Seat No.: _____ Enrolment No.

______

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

B E Sem-VI Examination May 2011
Subject code: 161001 Subject Name: Digital Communication
Date:16/05/2011 Time: 10.30 am 01.00 pm
Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Q.1 (a) Answer the following questions 07

[1] What is the difference between deterministic signal and
random signal?
[2] What is the relationship between probability and
information?
[3] Two dice are thrown; find out probability that sum of
numbers showing on two dice is 5.
[4] Explain conditional probability with suitable example
[5] Speech signal is sampled at 8000 samples per second,
coded with 8 bit per sample. Find out data transmission rate
required to transmit the speech signal.
[6] Audio signal is sampled at 44,100 samples per second and
coded with 16 bit per sample. Find out storage requirements
in bytes to record 1 hour of digital audio signal
[7] What is the Nyquist bandwidth if telephone quality speech
signal 300Hz to 3.4 KHz is coded by PCM using 128 levels?
(b) What is source coding? Explain Huffman Coding with appropriate example 07

Q.2 (a) What is scrambling? Explain scrambling and unscrambling process with 07
block diagram and example.

(b) What is pulse shaping? Why pulse shaping is done? Explain pulse shaping 07
by traversal filter
OR

(b) Discuss Shannons channel capacity theorem. Discuss channel capacity for 07
infinite bandwidth. Show that channel capacity is always finite for finite
signal and noise power.

Q.3 (a) Draw and explain block diagram of pulse code modulation system. What is 07
the effect of under-sampling?

(b) Draw and explain block diagram of ADPCM system. Compare PCM and 07
ADPCM.
OR

Q.3 (a) Explain working principle of delta modulation with help of block diagram. 07
What are the problems associated with delta modulation?

1
 (b) Discuss uniform and non-uniform quantization techniques. What is the 07
advantage of non-uniform quantization?

Q.4 (a) What is the difference between linear block code and convolution code? 07
Explain working of convolution coder. Define efficiency of convolution
coder.

(b) Explain Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) technique with neat 07
sketches. Draw constellation diagram for QPSK.

OR

Q.4 (a) What is the difference between coherent and non-coherent detection 07
techniques? Discuss coherent and non-coherent detection of FSK signal

(b) Define Noise figure. Discuss optimum binary receiver with neat sketches. 07

Q.5 (a) What is spread spectrum system? What are the criteria for spread spectrum 07
system? Draw and explain block diagram of direct sequence spread
spectrum (DSSS) system.

(b) What is line coding? What are the ideal requirements from line coding? 07
Draw waveform of bipolar AMI coding for the sequence 10100101.

OR

Q.5 (a) What are the different types of spread spectrum systems? Draw and explain 07
block diagram of frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) system.

(b) Discuss Central limit theorem 07

*************

2
Seat No.: _________ Enrolment No._______________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE SEM-VI Examination-Nov/Dec-2011

Subject code: 161001 Date: 21/11/2011

Subject Name: Digital Communication
Time: 10.30 am -1.00 pm Total marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Q.1. Answer the Following

(a) Draw the block diagram of digital communication system and 04
explain the three major signal processing tasks.
(b) Describe the burst error detecting and correcting codes. 04
(c) The power spectral density and the correlation function of a 03
periodic waveform are a Fourier transform pair Justify.
(d) Define : (i) Auto correlation (ii) PDF and (iii) CDF 03
Q.2 (a) Derive the equation for channel capacity of continuous AWGN 07
channel.
(b) For a (6,3) systematic LBC the three parity check digits c4, c5 and 07
c6 are
C4=d1+d3
C5=d1+d2+d3
C6=d1+d2
1. Construct the code generated by this matrix
2. Prepare a suitable decoding table
3. Decode 100100 and 101011.
OR
(b) A binary channel matrix is given by 07
y1 y2
x1 2/3 1/3 x1,x2=input
y1,y2=output
x2 1/3 2/3
Px(x1)=1/2 and Px(x2)=1/2. Determine H(X), H(Y), H(X/Y),
H(Y/X) and I (X;Y).
Q.3 (a) State and explain The Central Limit Theorem. 05
(b) Compare coded and uncoded Digital transmission systems under 05
the similar Constrain of signal power, transmission rate and
modulation scheme.
(c ) Hamming bound is a necessary but not sufficient condition for 04
higher error correcting codes whereas is a necessary and sufficient
condition for single error correcting codes. Justify.
OR
Q.3 (a) Derive the formula for signal to quantization noise ratio for PCM. 05
(b) Obtain the power spectral densities for the NRZ and biphase data 05
stream 10110101 and compare the same.
( c) In (3,1) repetition code 0 is transmitted by 000 and 1 by 111. 04
(1) Is this a systematic code?
(2) If so, find the generator matrix G.(PTO)

1
Q.4 (a) Explain briefly QPSK modulation with neat sketch. 05
(b) Explain briefly the Nyquist sampling theorem. 05
( c) Define (1) Mean (ii) Central Moment (iii) Variance and (iv) 04
Standard Deviation for random variables.
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain briefly BPSK modulation with neat sketch. 05
(b) Compare delta modulation and Adaptive Delta Modulation in 05
terms of their figure of merits.
( c) Compare ASK and FSK in terms of their figure of merits. 04
Q.5 (a) Explain the Convolution coding in brief. 07
(b) Describe the effect of slope overloading and hunting in delta 07
modulation.
OR
Q.5 (a) What is companding process in PCM? State laws for the same. 07
(b) Explain the detection for PSK with required block diagram. 07

*************

2
Seat No.: _____ Enrolment No.______
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BE Sem-VI Summer Exam 2012
Subject code: 161001 Subject Name: Digital Communication
Date:09/05/2012 Total Marks: 70 Time duration:10:30am to 1.00pm
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
Q.1 (a) Define random variable and find the mean, the mean square and the variance 07
of the general gaussian random variable.
(b) In PCM, regenerative repeaters are used to detect pulses (before they are lost 07
in noise) and retransmit new, clean pulses. This combats the accumulation of
noise and pulse distortion. A certain PCM channel consists of n identical links
in tandem. The pulses are detected at the end of each link and clean new
pulses are transmitted over the next link. If Pe is the probability of error in
detecting a pulse over any one link, show the PE , the probability of error in
detecting a pulse over the entire channel (over the n links in tandem), is
PE ~ n Pe , nPe << 1

Q.2 (a) Derive channel capacity C if channel noise is additive, white Gaussian with 07
mean square value N, given signal power S.
(b) Find the channel capacity of the Binary-Symmetric Channel (BSC). 07
OR
(b) A zero-memory source emits messages m1 and m2 with probabilities 0.8 and 07
0.2, respectively. Find the optimum (Huffman) binary code for this source as
well as for its second - and third order extension (that is, for N = 2 and 3).
Determine the code efficiencies in each code.

Q.3 (a) Derive the general expression for PSD of a large class of line codes. 07
(b) Fully explain Delta Modulation with its disadvantages. 07
OR
Q.3 (a) What is Inter Symbol Interference? Explain the Nyquists first criteria for zero 07
ISI.
(b) What are the functions of regenerative repeater? Fully Explain the zero- 07
forcing equalizer with expressions.

Q.4 (a) Derive the general expression of Bit Error Rate (BER) for Optimum Binary 07
Receiver.
(b) For ASK modulated signal, derive the expression of bit error probability using 07
non-coherent detection
OR
Q.4 (a) What is the multi-amplitude signaling? Derive the BER for the same using 07
matched-filter receiver.
(b) Compare polar, bipolar, on-off and orthogonal signaling in term of bit error 07
probability for optimum binary detection.

Q.5 (a) Write short note on Convolution code. 07

(b) Write short not on comparison of coded and uncoded system. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain the generation of linear block code using suitable example. 07
(b) Explain the decoding of cyclic code with suitable example. 07
************

1
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.______________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

B. E. - SEMESTER VI EXAMINATION WINTER 2012

Subject code: 161001 Date: 02/01/2013

Subject Name: Digital Communication
Time: 02.30 pm - 05.00 pm Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt any five questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Q.1 (a) State, prove and explain the sampling theorem. What is aliasing effect? 07
(b) Draw and explain the block diagram of PCM transmitter and receiver. Explain 07
the quantization process.
Q.2 (a) Define the statistical mean, mean square and variance of a continuous random 07
variable.
If quantization error is a random variable in PCM, and if signal amplitude
range is from -mp to mp which is divided into L equal intervals, determine the
mean and mean square value of quantization error using statistical definitions.
(b) Derive the expression for marginal probability Px( xi ) and Py( yj ) . 07
A binary symmetric channel has an error probability Pe. The probability of
transmitting 1 is Q and that of transmitting 0 is 1-Q. Determine the probability
of receiving 1 and 0 at the receiver.
If the receiver detects an incoming digit as 1, what is the probability that the
corresponding transmitted digit was:
(a) 1; (b) 0?.
OR
(b) A binary source produces 0s and 1s independently with probabilities P(0)=0.2 07
and P(1)=0.8. The binary data is then transmitted over a noisy channel. The
probability of correct reception when a 0 has been transmitted is 0.9 and the
probability of erroneous reception when 1 has been transmitted is 0.2.
(a) Find the probabilities of erroneous reception when a 0 is transmitted and
probability of correct reception when a 1 was transmitted.
(b) Find the over all probability of receiving a 0 and a 1.
(c) If a 1 is received, what is the probability that a 0 was transmitted.
Q.3 (a) Define the entropy of a discrete memoryless source emitting M symbols and 07
discuss the properties of entropy.
A zero memory source emits messages m1 and m2 with probabilities 0.8 and
0.2, respectively. Find the optimum binary compact code for this source and its
second order extension. Determine code efficiencies in each case
(b) Explain Mutual information in detail. State its properties. 07
OR
Q.3 (a) Explain delta modulation in detail. Also discuss advantages and disadvantages 07
of delta modulation.
(b) Describe the procedure for encoding and decoding of linear block code. 07
Q.4 (a) For the data stream 10111001 draw the following formats. 07
i) Polar NRZ ii) Split phase manchester iv) AMI NRZ
Discuss the desirable properties for selection of line codes.
(b) Tb fTb 07
Show that the PSD of polar code is given by Sy ( f ) = sin c 2 . Also
4 2
draw and discuss the spectrum.
1
 OR
Q.4 (a) Derive Hamming Bound for (n,k) binary t-error correcting block code, where 07
n=length of code word and k=length of data word (n>k). Define perfect code
and Hamming codes.
Q.4 (b) For a (6,3) systematic linear block code, the three parity check digits are 07
c4 = d1+d2+d3, c5 = d1+d2, c5 = d1+d3
i) Construct the appropriate generator matrix for this code and code table.
Determine the error correcting capability.
iii) Decode the received words 101100, 000110, 101010.
Q.5 (a) Explain mathematical and graphical representation of BPSK. Explain BPSK 07
generation.
(b) Explain QPSK with waveforms, constellation diagram and mathematical 07
representation.
OR
Q.5 (a) Derive expressions for impulse response and probability of error of Matched 07
filter.
(b) 1. Construct the systematic (7,4) cyclic code using the generator polynomial 07
g(x)=x3+x+1
2. What are the error correcting capabilities of this code?
3. Construct the decoding table.
4. If the received word is 1101100, determine the transmitted data word.

*************

2
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BE - SEMESTERVI EXAMINATION SUMMER 2013
Subject Code: 161001 Date: 24-05-2013
Subject Name: Digital Communication
Time: 10.30 am - 01.00 pm Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Q.1. Answer the Following 14

(a) Draw the block diagram of digital communication system and explain the 04
three major signal processing tasks.
(b) How would you detect and correct burst errors in digital communication? 04
( c) The power spectral density and the correlation function of a periodic 03
waveform are a Fourier transform pair Justify.
(d) Briefly describe the concept of probability with suitable example. 03
Q.2 (a) Derive the equation for channel capacity of BSC channel. 07
(b) For a (6,3) systematic LBC the three parity check digits c4, c5 and c6 are 07
C4=d1+d3
C5=d1+d2+d3
C6=d1+d2
1. Construct the code generated by this matrix
2. Prepare a suitable decoding table
3. Decode 100101 and 101010.
OR
(b) A binary channel matrix is given by 07
y1 y2
x1 2/3 1/3 x1,x2=input
y1,y2=output
x2 1/3 2/3
Px(x1)=1/2 and Px(x2)=1/2. Determine H(X), H(Y), H(X/Y), H(Y/X) and I
(X;Y).
Q.3 (a) Describe the Tchebycheffs inequality. 05
(b) Discuss decoding of cyclic codes with suitable example. 05
(c ) Hamming bound is a necessary but not sufficient condition for higher 04
error correcting codes whereas is a necessary and sufficient condition for
single error correcting codes. Justify.
OR
Q.3 (a) Derive the formula for signal to quantization noise ratio for PCM. 05
(b) Discuss briefly power spectral density of NRZ and bi-phase code. 05
( c) A source emits one of four messages randomly every 1 microsecond. The 04
probabilities of these messages are 0.5, 0.3,0.1 and 0.1. Messages are
independently generated (i) What is the source entropy?(ii) Obtain a compact
binary code and determine the average length of the codeword, the efficiency
and the redundancy of this code.(P.T.O.)
Q.4 (a) Explain briefly QPSK Demodulation with neat sketch . 05
(b) Explain briefly the Nyquist sampling theorem. 05
( c) State the central limit theorem. 04
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain briefly BPSK modulation with neat sketch. 05
(b) Compare PCM and Delta Modulation in terms of their figure of 05
merits.
1
 ( c) Compare ASK and FSK in terms of their figure of merits. 04
Q.5 (a) Write short note on Convolutional coding. 07
(b) Write shortnote on Optimum binary receiver. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) What is companding process in PCM? State laws for the same. 07
(b) . Describe the effect of slope overloading and hunting in delta 07
modulation.

*************

2
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTERVI EXAMINATION WINTER 2013
Subject Code: 161001 Date: 27-11-2013
Subject Name: Digital Communication
Time: 02:30 pm to 05:00 pm Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Q.1. Answer the Following 14

(a) Draw the block diagram of digital communication system and explain 04
the three major signal processing tasks.
(b) How would you detect and correct burst errors in digital 04
communication?
( c) The power spectral density and the correlation function of a periodic 03
waveform are a Fourier transform pair Justify.
(d) Briefly describe the concept of probability with suitable example. 03
Q.2 (a) Derive the equation for channel capacity of BSC channel. 07
(b) For a (6,3) systematic LBC the three parity check digits c4, c5 and c6 are 07
C4=d1+d3
C5=d1+d2+d3
C6=d1+d2
1. Construct the code generated by this matrix
2. Prepare a suitable decoding table
3. Decode 100101 and 101010.
OR
(b) A binary channel matrix is given by 07
y1 y2
x1 2/3 1/3 x1,x2=input
y1,y2=output
x2 1/3 2/3
Px(x1)=1/2 and Px(x2)=1/2. Determine H(X), H(Y), H(X/Y), H(Y/X)
and I (X;Y).
Q.3 (a) Describe the Tchebycheffs inequality. 05
(b) Discuss decoding of cyclic codes with suitable example. 05
(c ) Hamming bound is a necessary but not sufficient condition for higher 04
error correcting codes whereas is a necessary and sufficient condition
for single error correcting codes. Justify.
OR
Q.3 (a) Derive the formula for signal to quantization noise ratio for PCM. 05
(b) Discuss briefly power spectral density of NRZ and bi-phase code. 05
( c) A source emits one of four messages randomly every 1 microsecond. The 04
probabilities of these messages are 0.5, 0.3,0.1 and 0.1. Messages are
independently generated (i) What is the source entropy?(ii) Obtain a compact
binary code and determine the average length of the codeword, the efficiency
and the redundancy of this code.(P.T.O.)
Q.4 (a) Explain briefly QPSK Demodulation with neat sketch . 05
(b) Explain briefly the Nyquist sampling theorem. 05
( c) State the central limit theorem. 04
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain briefly BPSK modulation with neat sketch. 05

1
 (b) Compare PCM and Delta Modulation in terms of their figure of 05
merits.
( c) Compare ASK and FSK in terms of their figure of merits. 04
Q.5 (a) Write short note on Convolutional coding. 07
(b) Write shortnote on Optimum binary receiver. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) What is companding process in PCM? State laws for the same. 07
(b) . Describe the effect of slope overloading and hunting in delta 07
modulation.

*************

2
 Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BE - SEMESTERVI EXAMINATION SUMMER 2014
Subject Code: 161001 Date: 19-05-2014
Subject Name: Digital Communication
Time: 10:30 am - 01:00 pm Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Q.1 (a) Define cumulative Distribution Function (CDF).What are the important properties 07
of CDF? State and prove them.
(b) What is Probability Density function? State and prove its properties. 07
Q.2 (a) A certain random variable has CDF given by: 07
Fx(x)= 0 for x0
2
= kx for 0<x10
= 100k for x>10
(1) Calculate the value of k
(2) Find the values of p(x5) and p(5<x7)
(3) Plot the corresponding PDF.
(b) Define: (1) nth moment of random variable. 07
(2) The central moment of random variable.
(3) Variance of random variable.
(4) Standard deviation.
OR
(b) The PDF of a random variable x is given by
Fx(x) = 1/2 for 0x2
=0 otherwise.
Calculate the mean value, mean square value, variance and standard deviation.

Q.3 (a) An analog signal is band limited to 4 kHz. If it is sampled at the Nyquist rate and 07
the samples are quantized into 4 levels .The quantization levels Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4
are independent messages and have the probabilities p1=p2=1/8 and
p3=p4=3/8.Find the information rate of the source.
(b) (1) State and explain Shannons theorem of channel capacity. What is 07
Its importance? What are its limitations?
(2) What is the maximum capacity of a perfectly noiseless channel whose width is
120 Hz? In which the values of the data transmitted may be indicated by any one
of 10 different amplitudes.
OR
Q.3 (a) (1) A Gaussian channel has 2 MHz band width .calculate the channel capacity if 07
the signal power to noise spectral density ratio is 10 5.Also find the maximum
information rate.
(2) Explain the concept of trade-off between bandwidth and SNR.
(b) State and prove Sampling theorem for low pass signals in time domain. 07
Q.4 (a) What is PCM? Draw the block diagram of a PCM Transmitter(encoder).Explain 07
Its operation with waveforms.
(b) What is Delta Modulation? Draw the block diagram of Delta modulator 07
transmitter and explain its working with waveforms.
OR

1
Q.4 (a) The generator polynomial of a (7, 4) cyclic code is G (D) = D 3+D+1. Obtain any 07
one code vector for the code in non systematic form.
(b) With diagram explain the principle of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK). 07
Q.5 (a) With diagram and waveforms explain the principle of DPSK generator. 07
(b) Write a short note on CDMA. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain the principle of Quadrature Amplitude Shift Keying (QASK) transmitter. 07
(b) With diagram explain the generation of BFSK signals. 07

*************

2
 Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BE - SEMESTERVI EXAMINATION WINTER 2014
Subject Code: 161001 Date: 26-11-2014
Subject Name: Digital Communication
Time: 02:30 pm - 05:00 pm Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Q.1 (a) Explain briefly Nyquists sampling theorem. What is Interpolation process? 07
Derive Interpolation formula.
(b) What is probability density function? State and prove its properties. 07
Q.2 (a) A television signal has a bandwidth of 4.5 MHz. This signal is sampled, 07
quantized and binary coded to obtain a PCM signal.
(a)Determine the sampling rate if the signal is to be sampled at a rate 20%
above the Nyquist rate. (b) If the samples are quantized into 1024 levels,
determine the number of binary pulses required to encode each sample. (c)
Determine the binary pulse rate (bits per second) of the binary-coded signal,
and the minimum bandwidth required to transmit this signal.
(b) Draw and explain block diagram of ADPCM system. Compare PCM and 07
ADPCM.
OR
(b) Why pulse shaping is required? What is Inter Symbol Interference? Explain 07
Nyquists first criterion for zero ISI.
Q.3 (a) Derive the general expression for PSD of a large class of line codes. 07
(b) Define mean, variance and standard deviation of the random variable. Find 07
mean square and variance of the uniform quantization error whose pdf is
pq(q) = L/2mp for mp/L q mp/L
=0 otherwise
where L is quantization level and (-mp,mp) is signal amplitudes range.
OR
Q.3 (a) A source emits seven massages with probabilities 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, 1/64, 07
and 1/64, respectively. Find the entropy of the source. Obtain the compact
binary code and find the average length of the code word. Determine the
efficiency and the redundancy of the code.
(b) What is scrambling? Explain scrambling and descrambling process with block 07
diagram and suitable example.
Q.4 (a) Derive the equation for channel capacity of discrete memoryless channel. 07
(b) Find the generator matrix G for a (15,11) single error correcting systematic 07
linear block code. Find the code word for the data vector 10111010101.
OR
Q.4 (a) Define entropy. Prove that entropy is maximum when all the messages are 07
equiprobable.
(b) A generator matrix = [1 0 1 1] generates a (4,2) code.(a) Is this a systematic 07
0110
code? (b) What is the parity check matrix of this code? (c) Find the codewords
for all possible input bits. (d) Determine the minimum distance of the code and
the number of bit errors this code can correct.
Q.5 (a) Explain Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) technique with neat sketch. 07
Draw constellation diagram for QPSK.
1
 (b) Derive expressions for impulse response and probability of error of Matched 07
filter.
OR
Q.5 (a) What are the different types of spread spectrum systems? Draw and explain 07
block diagram of frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) system.
(b) Explain convolution coding in brief. 07

*************

2
 Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER VI EXAMINATIONSUMMER 2015
Subject Code: 161001 Date:01/05/2015
Subject Name: Digital Communication
Time:10:30 am to 01:00 pm Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Q.1 (a) Discuss channel capacity of a discrete memoriless channel with an arbitrary 07
number of inputs.
(b) Answer the following questions: (3+2+2 Marks) 07
1 Justify For finite signal and noise powers, the channel capacity always
remains finite
2 A random experiment consists of drawing two cards from a deck in
succession (without replacing the first card drawn). Assign a value to the
probability of obtaining two red aces in two draws.
3 Show that if two random variables are independent then they are
uncorrelated.

Q.2 (a) Illustrate the problems of delta modulation with necessary waveforms. Explain 07
how adaptive delta modulation corrects these problems.

(b) The Rayleigh density is characterized by the PDF 07

r r2
2 e / 2 r0
2
pr (r ) =
0 r<0
Show that Rayleigh random variable can be derived from two independent
Gaussian random variables.
OR
(b) A source emits seven messages with probabilities 1/3, 1/3, 1/9, 1/9, 1/27, 1/27, 07
and 1/27, respectively.
1. Obtain the compact 3-ary code and find code efficiency of the code
2. Obtain the compact binary code.

Q.3 (a) Explain Probability Density Function (PDF) of random variable with its 07
properties. The PDF of amplitude x of a certain signal x(t) is given by
x
px ( x) = 0.5 x e .
1. Find the probability that -1 < x 2.
2. Determine mean and the variance of the RV x.

(b) Answer the following questions: (4+3 Marks) 07

1 A signal m(t) of bandwidth B=4kHz is transmitted using a binary
companded PCM with =100. Compare the cases of L=16 & L=128 from
the point of view of transmission bandwidth and the output SNR.
2 Describe quantization noise in a PCM.
OR

1
Q.3 (a) For a (6,2) linear block code, the generator matrix G is 07

1 0 1 1 1 0
G=
0 1 1 0 1 1
1. Construct the code table for this code and determine the minimum distance
between code-words.
2. Prepare a suitable decoding table.

(b) Answer the following questions: (4+3 Marks) 07

1 Using general expression for finding Power Spectral Density (PSD), find
PSD of an on-off signaling.
2 Draw the schematic of a regenerative repeater.

Q.4 (a) Explain the method proposed by Nyquist to resolve the difficulty of ISI using 07
duobinary pulse.
(b) Answer the following questions: (5+2 Marks) 07
1 Draw a code tree for the convolutional coder having:
Constraint length = 3, v1 = s1+s2+s3 & v2 = s1+s3.
Where si = ith stage of shift register and vi = ith modulo-2 adder output.
2 What is Noise figure?
OR
Q.4 (a) Describe digital signal transmission using Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 07
(QAM) using necessary diagram.
(b) Answer the following questions: (4+3 Marks) 07
1 Explain an M-ary FSK digital modulation technique in brief.
2 Explain method of generating systematic cyclic codes.

Q.5 (a) What is advantage of Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK) over BPSK? 07
Explain DPSK modulation technique in detail.
(b) Derive the general expression of bit error rate for Optimum Binary Receiver. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) What is the difference between coherent and non-coherent detection techniques? 07
Describe non-coherent detection of FSK signal.
(b) Describe frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) system in detail. 07

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2
 Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE SEMESTER VI EXAMINATION WINTER 2015

Subject Code:161001 Date:15/12/ 2015

Subject Name: Digital Communication
Time:2:30pm to 5:00pm Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Q.1 (a) What is undersampling ? How do we overcome the effects of aliasing ? Use 07
Fourier transform properties to illustrate the undersampling effects in frequency
domain. Give an example of practical oversampling rates.
(b) Determine the Nyquist sampling rate and sampling interval for the signal 07
(i) sin (100t) + sin (200 t) (ii) cos2(2000 t)
Q.2 (a) Describe a generalized method of deriving power spectral density of line codes. 07
(b) Write mathematical expressions for BPSK , BFSK and QPSK modulated 07
signals. Draw waveforms for binary data , carrier and transmitted signals for all
of the above categories of digital modulation.
OR
(b) How does the regenerative repeater work ? What is the use of scrambler ? 07
Q.3 (a) In a binary communication channel, the receiver detects binary pulses with an 07
error probability Pe. What is the probability that out of 100 received digits, no
more than four digits are in error?
(b) Explain probability density function and cumulative distribution function for 07
random variables with suitable examples. Write an expression for general
Gaussian probability density function.
OR
Q.3 (a) What is Chebyshevs inequality ? Estimate the width of a Gaussian PDF. 07
(b) Describe central limit theorem. 07
Q.4 (a) Find the channel capacity of Binary Symmetric Channel. 07
(b) A source emits three equiprobable messages randomly and independently. 07
Find the source entropy. Find a compact binary code, the average length of
the code word, the code efficiency and the redundancy.
OR
Q.4 (a) Define information per message and entropy of a source. What is mutual 07
information ? What is its significance ?
(b) A memoryless source emits messages m1 and m2 with probabilities 0.8 and 07
0.2 respectively. Find the Huffman binary code for this source and
determine its efficiency.
Q.5 (a) How convolutional encoder is designed? What is code tree ? 07
(b) Construct a single-error correcting (7,4) linear block code and the 07
corresponding decoding table.
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain any one method of decoding of convolutional codes . Draw all the 07
stages of Viterbi decoding.
(b) Find a generator polynomial g(x) for a (7,4) cyclic code and find code 07
vectors for data vectors : 1010, 1111, 0001 and 1000.
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1
 Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTERVI- EXAMINATION SUMMER 2016
Subject Code:161001 Date:19/05/2016
Subject Name:Digital Communication
Time: 10:30 AM to 01:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Q.1 (a) Define the terms mean, variance and standard deviation for random variable X. 07
let random variable X have a uniform distribution given by
fx(x) = 1/2 for 0 x 2
=0 elsewhere
Calculate mean, mean square value, variance and standard deviation

(b) State and prove central limit theorem 07

Q.2 (a) State and prove sampling theorem. What is Aliasing? 07

(b) Find the Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval for the following signals 07
i) x(t) = (1/2 ) cos(4000 t)cos(1000 t)
ii) x(t) = (sin500 t) / t

OR

(b) What is Delta Modulation? Draw the block diagram of Delta modulator 07
transmitter and explain its working with waveforms
Q.3 (a) A television signal with bandwidth of 4.2 MHz is transmitted using binary PCM. 07
The number of quantization levels are 512. Calculate
i. Code word length
ii. Transmission bandwidth
iii. Final bit rate
iv. Output signal to quantization noise ratio

(b) With the help of block diagram and waveform explain the operation of DPSK 07
transmitter and receiver.
OR

Q.3 (a) What is line coding? Explain the desirable properties of line codes. 07
For the data stream 1011100101 draw the following formats.
(i)Polar RZ (ii) Split phase manchester (iii) AMI NRZ (iv) ON-OFF RZ.

(b) Explain the use of Scrambler and unscrambler in digital communication. Draw 07
the circuits and explain the operation with suitable example.

Q.4 (a) What is Inter Symbol Interference? Explain Nyquists first criterion for zero ISI? 07

1
 (b) What is the difference between coherent and non-coherent detection techniques? 07
Discuss coherent and non-coherent detection of FSK signal.
OR
Q.4 (a) Define entropy. Prove that entropy is maximum when all the messages are 07
equiprobable

(b) A continuous signal is band limited to 5 kHz. The signal is quantized to 8 levels 07
with probabilities 0.25, 0.2, 0.2, 0.1, 0.1, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05. Calculate entropy and
rate of information
Q.5 (a) State & explain Shannons theorem of channel capacity. What is its importance? 07
What are its limitations
(b) A generator matrix of (6,3) linear block code is given as 07

Determine dmin for the above code. Comment on error detection and
correction capabilities. If the received sequence is 1 0 1 1 0 1, determine the
message bit sequence.
OR
Q.5 (a) What are systematic codes. Find generator polynomial for (7,4) systematic cyclic 07
code. Find the code words for 1010 and 1000.

(b) Explain code tree, code trellis and state diagram for convolution encoders 07

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2
 Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE SEMESTER VI (OLD).EXAMINATION WINTER 2016

Subject Code: 161001 Date: 26/10/2016

Subject Name: Digital Communication
Time: 10:30 AM to 01:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Q.1 (a) The Rayleigh density is characterized by the PDF 07

r r2
e / 2 r0
2
pr (r ) 2
0 r0
Show that Rayleigh random variable can be derived from two independent
Gaussian random variables.
(b) Answer the following questions: (4+3 Marks) 07
1 Explain Bernoulli Trials and find the probability of k successes in n
(Bernoulli) trials.
2 We have two boxes. Box-1 contains 2000 components of which 5% are
defective. Box-2 contains 500 components of which 20% are defective. We
select at random one of the boxes and we remove at random a single
component then, what is the probability that the selected component is
defective?
Q.2 (a) Derive expression for signal-to-noise ratio for Pulse-Code Modulation. 07
(b) Answer the following questions: (4+3 Marks) 07
1 Discuss the need of Adaptive Delta Modulation.
2 For a PCM signal, determine L if the compression parameter =100 and the
minimum SNR required is 45 dB.
OR
(b) Answer the following questions: (4+3 Marks) 07
1 Find the message probability distributions that yield the maximum entropy of
a source.
2 In a random experiment, a trial consists of four successive tosses of a coin. If
we define an RV x as the number of heads appearing in a trial, determine
probabilities PX(x) and CDF FX(x).
Q.3 (a) Discuss channel capacity of a continuous channel. Also explain ideal law for the 07
exchange between the SNR and the transmission bandwidth using channel
capacity equation.
(b) A zero-memory source emits messages m1 and m2 with probabilities 0.9 and 0.1, 07
respectively. Find the optimum (Huffman) binary code for this source as well as
for its third- order extensions (that is, for N=3). Determine the code efficiency in
each case.
OR
Q.3 (a) What is pulse shaping? Describe any one criterion proposed by Nyquist for pulse 07
shaping to eliminate ISI.

1
 (b) For a (7,4) linear block code, the generator matrix G is 07
1 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 1
G
0 0 1 0 0 1 1

0 0 0 1 1 1 0
1. Construct the code table generated by this matrix.
2. Prepare a suitable decoding table.
Q.4 (a) Explain Viterbis algorithm for decoding of Convolutional codes. 07
(b) Answer the following questions: (5+2 Marks) 07
1 Using general expression for finding Power Spectral Density (PSD), find PSD
of a polar signaling.
2 Define mean and variance of random variable.
OR
Q.4 (a) Answer the following questions: (4+3 Marks) 07
1 Explain Binary Frequency-Shift Keying (BFSK) in brief.
2 Explain the concept of scrambling.
(b) Answer the following questions: (5+2 Marks) 07
1 Explain an MSK digital modulation technique in brief.
2 What is Noise figure?
Q.5 (a) Explain Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) technique including QPSK 07
transmitter and receiver.
(b) Discuss optimum binary receiver in brief and derive the general expression of bit 07
error rate for it.
OR
Q.5 (a) Describe non-coherent detection of Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) signal. 07
(b) Describe Direct sequence spread spectrum system in detail. 07

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2
 Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTERVI (NEW) - EXAMINATION SUMMER 2016
Subject Code:2161001 Date:06/05/2016
Subject Name: Digital Communication
Time: 10:30 AM to 01:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Q.1 (a) Define random variable and find the mean, the mean square and the variance of 07
the general Gaussian random variable.
(b) Explain briefly Nyquists sampling theorem. What is Interpolation process? 07
Derive Interpolation formula.
Q.2 (a) Derive channel capacity C if channel noise is additive, white Gaussian with mean 07
square value N, given signal power S.
(b) A binary channel matrix is given by 07
y1 y2
x1 2/3 1/3 x1,x2=input y1,y2=output
x2 1/10 9/10

Px(x1)=1/3 and Px(x2)=2/3. Determine H(X), H(Y), H(X/Y), H(Y/X) and I(X;Y).
OR
(b) A zero-memory source emits messages m1 and m2 with probabilities 0.8 and0.2, 07
respectively. Find the optimum (Huffman) binary code for this source as well as
for its second - and third order extension (that is, for N = 2 and 3).Determine
the code efficiencies in each code.
Q.3 (a) What is line coding? What are the ideal requirements from line coding? 07
Draw waveform of bipolar AMI coding for the sequence 10100101.
(b) Explain Delta Modulation in detail. Also discuss its advantages and 07
disadvantages.
OR
Q.3 (a) What is Inter Symbol Interference? Explain the Nyquists first criteria for zero 07
ISI.
(b) What are the functions of regenerative repeater? Fully Explain the zero forcing 07
equalizer with expressions.
Q.4 (a) Derive the general expression of Bit Error Rate (BER) for Optimum Binary 07
Receiver.
(b) For ASK modulated signal, derive the expression of bit error probability using 07
non-coherent detection.
OR
Q.4 (a) What is the multi-amplitude signalling? Derive the BER for the same using 07
matched-filter receiver.
(b) Explain mathematical and graphical representation of BPSK. Explain BPSK 07
generation.
Q.5 (a) Explain the generation of linear block code using suitable example. 07
(b) 1. Construct the systematic (7,4) cyclic code using the generator polynomial 07
g(x)=x3+x+1
2. What are the error correcting capabilities of this code?
3. Construct the decoding table.
1
 4. If the received word is 1101100, determine the transmitted data word.
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain QPSK with waveforms, constellation diagram and mathematical 07
representation.
(b) Write short note on Convolutional coding. 07

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2
 Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE SEMESTER VI (NEW).EXAMINATION WINTER 2016

Subject Code: 2161001 Date: 22/10/2016

Subject Name: Digital Communication
Time: 10:30 AM to 01:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Q.1 (a) State and prove that a signal whose spectrum is band-limited to B Hz can be 07
reconstructed exactly from its samples taken uniformly at a rate R > 2B Hz.
Also explain the practical difficulties in signal reconstruction.
(b) A CD records audio signals digitally by using PCM.Assume the audio signal 07
bandwidth to be 10 kHz.
i. What is the Nyquist rate?
ii. If the Nyquist samples are quantized into L=65536 levels and then
binary coded, determine the number of binary digits required to encode a
sample.
iii. Determine the number of binary digits per second (bits/s) required to
encode the audio signal.
iv. Practical CDs use 44100 samples per second. If L=65536,determine the
number of bits per second required to encode the signal, and the
minimum bandwidth required to transmit the encoded signal
Q.2 (a) Explain the working principle of 1-bit DPCM.What is the problems associated 07
with it.
(b) Explain eye diagram. How ISI and other signal degradations can be studied 07
using eye-diagram.
OR
(b) How does regenerative repeater works? What is the use of scrambler? 07
Q.3 (a) Explain DPSK and QPSK modulation scheme. 07
(b) What are NRZ, RZ and Manchester line coding schemes? Which of these is 07
better and why?
OR
Q.3 (a) What is the difference between coherent and non-coherent detection technique? 07
Describe non-coherent detection of PSK signal
(b) Explain Quadrature Amplitude modulation. Compare 8-QAM with 8-PSK. 07
Q.4 (a) For a (7,4) linear block code 07
0 1 1
1 0 1
P
0 1 0

1 1 0
Obtain the parity check matrix and check whether the received code word
1110111 is correct. Also find the corresponding decoding table.

(b) Explain interlaced codes for burst and random error correction. 07
OR
1
Q.4 (a) Describe Viterbis algorithm used for decoding of convolutional codes 07
(b) Explain the method for generating systematic cyclic code. A (7, 4) cyclic code 07
with G(X) =1+X+X3, if M=1001 find the corresponding non-systematic and
systematic cyclic code?
Q.5 (a) In a random experiment, a trial consists of three successive tosses of coin. If we 07
define the random variables as the number of trial appearing in a trial,
determine PDF and the corresponding CDF.
(b) A source emits five messages with probabilities 1/18, 2/9, 2/9, 1/6, 1/3 07
respectively.
i. Obtain the Huffman code.
ii. Find the average length of the code word.
iii. Determine the efficiency and the redundancy of the code
OR
Q.5 (a) In a binary communication channel, the receiver detects binary pulses with an 07
error probability Pe.What is the probability that out of 100 received digits, no
more than three digits are in error.
(b) Define for a random variable 07
i. Mean
ii. Central Moment
iii. Variance
iv. Standard deviation

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