Crop damage by wild elephants is a serious issue in forest border areas. This crop
damage also causes social and economical issues. Though traditional methods like
fencing, noise-making, drum beating, use of fire crackers, construction of elephant
barriers etc are used so far. So, this project uses embedded to eliminate human -
elephant conflict. Migration of elephants occurs over the entire year. So we have to
develop an intrusion detection system to detect the intrusion of elephants into the
crop fields. This can be done by using geophones and pir sensors which converts
motions of elephants into electrical signals. When elephants enter into the forest
border areas, an the both sensors was sent the signal to the microcontroller, the
microcontroller will be switch on the relays for noise -making and drum beating
automatically. We also introduce a buzzer alarm system to change the track of
elephants.
1
INTRODUCTION:
Crop damage by wild elephants was studied for the past 20 years. In Tamil Nadu,
krishnagiri district is bounded by Vellore and thiruvannamalai districts in the east,
Karnataka state in thewest,state of Andhra Pradesh in the north , dharmapuri
district in the south. Its area is5143sq.kms. this district is elevated from 300m
1400m above the mean see level. Easternpart of the district experiences hot climate
and western part as contrasting cold climate. The average rainfall is 830mm per
annum. The important crops of krishnagiri district are paddy, maize, ragi, banana,
sugarcane, cotton, mango, groundnut, vegetables and flowers. The district has an
excellent scope for agriculture business.
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Due to its rich vegetation intrusion of elephants occurs very often in this areas. To
prevent this damage, wireless sensor nodes are used which can sense, measure and
gather information from the environment and transmit sensed data to user . The
technique of RF Finger printing is used to detect intruding elephant through
identifying abnormal conditions. Wireless technology using radio frequency is also
used to detect elephant intrusion by inserting 4 node receivers are mounted outside
the habitat which is often crossed by elephants and a transceiver is also
Mounted on an elephant necklace
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1 PROPOSED METHOD:
This method uses geophones to sense the vibrations of elephants. The geophones
are placed in the areas where elephants often intrude into the habitat. Geophones
convert this vibrations into electrical signals and these signals are further processed
using microcontroller.. Buzzer alarm circuit is also used to prevent elephant
intrusion when elephant reaches 50m of distance from the crop field. This system
is very effective and consumes only low power. The output of geophone
is in the order of about mill volts. The coverage area of geophone is 24m.
Additionally when more number of geophones are used then the coverage area will
be increased. Buzzer alarm circuit is also used to change the direction of the
elephant at a distance of 50m from the crop field. The testing with geophones was
already done in the elephant camp. The output of the geophone was of the order of
mill volts. The output voltage corresponding to the varying distances from the
point of the buried geophone sensor was measured. When an elephant of weight
570 kg is close to the buried geophone, the maximum voltage output of the sensor
is observed to be 9.7 mV and at a distance of 15 m the output voltage is 6.8 mV.
Similarly, for bigger elephant of 4 ton, when it is close to the buried geophone the
maximum voltage output of the sensor is observed to be 16.3 mV and at a distance
of 15 m the output voltage is 10.8 mV.The voltage generated by the geophone due
to vibration resulting from an elephant walk was observed. Response signals were
digitized using sound forge software. Each response record is10,000 samples long.
The peak amplitude was obtained when the elephant walked over the buried
geophone. Due to the amplitude difference between front and rear footfalls in
elephants, only the former are considered. A peak voltage is of 16.3v
4
1.1 .RELATED WORKS
Electric fence as intrusion detection system consumes large amount of power and
high cost for implementation. To solve this problem radio frequencies are used. RF
is the rate of in the range of about 3KHz 300GHz which corresponds to the
frequency of radio waves. This monitoring of radio frequency requires transceiver,
wireless modules and PC. All components will establish a monitoring system that
is capable of displaying the data characteristics of the sensor used, wirelessly.
Sensor nodes are placed outside the habitat where the elephant intrusion takes
place often. A transceiver is mounted on an elephant necklace while receiver is
mounted on the receiver node. The data received will be processed by the
microcontroller which then will be sent directly using KYL 200 L to the server or
passing through other nodes to be forwarded to the server. This KYL 200 L is used
both in transceiver and receiver. This type is used in the coverage range of 2-3km.
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2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
GEOPHONE
Drum
8051 beating
PIR SENSOR
RELAY
Fire crackers
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3.HARD WARE DESCRIPTION:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
WORKING PRINCIPLE
BLOCK DIAGRAM
7
RECTIFIER IC
TRANSFORMER FILTER LOAD
TRANSFORMER
The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V)
to (0-6V) level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected
to the precision rectifier, which is constructed with the help of op-amp. The
advantages of using precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as DC;
rest of the circuits will give only RMS output.
RECTIFIER
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
When four diodes are connected as shown in the power supply circuit
diagram, is called Bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the
diagonally opposite corners of the network, and the output is taken from the
remaining two corners.
VOLTAGE REGULATORS
8
Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units
contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, and overload
protection all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive
voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage. The regulators can
be selected for operation with load currents from hundreds of milli amperes to tens
of amperes, corresponding to power ratings form milli watts to ten watt. A fixed
three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi, applied to
one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo , from a second terminal,
with the third terminal connected to ground.
3.2 GEOPHONE:
Geophones have historically been passive analog devices and typically comprise a
spring-mounted magnetic mass moving within a wire coil to generate an electrical
signal. Recent designs have been based on microelectromechanical
systems (MEMS) technology which generates an electrical response to ground
motion through an active feedback circuit to maintain the position of a small piece
of silicon.
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higher noise level (50 dB velocity higher) than geophones and can only be used in
strong motion or active seismic applications.
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11
3.3 PIR SENSOR
All objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in the form of
radiation. Usually this radiation isn't visible to the human eye because it radiates at
infrared wavelengths, but it can be detected by electronic devices designed for such
a purpose.
The term passive in this instance refers to the fact that PIR devices do not generate
or radiate any energy for detection purposes. They work entirely by detecting the
energy given off by other objects. PIR sensors don't detect or measure "heat";
instead they detect the infrared radiation emitted or reflected from an object.
Infrared radiation enters through the front of the sensor, known as the 'sensor face'.
At the core of a PIR sensor is a solid state sensor or set of sensors, made
from pyroelectric materials materials which generate energy when exposed to
heat. Typically, the sensors are approximately 1/4 inch square (40 mm2), and take
the form of a thin film. Materials commonly used in PIR sensors include gallium
nitride (GaN), caesium nitrate (CsNO3), polyvinyl fluorides, derivatives
of phenylpyridine, and cobalt phthalocyanine. The sensor is often manufactured as
part of an integrated circuit.
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3.4 RELAY:
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an
electric motor or other loads is called a con tactor. Solid-state relays control power
circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform
switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple
operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in
modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital
instruments still called "protective relays".
Magnetic latching relays require one pulse of coil power to move their contacts in
one direction, and another, redirected pulse to move them back. Repeated pulses
from the same input have no effect. Magnetic latching relays are useful in
applications where interrupted power should not be able to transition the contacts.
Magnetic latching relays can have either single or dual coils. On a single coil
device, the relay will operate in one direction when power is applied with one
polarity, and will reset when the polarity is reversed. On a dual coil device, when
polarized voltage is applied to the reset coil the contacts will transition. AC
13
controlled magnetic latch relays have single coils that employ steering diodes to
differentiate between operate and reset commands.
14
4.MICROCONTROLLER:
8051 MICROCONTROLLER
As we know that the CPU is the brain of any processing device of the
microcontroller. It monitors and controls all operations that are performed on the
Microcontroller units. The User has no control over the work of the CPU directly .
It reads program written in ROM memory and executes them and do the expected
task of that application.
Interrupts
INTO
TFO
INT1
TF1
R1/T1
Out of these, (INT0) and (INT1) are external interrupts that could be negative
edge triggered or low level triggered. When All these interrupts are activated, set
the corresponding flogs except for serial interrupt,.The interrupt flags are cleared
when the processor branches to the interrupt service routine (ISR). The external
interrupt flags are cleared when the processor branches to the interrupt service
routine, provides the interrupt is a negative edge triggered whereas the timers and
serial port interrupts two of them are external interrupts, two of them are timer
interrupts and one serial port interrupt terminal in general.
Memory
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specific operations of a particular task. The memory which is used to store
the program of the microcontroller is known as code memory or Program memory
of applications. It is known as ROM memory of microcontroller also requires a
memory to store data or operands temporarily of the micro controller. The data
memory of the 8051 is used to store data temporarily for operation is known RAM
memory. 8051 microcontroller has 4K of code memory or program
memory,that has 4KB ROM and also 128 bytes of data memory of RAM.
BUS
Address Bus
Data Bus
Address Bus: Microcontroller 8051 has a 16 bit address bus for transferring the
data. It is used to address memory locations and to transfer the address from CPU
to Memory of the microcontroller. It has four addressing modes that are
Data Bus: Microcontroller 8051 has 8 bits of the data bus, which is used to carry
data of particular applications.
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Oscillator
Input/Output Port
Timers/Counters
8051 microcontroller has two 16 bit timers and counters. These counters are again
divided into a 8 bit register. The timers are used for measurement of intervals to
determine the pulse width of pulses.
Some of the applications of 8051 is mainly used in daily life & industrial
applications also some of that applications are shown below
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Fire detections and safety devices
Automobile applications
Defense applications
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Although 8051 family members (e.g., 8751, 89C51, 89C52, DS89C4xO) come in
different packages, such as DIP (dual in-line package), QFP (quad flat package),
and LLC (leadless chip carrier), they all have 40 pins that are dedicated to various
functions such as I/O, RD, WR, address, data, and interrupts. It must be noted that
some companies provide a 20-pin version of the 8051 with a reduced number of
I/O ports for less demanding applications. However, since the vast majority of
developers use the 40-pin chip, we will concentrate on that. Figure 8-1 shows the
pins for the 8051 52. For the 8052 chip some of the pins have extra functions and
they will be discussed as we study them.
Examining Figure 8-1, note that of the 40 pins, a total of 32 pins are set aside for
the four ports PO, PI, P2, and P3, where each port takes 8 pins. The rest of the pins
are designated as Vcc, GND, XTAL1, XTAL2, RST, EA, PSEN, and ALE. Of
these pins, six (Vcc, GND, XTAL1, XTAL2, RST, and EA) are used by all
members of the 8051 and 8031 families. In other words, they must be connected in
order for the system to work, regardless of whether the microcontroller is of the
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8051 or 8031 family. The other two pins, PSEN and ALE, are used mainly in
8031-based systems. We first describe the function of each pin. Ports are discussed
separately.
Vcc
(a)
XTAL
Connection
to
8051
GND
The 8051 has an on-chip oscillator but requires an external clock to run it. Most
often a quartz crystal oscillator is connected to inputs XTAL1 (pin 19) and XTAL2
(pin 18). The quartz crystal oscillator connected to XTAL1 and XTAL2 also needs
21
two capacitors of 30 pF value. One side of each capacitor is connected to the
ground as shown in Figure 8-2 (a).
It must be noted that there are various speeds of the 8051 family. Speed refers to
the maximum oscillator frequency connected to XTAL. For
If you decide to use a frequency source other than a crystal oscillator, such as a
TTL oscillator, it will be connected to XTAL1; XTAL2 is left unconnected, as
shown in Figure 8-2 (b).
RST
Pin 9 is the RESET pin. It is an input and is active high (normally low). Upon
applying a high pulse to this pin, the microcontroller will reset and terminate
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all activities. This is often referred to as a power-on reset. Activating a power-on
reset will cause all values in the registers to be lost. It will set program counter to
all Os.
Figures 8-3 (a) and (b) show two ways of connecting the RST pin to the power-on
reset circuitry. Figure 8-3 (b) uses a momentary switch for reset circuitry.
In order for the RESET input to be effective, it must have a minimum duration of
two machine cycles. In other words, the high pulse must be high for a minimum of
two machine cycles before it is allowed to go low. Here is what the Intel manual
says about the Reset circuitry: When power is turned on, the circuit holds the RST
pin high for an amount of time that depends on the capacitor value and the rate at
which it charges. To ensure a valid reset the RST pin must be held high long
enough to allow the oscillator to start up plus two machine cycles. Although, an
8.2K-ohm resistor and a 10-uF capacitor will take care of the vast majority of the
cases, you still need to check the data sheet for the 8051 you are using.
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EA
The 8051 family members, such as the 8751/52, 89C51/52, or DS89C4xO, all
come with on-chip ROM to store programs. In such cases, the EA pin is connected
to Vcc. For family members such as the 8031 and 8032 in which there is no on-chip
ROM. code is stored on an external ROM and is fetched by the 8031/32.
Therefore, for the 8031 the EA pin must be connected to GND to indicate that the
code is stored externally. EA. which stands for external access, is pin number 31
in the DIP packages. It is an input pin and must be connected to either Vcc or GND.
In other words, it cannot be left unconnected.
In Chapter 14, we will show how the 8031 uses this pin along with PSEN to access
programs stored in ROM memory located outside the 8031. In 8051 chips with on-
chip ROM, such as the 8751/52, 89C51/52, or DS89C4xO, EA is connected to Vcc,
as we will see in the next section.
The pins discussed so far must be connected no matter which family member is
used. The next two pins are used mainly in 8031-based systems and are discussed
in more detail in Chapter 14. The following is a brief description of each.
PSEN
This is an output pin. PSEN stands for program store enable. In an 8031-based
system in which an external ROM holds the program code, this pin is connected to
the OE pin of the ROM. See Chapter 14 to see how this is used.
ALE
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ALE (address latch enable) is an output pin and is active high. When connecting an
8031 to external memory, port 0 provides both address and data. In other words,
the 8031 multiplexes address and data through port 0 to save pins. The ALE pin is
used for demultiplexing the address and data by connecting to the G pin of the
74LS373 chip. This is discussed in detail in Chapter 14.
Ports 0, 1, 2 and 3
As shown in Figure 8-1 (and discussed in Chapter 4), the four ports PO, PI, P2, and
P3 each use 8 pins, making them 8-bit ports. All the ports upon RESET are
configured as input, since PO P3 have value FFH on them. The following is a
summary of features of PO P3 based on the materials in Chapter 4.
PO
up resistors since they already have pull-up resistors internally. Upon reset, ports
PI, P2, and P3 are configured as input ports.
P1 and P2
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P2 is used for the upper 8 bits of the 16-bit address, and it cannot be used for I/O.
This is discussed in detail in Chapter 14.
Port3
Port 3 occupies a total of 8 pins, pins 10 through 17. It can be used as input or
output. P3 does not need any pull-up resistors, the same as PI and P2 did not.
Although port 3 is configured as an input port upon reset, this is not the way it is
most commonly used. Port 3 has the additional function of providing some
extremely important signals such as interrupts. Table 8-1 provides these alternate
functions of P3. This information applies to both 8051 and 8031 chips.
P3.0 and P3.1 are used for the RxD and TxD serial communications signals. See
Chapter 10 to see how they are connected. Bits P3.2 and P3.3 are set aside for
external interrupts, and are discussed in Chapter 11. Bits P3.4 and P3.5 are used for
Timers 0 and 1, and are discussed in Chapter 9. Finally, P3.6 and P3.7 are used to
provide the WR and RD signals of external memory connections. Chapter 14
discusses how they are used in 8031-based systems. In systems based on the 8051,
pins 3.6 and 3.7 are used for I/O while the rest of the pins in port 3 are normally
used in the alternate function role.
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P3 Bit Function Pin
Activating a power-on reset will cause all values in the registers to be lost. Table 8-
2 provides a partial list of 8051 registers and their values after power-on reset.
From Table 8-2 we note that the value of the PC (program counter) is 0 upon reset,
forcing the CPU to fetch the first opcode from ROM memory location 0000. This
means that we must place the first byte of opcode in ROM location 0 because that
is where the CPU expects to find the first instruction.
28
reason we say almost is that the number of machine cycles it takes to execute an
instruction is not the same for the AT89C51 andDS89C4xO chips as we discussed
in Chapter 3.
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5. SOFTWARE ANALYSIS:
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
5.1.SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
Step1: Click for KEIL VISION4 Icon . Which appearing after Installing Keil
KEIL VISION4.
30
Step2: Click on Project Menu, Then New Vison Project.
31
Step 4: Select Target Device Vendor (i.e.).
32
Step 6: Then select specific chip i.e. LPC2148.
Step 8: Now you see Startup.s is already added which is necessary for running code for Keil.
The startup-code executes immediately upon reset of the target system and performs the
following operations:
33
3. Initializes the external bus controller.
4. Copies the exception vectors from ROM to RAM for systems with memory remapping.
34
Step 10: Write Code for Blink LED in C and FileName.c Save.
35
Step 12: Now you add LED.c file by adding Sourse Group 1 Add files to Group
Source Group 1 .
36
Step 14: Now Click on Options for Target Target 1 .
Step 15: Go to Options for Target Target 1 . Click on Check Box Create HEX File.
37
Step 16: Then go to Linker. Click on Use Memory Layout for Target Dialog.
38
Step 16: Then Click on Rebuild All Target Files
39
Step 17: Now you see 0 Error(s), 0 Warning (s). Then Hex File will create in Specific
40
5.2.FLASH MAGIC:
Here is to setup Flash Magic and load HEX file into LPC2148 Microcontroller. Here are some
steps: see step by step configuration
41
Step3: Setup Hardware Configuration FlashMagic
42
Step 4: FlashMagic Loading Finished LPC2148
43
6. ADVANTAGES:
44
8. CONCLUSION:
Thus Crop damage by wild elephants is a serious issue in forest border areas. This
crop damage also causes social and economical issues. Though traditional methods
like fencing, noise-making, drum beating, use of fire crackers, construction of
elephant barriers etc are used so far. So, this project uses embedded to eliminate
human-elephant conflict. Migration of elephants occurs over the entire year. So we
have to develop an intrusion detection system to detect the intrusion of elephants
into the crop fields. This can be done by using geophones and pir sensors which
converts motions of elephants into electrical signals. When elephants enter into the
forest border areas, an the both sensors was sent the signal to the microcontroller,
the microcontroller will be switch on the relays for noise-making and drum beating
automatically. We also introduce a buzzer alarm system to change the track of
elephants.
REFERENCES
1. An analysis on animal tracking system using wireless sensors , International journal of
advanced research in computer science and research enginnering; volume 4, issue 9,
September 2014
2. Implementation of radio frequency as elephant presence detector for the human elephant
conflict prevention , Innovative Systems Design and Engineering ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper)
Vol.5, No.5, 2014
3. Wi-Alert: A wireless sensor network based intrusion alert prototype for HEC , International
Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems (IJDPS) Vol.4, No.4, July 2013
4. www.iiste.org , http://www.coimbatoreforests.org
5. Hao, Q., Brady, J., Guenther, B. D., Burchett, J. B., Shankar, Feller, S., Human tracking with
wireless distributed sensors. IEEE Sensors J., 2006, 6, 1683 1696
6. Loarie, S. R., Van Aarde, R. J. and Pimm, S. L., Fences and artificial water affect African
savannah elephant movement patterns. Biol. Conserv., 2009, 142, 3086 3098.
7. Loarie , S. R., Van Aarde, R. J. and Pimm, S. L., Fences and artificial water affect African
savannah elephant movement patterns.
Biol. Conserv., 2009, 142, 3086 3098.
8. Venkataraman, A. B., Saandeep, R., Baskaran, N., Roy, M.Madhivanan, A. and Sukumar, R.,
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Using satellite telemetry to mitigate elephant human conflict: an experiment in northern West
Bengal, India. Curr. Sci., 2005, 88, 1827 1831.
9. Wijesinghe, L. et al., Electric fence intrusion alert system(eleAlert). In Global Humanitarian
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10. Hao, Q., Brady, J., Guenther, B. D., Burchett, J. B., Shankar and Feller, S., Human tracking
with wireless distributed pyro electricsensors. IEEE Sensors J., 2006, 6, 1683 1696.
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