D. Chromate-dichromate equilibrium
Test tube 1 Test tube 2 Test tube 3 Test tube 4
1M NaOH No change --- Yellow ---
1M HCl --- Orange --- No change
III. Discussions
A. Gaseous Equilibrium
This part of experiment shows the equilibrium of reagents while in
gaseous state. The set of this experiment would be the reaction of copper reacted
with a concentrated nitric acid producing a NO 2 which is a reddish brown/rusty
color gas. Next the gas would be extracted from the Erlenmeyer flask using a
syringe. The syringe will be put to test by dipping it to hot, room temperature, and
cold water. The results show no reaction due to the deficiency of the equipment,
so we made some research regarding the experiment. We found out that the
nitrogen dioxide tested in a hot water shows that the equilibrium was disrupted
thus shifting its concentration and produced a darker color. On the other hand, the
cooling reaction produces much lighter color of gas due to the shifting of the
reaction. While having it in a room temperature no reaction happened.
According to Le Chatelier, the position of equilibrium will move in such a
way as to counteract the change. That means that the position of equilibrium will
move so that the pressure is reduced again. Increasing the pressure on a gas
reaction shifts the position of equilibrium towards the side with fewer molecules.
In decreasing the pressure, the equilibrium will move in such a way that the
pressure increases again. It can do that by producing more molecules. Increasing
the temperature of a system in dynamic equilibrium favours the endothermic
reaction. The system counteracts the change you have made by absorbing the
extra heat. In decreasing the temperature, the equilibrium will move in such a way
that the temperature increases again. Decreasing the temperature of a system in
dynamic equilibrium favours the exothermic reaction. The system counteracts the
change you have made by producing more heat.
2NO2 (g)
N2O4 (g)
(aq)
equation.
Because NO2 is a toxic gas. Increasing the pressure on a gas
reaction shifts the position of equilibrium towards the side with
fewer molecules. In decreasing the pressure, the equilibrium will
move in such a way that the pressure increases again. It can do that
by producing more molecules. The position of equilibrium moves
to the left if temperature is increased and moves to the right if
temperature is decreased. Increasing the temperature of a system in
dynamic equilibrium favours the endothermic reaction, and then
the system counteracts the change by absorbing the extra heat.
Decreasing the temperature of a system in dynamic equilibrium
favours the exothermic reaction, and then the system counteracts
the change by producing more heat.
2. Write a balanced equation for the preparation of NO2 gas from the reaction
of copper metal with the concentrated nitric acid.
2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
B. Common Ion Effect
Methyl red indicator at pH 4.2 is red violet and at pH 6.2, yellow. Explain the
color change when sodium acetate was added to acetic acid solution.
Adding sodium acetate to acetic acid solution causes the
equilibrium to shift to the left, consuming some of the
added CH3CO2 and some of the H+ ions originally present in
solution. The addition of sodium acetate produces a new
equilibrium composition, in which [H+] is less than the initial
value. Because [H+] has decreased, the pH will be higher. Thus
adding a salt of the conjugate base to a solution of a weak acid
increases the pH. This is because sodium acetate is a base, and
adding any base to a solution of a weak acid should increase the
pH. Hence, there is a color change in the increase of pH.
[Fe(SCN)]
(SCN)2 (aq)
2. What is the effect on the equilibrium when ferric ion is added? When
SCN- is added? When KCl is added? When Na2HPO4 is added? Describe
the color changes.
The addition of either Fe3+ or SCN-, causes the equilibrium to shift
to the right, or product side, causing a deepening of the color.
Adding KCl and Na2HPO4 causes Fe3+ to be removed from the
solution. Hence, the equilibrium to shift to the left, or reactant side,
which results in a lightening of the color of the solution.
(aq)
Adding hydroxide promotes conversion of dichromate to chromate.
4. What ion was produced when HCl was added to CrO42- ion?
Cr2O72-
5. Balance the reaction, CrO42-(aq)
Cr2O72- (aq) equilibrium.
H(g) + 2CrO42-(aq)
Cr2O72- (aq) + OH-(aq)
[ K 2 ] [K 3] [ Cr O2 ] [OH ]
K c= = 2
[K 1 ] [Cr O4 ]
7. Calculate the Keq for the reversible reactions in no. 2 and 5 given the ff
data:
HCrO4-
H- + CrO42- K = 3.2 x 10-7
2HCrO4
Cr2O72- + H2O K = 34
H2O
H- + OH- K = 1 x 10-14
H(g) + 2CrO42-(aq)
Cr2O72- (aq) + OH-(aq)
K eq. =112.9
V. Conclusion
Some reaction undergoes complete reaction while others do not. Examples that
undergo a complete reaction are reactions that produce precipitate and reactions that
evolve some gases. While some reactions that does not exhibit properties that were
aforementioned does not go to a complete reaction instead they achieve equilibrium.
Equilibrium is achieved when there are no observable changes as time goes by. When
a chemical reaction has reached the equilibrium state, the concentrations of reactants
and products remain constant over time, and there are no visible changes in the
system. However, there is much activity at the molecular level because reactant
molecules continue to form product molecules while product molecules react to yield
reactant molecules. As the temperature, pressure, volume, and concentration change
there is also change in the equilibrium of chemical reaction.
Therefore the previous statement agrees with the Le Chateliers principle that
states if there is a change in the system like the change in temperature, pressure,
volume, and concentration the system will readjust itself to counteract the stress of
the environment.
VI. References
Pauling, L., College Chemistry, 3rd ed., Freeman, San Fransisco, CA, 1964.
Petrucci, R., Harwood, W., Herring, F., Madura, J., General Chemistry, 9 th ed.,
Pearson, New Jersey, 1993.
Le Chateliers Principle. (2015, March 15). Retrieved from Chem Guide:
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/lechatelier.html
Chromate/Dichromate. (2015, March 15). Retrieved from Chem Toddler:
http://chem-toddler.com/chemical-equilibrium/chromatedichromate.html
VII. Appendices
D. Chromate Dichromate Equilibrium
K1 2HCrO4-
2H- + 2CrO42-
K2 Cr2O72- + H2O
2HCrO4
K3 2H- + 2OH-
2H2O
Cr2O72- + 2OH-
2CrO42- + H2O
OH
[ Cr 2O 72 ]
[ K 2 ] [K 3]
K eq. = =
[ K1]
H-(g) + 2CrO42-(aq)
Cr2O72- (aq) + OH-(aq)
K1 2H- + 2CrO42-
2HCrO4
K2 2HCrO4
Cr2O72- + H2O
K3 H2O
H- + OH-
H- + 2CrO42-
Cr2O72- + OH-
[ K 2 ][ K 3 ] [ Cr O 2 ] [OH ] ( 34 ) (1 x 1014)
K eq = = 2
= =112.9
[ K 1 ] [ Cr O 4 ] (3.2 x 107)