0+4.0)x2x3.0
.=54.0m 2
Deductionofdoorarea=LxD=1.0x2.10=2.10
2
totalinternalarea=54.02.10=51.90m
StandardsforWallPutty:
ThicknessofWallputtylayer=3mmor0.003m
3
WeightofWallputty/m =849.0kgs
VolumeofWallputty=Areaxthickness
.=51.90x.003
.=0.155m3
1m3=849.0kgs
0.155m3=?Kgs
.=0.155x849
.=131.595kgs
AvailablebagofWallputty=5kgs,10kg,20kg&40kg
no.ofbagsrequired=131.595/40
.=3.289orapproximatelyequalto4bagsof40kgs
ALMadinaInstituteofQuantitySurvey
Headoffice:officeno.411,4thfloor,TirumalaTower,Malakpet,Hyderabad.
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FlooringCalculations&problem
Problem1:
Foragivenplanfindno.ofTilesrequiredforFlooring
ifthesizeofeachFloorTile=12"x12"
Solution
a. AreaofFlooring:
(i) Floorarea=LxB
.=5.0x4.0
.=20.0m 2
(ii) SizeofeachFloortile=12"x12"
2
.=144"
144"2=?M2
therefore1m=39.37"
2 2
.=144" /39.37
.=0.0929m2
(iii) no.offloortilesrequired=Totalfloorarea/areaofeachtile
.=20.0/0.0929
.=215.28orapproximatelyequalto216Tiles
ALMadinaInstituteofQuantitySurvey
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OverHeadWaterTankCalculation&Problem
Problem1:
Foragivenproblemfind
a volumeofconcrete
b shutteringarea
c volumeofwaterinlitres.
thicknessofwall=0.20m
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Solution:
(i) BottomSlab:
1 VolumeofConcrete=LxBxD
.=2.50x2.80x0.15
.=1.05m 3
2 Shutteringarea=(L+B)x2xD+LxB
.=(2.50+2.80)x2x0.15+2.50x2.80
.=8.59m 2
(ii) TopSlab:
1 VolumeofConcrete=LxBxD
.=2.50x2.80x0.15
.=1.05m 3
2 Shutteringarea=(L+B)x2xD+lxb(internaldimension)+(L+B)x2xD(coverdimension)
.=(2.50+2.80)x2x0.15+2.10x2.40+(0.50+0.50)x2x0.15
.=6.93m 2
(iii) wallalonghorizontalaxis:
1 VolumeofConcrete=LxBxDxno.s
.=2.50x0.20x1.50x2
.=1.50m 3
2 Shutteringarea=LxDx2xno.s
.=2.50x1.50x2x2
.=15.0m 2
(iii) wallalongverticalaxis:
1 VolumeofConcrete=LxBxDxno.s
.=2.40x0.20x1.50x2
3
.=1.44m
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2 Shutteringarea=LxDx2xno.s
.=2.40x1.50x2x2
.=14.40m2
(iv) TotalVolumeofConcrete=1.05+1.05+1.50+1.44=5.04m 3
2
(v) TotalShutteringarea=8.59+6.93+15.0+14.40=44.92m
Watercalculations:
Internalvolumeofsump=LxBxD
.=2.10x2.40x1.50
.=7.56m 3
3 3
AccordingtoStandards:1m =1000Litresand1ft =28.34litres
1m3=1000litres
7.56m3=?Litres
.=7.56x1000
.=7560litres
eachwatertanker(truck)hascapacityof5000litres
thereforeno.ofwatertankerrequired=7560/5000
.=1.512orapproximatelyequalto2tankers
ALMadinaInstituteofQuantitySurvey
Headoffice:officeno.411,4thfloor,TirumalaTower,Malakpet,Hyderabad.
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PlasteringwithMachine
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