A Low Profile CombinedArray Antenna For Wireless Application

IDL - International Digital Library Of
Technology & Research

Volume 1, Issue 4,April 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org
Internati onal e-J ournal For Technol ogy And Research-2017
A Low Profile CombinedArray Antenna for Wireless

Application
1
S. Sudhaker,2 R. Anandan, 3 S. Saranya.
1
PG Student, R.Anandan,Associate Professor,3 S. Saranya,Assistant Professor.
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

DhanalakshmiSrinivasan College of Engineering & Technology,
Chennai,Tamil Nadu, India.
sudhakervpm@g mail.co m,anandandscet@gmail.co m, ssaranya85@yahoo.com.
AbstractIn wireless communication, micro strip antenna is achieve required operational bands. The EM simulat ion
used for various applications such as Wireless local area network, software is used to design and optimize the patch antenna.
Bluetooth, Cordless Telephones and IS M band. Here a low The wide range of applicat ions in the antenna world gives the
profile microstrip antenna is to be designed. The antenna is interested people to do a lot of designs and modifications. The
constructed with FR4 substrate having relative permittivity of 4.4 ease of design and fabrication is a good motivation to enter
and thickness of 1.6 mm. The unique (symmetric) array design such an area. The idea of this wo rk is to design unique slot
enhances the narrow ban dwidth an d gain. The design results in
with partial ground microstrip patch antenna with triple band
extended WLANin X-band applications. Using High Frequency
S tructure S imulator (HFSS ) software package, the antenna is for Wi-Fi/WiMax application, there is still the need for a
simulated and dimensions are adjusted to achieve the desired solution in some areas, and the need to enhance services and
resonant frequencies for desired operation. applications in development in this process in techno logy.
IEEE 802.16 (W iMax) operates in more than one band and
these bands are categorized in t wo ways .
KeywordsMicrostrip patch antenna, Ex.WLAN, Array HFSS.
I. INTRODUCTION i. Licensed
ii. Un-licensed
An antenna is an electrical device wh ich converts electric
currents into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used Table I shows the so-called bands:
with a radio t ransmitter or radio receiver. The patch antennas
received considerable attention in the 1970s, although the idea TABLE I
was explored already in 1953 and documented in 1955.
Practical imp lementation started in the 1970s when suitable
substrate materials became available. The microstrip patch Operational W LAN Bands
S. License
antennas [9] are low profile and easy to fabricate using No. Band Frequencies require Availability
modern printed circuit technology. They are mostly used to d
enhance the bandwidth in mobile, radio and wireless Allocated in Brazil,
communicat ion systems. Nowadays, microstrip patch antennas 2.4 2.4 to 2.69 Mexico, some
1 Yes
GHz GHz Southeast Asian
are used in many government and commercial sector countries and the US
applications [13]. Since the antennas are small they can be In some countries,
Yes in
used in satellites and other high performance applications. 5.2 5.2 to 5.6 some
the 5.2 GHz to the
They are also practical to use in mobile applications, radars 2 5.6 GHz band is
GHz GHz. countrie
and security systems. allocated for
s
broadband wireless.
The microstrip patch antenna is analyzed using Many countries
transmission line model. The effort has to be taken by allow higher power
modeling the antenna by various techniques such as slot cut, 3
8.2 8.15 to 8.25
No
output (4 watts).its
edge cut, partial ground, slotted ground, etc,. The substrate GHz GHz mainly used for
satellite
material has to be chosen carefully in the design. The communications.
mu ltiband antenna is designed and the sizes are varied to
IDL - International Digital Library 1 |P a g e Copyright@IDL-2017

In recent times, the WLAN are operating at 2.4/5.2/8.2

GHz bands is becoming very popular due to its strategic i. Ground Plane Width and Length
features. W g = 6h + W (5)
Lg = 6h + L (6)
II. PROPOSED METHOD
The proposed antenna structure is achieved by cutting slots ii. Feed Length
and etching out different shapes from a conventional Lf = g / 4 (7)
rectangular patch. The microstrip patch antenna is analyzed g = reff (8)
through mathemat ical modeling (transmission line model). c
= 0 (9)
The patch length and width for desired frequency can be f
calculated by utilizing the already established mathemat ical

iii. Feed Width W f for an Impedance Z0 of 50 oh m
equations [4]. The antenna is constructed with FR4 substrate 2h r 1
having relative permittivity (r) of 4.4 and thickness of 1.6 Wf = B 1 ln 2B 1 + x ln B
2 r
mm. The design frequency of the antenna is 5.7 GHz. The 1+ 0.390.61r (10)
length of the radiating patch has dominating effect on the
60 2
antenna performances other than the width . Consider, B= (11)
Z0
c0 2
W= (1)
2f r +1
iv. Return Loss (RL)
c0
RL = 20 log || (12)
L= 2L (2) Where, RL is in d B
2f reff
is Reflect ion coefficient
Whereas c0is the speed of light, f is the design frequency, v. Vo ltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSW R)
r is therelative dielectric constant, and is the change in 1+
length. The effective dielectric constant, reff ,can be VSW R = (13)
1
formulated as,
r +1 r 1 h 1/2 vi. Impedance Bandwidth (BW)
reff = + 1 + 12 (3) BW = (fH fL ) (14)
2 2 w
Where, BW is in MHz
Where h denotes the thickness of the substrate used. fH is Upper cut frequency at (RL
Because of the effect of the fringing field surrounding the 9.5 dB)in GHz
radiating patch, the electrical dimension of the antenna seems fL is Lo wer cut frequency at(RL 9.5 dB)
to be bigger than the physical dimension. The change of length in GHz
of due to the effect of fringing field can be presented by
the following: vii. Fractal Bandwidth (FB)
W
reff +0.3
h
+0.264 FB = (fH fL )/fC * 100 (15)
L = 0.412h W (4) Where, FB is in Percentage
ref f0.258 +0.8
h
fC is Center or Resonant frequency in GHz
The available equations are applicable for conventional viii. Antenna Efficiency
rectangular radiating patch; however the geometric shape and
e0 = ecd (1 2 ) 100 (16)
dimension of the proposed antenna have been achieved by
Where, e0 is Efficiency of the Antenna in Percentage
modify, test, and run method. The dimension of the microstrip
ecd is Radiation efficiency of the Antenna
line is optimized through design and simulat ion to obtain
is Reflect ion coefficient
enhanced impedance matching over the operating frequency
bands.
B. Antenna geometry
Thedesigning process of the antenna is startedwith
III. DESIGN M ETHODOLOGY
estimating that the overall dimension of radiating patchis
responsible for providing the compact size of the antenna.The
A. Design Formulas
designed antenna 2D v iew with dimensions is shown in Fig. 1.
The other design formu las and equations used for manual
calculation are listed below.

The practical circuit realizat ion suffers with the mis match
Quarter
wave between the available source power and the power delivered.
This is known as return loss. Return loss can be expressed in
array
terms of the reflection coefficient as in (12). Fig. 2 shows
Impedance the return loss of the studied microstrip patch antenna,
line obtained from the simu lation using the HFSS software.
Return loss HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT
0.00
-5.00
MY1: -10.0000
-9.8151 -9.3413
-10.00
dB(S(1,1))
-15.00
10.0833
Name X Y
MY2: -20.0833
m1 8.0695 -19.9817
m1
-20.00
Fig. 1. Designed antenna structure. Curve Info

dB(S(1,1))
-25.00 Setup1 : Sw eep
-30.00
The antenna design is a unique design as the midd le circle 7.00 8.00
Frequency [GHz]
9.00
patch and edges are in a symmetric square fashion. The MX1: 8.0308 0.0749
MX2: 8.1057
antenna consists of single circle patch at the middle, 4 Fig. 2. Return Loss of the Simulated Antenna.
squarearray on each side, edge (top and down) on each side,
circle ground. The microstrip feed with lu mped port is used to The return loss of the antenna is obtained as -22.5 dB at
excite the patch antenna. The dimensions of designed antenna 8.175 GHz respectively. It is better to have the return loss less
are given in Tab le II. than -10 dB to make the antenna radiates well. It is noted that
the multip le resonant frequencies are excited with less than -
Table II 10 dB return loss.
Dimensions of designed antenna
S. B. VSWR
No. The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is a crucial
Description Values in mm
parameter in antenna design, which means that if the
1 Patch dimension (L*W) 20 x 20 transmission line is concluded with a mismatch in impedance,
a portion of entered power is reflected back down, in wh ich
2 Circle patch 5
case the incident signal will be mixed with the reverse signal.
3 4 Square Array (L*W) 5x5 This causes a voltage standing wave pattern, in which the ratio
of maximu m to min imu m voltage is known as VSWR. The
4 Substrate dimensions (L * W * H) 28 x 28 x 1.6 VSW R of the designed antenna is shown in Fig. 3.
5 Ground dimension (L*W) 28
The 4Square arrays are act as a director and connected with

50 oh m impedance line with middle circle gives the main
resonant frequency band of operation for Extended WLAN
applications. The Circle ground technique produce the circular
polarization in X band application. The antenna total size is 28
x 28 x 1.6 mm3 . The geometry is said to be low profile
antenna, because of the size, cost, etc. The simulat ing
frequency range is 6 - 9 GHz.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Return Loss Fig. 3. VSWR of the Simulated Antenna.

The value of VSWR at these entire three resonating D. Radiation Pattern

frequency band is also lies between 1 & 2. So we can say that The term radiat ion pattern refers to the directional
designed antenna is resonating at 3 different resonating (angular) dependence of the strength of the radio waves fro m
frequencies. The VSW R values are manually calculated by the antenna or other source. Radiation pattern is the graphical
using (12) and (13) and is given by, representation radiation properties of the antenna and it shows
the variation of power radiated by the antenna as a function of
i. RL = -22.5; = 0.243; VSW R = 1.22, the direction. The radiation pattern also represents the relative
strength of the radiated field in different directions fro m the
The bandwidths of three resonant frequencies are found antenna, at a constant distance.The far field and near field 2D
fro m (14) and is given by, radiation patterns for the proposed patch antenna are shown in
Fig.6.
i. Band 1 = [8105 8012] M Hz = 93 MHz,
Fractal bandwidth (FB) is defined as the arith metic average

of the upper and lower frequencies. FB for narrowband
antenna in percentage is found from (15) and is given by,
i. Band 1 = [8105-8012]/8100 * 100 = 1.14 %,
Fig. 5. 2D Radiation Patterns of the Simulated Antenna.
Since this microstrip patch antenna radiates normally to its

C. Gain patch surface, the radiation patterns of the antenna are almost
The 3D Gain plot is shown in Fig. 4. The gain is manually omni-directional wh ich allows us to use this antenna for
calculated using (17). The calculated gain is 5.35 d B. The mobile applications
measured gain is 5.35 dB
E. Efficiency
Usually rad iation efficiency (ecd)is very difficu lt to
compute, but they can be determined experimentally. The
measured value of radiation efficiency (ecd) is 0.9922 at 8.2
GHz. The efficiency of the antenna is manually calculated
using (16). The reflection coefficient () is calculated by using
(13) as follows,
VSW R = 1.2227 at 8.2 GHz; || = 0.1625.
Efficiency (e 0 ) = gain/directivity x 100% = 96.45%
F. J-Field Current Distribution

Fig. 8 shows the simu lated surface current distribution. The
maximu m value of the J-field obtained is 1.12 x 102 A/m.
Fig. 4. 3D - Gain Total of the Simulated Antenna.

Hindawi Publishing Corporation, The Scientific

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V. CONCLUSION Electrical, Robotics, Electronics and
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The low profile array microstrip patch antenna was 943-946.
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